BIBLIOGRAPHY LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012. Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial
Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph. D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to assess the potentials of using carrot meal as feed
supplement to commercial ration of swine from November 2011-February 2012 at Banig,
Tawang, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Nine crossbred pigs at 58 days of age were distributed into three treatments with
three replicates following the completely randomized design (CRD). The different
treatments used in the study were as follows: T0- Commercial ration (control group), T1-
100g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds and T2- 200g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the gain in weight and feed
intake of pigs given pure commercial feeds and those given 100g or 200g carrot meal per
kg of commercial feeds. The average daily gain of hogs obtained in the study was 0.722kg
with an average daily feed intake of 1.69kg for a period of 77 days. However, significant
differences were observed in the feed conversion ratio (FCR), where pigs given pure
commercial feeds had a significantly lower FCR of 2.03 while pigs given 200g carrot meal
per kg commercial feeds had an FCR of 2.30.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
Return on investment (ROI) of 23.07% and 21.86% obtained in pigs given 100g
and 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds respectively were lower than the ROI of
37.49 obtained in pigs given pure commercial ration.
The lower return on investment with the inclusion of carrot meal in the diet is due
to the high cost of carrot meal. It is however recommended that, in case of glut in the supply
of carrot in the market, carrot can be a good substitute to usually expensive commercial
feeds.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
The local swine industry contributes about 98% of the country’s total pork supply.
Pork represents more than 50% of the total animal meat consumed by Filipinos (PCARRD,
2005). In swine production, feed cost constitutes about 70% to 80% of the total cost of
production. Apparently high cost of feeds is the main reason why many small scale raisers
stop raising swine. To reduce feed cost, local swine raisers practice giving available local
feeds as feed supplement to the commercial ration. Other farmers opt to substitute part of
the commercial ration with local feedstuffs.
In Cordillera, being a vegetable growing area there are many plant products that
can be used as alternative sources of nutrients for pigs. These plant products are used either
as supplement to commercial feeds or as substitute of parts of the commercial ration. One
of these plants by-products is carrot pulp, the residue left after the extraction of carrot
juice.
Carrot is known to be a good source of nutrients especially vitamins. With carrot
juice becoming a popular drink for human, there is a need to look for ways to use the carrot
pulp. One of which is as feed supplement to hogs. The result of this study will add to the
post of knowledge in swine nutrition. Information generated from this study can be used
by researchers, swine producers and student alike.
This experiment generally aimed to assess the potential of using carrot pulp meal
as feed supplement for swine. Specifically, it aimed to:
a. determine the response of pigs to different levels of carrot meal supplement in
terms of gain in weight, feed intake and feed efficiency; and
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
b. determine the profitability of raising pigs given diets supplemented with carrot
meal to commercial feeds.
This study was conducted from October 2011 to February 2012 at Banig, Tawang,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Bautista and Mabesa (1997) stated that poultry and livestock farmers practice giving
feed supplements and additives to animal ration to maximize productivity. Another reason
for doing so is to lessen cost of production, by improving feed efficiency.
According to Church and Kellems (2010) one of the important nutrients that a
commercial ration should contain is the vitamin A which is present in plants as carotene.
Vitamins serve many important roles in the growth and performance of swine. Corn is
known to be the main source of vitamin A in commercial feeds. However, other sources
of carotene may also be included to meet the vitamin A requirement of pigs. Some of the
carotene in corn is not converted efficiently to vitamin A. Also, heat damage or the use of
organic acids to preserve high moisture in corn destroys much of the carotene. From a
practical point, Vitamin A should be added to pig feed because it is relatively unstable in
feeds.
Thompson and Kelly (1984) stated that carrot is rich in carotene, high in sugar and
contains appreciable quantities of thiamine and ribottacin. Cullison (1979) reported that
dried carrots contains 100% dry matter, 10.3 protein, 9.7 crude fiber, 0.037% calcium,
0.32% phosphorous and 890.8mg/kg carotene. Crude fiber in carrot consists of cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin, with cellulose being the most abundant. The Food and Nutrition
Research Institute (FNRI, 1968) claimed that carrot contains 82% edible portion, 520
k/cal/kg ME, 15% protein, 9% ash, 0.69% calcium and 0.38% phosphorous. Thus, carrot
contains nutrients which can supplement nutrients already in commercial rations for swine.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
In poultry, Segundo (2004) observed that there were no significant differences in
the initial weight, feed conversion ratio and feed cost/ kg gain in weight of birds. However,
significant differences were observed in terms of the final weight and total gain in weight.
