Expenditure Patterns of College students in Selected Schools of La Trinidad, Benguet
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOCALES, TERESA B. APRIL 2007. Expenditure Patterns of College students
in Selected Schools of La Trinidad, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Evangeline B. Cungihan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the different schools of La Trinidad namely: CCDC,
ELC and BSU on January 2007 to determine the sources of income of parents/guardians
of the respondents and the average monthly income/allowance of college students in
selected schools of La Trinidad, Benguet; the average monthly expenditure of college
students on Foods, transportation, school supplies and other related expenses, personal
expenses such us clothes, cosmetics, and liquor and cigarettes; recreational activities,
and communication expenses. It also compared the expenditure pattern of the students
staying with their family with the students staying in boarding houses as well as the
expenditure pattern of male and female students on selected items. Problems encountered
by the college students in their income/allowance and their spending were also identified.
The data were gathered from 400 students; 120 from CCDC, 90 from ELC and
190 from BSU. More than half (50.90%) of the respondent’s parents/guardian were
farmers thus, most of them derived their income from farming. Students staying in
boarding houses received higher allowances, on a monthly basis, compared to students
staying at home with their parents. Most of the students staying at home receive their
allowances on a daily basis.
The highest monthly expenditure of the respondents went to foods, followed by
transportation. Their lowest expenditure went to cosmetics. Respondents staying in
boarding houses/dormitories were spending a higher amount on foods than the
respondents staying with their families. As regard to transportation, respondents staying
with families have higher expenditure than those staying in boarding houses/dormitories.
Male respondents have higher expenditure on clothing, liquor and cigarettes and
recreational activities than females, but female respondents spend higher amount on
cosmetics than male respondents.
The problems met by the respondents were the following: delayed allowance,
inadequate allowance, high cost of commodities and high transportation cost. Majority of
the students had problem on delayed allowance followed by inadequate allowance.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Scope and Limitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Factors Affecting Consumer’s Expenditure Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Consumption Expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Expenditure Pattern of Filipino Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Locale and Time of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Respondents of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Data Gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
iii
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Respondent’s Social Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Sources of Income of Parents/Guardian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Frequency of Receiving Allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Average Monthly Allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Average Monthly Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Allocation of Total Expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Problems Encountered by the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
iv
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
The municipality of La Trinidad is located 3 kilometers of Baguio City and is the
capital town of Benguet. Being the capital town, it serves as the trading, institutional and
educational center of the province.
Within La Trinidad, there are five major tertiary schools found namely; Benguet
State University, Benguet Central College, Cordillera Career Development College,
Luzon Nazarene Bible College and Eastern Luzon College.
Benguet State University is offering Bachelor of Science in Agriculture,
Agribusiness, Development Communication, Home Economics, Nutrition and Dietetics,
Entrepreneurial Technology, Agricultural Engineering, Forestry, Nursing, Applied
Statistics, Environmental Science, Information Technology, Bachelor of Education and
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. Eastern Luzon College is also offering Bachelor of
Science in Commerce, Accountancy, Computer Science, Secretarial Administration, and
other technical courses. Meanwhile, Cordillera Career Development College is offering
Bachelor of Science in Mass Communication, Nursing, Midwifery, Accountancy,
Criminology, Bachelor of Education, Law, and Hotel and Restaurant Management.
With regards to the average number of enrollees, Benguet State University has the
highest with an average of 6,500 per semester; Cordillera Career Development College
has an average enrollee of 1,500 per semester while Eastern Luzon College has an
average of 700 enrollees per semester. Basing on the previous research conducted by
Gallardo, major expenditure items of students are on school fees, school supplies and
other related expenses, boarding house rentals, food, transportation, personal expenses
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
2
such as clothes, cosmetics, liquor and cigarettes, recreational activities such as computer
games, billiard, etc. the main source of the allowances of students come from their
parents or guardians thus the students should budget their allowances to items that are
important to them or that can contribute to their studies. Banario (1995) pointed out that
allocation of this money allowance into various necessities of life must be wisely done to
avoid consumption dissatisfaction. Thus, there is a need to study the expenditure pattern
of students to give an idea to the students on how to properly allocate their limited
allowance and also for parents to know how their children are spending their hard-earned
money.
On the previous study conducted, communication expense which could be a major
expense was not considered but it was included in this research specially now a days that
technology of cellular phone is being used by almost all students.
Statement of the Problem
This study focused on the analysis of the expenditure pattern of college students
in selected schools of La Trinidad. Specifically, the study seeked to answer the following
questions:
1. What are the sources of income of the parents/guardians of the students,
2. How much is the average monthly income/allowance of the students in the
selected schools of La Trinidad,
3. What are the average monthly expenditure of college students on a) school
supplies and other related expenses, b) food, c) transportation, d) personal
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
3
expenses such as liquor and cigarettes, clothes and cosmetics, e) recreational
activities and f) communication expenses?
4. Is there a difference in the expenditures of students staying with their families
with those who are staying in boarding houses on food and transportation?
5. What expenditure items do male and female students differ?
6. What are the existing problems encountered by college students in their
income/allowance and expenditure pattern?
Objectives of the Study
From the statement of the problem, the following specific objectives are drawn:
1. To determine the sources of income of the parents/guardians of the
respondents.
2. To determine the average monthly income/allowance of the college students
in selected schools of Baguio City.
3. To determine the average monthly expenditure of college students on a)
school supplies and other related expenses, b) food, c) transportation, d)
personal expenses such as liquor and cigarettes, clothes and cosmetics, e)
recreational activities and f) communication expenses.
4. To find out if there is a difference in the expenditures on food and
transportation between students staying with their family and students staying
in boarding houses.
5. To find out the expenditure items where male and female students differ.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
4
6. To find out the existing problems encountered by college students in their
income/allowance and expenditure pattern.
Importance of the Study
The result of this study would serve as reference and source of information for the
students on how to properly allocate their limited income or allowance. It would also be
useful to the parents or guardians sending their children to college to appraise how much
allowance they should give to their children. The result could also give ideas to
businessmen regarding the expenditure items of students so they would know what kind
of goods/services they would provide to students. Furthermore, this research could also
be a useful reference for further researches in the future.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study concentrated mainly on the determination and analysis of the income
and expenditure pattern of college students in selected schools within La Trinidad
particularly; Benguet State University (BSU), Cordillera Career Development College
(CCDC), and Eastern Luzon College (ELC).
The study covered the students who were enrolled for the second semester of
school year 2006-2007.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Each individual has asset of preferences of goods and services, which are ranked
in order of desirability. Such a choice is based on the consumer’s desire to satisfy his
needs. As consumer, he/she is rational given his/her taste and preferences in the sense
that he/she seeks to maximize utility ( Guzman, 2001). Utility refers to the satisfaction or
pleasure associated with having, using, consuming, or benefiting from goods and services
(Medina, 2003).
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory explains what motivates an
individual in life to achieve. An individual aims to meet basic physiological needs for
hunger and thirst. When it has been meet, theory move up to other higher targets such as
housings and luxuries.
Individual’s buying choices or expenditures are also influenced by four
physiological factors; motivation, perception, learning, and attitudes. A need becomes a
motive when it is aroused to a sufficient level of intensity. A motive is a need that is
sufficiently pressing to direct the person to seek satisfaction of the need (Kotler, 2000).
Factors Affecting Consumer’s Expenditure pattern
Consumer must consider other factors other than his/her taste and preferences.
He/she must consider the prices of various commodities and the level of his/her income
or the amount of money that he/she can spend per unit time. Both of these factors work to
limit or to constrain the nature and size of the market basket that she/he can buy
(Mansfield and Yohe, 2000).
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
6
Aside from taste, preferences and income, there are also other external factors,
which affects individual’s expenditure pattern such as inflation rate and purchasing
power of currency (peso for the Philippines). Inflation rate is the increases in the price
levels arising from the mounting effective demand without corresponding increase in
commodity supply (Webster Dictionary, 2001). Here in the Philippines, inflation rate
increased from 3.0 in 2000 to 7.6 in 2005 while purchasing power of peso continually
declined from 0.90 in 2000 to 0.77 in 2005 (Alina, 2006). This means that more amount
of money is needed to finance the same consumption expenditure.
Consumption Expenditure
Associated with consumer’s income is their individual consumption expenditure
or expenses. Expenses are cash outflows that sustain our scale of living (Winger and
Frasca, 1986). Consumer’s expenditure are classified into different ways. They can be
divided into services and product. Consumer’s expenditure on products in turn may be
subdivided based on durability; expenditures on durables and expenditures on non-
durables such as foods, cosmetics and others (McConnell, 1987).
Expenditure is observed in every individual according to his/her lifestyle. For
instance, as bread earner, he has to follow certain patterns in his expenditure pattern to
jibe with his income in order to cope with his financial problems to the basic needs or
necessities of life and whatever he may hold for his future (Alvez as cited by Banario,
1995).
Samuelson and Nordhause(1985) also stated that expenditure of poor families are
largely on the necessities of life; food and shelter. They also stated that as income
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
7
increases, expenditure on many food items goes up. People will eat more and eat better.
They shift away from bulky carbohydrates to more expensive meats, fruits, and fancy
vegetables. This was also seconded by Kotler (2000) who stated that rising consumer
income results in the substitution of more expensive foods for staples, a declining share
of income going for food, a broadening of the food product bundle, a greater demand for
convenience foods and a grater consumer concern for quality of food market. There are
however, limits on the extra money that people will spend on food as their income
increases. On the other hand, expenditure on clothing, recreation and automobiles also
increases more than proportional to after-tax income, until high income is reached.
Mowen (1995) also stated that consumers spend much money for health and food
because people are much concern with their health rather than luxurious things.
Expenditure Pattern of Filipino Families
Here in the Philippines, on the study conducted by NSO, spending pattern of
Filipino families move towards lesser food consumption expenditure. In 2000, the share
of food on the total expenditure was 43.6% but it declined 42.8% in 2003. The proportion
of expenditure on food consumed at home went down from 38.6% in 2000 to 37.5% in
2003. On the other hand, higher spending on food consumed outside was observed to
increase as the proportion went up from 5% in 2000 to 5.3% in 2003 suggesting a change
in the Filipino family lifestyle of regular eating outside the home and possibly be linked
to the growth of fast-food chains. Families spent more on transportation and
communication as these were monitored to move up from 6.85% in 2000 to 7.45% in
2003. Increases in expenditure share were also noted in fuel, light and water, personal
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
8
care and effects, medical care and miscellaneous expenditures such us those for special
family occasions. Meanwhile, the share of expenditure on housing decreased by 1% from
14.3% in 2000 to 13.3% in 2003.
Finally, the result of the study conducted by Gallardo (2001) on the spending
behavior of college students in selected schools of Baguio and La Trinidad revealed that
the highest expenditure of students per semester was on school fees. Her study also
revealed that the highest student’s monthly expense was on food followed by rent and
transportation expenses. The least expenditure was on outings and cosmetics. The
analytical study also conducted by Decoyna (2001) on the spending behavior of college
students in selected schools of Baguio and La Trinidad also revealed that year lavel of the
students has a significant effect on the expenditure on liquor, cigarettes and school fees.
Age variable also has a highly significant effect on expenditure on foods, cosmetics, and
outings or recreational activities. Gender of the student is significantly correlated to
cigarettes, liquor and cosmetics. He further explained that if the students have high
income, expenditure on these aforementioned items have the possibility to increase.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in La Trinidad, Benguet during the second semester,
school year 2006-2007. It covered three schools namely: Benguet State University
(BSU), Cordillera Career Development College (CCDC), and Eastern Luzon College
(ELC).