Baldino (2011) on his study revealed that carrot pulp can be used as feed
supplement to swine ration because it apparently increased the final weight and return on
investment of hogs.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in this study include: nine crossbreed (Duroc x Largewhite)
female weaned pigs, carrot pulp meal, commercial feeds, weighing scale, oven drier, juicer,
pigpen, self feeders, disinfectants, stick broom and recording materials.
A week before the start of the study, the pens including the feeding trough was
cleaned and disinfected.
The nine weaned pigs were distributed at random into three treatments following
the completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated three times with
one pig serving as a replicate. The individual weights of the experimental animals were
taken before placing them into their respective pens. The following are the different
treatment used in the study.
T0= Commercial feeds (Control group)
T1= 100 grams carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds
T2= 200 grams carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds
Takiis variety of carrot was used in this study. Carrots about three months of age
were collected and washed thoroughly. The carrots were passed through a juicer to separate
the juice from the pulp. The carrot pulp was sundried for two to three days to reduce the
water content up to 80-90%. Finally, the carrot meal was weighed based on the specific
amount per treatment before it was given to the experimental animals.
All pigs were subjected to the same care and management except for the kind of
ration that were offered to them. The feeding regime was done for 77 days. Carrot meal
was offered to the pigs at 8:00 am in the morning starting when they were 58 days old up
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
to when they were 135 days of age. Commercial feeds and water were provided adlibitum.
Self feeders and nipple drinkers were provided to ensure that commercial feeds and clean
water respectively were always available. Cleaning of the pens was done every day.
The following data were gathered:
1. Initial weight. This was determined by weighing the hogs at 58 days of age.
2. Final weight. This was determined by weighing the hogs at 135 days of age.
3. Weight before shifting ration. This was determined by weighing the hogs before
shifting to the grower ration.
4. Amount of feeds offered. This was obtained by weighing the feeds offered
to the swine from the start of the experiment until the end of the experimental period.
5. Amount of feed leftover. This was determined by weighing the
spilled/wet/refused feeds.
6. Cost of inputs. This was determined by recording all the expenses used in the
study.
From the above data, the following parameters were computed:
1. Feed intake consumption
a. Total feed intake (TFI). This was obtained by using the formula:
TFI = amount of feed offered- amount of feed leftover
b. Daily feed intake (DFI). This was determined using the formula:
DFI = total feed intake- number of days of the experiment
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
2. Gain in Weight
a. Total gain weight (TGW). This was determined using the formula:
TGW = Final Weight – Initial Weight
b. Daily gain in weight (DGW). This was determined using the formula:
DGW = Total Gain in Weight
Number of days of the experiment
3. Feed conversion ratio (FCR). This was determined using the formula:
FCR = Feed Intake
Total gain in weight
4. Feed cost/kg gain. This was determined using the formula;
Feed Cost/kg Gain = FCR x Feed Cost per Kilogram of Feed
5. Return on Investment. This was determined using the formula:
ROI = Gross Sales-Total Expenses
Total Expenses
Data Analysis
All above data were tabulated and analyzed using ANOVA for Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). Results were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weight
The initial weight and final weight of the experimental animals were presented in
Table 1. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the initial weight of pigs
given pure commercial feeds and those given 100g or 200g of carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds. This indicates homogeneity of experimental units ensuring no biases
among treatments at the start of the study.
Likewise, statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the final weights
of the hogs among treatments. This indicates that pigs given commercial feeds grew as
well as those given 100g or 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds from 58 to 135
days of age. Result of this study did not conform with the observation of Baldino (2011)
that pigs fed 2 to 2.2 kg of commercial feeds supplemented with 1kg and 2kg carrot pulp
daily from 81 days to 145 days of age were heavier than those fed with commercial feeds
only.
Table 1. Initial and final weights of pigs
TREATMENT MEAN (kg)
INITIAL WEIGHT FINAL WEIGHT
AT 58 DAYS OF AGE AT 135 DAYS OF AGE
Commercial feeds 17.83a 79.33a
(Control group)
100g Carrot meal per 17.47a 73.67a
kg commercial feeds
200g Carrot meal per
17.59a 78.33a
Kg commercial feeds
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
The differences in observation maybe attributed to feeding regime employed. In
the current study, commercial feed was provided ad libitum in all treatments, while in the
case of Baldino, commercial feeds were restricted to 2 kg per day during the growing period
and 2.2 kg during the finishing period. It would appear that pigs given carrot had additional
nutrients for extra growth.
Feed Intake
Total and daily feed intakes of pigs in 77 days were presented in Table 2. Feed
intake comprises the total weights of the commercial feeds and carrot meal which was
offered to the animals from 58 days to 135 days of age. In terms of total feed intake,
statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among treatment means. Pigs given
pure commercial feeds had a total feed intake of 124.50 kg, pigs given 100g carrot meal
per kg of commercial feeds and pigs given 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds
had a total feed intake of 126.82 kg and 140.17 kg, respectively.