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study consisted of 400 students from the three schools
namely: BSU, CCDC and ELC. The distribution of the respondents per school is
presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Distribution of respondents
SCHOOL
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
BSU
190
CCDC
120
ELC
90
TOTAL
400
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
10
Data Collection
The information needed to answer the stipulated objectives in chapter 2 was
generated using structured questionnaire. The questionnaires was distributed to the
respondents allowing ample time for them to answer each question completely. Some
guide questions was asked by the researcher to obtain a reliable response on the different
questions.
Data Gathered
Data gathered are personal profile, average monthly allowance, average
expenditure on specific items and the problems encountered by students on their income
and expenditure pattern.
Data Analysis
The data gathered was tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted according to the
objectives of the study.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondents’ Social Profile
The social profile of the respondents included their ethnolinguistic group, age,
sex, household size, place of staying, with scholarship grant, and as working student. The
profile of the respondents is presented in Table 2.
Ethnolinguistic group. The result shows that in all the three schools, CCDC, ELC
and BSU, the Kankana-ey group were more in number than the other groups. They
consisted 48% of the total respondents. This group was followed by the Ibaloi with
19.5%, the Ilocano with 11.7%. The rest were distributed among the Pangasinanse,
Kalinga, Ifugao, and Tagalog with almost equal distribution. The least in number were
the Tinguian with only 2% of the total respondents. All these ethnolinguistic groups were
found in all the three schools.
Age. The youngest respondents were 16 years old and the oldest were 27 years
old. Majority of the respondents were 16 – 19 years old. This age group comprised about
63% of the total respondents. The least were the 24 – 27 years old with only 1.2% of the
total respondents. The mean age of the respondents was 19 years old.
Sex. The result shows that majority of the respondents were female with 67.5%.
This was true for all the three schools. This implies that there were more female students
in all the three schools compared to the male students.
Household size. Almost 50% of the total respondents had a household size of 6 –
8 members. The next highest in number were those with 3 – 5 household size with about
26%. There were a few with 12 – 14 household size.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
12
Place staying. The place staying refers to the place were they are staying while
they are pursuing their schooling. They maybe staying with their family or staying in a
boarding house. The result shows that a great majority of the respondents were staying in
a boarding house or in the dormitory. There were only 10% of the total respondents that
are staying with their families. This implies that majority of the students in CCDC, ELC,
and BSU are coming from far places.
With scholarship. The table shows that a great majority of the respondents were
without scholarship. Only 10% of the total respondents have scholarship. Most of them
were from BSU.
As working student. The result shows that only very few (7%)of the respondents
were working students. About half of them were from BSU.
Table 2. Profile of the respondents according to school coming from
PARTICULAR
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Ethnolinguistic Group
Ibaloi
30 25.0
16 17.8
32 16.8
78
19.5
Ilocano
10
8.3
14 15.6
23 12.1
47
11.7
Pangasinanse
1
0.8
3
3.3
12
6.3
16
4.0
Kankana-ey
66 55.0
41 45.5
86 45.3
193
48.2
Tinguian
1
0.8
5
5.5
2
1.1
8
2.0
Kalinga
2
1.7
6
6.7
12
6.3
20
5.0
Ifugao
5
4.2
3
3.3
14
7.4
22
5.5
Tagalog
5
4.2
2
2.2
9
4.7
16
4.0
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
13
Table 2. continued …
Age
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
16 – 19
80 66.7
73 81.1
97 51.0
250
62.5
20 – 23
39 32.5
16 17.8
90 47.4
145
36.3
24 – 27
1
0.8
1
1.1
3
1.6
5
1.2
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN AGE = 19.0
Sex
Male
36
30
21 23.3
73 38.4
130
32.5
Female
84
70
69 76.7 117 61.6
270
67.5
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
Household Size
3 – 5
29 24.2
18 20.0
56 29.5
103
25.7
6 – 8
66 55.0
44 48.9
93 48.9
203
50.8
9 – 11
22 18.3
21 23.3
31 16.3
74
18.5
12 – 14
3
2.5
7
7.8
10
5.3
20
5.0
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
Place of Lodging
Own house
52 43.3
32 35.6
28 14.7
41
10.3
Boarding house/dorm
68 56.7
28 64.4 162 85.3
359
89.7
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
Scholarship Grantee
With scholarship
7
5.8
6
6.7
28 14.7
41
10.2
Without scholarship
113 94.2
84 93.3 162 85.3
359
89.8
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
Working Student
Yes
6
5
8
8.9
14
7.4
28
7
No
114
95
82 91.1 176 92.6
372
93
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 140
100
400
100
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
14
Sources of Income of Parents/Guardian
Table 3 presents that 227 or 51% of the total respondents answered that farming is
the primary source of income of their parents/guardians supporting their schooling. Of
this number BSU had the highest with 106, followed by CCDC with 70 then ELC with
51. Seventy two or 16.1% responded that their parents are government employees while
8.3% said that their parents are private employees. The other sources of income of the
parents or guardians were from business or personal employment with 13.2%; overseas
employment with 9.2%; and pension with 2.2%.
The finding revealed that the most common source of income of the respondents
was from farming and from salaries as employees.
Table 3. Distribution of respondents according to source of income of parents/guardian
by school
SOURCES OF
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
INCOME
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Personal emp./Bus.
15 11.5
10 10.5
34 15.3
59
13.2
Pension
3
2.3
1
1.0
6
2.7
10
2.2
Farming
70 53.9
51 53.7 106 48.0
227
51.0
Private employment
12
9.2
11 11.6
14
6.3
37
8.3
Gov’t employment
18 13.9
10 10.6
44 20.0
72
16.1
Overseas employment
12
9.2
12 12.6
17
7.7
41
9.2
TOTAL
130 100
95 100 221
100
446
100
Note: Some parents/guardians have more than one source of income thus the total
exceeded the number of respondents.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
15
Frequency of Receiving Allowance
It is shown in Table 4 that most of the respondents were receiving their allowance
on a monthly basis. There were 33.8% who were receiving their allowance weekly,
12.4% on a daily basis and 8.8% received their allowance every two weeks. This finding
shows that majority of the respondents receive their allowance at a longer interval
compared to those who received on a daily basis. This was also true to all the three
schools.
Table 4. Distribution of respondents according to the frequency of receiving their
financial support
FREQUENCY OF
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
RECEIVING
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Daily
20 16.7
14 15.6
16
8.4
50
12.4
Weekly
38 31.7 216 28.9
71 37.4
135
33.8
Every two weeks
8
6.6
10 11.1
17
9.0
35
8.8
Monthly
54 45.0
40 44.4
86 45.2
180
45.0
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
Average Monthly Allowance
Table 5 presents the average monthly allowance received by the respondents per
month. The respondents were classified into two. The first group was those that stay with
their family and the second group were those that stay in boarding houses or dormitories.
The result shows that those staying in boarding houses received a higher monthly
allowance compared to those staying at home with their families. The mean allowance
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
16
for the respondents from CCDC staying in boarding houses was P2,118.15 per month
while those staying with their families was P1,923.58. For the students from ELC, the
mean allowance of those staying in boarding houses was P2,052.22 while those staying
with their families was P1,891.13. For the BSU students, the mean allowance of those
staying in boarding houses was P2,094.25 and those staying with their families was
P1,839.21. The mean allowance of all students staying in boarding houses was P2,091.05
while for those staying with their families was P1,911.45. Comparing the three schools, it
was noted that students from CCDC had a higher mean allowance.
Table 5. Average monthly allowance received by the respondents ( in pesos)
MONTHLY ALLOW
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Staying at home
500 – 1,500
25 36.8
18
31.0
45
35.0
88
34.6
1,501 – 2,500
28 41.2
26
44.8
54
42.0
108
42.5
2,501 – 3,500
8
11.7
9
15.5
15
11.7
32
12.6
3,205 – 4,500
2
2.9
3
5.2
5
3.9
10
3.9
4,501 – 5,500
1
1.5
2
3.4
6
4.7
9
5.4
5,501 – 6,500
2
2.9
0
0
1
0.78
3
1.2
6,501 – 7,500
2
2.9
0
0
2
1.6
4
1.6
TOTAL
68
100
58
100 128 100
254
100
MEAN
2118.15
2052.22
2094.25
2,091.05
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
17
Table 5. Continued ….
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
ALLOWANCE
F
%
F
%
F
%
N
%
Staying with Family
500 – 1,500
22 42.3
13 40.6
25 40.3
60
41.1
1,501 – 2,500
21 40.4
9 28.1
27 43.5
57
39.0
2,501 – 3,500
3
5.8
7 21.9
7 11.3
17
11.6
3,205 – 4,500
3
5.8
2
6.3
2
3.2
7
4.8
4,501 – 5,500
3
5.8
1 3.12
0
0
4
2.7
5,501 – 6,500
0
0
0
0
1
1.6
1
0.68
6,500 – 7,500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TOTAL
52 100
32 100
62
100
146
100
MEAN
1,923.58
1,891.13
1,839.21
1,911.45
Average Monthly Expenditures
The monthly expenditures of the respondents consisted of their expenditures of
food, transportation, school supplies and other school related expenses, clothing,
cosmetics cigarettes and liquor, and communication.
Food. Expenditure on Food is presented in Table 6.a. The table shows that out of
254 students who are staying in boarding houses, 44.9 spent P200 – P800 monthly for
food, 34.2% or 87 students spent P801 – P1,400 , 17.7% spent P1,401 – 2,000, 2% spent
P2,001 – P2,600, and only 1.2% spent P2,601 – 3,200 per month on food. This finding
implies that majority of the students were spending a little amount on food. For the
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
18
students staying with their families, their expenses on food consisted of their snacks and
lunch if they eat outside their home. Majority of the students spent P300 and below per
month. There were only 2 or 1.4% who spent P1,201 – P1,500 per month on food. The
mean on the monthly expenditure on food was P347.76 for those who stay with their
families and P982.40 for those who stay in boarding houses. It is apparent that food
expenditure of those staying in boarding houses is higher than those staying with their
families because they have to personally buy all their food. This also proves why the
average monthly allowance of those staying in boarding houses was higher than those
staying with their families.
Table 6. a. Distribution of respondents according to monthly expenditure on food by type
of lodging
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Staying in boarding house/dormitory
200 – 800
34
50
24 41.4
56 43.8
114
44.9
801 – 1,400
22 32.4
25 43.1
40 31.2
87
34.2
1,401 – 2,000
10 14.7
7 12.1
28 21.8
45
17.7
2,001 – 2,600
2
2.9
1
1.7
2
1.6
5
2.0
2,601 – 3,200
0
0
1
1.7
2
1.6
3
1.2
TOTAL
68 100
58 100 128
100
254
100
MEAN
924.03
976.36
1,016.16
982.40
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
19
Table 6.a. Continued …
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Staying at Home with Family
300 and below
34 65.4
18 56.2
28 45.2
80
54.8
301 – 600
12 23.1
11 34.4
22 35.5
45
30.8
601 – 900
3
5.8
3
9.4
8 12.9
14
9.6
901 – 1,200
2
3.8
0
0
3
4.8
5
3.4
1,201 – 1,500
1
1.9
0
0
1
1.6
2
1.4
TOTAL
52 100
32 100
62
100
146
100
MEAN
311.78
309.65
397.09
347.76
Transportation. Table 6.b reveals present the monthly transportation expense of
students. This only pertains to their transportation expense in going to school and back to
their residence. The respondents were again classified into two groups as done earlier to
find out if there is any difference on the transportation expenditure of those staying with
their families and those staying in boarding houses. The result shows that 52% of the
students staying in boarding houses do not spend on transportation, 36.2% were spending
P100 – P400, about 11% were spending P401 – P800 and only 0.8 and 0.4 were spending
P801 – P1,200 and P1,600, respectively. This finding reveals that only a few were
spending much on transportation. Furthermore, the finding implies that majority of the
students were staying in boarding houses close to their schools. The distribution of the
respondents to the different expenditure brackets follows a similar pattern in all the three
schools.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
20
For the respondents staying at home, majority were spending about P100 – P800
per month on transportation. There were only 14.4% who do not spend on transportation,
2.1% and 2.7% were spending P801 – P200 and P1,201 – P1,600, respectively. The
finding shows that few of the students were spending much on transportation. The
distribution of the respondents to the different expenditure brackets follows a similar
pattern in all the three schools.
Comparing the transportation expenditure between those staying at home and
those staying in boarding houses, it is apparent that those staying in boarding houses were
spending a lower amount on transportation expense than those staying at home. The
mean transportation expense for those staying in boarding house was P349.38 while the
mean transportation expenditure for those staying at home was P450.69.
Table 6. b. Distribution of respondents according to monthly expenditure on
transportation by type of lodging
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Staying in boarding house/dormitory
None
24 34.8
33 52.4
75 61.5
132
52.0
1 – 400
33 47.8
23 36.5
36 29.5
92
36.2
401 – 800
11 15.9
6
9.5
10
8.2
27
10.6
801 – 1,200
0
0
1
5.6
1
0.8
2
0.8
1,201 – 1,600
1
1.5
0
0
0
0
1
0.4
TOTAL
69
100
63
100 122 100
254
100
MEAN
324.94
307.17
302.63
349.38
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
21
Table 6.b. Continued …
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Staying at Home with Family
None
7 13.7
4 14.8
10 14.7
21
14.4
1 – 400
19 37.3
13 48.2
34
50
66
45.2
401 – 800
22 43.1
9 33.3
21 30.9
52
35.6
801 – 1,200
1
2.0
0
0
2
2.9
3
2.1
1,201 – 1,600
2
3.9
1
3.7
1
1.5
4
2.7
TOTAL
51 100
27 100
68
100
146
100
MEAN
473.22
409.19
373.60
450.69
Expenditure on school supplies and other school related expenses. Table 6.c
present the monthly expenditure of students on school supplies and other school related
expenses like books, manuals, photocopying of handouts and other notes, and internet
researches. School fees were not included. Majority of the students (71.8%) were
spending P300 and below, 21.2% were spending P301 - P600, 2.5% were spending P601
– P900, .02% were spending P901 – P1,200; and 0.5% were spending P1,201 – P1,600.
The mean expenditure was P273.50 for all the respondents, P318 for CCDC respondents,
P233.83 for ELC respondents; and P264.18 for BSU respondents. The finding shows that
CCDC students were spending higher amount on school supplies and related expenses
compared to the ELC and BSU students.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
22
Table 6.c . Distribution of respondents according to monthly expenditure on school
supplies and other school related expenses
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
300 and below
83 69.2
71 78.9 133 70.0
287
71.8
301 – 600
21 17.5
15 16.7
49 25.8
85
21.2
601 – 900
7
5.8
2
2.2
1
0.5
10
2.5
901 – 1,200
6
5.0
2
2.2
7
3.7
15
3.8
1,201 – 1,500
1
0.8
0
0
0
0
1
0.2
1,501 & above
2
1.7
0
0
0
0
2
0.5
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN
318.00
233.83
264.18
273.50
Clothing. The respondents were grouped into male and female for the reason that
sex may have an effect on the amount spent on clothing. Table 6.d.1 shows that majority
of the female were spending P200 and below on clothing while most of the male were
spending P201 – P400 per month. The mean expenditure of the female respondents was
P184.20 while that of the male was P302.04. The mean expenditure by all the
respondents was P222.50. This finding implies that male students were spending a higher
amount of clothing than the female students. One possible reason is that men outfits are
more expensive than female outfits.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
23
Table 6.d.1. Average monthly expenditure on clothing by sex
MONTHLY
FEMALE
MALE
TOTAL
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
200 and below
189
70.0
42
32.3
231
57.75
201 – 400
85
20.4
55
42.3
110
27.50
401 – 600
20
7.4
23
17.7
43
10.75
601 - 800
6
2.2
10
7.7
16
4.00
TOTAL
270
100.0
130 100.0
400
100.00
MEAN
184.20
302.04
222.50
Table 6.d.2 presents the average monthly expenditure of the respondents
according to the school coming from. It was found that majority of the respondents from
CCDC and BSU were spending P200 and below per month on clothing while half or 50%
of the respondents from ELC were spending the same. Base on the mean expenditure,
BSU students were spending the highest amount, P284, on clothing followed by ELC
with a mean of P53.83 and the least was CCDC with a mean of P215.50 per month.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
24
Table 6.d.2. Average monthly expenditure on clothing per school
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
200 and below
71 59.2
45
50 115 60.5
231
57.7
201 – 400
33 27.5
24
26
53 28.0
110
27.5
401 – 600
12 10.0
18
20
13
6.8
43
10.8
601 – 800
4
3.3
3
3.3
9
4.7
16
4.0
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN
215.50
253.83
284.00
222.50
Expenditure on cosmetics. Table 6.e.1 presents the average monthly expenditure
of students on cosmetic by school coming from while Table 6.e.2 presents the average
expenditure of students according to sex. From Table 6.e.1 it can be gleaned that
majority (58.8%) of the respondents were spending P150 and below, 18.5% do not spend
on cosmetics, 16.5% were spending P151 – P300, 2.2% were spending P301 – P450, and
4% were spending P451 – P600 per month on cosmetics. The mean expenditure on
cosmetics by all the respondents was P136.23. There was very small difference on the
mean expenditure of the respondents from the three schools, CCDC, ELC, and BSU.
Table 6.e.2. shows that only 10.3% of the total female respondents while 35.4%
of the total male respondents are not spending any amount on cosmetics. Majority
(61.9%) of the females spends 15o pesos and below for cosmetics per month, 52.3% of
the male respondents were also spending 150 pesos and below. Fifty or 18.5% of the
females spends P151-P300 while only 12.3% of the male respondents are spending on the
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
25
same range. The remaining 3.3% and 6.0% has expenses ranges from 301-450 pesos,
respectively. Mean expense of the female respondents was P147.00 higher than males’
computed mean expenditure which is 104.07 pesos.
Table 6.e.1. Average monthly expenditure on cosmetics by school (in pesos)
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
20 16.7
17 18.9
37 19.5
74
18.5
150 and below
75 62.5
50 55.6 110 57.9
235
58.8
151 – 300
16 13.3
17 18.9
33 17.4
66
16.5
301 – 450
1 0.83
4
4.4
4 2.11
9
2.2
451 - 600
8
6.7
2
2.2
6 3.16
16
4.0
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN
138.50
139.19
133.34
136.23
Table 6.e.2. Average monthly expenditure on cosmetics by sex
MONTHLY
FEMALE
MALE
TOTAL
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
28
10.3
46
35.4
74
18.50
150 and below
167
61.9
68
52.3
235
58.75
151 – 300
50
18.5
16
12.3
66
16.50
301 – 450
9
3.3
0
0
9
2.25
451 - 600
16
6.0
0
0
16
4.00
TOTAL
270
100.0
130
100
400
100
MEAN
147.00
104.07
136.23
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
26
Expenditure on liquor and cigarettes. Table 6.f.1 presents the average monthly
expenditure of the respondents on liquor and cigarette according to school coming from
while Table 6.f.2 present the average monthly expenditure of the respondents on liquor
and cigarettes according to sex.
Table 6.f.1 shows that majority (72%) of the respondents do not spend on liquor
and cigarette. This was followed by 21.2% who were spending P200 and below. There
were 3 or 0.7% who were spending P801 – P1,000 per month on liquor and cigarette. The
finding also reveals that the respondents from CCDC were spending the highest amount
on liquor and cigarette with a mean of P244.25. This is followed by ELC with mean
expenditure of P180.50 and the least was BSU with a mean expenditure of P194.15.
Table 6.f.2 on the other hand reveals that majority of the female (85.9%) were not
spending on liquor and cigarette while 11.1% were spending P200 and below, 1.85%
were spending P201 – P400, and only 0.7% were spending P401 – P600 per month. For
the male respondents, 41.5% were not spending any amount on liquor and cigarette,
42.3% were spending P200 and below, 6.2% were spending P201 – P400, and 6.92 were
spending 401 – P600. There was 1 respondent or 0.8% and 3 or 2.3% who were spending
P601 – P800 and P801 – P1,000, respectively per month on liquor and cigarette. The
female respondents had a mean expenditure of P149.15 while the male respondents had a
mean expenditure of P208.39. This finding further reveals that there are some female
who were spending part of their allowance on liquor and cigarette.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
27
Table 6.f.1. Average monthly expenditure on liquor and cigarettes by school ( in pesos)
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
88 73.3
65 72.2 134 70.5
287
71.8
200 and below
22 18.3
18 20.0
45 23.7
85
21.2
201 – 400
2
1.7
4
4.4
7
3.7
13
3.3
401 – 600
5
4.2
3
3.3
3
1.6
11
2.7
601 – 800
1
0.8
0
0
0
0
1
0.3
801 – 1,000
2
1.7
0
0
1
0.5
3
0.7
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN
244.25
180.50
161.21
194.15
Table 6.f.2. Average monthly expenditure on liquor and cigarette by sex
MONTHLY
FEMALE
MALE
TOTAL
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
232
85.9
54
41.5
287
71.8
200 and below
30
11.1
55
42.3
85
21.2
201 – 400
5
2.2
8
6.2
13
3.2
401 – 600
2
0.8
9
6.9
11
2.8
601 – 800
0
0
1
0.8
1
0.2
801 – 1,000
0
0
3
2.3
3
0.8
TOTAL
267
100
130
100
400
100
MEAN
149.15
208.39
189.0
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
28
Expenditure on recreational activities. Table 6.g.1 and Table 6.g.2 present the
average monthly recreational expenditures of the respondents. The former shows the
expenditure according to school coming from while the later shows the expenditure
according to sex. Table 6.g.1 shows that majority of the respondents were spending P200
and below on recreational activities which included going to the movies, sports, hiring
video CDs and DVDs, video game and outings. There were 34% of the total respondents
that do not spend on recreational activities. There were 2 respondents or 0.5% who were
spending P601 – P800 per month on recreational activities. The mean expenditure of the
total respondents was P164.14 while the mean expenditure by the different schools were
as follows: P172.96 for CCDC, P171.93 for ELC and P154.90 for BSU. It was found that
CCDC and ELC were spending about the same amount on recreational activities.
Table 6.g.1. Average monthly expenditure on recreational activities according to school
( in pesos)
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
51 42.4
20 22.2
65 34.2
136
34.0
200 and below
56 46.7
55 61.1 101 53.2
212
53.0
201 – 400
7
6.0
7
7.8
18
9.5
32
8.0
401 – 600
1
0.8
6
6.7
3
1.6
10
2.5
601 – 800
4
3.3
2
2.2
2
1.0
8
2.0
801 and above
1
0.8
0
0
1
0.5
2
0.5
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN
172.96
171.93
154.90
164.14
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
29
The result reveals that an almost equal number of female respondents were not
spending on recreational activities and spending P200 and below. For the male
respondents, majority were spending P200 and below monthly on recreational activities.