Table 2. Total and daily feed intake of pigs for a feeding period of 77 days
TREATMENT FEED INTAKE (kg)
TOTAL DAILY
Commercial feeds 124.50a 1.62a
(Control group)
100g Carrot meal per
126.82a 1.65a
Kg commercial feeds
200g Carrot meal
140.17a 1.82a
kg commercial feeds
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
In terms of daily feed intake, statistical analysis revealed no significant difference
among treatment means of hogs. Hogs given pure commercial feeds had daily feed intake
of 1.62 kg, hogs given 100g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds and hogs given 200g
carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds had daily feed intake of 1.65kg and 1.82kg
respectively. The average daily feed intake of pigs fed from 58 to 135 days of age was
1.69kg. This indicates that animals given 100g or 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial
feeds had consumed more or less the same amount of feeds with hogs fed pure commercial
feeds. Thus, carrot meal had no adverse effect on the palatability of the feed nor did not
improve the appetite of the animal.
Gain in Weight
Table 3 presents the total and average daily gain in weight of pigs. Statistical
analysis revealed no significant differences in total gain in weight of pigs in 77 days. Pigs
given pure commercial feeds had total gain in weight of 61.45 kg, pigs given 100g carrot
meal per kg of commercial feeds and pigs given 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial
feeds had a total gain in weight of 56.19 kg and 60.74 kg, respectively.
Table 3. Total and average daily gain in weight of pigs for a feeding period of 77 days
TREATMENT GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TOTAL AVERAGE DAILY
Commercial feeds 61.45a 0.798a
(Control group)
100g Carrot meal per 56.19a 0.730a
kg commercial feeds
200g Carrot meal
60.74a 0.789a
kg commercial feeds
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
Results shows that animals given 100g or 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial
feeds had similar growth rate with hogs fed pure commercial feeds resulting in the same
final weight. The average daily gain (ADG) attained in this study is higher than the ADG
of 558g for triple cross hogs raised for 149.05 days in backyard in the result released by
the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resource Research (PCCARD, 1996). In the
current study average daily gain in weight of pigs in 135 days of age was 0.772kg.
Differences in the observation maybe due to the differences in the growing period
considered. In this study, the ADG was obtained from 58 days to 135 days of age. It may
be that the study conducted by PCCARD had started from 30 days to 149.05 days of age.
Other differences could be attributed to the bred of animals used in the study.
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
and Feed Cost/kg Gain
Table 4 shows the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed cost per kg gain of the
experimental animals. Statistical analysis revealed that there is a significant difference
between the animals given commercial feeds and the pigs given 200g carrot meal per kg
commercial feeds in terms of feed conversion ratio. Feed conversion ratio of pigs given
100g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds was not significantly different to those pigs
given pure commercial feeds and those pigs given 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial
feeds. Control group had a feed conversion ratio of 2.03 with a feed conversion efficiency
(FCE) of 0.49, animals fed with 100g and 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds
had a feed conversion ratio of 2.25 and 2.30 with a FCE of 0.44 and 0.43 respectively. This
means that hogs given 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds had required more
feeds to produce a kilogram increase in body weight.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio and feed cost/kg gain in weight of pigs grown from 58 to
135 days of age
TREATMENT FEED CONVERSION FEED COST/KG GAIN
RATIO IN WEIGHT (Php)
Commercial feeds 2.03a 48.72
(Control group)
100g Carrot meal per 2.25ab 64.58
kg commercial feeds
200g Carrot meal per
2.30b 65.16
kg commercial feeds
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
Pigs given 100g carrot meal per kg commercial feeds and pigs fed with 200g carrot
meal per kg commercial feed had higher feed cost per kg gain in weight of Php 64.58 and
Php 65.16, respectively. Control group had lower feed cost per kg gain in weight of Php
48.72. Lower feed cost per kg gain was a direct effect of the lower feed conversion ratio of
pigs. Likewise, high cost of the carrot meal had affected the feed cost per kilogram gain in
weight of the animal.