There were 2 female and 6 male respondents who were spending P601 – P800 on
recreational activities monthly. There were 2 males and no female who were spending
more than P800 pesos on recreational activities per month. The mean expenditure of the
female respondents was lower than the mean expenditure of the male. This finding
corroborates the finding of Decoyna (2000) that sex has a significant effect on the level
of expenditure on recreational activities.
Table 6.g.2. Average monthly expenditure on recreational activities according to
sex (in pesos)
MONTHLY
FEMALE
MALE
TOTAL
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
126
46.7
10
7.7
136
34.0
200 and below
127
47.0
85
65.4
212
53.0
201 – 400
12
4.5
20
15.4
32
8.0
401 – 600
3
1.1
7
5.4
10
2.5
601 – 800
2
0.7
6
4.6
8
2.0
801 and above
0
0
2
1.5
2
0.5
TOTAL
270
100
130
100
400
100
MEAN
133.83
200.5
164.14
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
30
Expenditure on communication. Expenditure on communication was largely on
cellphone expenses. Table 6.h presents the average monthly expenditure of the
respondents on communication. The finding shows that there 39.8% were spending P200
and below while 45.8% were spending P201 – P400 on communication per month. There
were a few who do not spend on communication but there were also a few who were
spending much on communication. Eight or 2% of the total respondents were spending
P601 – P800 per month on communication. The mean expenditure of all the respondents
was P241.70 while CCDC and ELC had a mean expenditure of P256.64 and P250.50,
respectively. BSU had the least mean expenditure on communication among the three
schools.
Table 6.h. Average monthly expenditure on communication ( in pesos)
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
6
5.0
6
6.7
7
3.7
19
4.75
200 and below
46 38.4
33 36.7
80 42.1
159
39.80
201 – 400
51 42.5
40 44.4
92 48.4
183
45.80
401 – 600
13 10.8
10 11.1
8
4.2
31
7.75
601 – 800
4
3.3
1
1.1
3
1.6
8
2.00
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN
256.64
250.50
228.37
241.70
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
31
Allocation of Total Expenditure
Table 7 presents the percent share of each item of expenditure on the total
expenditures. The result shows that food got the highest share in the total expenditure and
transportation expense was the next in rank. The same finding was revealed by Gallardo
and Decoyna (2002). These two items came in the same order in each of the three
schools. The third rank for all the respondents was school supplies and other school
related expenses. This was the same for CCDC but the third rank in expenditure for both
ELC and BSU was on clothing. School supplies and other school related expense was
fourth rank for BSU and fifth rank for ELC. Expenditure on communication came in
fourth in the ranking. This was also true for CCDC and ELC while this item was fifth
rank for BSU. The expenditure item that received the lowest share was cosmetics
followed by recreational activities. This corroborates the finding of Gallardo and
Decoyna (2001) that cosmetics and recreational activities were the lowest in the
expenditures of college students of different schools in Baguio and La Trinidad. Liquor
and cigarette ranked sixth in the share of expenditure for both ELC and BSU while it is
fifth for CCDC.
This finding implies that students spend a major portion of their budget on food
and transportation. A least portion of the budget is for cosmetics and recreation activities.
This maybe because these are not regularly purchased by the students. It is discouraging
to note that students are spending a portion of their budget on liquor and cigarette which
are unnecessary items. Another expenditure item that gets a bigger portion of the budget
of students specially in ELC and CCDC is on communication. Expenditure on
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
32
communication which is largely on cell phone was even larger than expenditure on
school supplies in both ELC and BSU.
Table 7. Percent allocation on the different expenditure items by school
PARTICULAR CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOL
%
Rank
%
Rank
%
Rank
%
Rank
Food
26.10
1 28.80
1 31.10
1 29.00
1
Transportation
16.90
2 16.10
2 14.90
2 17.40
2
School sup. etc
13.50
3 10.50
5 11.60
4 11.90
3
Clothing
9.12
6 11.40
3 12.50
3
9.69
5
Cosmetics
5.90
8
6.24
8
5.87
8
5.93
8
Liq. & cig.
10.30
5
8.09
6
7.10
6
8.45
6
Rec. activities
7.32
7
7.71
7
6.82
7
7.15
7
Communication 10.90
4 11.20
4 10.10
5 10.50
4
TOTAL
100
100
100
100
Problems Encountered by the Respondents
Problems encountered by the respondents regarding their allowance and
expenditures are presented in Table 8. The number one problem pointed out by the
students was on the delayed allowance. Majority of the respondents pointed this out as
their problem since they could not buy their needs at the opportune time. The second rank
in the problem base on the number of respondents who mentioned it was inadequate
allowance. Most of them said that their allowance is usually not enough for them to buy
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
33
all the things they need. The third rank was high cost of commodities. The high prices of
commodities also contribute to the inadequacy of their allowance. High cost of
transportation ranks fourth. There were 23.8% of the total respondents who mentioned
this as their problem. Other problems stated by the respondents includes so many school
projects needing money expense, debt payments due to insufficient allowance received
before, impulse buying not considering the budget and unwise budgeting.
Table 8. Problems encountered by the respondents regarding their allowance and
expenditures
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL
PROBLEMS
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
% RANK
Delayed allowance
67 55.8 55 61.1 113 59.5
233 58.3
1
Inadequate allow.
47 39.2 41 45.6 102 53.7
190 47.5
2
High cost of
commodities
46 38.3 34 37.8 100 52.6
180 45.0
3
High
transportation cost
35 29.2 13 14.4
47 24.7
95 23.8
4
Other problems
4
3.3
3
3.3
8
4.2 15
3.8
5
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted mainly to find out the spending pattern of college
students and compare this spending behavior of students according to the school they
were enrolled in. The study also determined the profile of the students, the sources of
income of parents or guardian and the amount of monthly allowance of the students. This
study was conducted in three schools in La Trinidad, Benguet namely: Cordillera Career
Development College (CCDC), Eastern Luzon College (ELC), and Benguet State
University (BSU). A total of 400 college students were taken as respondents. This study
was conducted from December 2006 to January 2007.
The profile of the respondents revealed that, majority of them belonged to the
Kankana-ey ethonolinguistioc group, female, 16-19 years old, had a family size of 6 – 8
members, very few were scholars and working students. The sources of income of most
of their parents and guardians was from their salary as employees, either as government
employees, private employees or overseas employees. There were a few who got there
income from pensions.
Most of the respondents receive their allowance on a monthly basis and majority
of them have a monthly allowance ranging from P500 – P2,500. As to their expenditure
on food, majority of the students staying in boarding houses or dormitories were spending
about P200 – P1,400 per month and the mean food expenditure was P982.40. The
students of BSU were spending a higher amount than the mean while CCDC and ELC
were spending an amount less than the over all mean expenditure on food. For those
staying with their parents, the overall computed mean expenditure on food was P347.76
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
35
with BSU students again spending a higher amount than the overall mean expenditure
while CCDC and ELC were spending lesser than the overall mean. The next highest
expenditure was on transportation with an overall mean expenditure of P400.65. The
students staying in boarding houses or dormitories were spending a lesser amount on
transportation compared to those staying at home with their families because most of the
boarding houses were located near the school. The third in rank on expenditure was on
school supplies and other school related expenses with an overall mean of P273.50. The
fourth rank was communication expenditure with an overall mean of P241.70. The fifth
rank was clothing with an overall mean of P222.50. The sixth rank was liquor and
cigarette with an overall mean of P189.00 while the seventh and eighth ranks were on
recreation activities and cosmetics with overall mean expenditures of P164.40 and
P136.23, respectively.
The problems met by the respondents were the following; delayed allowance,
inadequate allowance, high cost of commodities, and high transportation cost.
Conclusions
Based on the findings the following conclusions are made:
1. Majority of the respondents derive their financial allowance from their families
and very few source it from scholarship.
2. Majority of the parents/guardians of the respondents are farmers.
3. Students staying in boarding houses/dormitories are spending much on food
compared to those staying with their families.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
36
4. Transportation expense of students staying in boarding houses or dormitories was
lower than for those staying with their families because they usually stay in
boarding houses near their school.
5. Male students have higher expenditure as regards to clothing because male outfits
are more expensive than female outfits; liquor and cigarette because male students
are prone to smoke and drink liquor compared to the female students; and
recreational activities because male students are more inclined to go for recreation
than the female students. However, female respondents have higher expenditure
on cosmetics than male respondents.
6. Expenditures on cosmetics and recreational activities had the least amount
because these two items were not bought on a regular basis not like food,
transportation and school supplies.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are recommended;
1. Students should lessen their expenses on transportation, clothing, cosmetics and
communication so that they will have more to spend on school supplies and other
school related expenses. Students should walk to their school and back home if it
is possible.
2. Expenditure on liquor and cigarette should be cancelled from the budget of the
students as these are unnecessary items.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
37
3. School administrators and faculty members should give advice to students on how
they should spend their allowance so that they would not just squander their
allowances.
4. Parents should closely monitor the spending behavior of students, male and
female, so that they would not spend their allowances on vices like liquor and
cigarettes as well as computer games another unnecessary items.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
LITERATURE CITED
ALINA, A.C. 2006. Economic Indicator. Retrieved October 18, 2006 from
http://www.bworld.com.ph/research/economicindicators.php?id=0022
BANARIO, C. S.1995. Income and expenditure pattern of college students in Benguet
State University. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.
3 and 8.
DECOYNA, L. A. 2001. Spending behavior of college students in selected schools of
Baguio and La Trinidad. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. p. 25.
GALLARDO, R. V. 2001. Economic Analysis of the Spending Behavior of college
students in selected schools of Baguio and La Trinidad. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. p. 24
GUZMAN, J.S. 2001. Principles of Economics; Simplified (2nd ed.).Academic Publishing
Inc. Manduloyong City, Philippines. p.34
KOTLER P. 2000. Marketing Management. Prentice Hall International, Inc. London. Pp
60,61, and 167
MANSFIELD E. and G. YOHE. 2000. Microeconomics (10th ed.). Ww Norton
Company, Inc. New York, USA. p. 61.
MARCKWARDT, F.H. (Ed.). 2001. Webster Dictionary. Vol.1. Ferguson Publishing
Company. Chicago, U.S.A. p.649.
McCONELL, C. R. 1987. Economics (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Inc. New York, USA. P.
112.
MEDINA, R. G. 2003. Principles of Economics. Rex Book Store, Inc. p. 47
MOWEN, J. C. 1995. Consumer Behavior. Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, USA.
p. 32
National Statistics Office. 2003 Family Income and expenditure Survey. Sept. 15, 2006.
http://www.census.gov.ph./data/sectordata/fie03frtx.
SAMUELSON P.A. and W.D. NORDHAUSE.1985. Economics (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill
Inc. New York, USA. Pp. 124,125.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
39
WINGER, B. J. and R. R. FRASCA. 1986. Personal Finance; An Integrated Planning
Approach. Charles E. Merill Publishing Company. Ohio, USA. P 82.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
BOCALES, TERESA B. APRIL 2007. Expenditure Patterns of College students
in Selected Schools of La Trinidad, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Evangeline B. Cungihan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the different schools of La Trinidad namely: CCDC,
ELC and BSU on January 2007 to determine the sources of income of parents/guardians
of the respondents and the average monthly income/allowance of college students in
selected schools of La Trinidad, Benguet; the average monthly expenditure of college
students on Foods, transportation, school supplies and other related expenses, personal
expenses such us clothes, cosmetics, and liquor and cigarettes; recreational activities,
and communication expenses. It also compared the expenditure pattern of the students
staying with their family with the students staying in boarding houses as well as the
expenditure pattern of male and female students on selected items. Problems encountered
by the college students in their income/allowance and their spending were also identified.
The data were gathered from 400 students; 120 from CCDC, 90 from ELC and
190 from BSU. More than half (50.90%) of the respondent’s parents/guardian were
farmers thus, most of them derived their income from farming. Students staying in
boarding houses received higher allowances, on a monthly basis, compared to students
staying at home with their parents. Most of the students staying at home receive their
allowances on a daily basis.
The highest monthly expenditure of the respondents went to foods, followed by
transportation. Their lowest expenditure went to cosmetics. Respondents staying in
boarding houses/dormitories were spending a higher amount on foods than the
respondents staying with their families. As regard to transportation, respondents staying
with families have higher expenditure than those staying in boarding houses/dormitories.
Male respondents have higher expenditure on clothing, liquor and cigarettes and
recreational activities than females, but female respondents spend higher amount on
cosmetics than male respondents.
The problems met by the respondents were the following: delayed allowance,
inadequate allowance, high cost of commodities and high transportation cost. Majority of
the students had problem on delayed allowance followed by inadequate allowance.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Scope and Limitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Factors Affecting Consumer’s Expenditure Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Consumption Expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Expenditure Pattern of Filipino Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Locale and Time of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Respondents of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Data Gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
iii
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Respondent’s Social Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Sources of Income of Parents/Guardian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Frequency of Receiving Allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Average Monthly Allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Average Monthly Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Allocation of Total Expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Problems Encountered by the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
iv
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
The municipality of La Trinidad is located 3 kilometers of Baguio City and is the
capital town of Benguet. Being the capital town, it serves as the trading, institutional and
educational center of the province.
Within La Trinidad, there are five major tertiary schools found namely; Benguet
State University, Benguet Central College, Cordillera Career Development College,
Luzon Nazarene Bible College and Eastern Luzon College.
Benguet State University is offering Bachelor of Science in Agriculture,
Agribusiness, Development Communication, Home Economics, Nutrition and Dietetics,
Entrepreneurial Technology, Agricultural Engineering, Forestry, Nursing, Applied
Statistics, Environmental Science, Information Technology, Bachelor of Education and
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. Eastern Luzon College is also offering Bachelor of
Science in Commerce, Accountancy, Computer Science, Secretarial Administration, and
other technical courses. Meanwhile, Cordillera Career Development College is offering
Bachelor of Science in Mass Communication, Nursing, Midwifery, Accountancy,
Criminology, Bachelor of Education, Law, and Hotel and Restaurant Management.
With regards to the average number of enrollees, Benguet State University has the
highest with an average of 6,500 per semester; Cordillera Career Development College
has an average enrollee of 1,500 per semester while Eastern Luzon College has an
average of 700 enrollees per semester. Basing on the previous research conducted by
Gallardo, major expenditure items of students are on school fees, school supplies and
other related expenses, boarding house rentals, food, transportation, personal expenses
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
2
such as clothes, cosmetics, liquor and cigarettes, recreational activities such as computer
games, billiard, etc. the main source of the allowances of students come from their
parents or guardians thus the students should budget their allowances to items that are
important to them or that can contribute to their studies. Banario (1995) pointed out that
allocation of this money allowance into various necessities of life must be wisely done to
avoid consumption dissatisfaction. Thus, there is a need to study the expenditure pattern
of students to give an idea to the students on how to properly allocate their limited
allowance and also for parents to know how their children are spending their hard-earned
money.
On the previous study conducted, communication expense which could be a major
expense was not considered but it was included in this research specially now a days that
technology of cellular phone is being used by almost all students.
Statement of the Problem
This study focused on the analysis of the expenditure pattern of college students
in selected schools of La Trinidad. Specifically, the study seeked to answer the following
questions:
1. What are the sources of income of the parents/guardians of the students,
2. How much is the average monthly income/allowance of the students in the
selected schools of La Trinidad,
3. What are the average monthly expenditure of college students on a) school
supplies and other related expenses, b) food, c) transportation, d) personal
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
3
expenses such as liquor and cigarettes, clothes and cosmetics, e) recreational
activities and f) communication expenses?
4. Is there a difference in the expenditures of students staying with their families
with those who are staying in boarding houses on food and transportation?
5. What expenditure items do male and female students differ?
6. What are the existing problems encountered by college students in their
income/allowance and expenditure pattern?
Objectives of the Study
From the statement of the problem, the following specific objectives are drawn:
1. To determine the sources of income of the parents/guardians of the
respondents.
2. To determine the average monthly income/allowance of the college students
in selected schools of Baguio City.
3. To determine the average monthly expenditure of college students on a)
school supplies and other related expenses, b) food, c) transportation, d)
personal expenses such as liquor and cigarettes, clothes and cosmetics, e)
recreational activities and f) communication expenses.
4. To find out if there is a difference in the expenditures on food and
transportation between students staying with their family and students staying
in boarding houses.
5. To find out the expenditure items where male and female students differ.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
4
6. To find out the existing problems encountered by college students in their
income/allowance and expenditure pattern.
Importance of the Study
The result of this study would serve as reference and source of information for the
students on how to properly allocate their limited income or allowance. It would also be
useful to the parents or guardians sending their children to college to appraise how much
allowance they should give to their children. The result could also give ideas to
businessmen regarding the expenditure items of students so they would know what kind
of goods/services they would provide to students. Furthermore, this research could also
be a useful reference for further researches in the future.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study concentrated mainly on the determination and analysis of the income
and expenditure pattern of college students in selected schools within La Trinidad
particularly; Benguet State University (BSU), Cordillera Career Development College
(CCDC), and Eastern Luzon College (ELC).
The study covered the students who were enrolled for the second semester of
school year 2006-2007.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Each individual has asset of preferences of goods and services, which are ranked
in order of desirability. Such a choice is based on the consumer’s desire to satisfy his
needs. As consumer, he/she is rational given his/her taste and preferences in the sense
that he/she seeks to maximize utility ( Guzman, 2001). Utility refers to the satisfaction or
pleasure associated with having, using, consuming, or benefiting from goods and services
(Medina, 2003).
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory explains what motivates an
individual in life to achieve. An individual aims to meet basic physiological needs for
hunger and thirst. When it has been meet, theory move up to other higher targets such as
housings and luxuries.
Individual’s buying choices or expenditures are also influenced by four
physiological factors; motivation, perception, learning, and attitudes. A need becomes a
motive when it is aroused to a sufficient level of intensity. A motive is a need that is
sufficiently pressing to direct the person to seek satisfaction of the need (Kotler, 2000).
Factors Affecting Consumer’s Expenditure pattern
Consumer must consider other factors other than his/her taste and preferences.
He/she must consider the prices of various commodities and the level of his/her income
or the amount of money that he/she can spend per unit time. Both of these factors work to
limit or to constrain the nature and size of the market basket that she/he can buy
(Mansfield and Yohe, 2000).
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
6
Aside from taste, preferences and income, there are also other external factors,
which affects individual’s expenditure pattern such as inflation rate and purchasing
power of currency (peso for the Philippines). Inflation rate is the increases in the price
levels arising from the mounting effective demand without corresponding increase in
commodity supply (Webster Dictionary, 2001). Here in the Philippines, inflation rate
increased from 3.0 in 2000 to 7.6 in 2005 while purchasing power of peso continually
declined from 0.90 in 2000 to 0.77 in 2005 (Alina, 2006). This means that more amount
of money is needed to finance the same consumption expenditure.
Consumption Expenditure
Associated with consumer’s income is their individual consumption expenditure
or expenses. Expenses are cash outflows that sustain our scale of living (Winger and
Frasca, 1986). Consumer’s expenditure are classified into different ways. They can be
divided into services and product. Consumer’s expenditure on products in turn may be
subdivided based on durability; expenditures on durables and expenditures on non-
durables such as foods, cosmetics and others (McConnell, 1987).
Expenditure is observed in every individual according to his/her lifestyle. For
instance, as bread earner, he has to follow certain patterns in his expenditure pattern to
jibe with his income in order to cope with his financial problems to the basic needs or
necessities of life and whatever he may hold for his future (Alvez as cited by Banario,
1995).
Samuelson and Nordhause(1985) also stated that expenditure of poor families are
largely on the necessities of life; food and shelter. They also stated that as income
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
7
increases, expenditure on many food items goes up. People will eat more and eat better.
They shift away from bulky carbohydrates to more expensive meats, fruits, and fancy
vegetables. This was also seconded by Kotler (2000) who stated that rising consumer
income results in the substitution of more expensive foods for staples, a declining share
of income going for food, a broadening of the food product bundle, a greater demand for
convenience foods and a grater consumer concern for quality of food market. There are
however, limits on the extra money that people will spend on food as their income
increases. On the other hand, expenditure on clothing, recreation and automobiles also
increases more than proportional to after-tax income, until high income is reached.
Mowen (1995) also stated that consumers spend much money for health and food
because people are much concern with their health rather than luxurious things.
Expenditure Pattern of Filipino Families
Here in the Philippines, on the study conducted by NSO, spending pattern of
Filipino families move towards lesser food consumption expenditure. In 2000, the share
of food on the total expenditure was 43.6% but it declined 42.8% in 2003. The proportion
of expenditure on food consumed at home went down from 38.6% in 2000 to 37.5% in
2003. On the other hand, higher spending on food consumed outside was observed to
increase as the proportion went up from 5% in 2000 to 5.3% in 2003 suggesting a change
in the Filipino family lifestyle of regular eating outside the home and possibly be linked
to the growth of fast-food chains. Families spent more on transportation and
communication as these were monitored to move up from 6.85% in 2000 to 7.45% in
2003. Increases in expenditure share were also noted in fuel, light and water, personal
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
8
care and effects, medical care and miscellaneous expenditures such us those for special
family occasions. Meanwhile, the share of expenditure on housing decreased by 1% from
14.3% in 2000 to 13.3% in 2003.
Finally, the result of the study conducted by Gallardo (2001) on the spending
behavior of college students in selected schools of Baguio and La Trinidad revealed that
the highest expenditure of students per semester was on school fees. Her study also
revealed that the highest student’s monthly expense was on food followed by rent and
transportation expenses. The least expenditure was on outings and cosmetics. The
analytical study also conducted by Decoyna (2001) on the spending behavior of college
students in selected schools of Baguio and La Trinidad also revealed that year lavel of the
students has a significant effect on the expenditure on liquor, cigarettes and school fees.
Age variable also has a highly significant effect on expenditure on foods, cosmetics, and
outings or recreational activities. Gender of the student is significantly correlated to
cigarettes, liquor and cosmetics. He further explained that if the students have high
income, expenditure on these aforementioned items have the possibility to increase.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in La Trinidad, Benguet during the second semester,
school year 2006-2007. It covered three schools namely: Benguet State University
(BSU), Cordillera Career Development College (CCDC), and Eastern Luzon College
(ELC).
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study consisted of 400 students from the three schools
namely: BSU, CCDC and ELC. The distribution of the respondents per school is
presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Distribution of respondents
SCHOOL
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
BSU
190
CCDC
120
ELC
90
TOTAL
400
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
10
Data Collection
The information needed to answer the stipulated objectives in chapter 2 was
generated using structured questionnaire. The questionnaires was distributed to the
respondents allowing ample time for them to answer each question completely. Some
guide questions was asked by the researcher to obtain a reliable response on the different
questions.