Return on Investment
Table 5 presents the return on investment of pigs. Control group registered the
highest return on investment (ROI) of 37.49%, pigs given 100g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds and pigs given 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds had a ROI
of 23.07% and 21.86% respectively. The lower ROI from pigs given 100g and 20g carrot
meal per kg commercial feeds was a direct effect of the low net income due to the high
cost of expenses incurred in the carrot meal.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
Table 5. Return on investment of pigs grown from 58 to 135 days of age
TREATMENT GROSS SALES TOTAL COST OF NET ROI (%)
(Php) PRODUCTION (Php) INCOME (Php)
Commercial feeds 28,560.00 20,769.58 7,786.05 37.49
(Control group)
100g Carrot meal per 26,520.00 21,548.68 4,971.32 23.07
kg of commercial feeds
200g Carrot meal per 28,200.00 23,140.63 5,059.37 21.86
kg of commercial feeds
*Cost of feeds is based on Uno brand feeds. Starter- Php 1,300.00/bag, Grower- 1,300.00/ bag. 1 bag is 50
kg. Carrot meal is Php 5.00/100g. Cost per kilogram of hogs was based on Php 120.00 liveweight.
Total cost of production includes; cost of feeds, stocks, building depreciation, water
and electricity, labor, medication, repairs and maintenance, and miscellaneous. Cost of
feeds is based on the prize of Uno brand of feeds. Starter pellet costs Php 1,300.00/bag
while grower pellet costs Php 1,200.00/bag (1 bag=50kg). Carrot meal costs Php 5.00 per
100g. The cost per kilogram of hogs was based on Php 120.00 live weight.
Result of this study did not conform with the observation of Baldino (2011) where
he reported an ROI of 33.81% and 29.94% for pigs fed with commercial feeds + 2 kg carrot
pulp and pigs given commercial feeds + 1 kg carrot pulp respectively. In the current study
ROI obtain from hogs given 100g and 200g carrot meal per kg commercial feeds were
23.07% and 21.86 % respectively.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the response of pigs to different levels of
carrot meal supplement in terms of gain in weight, feed intake and feed efficiency and to
determine the profitability of raising pigs given diets supplemented with carrot meal to
commercial feeds. The treatment used in the study were; pure commercial feeds (control
group), 100g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds and 200g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds.
Initial weights of animals at the start of the study had no significant difference as
revealed by the statistical analysis. This had indicated homogeneity of the pigs used in the
experiment.Giving100g and 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds had increased
the feed conversion ratio; meanwhile, it had not reduced nor improved the feed intake, total
gain in weight and daily gain in weight.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) attained from pigs given 100g and 200g carrot meal
per kilogram of feeds were 2.25 and 2.30 respectively, pigs given pure commercial feeds
had lower FCR of 2.03. As regards to the total and daily feed intake, hogs had an average
of 130.50kg and 1.69kg respectively. The average total and daily gain in weight of hogs
for 77 days were 59.46kg and 0.772kg respectively.
Feed cost per kilogram gain in weight obtained from pigs given 100g and 200g
carrot meal were Php 64.58 and Php 65.16 respectively were higher from Php 48.72
obtained from pigs fed with pure commercial feeds.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
Furthermore, return on investment (ROI) of 23.07% and 21.86% obtained in pigs
given 100g and 200g carrot meal per kg commercial feeds respectively were lower than
the ROI of 37.49% obtained in pigs given pure commercial feeds.
Conclusion
From the result of this study carrot meal maybe used as a feed supplement to swine.
However, it has to be noted that it is an additional cost which may lower return on
investment.
Recommendation
Based on the result, in case of glut in the supply of carrot in the market, carrot can
be a good substitute to usually expensive commercial feeds. Furthermore, it might be worth
studying if carrot meal is included in the commercial ration of swine. Another study should
be conducted to determine the carcass quality and meat composition of meat derived from
pigs fed with carrot meal as feed supplement.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
BALDINO, B. A. 2011.Effect of Carrot pulp as Feed Supplement on the Performance of
Growing Finishing Pigs. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 9-12.
BAUTISTA, K. and C. MABESA. 1997. Vegetable Production. P. C. A. Los Banos,
Laguna.P.41.
CHURCH, C. and O. KELLEMS. 2010. Feeds and Feeding.USA. McGraw Hill Corp. P.
254.
CULLISON, A. E. 1979. Feeds and Feeding.Reston, Virginia. The Interstate Printers and
Publishers. P. 528-545.
FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH INSTITUTE (FNRI). 1968. Philippine Food
Composition Table. 3rd revision. Manila, Philipines.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (PCCARD). 2005. The Philippine
Recommended for Pork Production. Los Banos, Laguna, Phil. PCCARD/DOST.
Pfizer. Inc. P. 123.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (PCCARD). 1996. The Philippine
Recommended for Pork Production. Los Banos, Laguna, Phil. PCCARD/DOST.
Pfizer. Inc. P. 57.
SEGUNDO, D.M. 2004. The effect of carrot meal on the growth and performance of
broilers. BS Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
THOMPSON, H. C. and KELLY, W. C. 1984. Vegatable Crops. New Delhi. Tata
McGraw-hill Publishing Company. P. 327.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012. Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial
Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph. D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to assess the potentials of using carrot meal as feed
supplement to commercial ration of swine from November 2011-February 2012 at Banig,
Tawang, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Nine crossbred pigs at 58 days of age were distributed into three treatments with
three replicates following the completely randomized design (CRD). The different
treatments used in the study were as follows: T0- Commercial ration (control group), T1-
100g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds and T2- 200g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the gain in weight and feed
intake of pigs given pure commercial feeds and those given 100g or 200g carrot meal per
kg of commercial feeds. The average daily gain of hogs obtained in the study was 0.722kg
with an average daily feed intake of 1.69kg for a period of 77 days. However, significant
differences were observed in the feed conversion ratio (FCR), where pigs given pure
commercial feeds had a significantly lower FCR of 2.03 while pigs given 200g carrot meal
per kg commercial feeds had an FCR of 2.30.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
Return on investment (ROI) of 23.07% and 21.86% obtained in pigs given 100g
and 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds respectively were lower than the ROI of
37.49 obtained in pigs given pure commercial ration.
The lower return on investment with the inclusion of carrot meal in the diet is due
to the high cost of carrot meal. It is however recommended that, in case of glut in the supply
of carrot in the market, carrot can be a good substitute to usually expensive commercial
feeds.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
The local swine industry contributes about 98% of the country’s total pork supply.
Pork represents more than 50% of the total animal meat consumed by Filipinos (PCARRD,
2005). In swine production, feed cost constitutes about 70% to 80% of the total cost of
production. Apparently high cost of feeds is the main reason why many small scale raisers
stop raising swine. To reduce feed cost, local swine raisers practice giving available local
feeds as feed supplement to the commercial ration. Other farmers opt to substitute part of
the commercial ration with local feedstuffs.
In Cordillera, being a vegetable growing area there are many plant products that
can be used as alternative sources of nutrients for pigs. These plant products are used either
as supplement to commercial feeds or as substitute of parts of the commercial ration. One
of these plants by-products is carrot pulp, the residue left after the extraction of carrot
juice.
Carrot is known to be a good source of nutrients especially vitamins. With carrot
juice becoming a popular drink for human, there is a need to look for ways to use the carrot
pulp. One of which is as feed supplement to hogs. The result of this study will add to the
post of knowledge in swine nutrition. Information generated from this study can be used
by researchers, swine producers and student alike.
This experiment generally aimed to assess the potential of using carrot pulp meal
as feed supplement for swine. Specifically, it aimed to:
a. determine the response of pigs to different levels of carrot meal supplement in
terms of gain in weight, feed intake and feed efficiency; and
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
b. determine the profitability of raising pigs given diets supplemented with carrot
meal to commercial feeds.
This study was conducted from October 2011 to February 2012 at Banig, Tawang,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Bautista and Mabesa (1997) stated that poultry and livestock farmers practice giving
feed supplements and additives to animal ration to maximize productivity. Another reason
for doing so is to lessen cost of production, by improving feed efficiency.
According to Church and Kellems (2010) one of the important nutrients that a
commercial ration should contain is the vitamin A which is present in plants as carotene.
Vitamins serve many important roles in the growth and performance of swine. Corn is
known to be the main source of vitamin A in commercial feeds. However, other sources
of carotene may also be included to meet the vitamin A requirement of pigs. Some of the
carotene in corn is not converted efficiently to vitamin A. Also, heat damage or the use of
organic acids to preserve high moisture in corn destroys much of the carotene. From a
practical point, Vitamin A should be added to pig feed because it is relatively unstable in
feeds.
Thompson and Kelly (1984) stated that carrot is rich in carotene, high in sugar and
contains appreciable quantities of thiamine and ribottacin. Cullison (1979) reported that
dried carrots contains 100% dry matter, 10.3 protein, 9.7 crude fiber, 0.037% calcium,
0.32% phosphorous and 890.8mg/kg carotene. Crude fiber in carrot consists of cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin, with cellulose being the most abundant. The Food and Nutrition
Research Institute (FNRI, 1968) claimed that carrot contains 82% edible portion, 520
k/cal/kg ME, 15% protein, 9% ash, 0.69% calcium and 0.38% phosphorous. Thus, carrot
contains nutrients which can supplement nutrients already in commercial rations for swine.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
In poultry, Segundo (2004) observed that there were no significant differences in
the initial weight, feed conversion ratio and feed cost/ kg gain in weight of birds. However,
significant differences were observed in terms of the final weight and total gain in weight.