Data Gathered
Data gathered are personal profile, average monthly allowance, average
expenditure on specific items and the problems encountered by students on their income
and expenditure pattern.
Data Analysis
The data gathered was tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted according to the
objectives of the study.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondents’ Social Profile
The social profile of the respondents included their ethnolinguistic group, age,
sex, household size, place of staying, with scholarship grant, and as working student. The
profile of the respondents is presented in Table 2.
Ethnolinguistic group. The result shows that in all the three schools, CCDC, ELC
and BSU, the Kankana-ey group were more in number than the other groups. They
consisted 48% of the total respondents. This group was followed by the Ibaloi with
19.5%, the Ilocano with 11.7%. The rest were distributed among the Pangasinanse,
Kalinga, Ifugao, and Tagalog with almost equal distribution. The least in number were
the Tinguian with only 2% of the total respondents. All these ethnolinguistic groups were
found in all the three schools.
Age. The youngest respondents were 16 years old and the oldest were 27 years
old. Majority of the respondents were 16 – 19 years old. This age group comprised about
63% of the total respondents. The least were the 24 – 27 years old with only 1.2% of the
total respondents. The mean age of the respondents was 19 years old.
Sex. The result shows that majority of the respondents were female with 67.5%.
This was true for all the three schools. This implies that there were more female students
in all the three schools compared to the male students.
Household size. Almost 50% of the total respondents had a household size of 6 –
8 members. The next highest in number were those with 3 – 5 household size with about
26%. There were a few with 12 – 14 household size.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
12
Place staying. The place staying refers to the place were they are staying while
they are pursuing their schooling. They maybe staying with their family or staying in a
boarding house. The result shows that a great majority of the respondents were staying in
a boarding house or in the dormitory. There were only 10% of the total respondents that
are staying with their families. This implies that majority of the students in CCDC, ELC,
and BSU are coming from far places.
With scholarship. The table shows that a great majority of the respondents were
without scholarship. Only 10% of the total respondents have scholarship. Most of them
were from BSU.
As working student. The result shows that only very few (7%)of the respondents
were working students. About half of them were from BSU.
Table 2. Profile of the respondents according to school coming from
PARTICULAR
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Ethnolinguistic Group
Ibaloi
30 25.0
16 17.8
32 16.8
78
19.5
Ilocano
10
8.3
14 15.6
23 12.1
47
11.7
Pangasinanse
1
0.8
3
3.3
12
6.3
16
4.0
Kankana-ey
66 55.0
41 45.5
86 45.3
193
48.2
Tinguian
1
0.8
5
5.5
2
1.1
8
2.0
Kalinga
2
1.7
6
6.7
12
6.3
20
5.0
Ifugao
5
4.2
3
3.3
14
7.4
22
5.5
Tagalog
5
4.2
2
2.2
9
4.7
16
4.0
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
13
Table 2. continued …
Age
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
16 – 19
80 66.7
73 81.1
97 51.0
250
62.5
20 – 23
39 32.5
16 17.8
90 47.4
145
36.3
24 – 27
1
0.8
1
1.1
3
1.6
5
1.2
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN AGE = 19.0
Sex
Male
36
30
21 23.3
73 38.4
130
32.5
Female
84
70
69 76.7 117 61.6
270
67.5
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
Household Size
3 – 5
29 24.2
18 20.0
56 29.5
103
25.7
6 – 8
66 55.0
44 48.9
93 48.9
203
50.8
9 – 11
22 18.3
21 23.3
31 16.3
74
18.5
12 – 14
3
2.5
7
7.8
10
5.3
20
5.0
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
Place of Lodging
Own house
52 43.3
32 35.6
28 14.7
41
10.3
Boarding house/dorm
68 56.7
28 64.4 162 85.3
359
89.7
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
Scholarship Grantee
With scholarship
7
5.8
6
6.7
28 14.7
41
10.2
Without scholarship
113 94.2
84 93.3 162 85.3
359
89.8
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
Working Student
Yes
6
5
8
8.9
14
7.4
28
7
No
114
95
82 91.1 176 92.6
372
93
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 140
100
400
100
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
14
Sources of Income of Parents/Guardian
Table 3 presents that 227 or 51% of the total respondents answered that farming is
the primary source of income of their parents/guardians supporting their schooling. Of
this number BSU had the highest with 106, followed by CCDC with 70 then ELC with
51. Seventy two or 16.1% responded that their parents are government employees while
8.3% said that their parents are private employees. The other sources of income of the
parents or guardians were from business or personal employment with 13.2%; overseas
employment with 9.2%; and pension with 2.2%.
The finding revealed that the most common source of income of the respondents
was from farming and from salaries as employees.
Table 3. Distribution of respondents according to source of income of parents/guardian
by school
SOURCES OF
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
INCOME
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Personal emp./Bus.
15 11.5
10 10.5
34 15.3
59
13.2
Pension
3
2.3
1
1.0
6
2.7
10
2.2
Farming
70 53.9
51 53.7 106 48.0
227
51.0
Private employment
12
9.2
11 11.6
14
6.3
37
8.3
Gov’t employment
18 13.9
10 10.6
44 20.0
72
16.1
Overseas employment
12
9.2
12 12.6
17
7.7
41
9.2
TOTAL
130 100
95 100 221
100
446
100
Note: Some parents/guardians have more than one source of income thus the total
exceeded the number of respondents.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
15
Frequency of Receiving Allowance
It is shown in Table 4 that most of the respondents were receiving their allowance
on a monthly basis. There were 33.8% who were receiving their allowance weekly,
12.4% on a daily basis and 8.8% received their allowance every two weeks. This finding
shows that majority of the respondents receive their allowance at a longer interval
compared to those who received on a daily basis. This was also true to all the three
schools.
Table 4. Distribution of respondents according to the frequency of receiving their
financial support
FREQUENCY OF
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
RECEIVING
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Daily
20 16.7
14 15.6
16
8.4
50
12.4
Weekly
38 31.7 216 28.9
71 37.4
135
33.8
Every two weeks
8
6.6
10 11.1
17
9.0
35
8.8
Monthly
54 45.0
40 44.4
86 45.2
180
45.0
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
Average Monthly Allowance
Table 5 presents the average monthly allowance received by the respondents per
month. The respondents were classified into two. The first group was those that stay with
their family and the second group were those that stay in boarding houses or dormitories.
The result shows that those staying in boarding houses received a higher monthly
allowance compared to those staying at home with their families. The mean allowance
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
16
for the respondents from CCDC staying in boarding houses was P2,118.15 per month
while those staying with their families was P1,923.58. For the students from ELC, the
mean allowance of those staying in boarding houses was P2,052.22 while those staying
with their families was P1,891.13. For the BSU students, the mean allowance of those
staying in boarding houses was P2,094.25 and those staying with their families was
P1,839.21. The mean allowance of all students staying in boarding houses was P2,091.05
while for those staying with their families was P1,911.45. Comparing the three schools, it
was noted that students from CCDC had a higher mean allowance.
Table 5. Average monthly allowance received by the respondents ( in pesos)
MONTHLY ALLOW
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Staying at home
500 – 1,500
25 36.8
18
31.0
45
35.0
88
34.6
1,501 – 2,500
28 41.2
26
44.8
54
42.0
108
42.5
2,501 – 3,500
8
11.7
9
15.5
15
11.7
32
12.6
3,205 – 4,500
2
2.9
3
5.2
5
3.9
10
3.9
4,501 – 5,500
1
1.5
2
3.4
6
4.7
9
5.4
5,501 – 6,500
2
2.9
0
0
1
0.78
3
1.2
6,501 – 7,500
2
2.9
0
0
2
1.6
4
1.6
TOTAL
68
100
58
100 128 100
254
100
MEAN
2118.15
2052.22
2094.25
2,091.05
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
17
Table 5. Continued ….
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
ALLOWANCE
F
%
F
%
F
%
N
%
Staying with Family
500 – 1,500
22 42.3
13 40.6
25 40.3
60
41.1
1,501 – 2,500
21 40.4
9 28.1
27 43.5
57
39.0
2,501 – 3,500
3
5.8
7 21.9
7 11.3
17
11.6
3,205 – 4,500
3
5.8
2
6.3
2
3.2
7
4.8
4,501 – 5,500
3
5.8
1 3.12
0
0
4
2.7
5,501 – 6,500
0
0
0
0
1
1.6
1
0.68
6,500 – 7,500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TOTAL
52 100
32 100
62
100
146
100
MEAN
1,923.58
1,891.13
1,839.21
1,911.45
Average Monthly Expenditures
The monthly expenditures of the respondents consisted of their expenditures of
food, transportation, school supplies and other school related expenses, clothing,
cosmetics cigarettes and liquor, and communication.
Food. Expenditure on Food is presented in Table 6.a. The table shows that out of
254 students who are staying in boarding houses, 44.9 spent P200 – P800 monthly for
food, 34.2% or 87 students spent P801 – P1,400 , 17.7% spent P1,401 – 2,000, 2% spent
P2,001 – P2,600, and only 1.2% spent P2,601 – 3,200 per month on food. This finding
implies that majority of the students were spending a little amount on food. For the
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
18
students staying with their families, their expenses on food consisted of their snacks and
lunch if they eat outside their home. Majority of the students spent P300 and below per
month. There were only 2 or 1.4% who spent P1,201 – P1,500 per month on food. The
mean on the monthly expenditure on food was P347.76 for those who stay with their
families and P982.40 for those who stay in boarding houses. It is apparent that food
expenditure of those staying in boarding houses is higher than those staying with their
families because they have to personally buy all their food. This also proves why the
average monthly allowance of those staying in boarding houses was higher than those
staying with their families.
Table 6. a. Distribution of respondents according to monthly expenditure on food by type
of lodging
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Staying in boarding house/dormitory
200 – 800
34
50
24 41.4
56 43.8
114
44.9
801 – 1,400
22 32.4
25 43.1
40 31.2
87
34.2
1,401 – 2,000
10 14.7
7 12.1
28 21.8
45
17.7
2,001 – 2,600
2
2.9
1
1.7
2
1.6
5
2.0
2,601 – 3,200
0
0
1
1.7
2
1.6
3
1.2
TOTAL
68 100
58 100 128
100
254
100
MEAN
924.03
976.36
1,016.16
982.40
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
19
Table 6.a. Continued …
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Staying at Home with Family
300 and below
34 65.4
18 56.2
28 45.2
80
54.8
301 – 600
12 23.1
11 34.4
22 35.5
45
30.8
601 – 900
3
5.8
3
9.4
8 12.9
14
9.6
901 – 1,200
2
3.8
0
0
3
4.8
5
3.4
1,201 – 1,500
1
1.9
0
0
1
1.6
2
1.4
TOTAL
52 100
32 100
62
100
146
100
MEAN
311.78
309.65
397.09
347.76
Transportation. Table 6.b reveals present the monthly transportation expense of
students. This only pertains to their transportation expense in going to school and back to
their residence. The respondents were again classified into two groups as done earlier to
find out if there is any difference on the transportation expenditure of those staying with
their families and those staying in boarding houses. The result shows that 52% of the
students staying in boarding houses do not spend on transportation, 36.2% were spending
P100 – P400, about 11% were spending P401 – P800 and only 0.8 and 0.4 were spending
P801 – P1,200 and P1,600, respectively. This finding reveals that only a few were
spending much on transportation. Furthermore, the finding implies that majority of the
students were staying in boarding houses close to their schools. The distribution of the
respondents to the different expenditure brackets follows a similar pattern in all the three
schools.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
20
For the respondents staying at home, majority were spending about P100 – P800
per month on transportation. There were only 14.4% who do not spend on transportation,
2.1% and 2.7% were spending P801 – P200 and P1,201 – P1,600, respectively. The
finding shows that few of the students were spending much on transportation. The
distribution of the respondents to the different expenditure brackets follows a similar
pattern in all the three schools.