Baldino (2011) on his study revealed that carrot pulp can be used as feed
supplement to swine ration because it apparently increased the final weight and return on
investment of hogs.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in this study include: nine crossbreed (Duroc x Largewhite)
female weaned pigs, carrot pulp meal, commercial feeds, weighing scale, oven drier, juicer,
pigpen, self feeders, disinfectants, stick broom and recording materials.
A week before the start of the study, the pens including the feeding trough was
cleaned and disinfected.
The nine weaned pigs were distributed at random into three treatments following
the completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated three times with
one pig serving as a replicate. The individual weights of the experimental animals were
taken before placing them into their respective pens. The following are the different
treatment used in the study.
T0= Commercial feeds (Control group)
T1= 100 grams carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds
T2= 200 grams carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds
Takiis variety of carrot was used in this study. Carrots about three months of age
were collected and washed thoroughly. The carrots were passed through a juicer to separate
the juice from the pulp. The carrot pulp was sundried for two to three days to reduce the
water content up to 80-90%. Finally, the carrot meal was weighed based on the specific
amount per treatment before it was given to the experimental animals.
All pigs were subjected to the same care and management except for the kind of
ration that were offered to them. The feeding regime was done for 77 days. Carrot meal
was offered to the pigs at 8:00 am in the morning starting when they were 58 days old up
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
to when they were 135 days of age. Commercial feeds and water were provided adlibitum.
Self feeders and nipple drinkers were provided to ensure that commercial feeds and clean
water respectively were always available. Cleaning of the pens was done every day.
The following data were gathered:
1. Initial weight. This was determined by weighing the hogs at 58 days of age.
2. Final weight. This was determined by weighing the hogs at 135 days of age.
3. Weight before shifting ration. This was determined by weighing the hogs before
shifting to the grower ration.
4. Amount of feeds offered. This was obtained by weighing the feeds offered
to the swine from the start of the experiment until the end of the experimental period.
5. Amount of feed leftover. This was determined by weighing the
spilled/wet/refused feeds.
6. Cost of inputs. This was determined by recording all the expenses used in the
study.
From the above data, the following parameters were computed:
1. Feed intake consumption
a. Total feed intake (TFI). This was obtained by using the formula:
TFI = amount of feed offered- amount of feed leftover
b. Daily feed intake (DFI). This was determined using the formula:
DFI = total feed intake- number of days of the experiment
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
2. Gain in Weight
a. Total gain weight (TGW). This was determined using the formula:
TGW = Final Weight – Initial Weight
b. Daily gain in weight (DGW). This was determined using the formula:
DGW = Total Gain in Weight
Number of days of the experiment
3. Feed conversion ratio (FCR). This was determined using the formula:
FCR = Feed Intake
Total gain in weight
4. Feed cost/kg gain. This was determined using the formula;
Feed Cost/kg Gain = FCR x Feed Cost per Kilogram of Feed
5. Return on Investment. This was determined using the formula:
ROI = Gross Sales-Total Expenses
Total Expenses
Data Analysis
All above data were tabulated and analyzed using ANOVA for Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). Results were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weight
The initial weight and final weight of the experimental animals were presented in
Table 1. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the initial weight of pigs
given pure commercial feeds and those given 100g or 200g of carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds. This indicates homogeneity of experimental units ensuring no biases
among treatments at the start of the study.
Likewise, statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the final weights
of the hogs among treatments. This indicates that pigs given commercial feeds grew as
well as those given 100g or 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds from 58 to 135
days of age. Result of this study did not conform with the observation of Baldino (2011)
that pigs fed 2 to 2.2 kg of commercial feeds supplemented with 1kg and 2kg carrot pulp
daily from 81 days to 145 days of age were heavier than those fed with commercial feeds
only.
Table 1. Initial and final weights of pigs
TREATMENT MEAN (kg)
INITIAL WEIGHT FINAL WEIGHT
AT 58 DAYS OF AGE AT 135 DAYS OF AGE
Commercial feeds 17.83a 79.33a
(Control group)
100g Carrot meal per 17.47a 73.67a
kg commercial feeds
200g Carrot meal per
17.59a 78.33a
Kg commercial feeds
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
The differences in observation maybe attributed to feeding regime employed. In
the current study, commercial feed was provided ad libitum in all treatments, while in the
case of Baldino, commercial feeds were restricted to 2 kg per day during the growing period
and 2.2 kg during the finishing period. It would appear that pigs given carrot had additional
nutrients for extra growth.