Comparing the transportation expenditure between those staying at home and
those staying in boarding houses, it is apparent that those staying in boarding houses were
spending a lower amount on transportation expense than those staying at home. The
mean transportation expense for those staying in boarding house was P349.38 while the
mean transportation expenditure for those staying at home was P450.69.
Table 6. b. Distribution of respondents according to monthly expenditure on
transportation by type of lodging
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Staying in boarding house/dormitory
None
24 34.8
33 52.4
75 61.5
132
52.0
1 – 400
33 47.8
23 36.5
36 29.5
92
36.2
401 – 800
11 15.9
6
9.5
10
8.2
27
10.6
801 – 1,200
0
0
1
5.6
1
0.8
2
0.8
1,201 – 1,600
1
1.5
0
0
0
0
1
0.4
TOTAL
69
100
63
100 122 100
254
100
MEAN
324.94
307.17
302.63
349.38
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
21
Table 6.b. Continued …
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Staying at Home with Family
None
7 13.7
4 14.8
10 14.7
21
14.4
1 – 400
19 37.3
13 48.2
34
50
66
45.2
401 – 800
22 43.1
9 33.3
21 30.9
52
35.6
801 – 1,200
1
2.0
0
0
2
2.9
3
2.1
1,201 – 1,600
2
3.9
1
3.7
1
1.5
4
2.7
TOTAL
51 100
27 100
68
100
146
100
MEAN
473.22
409.19
373.60
450.69
Expenditure on school supplies and other school related expenses. Table 6.c
present the monthly expenditure of students on school supplies and other school related
expenses like books, manuals, photocopying of handouts and other notes, and internet
researches. School fees were not included. Majority of the students (71.8%) were
spending P300 and below, 21.2% were spending P301 - P600, 2.5% were spending P601
– P900, .02% were spending P901 – P1,200; and 0.5% were spending P1,201 – P1,600.
The mean expenditure was P273.50 for all the respondents, P318 for CCDC respondents,
P233.83 for ELC respondents; and P264.18 for BSU respondents. The finding shows that
CCDC students were spending higher amount on school supplies and related expenses
compared to the ELC and BSU students.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
22
Table 6.c . Distribution of respondents according to monthly expenditure on school
supplies and other school related expenses
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
300 and below
83 69.2
71 78.9 133 70.0
287
71.8
301 – 600
21 17.5
15 16.7
49 25.8
85
21.2
601 – 900
7
5.8
2
2.2
1
0.5
10
2.5
901 – 1,200
6
5.0
2
2.2
7
3.7
15
3.8
1,201 – 1,500
1
0.8
0
0
0
0
1
0.2
1,501 & above
2
1.7
0
0
0
0
2
0.5
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN
318.00
233.83
264.18
273.50
Clothing. The respondents were grouped into male and female for the reason that
sex may have an effect on the amount spent on clothing. Table 6.d.1 shows that majority
of the female were spending P200 and below on clothing while most of the male were
spending P201 – P400 per month. The mean expenditure of the female respondents was
P184.20 while that of the male was P302.04. The mean expenditure by all the
respondents was P222.50. This finding implies that male students were spending a higher
amount of clothing than the female students. One possible reason is that men outfits are
more expensive than female outfits.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
23
Table 6.d.1. Average monthly expenditure on clothing by sex
MONTHLY
FEMALE
MALE
TOTAL
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
200 and below
189
70.0
42
32.3
231
57.75
201 – 400
85
20.4
55
42.3
110
27.50
401 – 600
20
7.4
23
17.7
43
10.75
601 - 800
6
2.2
10
7.7
16
4.00
TOTAL
270
100.0
130 100.0
400
100.00
MEAN
184.20
302.04
222.50
Table 6.d.2 presents the average monthly expenditure of the respondents
according to the school coming from. It was found that majority of the respondents from
CCDC and BSU were spending P200 and below per month on clothing while half or 50%
of the respondents from ELC were spending the same. Base on the mean expenditure,
BSU students were spending the highest amount, P284, on clothing followed by ELC
with a mean of P53.83 and the least was CCDC with a mean of P215.50 per month.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
24
Table 6.d.2. Average monthly expenditure on clothing per school
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
200 and below
71 59.2
45
50 115 60.5
231
57.7
201 – 400
33 27.5
24
26
53 28.0
110
27.5
401 – 600
12 10.0
18
20
13
6.8
43
10.8
601 – 800
4
3.3
3
3.3
9
4.7
16
4.0
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN
215.50
253.83
284.00
222.50
Expenditure on cosmetics. Table 6.e.1 presents the average monthly expenditure
of students on cosmetic by school coming from while Table 6.e.2 presents the average
expenditure of students according to sex. From Table 6.e.1 it can be gleaned that
majority (58.8%) of the respondents were spending P150 and below, 18.5% do not spend
on cosmetics, 16.5% were spending P151 – P300, 2.2% were spending P301 – P450, and
4% were spending P451 – P600 per month on cosmetics. The mean expenditure on
cosmetics by all the respondents was P136.23. There was very small difference on the
mean expenditure of the respondents from the three schools, CCDC, ELC, and BSU.
Table 6.e.2. shows that only 10.3% of the total female respondents while 35.4%
of the total male respondents are not spending any amount on cosmetics. Majority
(61.9%) of the females spends 15o pesos and below for cosmetics per month, 52.3% of
the male respondents were also spending 150 pesos and below. Fifty or 18.5% of the
females spends P151-P300 while only 12.3% of the male respondents are spending on the
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
25
same range. The remaining 3.3% and 6.0% has expenses ranges from 301-450 pesos,
respectively. Mean expense of the female respondents was P147.00 higher than males’
computed mean expenditure which is 104.07 pesos.
Table 6.e.1. Average monthly expenditure on cosmetics by school (in pesos)
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
20 16.7
17 18.9
37 19.5
74
18.5
150 and below
75 62.5
50 55.6 110 57.9
235
58.8
151 – 300
16 13.3
17 18.9
33 17.4
66
16.5
301 – 450
1 0.83
4
4.4
4 2.11
9
2.2
451 - 600
8
6.7
2
2.2
6 3.16
16
4.0
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN
138.50
139.19
133.34
136.23
Table 6.e.2. Average monthly expenditure on cosmetics by sex
MONTHLY
FEMALE
MALE
TOTAL
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
28
10.3
46
35.4
74
18.50
150 and below
167
61.9
68
52.3
235
58.75
151 – 300
50
18.5
16
12.3
66
16.50
301 – 450
9
3.3
0
0
9
2.25
451 - 600
16
6.0
0
0
16
4.00
TOTAL
270
100.0
130
100
400
100
MEAN
147.00
104.07
136.23
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
26
Expenditure on liquor and cigarettes. Table 6.f.1 presents the average monthly
expenditure of the respondents on liquor and cigarette according to school coming from
while Table 6.f.2 present the average monthly expenditure of the respondents on liquor
and cigarettes according to sex.
Table 6.f.1 shows that majority (72%) of the respondents do not spend on liquor
and cigarette. This was followed by 21.2% who were spending P200 and below. There
were 3 or 0.7% who were spending P801 – P1,000 per month on liquor and cigarette. The
finding also reveals that the respondents from CCDC were spending the highest amount
on liquor and cigarette with a mean of P244.25. This is followed by ELC with mean
expenditure of P180.50 and the least was BSU with a mean expenditure of P194.15.
Table 6.f.2 on the other hand reveals that majority of the female (85.9%) were not
spending on liquor and cigarette while 11.1% were spending P200 and below, 1.85%
were spending P201 – P400, and only 0.7% were spending P401 – P600 per month. For
the male respondents, 41.5% were not spending any amount on liquor and cigarette,
42.3% were spending P200 and below, 6.2% were spending P201 – P400, and 6.92 were
spending 401 – P600. There was 1 respondent or 0.8% and 3 or 2.3% who were spending
P601 – P800 and P801 – P1,000, respectively per month on liquor and cigarette. The
female respondents had a mean expenditure of P149.15 while the male respondents had a
mean expenditure of P208.39. This finding further reveals that there are some female
who were spending part of their allowance on liquor and cigarette.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
27
Table 6.f.1. Average monthly expenditure on liquor and cigarettes by school ( in pesos)
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
88 73.3
65 72.2 134 70.5
287
71.8
200 and below
22 18.3
18 20.0
45 23.7
85
21.2
201 – 400
2
1.7
4
4.4
7
3.7
13
3.3
401 – 600
5
4.2
3
3.3
3
1.6
11
2.7
601 – 800
1
0.8
0
0
0
0
1
0.3
801 – 1,000
2
1.7
0
0
1
0.5
3
0.7
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN
244.25
180.50
161.21
194.15
Table 6.f.2. Average monthly expenditure on liquor and cigarette by sex
MONTHLY
FEMALE
MALE
TOTAL
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
232
85.9
54
41.5
287
71.8
200 and below
30
11.1
55
42.3
85
21.2
201 – 400
5
2.2
8
6.2
13
3.2
401 – 600
2
0.8
9
6.9
11
2.8
601 – 800
0
0
1
0.8
1
0.2
801 – 1,000
0
0
3
2.3
3
0.8
TOTAL
267
100
130
100
400
100
MEAN
149.15
208.39
189.0
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
28
Expenditure on recreational activities. Table 6.g.1 and Table 6.g.2 present the
average monthly recreational expenditures of the respondents. The former shows the
expenditure according to school coming from while the later shows the expenditure
according to sex. Table 6.g.1 shows that majority of the respondents were spending P200
and below on recreational activities which included going to the movies, sports, hiring
video CDs and DVDs, video game and outings. There were 34% of the total respondents
that do not spend on recreational activities. There were 2 respondents or 0.5% who were
spending P601 – P800 per month on recreational activities. The mean expenditure of the
total respondents was P164.14 while the mean expenditure by the different schools were
as follows: P172.96 for CCDC, P171.93 for ELC and P154.90 for BSU. It was found that
CCDC and ELC were spending about the same amount on recreational activities.
Table 6.g.1. Average monthly expenditure on recreational activities according to school
( in pesos)
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
51 42.4
20 22.2
65 34.2
136
34.0
200 and below
56 46.7
55 61.1 101 53.2
212
53.0
201 – 400
7
6.0
7
7.8
18
9.5
32
8.0
401 – 600
1
0.8
6
6.7
3
1.6
10
2.5
601 – 800
4
3.3
2
2.2
2
1.0
8
2.0
801 and above
1
0.8
0
0
1
0.5
2
0.5
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN
172.96
171.93
154.90
164.14
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
29
The result reveals that an almost equal number of female respondents were not
spending on recreational activities and spending P200 and below. For the male
respondents, majority were spending P200 and below monthly on recreational activities.
There were 2 female and 6 male respondents who were spending P601 – P800 on
recreational activities monthly. There were 2 males and no female who were spending
more than P800 pesos on recreational activities per month. The mean expenditure of the
female respondents was lower than the mean expenditure of the male. This finding
corroborates the finding of Decoyna (2000) that sex has a significant effect on the level
of expenditure on recreational activities.