Feed Intake
Total and daily feed intakes of pigs in 77 days were presented in Table 2. Feed
intake comprises the total weights of the commercial feeds and carrot meal which was
offered to the animals from 58 days to 135 days of age. In terms of total feed intake,
statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among treatment means. Pigs given
pure commercial feeds had a total feed intake of 124.50 kg, pigs given 100g carrot meal
per kg of commercial feeds and pigs given 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds
had a total feed intake of 126.82 kg and 140.17 kg, respectively.
Table 2. Total and daily feed intake of pigs for a feeding period of 77 days
TREATMENT FEED INTAKE (kg)
TOTAL DAILY
Commercial feeds 124.50a 1.62a
(Control group)
100g Carrot meal per
126.82a 1.65a
Kg commercial feeds
200g Carrot meal
140.17a 1.82a
kg commercial feeds
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
In terms of daily feed intake, statistical analysis revealed no significant difference
among treatment means of hogs. Hogs given pure commercial feeds had daily feed intake
of 1.62 kg, hogs given 100g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds and hogs given 200g
carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds had daily feed intake of 1.65kg and 1.82kg
respectively. The average daily feed intake of pigs fed from 58 to 135 days of age was
1.69kg. This indicates that animals given 100g or 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial
feeds had consumed more or less the same amount of feeds with hogs fed pure commercial
feeds. Thus, carrot meal had no adverse effect on the palatability of the feed nor did not
improve the appetite of the animal.
Gain in Weight
Table 3 presents the total and average daily gain in weight of pigs. Statistical
analysis revealed no significant differences in total gain in weight of pigs in 77 days. Pigs
given pure commercial feeds had total gain in weight of 61.45 kg, pigs given 100g carrot
meal per kg of commercial feeds and pigs given 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial
feeds had a total gain in weight of 56.19 kg and 60.74 kg, respectively.
Table 3. Total and average daily gain in weight of pigs for a feeding period of 77 days
TREATMENT GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TOTAL AVERAGE DAILY
Commercial feeds 61.45a 0.798a
(Control group)
100g Carrot meal per 56.19a 0.730a
kg commercial feeds
200g Carrot meal
60.74a 0.789a
kg commercial feeds
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
Results shows that animals given 100g or 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial
feeds had similar growth rate with hogs fed pure commercial feeds resulting in the same
final weight. The average daily gain (ADG) attained in this study is higher than the ADG
of 558g for triple cross hogs raised for 149.05 days in backyard in the result released by
the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resource Research (PCCARD, 1996). In the
current study average daily gain in weight of pigs in 135 days of age was 0.772kg.
Differences in the observation maybe due to the differences in the growing period
considered. In this study, the ADG was obtained from 58 days to 135 days of age. It may
be that the study conducted by PCCARD had started from 30 days to 149.05 days of age.
Other differences could be attributed to the bred of animals used in the study.
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
and Feed Cost/kg Gain
Table 4 shows the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed cost per kg gain of the
experimental animals. Statistical analysis revealed that there is a significant difference
between the animals given commercial feeds and the pigs given 200g carrot meal per kg
commercial feeds in terms of feed conversion ratio. Feed conversion ratio of pigs given
100g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds was not significantly different to those pigs
given pure commercial feeds and those pigs given 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial
feeds. Control group had a feed conversion ratio of 2.03 with a feed conversion efficiency
(FCE) of 0.49, animals fed with 100g and 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds
had a feed conversion ratio of 2.25 and 2.30 with a FCE of 0.44 and 0.43 respectively. This
means that hogs given 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds had required more
feeds to produce a kilogram increase in body weight.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio and feed cost/kg gain in weight of pigs grown from 58 to
135 days of age
TREATMENT FEED CONVERSION FEED COST/KG GAIN
RATIO IN WEIGHT (Php)
Commercial feeds 2.03a 48.72
(Control group)
100g Carrot meal per 2.25ab 64.58
kg commercial feeds
200g Carrot meal per
2.30b 65.16
kg commercial feeds
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
Pigs given 100g carrot meal per kg commercial feeds and pigs fed with 200g carrot
meal per kg commercial feed had higher feed cost per kg gain in weight of Php 64.58 and
Php 65.16, respectively. Control group had lower feed cost per kg gain in weight of Php
48.72. Lower feed cost per kg gain was a direct effect of the lower feed conversion ratio of
pigs. Likewise, high cost of the carrot meal had affected the feed cost per kilogram gain in
weight of the animal.