Table 6.g.2. Average monthly expenditure on recreational activities according to
sex (in pesos)
MONTHLY
FEMALE
MALE
TOTAL
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
126
46.7
10
7.7
136
34.0
200 and below
127
47.0
85
65.4
212
53.0
201 – 400
12
4.5
20
15.4
32
8.0
401 – 600
3
1.1
7
5.4
10
2.5
601 – 800
2
0.7
6
4.6
8
2.0
801 and above
0
0
2
1.5
2
0.5
TOTAL
270
100
130
100
400
100
MEAN
133.83
200.5
164.14
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
30
Expenditure on communication. Expenditure on communication was largely on
cellphone expenses. Table 6.h presents the average monthly expenditure of the
respondents on communication. The finding shows that there 39.8% were spending P200
and below while 45.8% were spending P201 – P400 on communication per month. There
were a few who do not spend on communication but there were also a few who were
spending much on communication. Eight or 2% of the total respondents were spending
P601 – P800 per month on communication. The mean expenditure of all the respondents
was P241.70 while CCDC and ELC had a mean expenditure of P256.64 and P250.50,
respectively. BSU had the least mean expenditure on communication among the three
schools.
Table 6.h. Average monthly expenditure on communication ( in pesos)
MONTHLY
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOLS
EXPENDITURE
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
None
6
5.0
6
6.7
7
3.7
19
4.75
200 and below
46 38.4
33 36.7
80 42.1
159
39.80
201 – 400
51 42.5
40 44.4
92 48.4
183
45.80
401 – 600
13 10.8
10 11.1
8
4.2
31
7.75
601 – 800
4
3.3
1
1.1
3
1.6
8
2.00
TOTAL
120 100
90 100 190
100
400
100
MEAN
256.64
250.50
228.37
241.70
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
31
Allocation of Total Expenditure
Table 7 presents the percent share of each item of expenditure on the total
expenditures. The result shows that food got the highest share in the total expenditure and
transportation expense was the next in rank. The same finding was revealed by Gallardo
and Decoyna (2002). These two items came in the same order in each of the three
schools. The third rank for all the respondents was school supplies and other school
related expenses. This was the same for CCDC but the third rank in expenditure for both
ELC and BSU was on clothing. School supplies and other school related expense was
fourth rank for BSU and fifth rank for ELC. Expenditure on communication came in
fourth in the ranking. This was also true for CCDC and ELC while this item was fifth
rank for BSU. The expenditure item that received the lowest share was cosmetics
followed by recreational activities. This corroborates the finding of Gallardo and
Decoyna (2001) that cosmetics and recreational activities were the lowest in the
expenditures of college students of different schools in Baguio and La Trinidad. Liquor
and cigarette ranked sixth in the share of expenditure for both ELC and BSU while it is
fifth for CCDC.
This finding implies that students spend a major portion of their budget on food
and transportation. A least portion of the budget is for cosmetics and recreation activities.
This maybe because these are not regularly purchased by the students. It is discouraging
to note that students are spending a portion of their budget on liquor and cigarette which
are unnecessary items. Another expenditure item that gets a bigger portion of the budget
of students specially in ELC and CCDC is on communication. Expenditure on
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
32
communication which is largely on cell phone was even larger than expenditure on
school supplies in both ELC and BSU.
Table 7. Percent allocation on the different expenditure items by school
PARTICULAR CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL SCHOOL
%
Rank
%
Rank
%
Rank
%
Rank
Food
26.10
1 28.80
1 31.10
1 29.00
1
Transportation
16.90
2 16.10
2 14.90
2 17.40
2
School sup. etc
13.50
3 10.50
5 11.60
4 11.90
3
Clothing
9.12
6 11.40
3 12.50
3
9.69
5
Cosmetics
5.90
8
6.24
8
5.87
8
5.93
8
Liq. & cig.
10.30
5
8.09
6
7.10
6
8.45
6
Rec. activities
7.32
7
7.71
7
6.82
7
7.15
7
Communication 10.90
4 11.20
4 10.10
5 10.50
4
TOTAL
100
100
100
100
Problems Encountered by the Respondents
Problems encountered by the respondents regarding their allowance and
expenditures are presented in Table 8. The number one problem pointed out by the
students was on the delayed allowance. Majority of the respondents pointed this out as
their problem since they could not buy their needs at the opportune time. The second rank
in the problem base on the number of respondents who mentioned it was inadequate
allowance. Most of them said that their allowance is usually not enough for them to buy
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
33
all the things they need. The third rank was high cost of commodities. The high prices of
commodities also contribute to the inadequacy of their allowance. High cost of
transportation ranks fourth. There were 23.8% of the total respondents who mentioned
this as their problem. Other problems stated by the respondents includes so many school
projects needing money expense, debt payments due to insufficient allowance received
before, impulse buying not considering the budget and unwise budgeting.
Table 8. Problems encountered by the respondents regarding their allowance and
expenditures
CCDC
ELC
BSU
ALL
PROBLEMS
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
% RANK
Delayed allowance
67 55.8 55 61.1 113 59.5
233 58.3
1
Inadequate allow.
47 39.2 41 45.6 102 53.7
190 47.5
2
High cost of
commodities
46 38.3 34 37.8 100 52.6
180 45.0
3
High
transportation cost
35 29.2 13 14.4
47 24.7
95 23.8
4
Other problems
4
3.3
3
3.3
8
4.2 15
3.8
5
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted mainly to find out the spending pattern of college
students and compare this spending behavior of students according to the school they
were enrolled in. The study also determined the profile of the students, the sources of
income of parents or guardian and the amount of monthly allowance of the students. This
study was conducted in three schools in La Trinidad, Benguet namely: Cordillera Career
Development College (CCDC), Eastern Luzon College (ELC), and Benguet State
University (BSU). A total of 400 college students were taken as respondents. This study
was conducted from December 2006 to January 2007.
The profile of the respondents revealed that, majority of them belonged to the
Kankana-ey ethonolinguistioc group, female, 16-19 years old, had a family size of 6 – 8
members, very few were scholars and working students. The sources of income of most
of their parents and guardians was from their salary as employees, either as government
employees, private employees or overseas employees. There were a few who got there
income from pensions.
Most of the respondents receive their allowance on a monthly basis and majority
of them have a monthly allowance ranging from P500 – P2,500. As to their expenditure
on food, majority of the students staying in boarding houses or dormitories were spending
about P200 – P1,400 per month and the mean food expenditure was P982.40. The
students of BSU were spending a higher amount than the mean while CCDC and ELC
were spending an amount less than the over all mean expenditure on food. For those
staying with their parents, the overall computed mean expenditure on food was P347.76
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
35
with BSU students again spending a higher amount than the overall mean expenditure
while CCDC and ELC were spending lesser than the overall mean. The next highest
expenditure was on transportation with an overall mean expenditure of P400.65. The
students staying in boarding houses or dormitories were spending a lesser amount on
transportation compared to those staying at home with their families because most of the
boarding houses were located near the school. The third in rank on expenditure was on
school supplies and other school related expenses with an overall mean of P273.50. The
fourth rank was communication expenditure with an overall mean of P241.70. The fifth
rank was clothing with an overall mean of P222.50. The sixth rank was liquor and
cigarette with an overall mean of P189.00 while the seventh and eighth ranks were on
recreation activities and cosmetics with overall mean expenditures of P164.40 and
P136.23, respectively.
The problems met by the respondents were the following; delayed allowance,
inadequate allowance, high cost of commodities, and high transportation cost.
Conclusions
Based on the findings the following conclusions are made:
1. Majority of the respondents derive their financial allowance from their families
and very few source it from scholarship.
2. Majority of the parents/guardians of the respondents are farmers.
3. Students staying in boarding houses/dormitories are spending much on food
compared to those staying with their families.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
36
4. Transportation expense of students staying in boarding houses or dormitories was
lower than for those staying with their families because they usually stay in
boarding houses near their school.
5. Male students have higher expenditure as regards to clothing because male outfits
are more expensive than female outfits; liquor and cigarette because male students
are prone to smoke and drink liquor compared to the female students; and
recreational activities because male students are more inclined to go for recreation
than the female students. However, female respondents have higher expenditure
on cosmetics than male respondents.
6. Expenditures on cosmetics and recreational activities had the least amount
because these two items were not bought on a regular basis not like food,
transportation and school supplies.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are recommended;
1. Students should lessen their expenses on transportation, clothing, cosmetics and
communication so that they will have more to spend on school supplies and other
school related expenses. Students should walk to their school and back home if it
is possible.
2. Expenditure on liquor and cigarette should be cancelled from the budget of the
students as these are unnecessary items.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
37
3. School administrators and faculty members should give advice to students on how
they should spend their allowance so that they would not just squander their
allowances.
4. Parents should closely monitor the spending behavior of students, male and
female, so that they would not spend their allowances on vices like liquor and
cigarettes as well as computer games another unnecessary items.
Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
LITERATURE CITED
ALINA, A.C. 2006. Economic Indicator. Retrieved October 18, 2006 from
http://www.bworld.com.ph/research/economicindicators.php?id=0022
BANARIO, C. S.1995. Income and expenditure pattern of college students in Benguet
State University. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.
3 and 8.
DECOYNA, L. A. 2001. Spending behavior of college students in selected schools of
Baguio and La Trinidad. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. p. 25.
GALLARDO, R. V. 2001. Economic Analysis of the Spending Behavior of college
students in selected schools of Baguio and La Trinidad. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. p. 24
GUZMAN, J.S. 2001. Principles of Economics; Simplified (2nd ed.).Academic Publishing
Inc. Manduloyong City, Philippines. p.34
KOTLER P. 2000. Marketing Management. Prentice Hall International, Inc. London. Pp
60,61, and 167
MANSFIELD E. and G. YOHE. 2000. Microeconomics (10th ed.). Ww Norton
Company, Inc. New York, USA. p. 61.
MARCKWARDT, F.H. (Ed.). 2001. Webster Dictionary. Vol.1. Ferguson Publishing
Company. Chicago, U.S.A. p.649.
McCONELL, C. R. 1987. Economics (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Inc. New York, USA. P.
112.
MEDINA, R. G. 2003. Principles of Economics. Rex Book Store, Inc. p. 47
MOWEN, J. C. 1995. Consumer Behavior. Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, USA.
p. 32
National Statistics Office. 2003 Family Income and expenditure Survey. Sept. 15, 2006.
http://www.census.gov.ph./data/sectordata/fie03frtx.
SAMUELSON P.A. and W.D. NORDHAUSE.1985. Economics (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill
Inc. New York, USA. Pp. 124,125.
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39
WINGER, B. J. and R. R. FRASCA. 1986. Personal Finance; An Integrated Planning
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Expenditure Patterns of Col ege students in Selected Schools
of La Trinidad, Benguet / Teresa B. Bocales. 2007
Document Outline
- Expenditure Patterns of College students in Selected Schools of La Trinidad, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Rationale
- Statement of the Problem
- Objectives of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Scope and Limitation of the Study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Factors Affecting Consumer�s Expenditure pattern
- Consumption Expenditure
- Expenditure Pattern of Filipino Families
- METHODOLOGY
- Locale and Time of the Study
- Respondents of the Study
- Data Collection
- Data Gathered
- Data Analysis
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Respondents� Social Profile
- Sources of Income of Parents/Guardian
- Frequency of Receiving Allowance
- Average Monthly Allowance
- Average Monthly Expenditures
- Allocation of Total Expenditure
- Problems Encountered by the Respondents
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- LITERATURE CITED