Return on Investment
Table 5 presents the return on investment of pigs. Control group registered the
highest return on investment (ROI) of 37.49%, pigs given 100g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds and pigs given 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds had a ROI
of 23.07% and 21.86% respectively. The lower ROI from pigs given 100g and 20g carrot
meal per kg commercial feeds was a direct effect of the low net income due to the high
cost of expenses incurred in the carrot meal.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
Table 5. Return on investment of pigs grown from 58 to 135 days of age
TREATMENT GROSS SALES TOTAL COST OF NET ROI (%)
(Php) PRODUCTION (Php) INCOME (Php)
Commercial feeds 28,560.00 20,769.58 7,786.05 37.49
(Control group)
100g Carrot meal per 26,520.00 21,548.68 4,971.32 23.07
kg of commercial feeds
200g Carrot meal per 28,200.00 23,140.63 5,059.37 21.86
kg of commercial feeds
*Cost of feeds is based on Uno brand feeds. Starter- Php 1,300.00/bag, Grower- 1,300.00/ bag. 1 bag is 50
kg. Carrot meal is Php 5.00/100g. Cost per kilogram of hogs was based on Php 120.00 liveweight.
Total cost of production includes; cost of feeds, stocks, building depreciation, water
and electricity, labor, medication, repairs and maintenance, and miscellaneous. Cost of
feeds is based on the prize of Uno brand of feeds. Starter pellet costs Php 1,300.00/bag
while grower pellet costs Php 1,200.00/bag (1 bag=50kg). Carrot meal costs Php 5.00 per
100g. The cost per kilogram of hogs was based on Php 120.00 live weight.
Result of this study did not conform with the observation of Baldino (2011) where
he reported an ROI of 33.81% and 29.94% for pigs fed with commercial feeds + 2 kg carrot
pulp and pigs given commercial feeds + 1 kg carrot pulp respectively. In the current study
ROI obtain from hogs given 100g and 200g carrot meal per kg commercial feeds were
23.07% and 21.86 % respectively.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the response of pigs to different levels of
carrot meal supplement in terms of gain in weight, feed intake and feed efficiency and to
determine the profitability of raising pigs given diets supplemented with carrot meal to
commercial feeds. The treatment used in the study were; pure commercial feeds (control
group), 100g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds and 200g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds.
Initial weights of animals at the start of the study had no significant difference as
revealed by the statistical analysis. This had indicated homogeneity of the pigs used in the
experiment.Giving100g and 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds had increased
the feed conversion ratio; meanwhile, it had not reduced nor improved the feed intake, total
gain in weight and daily gain in weight.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) attained from pigs given 100g and 200g carrot meal
per kilogram of feeds were 2.25 and 2.30 respectively, pigs given pure commercial feeds
had lower FCR of 2.03. As regards to the total and daily feed intake, hogs had an average
of 130.50kg and 1.69kg respectively. The average total and daily gain in weight of hogs
for 77 days were 59.46kg and 0.772kg respectively.
Feed cost per kilogram gain in weight obtained from pigs given 100g and 200g
carrot meal were Php 64.58 and Php 65.16 respectively were higher from Php 48.72
obtained from pigs fed with pure commercial feeds.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
Furthermore, return on investment (ROI) of 23.07% and 21.86% obtained in pigs
given 100g and 200g carrot meal per kg commercial feeds respectively were lower than
the ROI of 37.49% obtained in pigs given pure commercial feeds.
Conclusion
From the result of this study carrot meal maybe used as a feed supplement to swine.
However, it has to be noted that it is an additional cost which may lower return on
investment.
Recommendation
Based on the result, in case of glut in the supply of carrot in the market, carrot can
be a good substitute to usually expensive commercial feeds. Furthermore, it might be worth
studying if carrot meal is included in the commercial ration of swine. Another study should
be conducted to determine the carcass quality and meat composition of meat derived from
pigs fed with carrot meal as feed supplement.
Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
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Laguna.P.41.
CHURCH, C. and O. KELLEMS. 2010. Feeds and Feeding.USA. McGraw Hill Corp. P.
254.
CULLISON, A. E. 1979. Feeds and Feeding.Reston, Virginia. The Interstate Printers and
Publishers. P. 528-545.
FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH INSTITUTE (FNRI). 1968. Philippine Food
Composition Table. 3rd revision. Manila, Philipines.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (PCCARD). 2005. The Philippine
Recommended for Pork Production. Los Banos, Laguna, Phil. PCCARD/DOST.
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PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (PCCARD). 1996. The Philippine
Recommended for Pork Production. Los Banos, Laguna, Phil. PCCARD/DOST.
Pfizer. Inc. P. 57.
SEGUNDO, D.M. 2004. The effect of carrot meal on the growth and performance of
broilers. BS Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
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Growth Performance of Pigs Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Carrot Meal
LARUAN, LEO S. APRIL 2012