BIBLIOGRAPHY DACUSOL, RUTH...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013. Growth Performance of Colored Broilers
Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and
Golden Kuok Meat. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph. D
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the BSU Experimental Farm at Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet from July to September 2012. Generally, the study was conducted to determine
the effect of sweet potato tuber, mungo bean and golden kuhol meal on the growth
performance of colored broiler.Specifically, the study aimed to determine the gain in
weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and return of investment of colored broilers
given commercial feeds only and those given commercial feeds supplemented with sweet
potato tubers and mungo bean, or sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol meat.
Result of the study showed no significant differences in the initial weight among
treatments. The average initial weight of birds at 21 days of age was 0.447 kg.Birds fed
with commercial feed had the highest final weight of 2.16 kg, compared to birds fed with
commercial feed supplemented with 200g sweet potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol and
birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato and 100g mungo
with an average final weight of 2.04 kg and1.90 kg respectively.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
As for the total feed intake and total gain in weight, birds fed with commercial feed
had the least feed intake with an average of 3.50 kg and an average total gain in weight of
1.72 kg. Birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato and 100g
mungo with an average of 3.68 kg and commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet
potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol had the highest average feed intake of 3.85 with an
average total gain in weight of 1.61 and 1.46 kg respectively.
Birds fed with commercial feed had the best FCR (2.13). Followed by birds fed
with commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol
(2.39) which was significantly better than birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented
with 200g sweet potato and 100g mungo (2.43).
Although return on investment was not subjected to statistical analysis, better ROI
(1. 93%) was obtained from the birds fed with commercial feed compared to birds given
commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato tubers and mungo beans (-23.94%) and
commercial feed supplemented with sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol (-24.30%).
It is therefore concluded that sweet potato tubers, mungo beans and golden
kuhol meal can be supplemented to commercial feeds if the feedstuff will be available at
lower price.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
The colored broiler was believed to have descended from French chickens are
relatively easy to raise. In the Philippines, they are being raised free-range style. They are
let loose in the field, or allowed to run in the backyard eating available grass, grubs and
other edible plants and insects. Because they are being naturally grown free-range style,
clean chicken meat with less cholesterol and fat is expected. Colored broiler can be raised
both for their meat and for their eggs (Regional Agriculture and Fisheries In formation
Division – DA, 2000).
Since colored broilers are raised in backyard, it is a common practice to feed them
with locally available feedstuffs in addition to what they forage. Some of the indigenous
feed sources in the Cordillera are sweet potato tubers, mungo beans and golden kuhol.
Generally, mungo bean is said to be one of the cheapest source of protein in humans
in the Philippines (PCARRD, 1991); hence excess produce can also be a feed for colored
broilers. This crop is excellent for green manure because it matures early, grows fast and
produces abundant vegetable tops. In like manner sweet potato is also a common food and
feed resource in the Cordillera. It is a creeping plant with perennial vines and grown the
whole year round. This crop is rich in carbohydrates, vitamin A, and minerals. Another
abundant feed is the golden kuhol. It is considered pest for rice producers as it feeds on
newly transplanted rice seedlings. One possible way of eliminating them is to feed them to
animals as a protein source.
This research attempts to generate information on how to best use mungo bean,
sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol as feed for poultry and to impart such knowledge to
the farmers, students and fellow researchers. As these feed resources are commonly found
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
in the Cordillera and there will be no reason for a poultry raiser not to make use of them as
feedstuffs.
Generally, the study was conducted to determine the effect of sweet potato tubers,
mungo bean and golden kuhol meal on the growth performance of colored broilers.
Specifically, the study aimed to determine the gain in weight, feed intake, feed
conversion ratio, and return of investment of colored broilers given commercial feeds only
and those given commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato tubers and mungo bean,
or sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol meat.
This study was conducted at the BSU Experimental Farm at Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet from July to September 2012.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Sweet potato tubers are rich in easily digestible carbohydrates but are deficient in
protein, calcium and phosphorus. They are good substitute for maize or sorghum silage in
feeding dairy cows. The tubers and the spent pulp after extraction of starch from tubers
may also be used as a feed for livestock. It is utilized as a high carbohydrates feed for cattle,
poultry and pigs and is usually supplemented with protein rich feeds. It is also a good
source of K, the predominant mineral present in sweet potato (Ghosh et al., 1988).
Sweet potato is one of the world’s most important crops. It content nutritional
dietary factors, such as vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin. It was also
found out that the tubers content low level of protein, fat and fiber, but the nitrogen- free
extract fraction in the tubers is an indication of their main potential value as an energy
source (Elliot and Gody, 1981)
Villareal (1982) stated that sweet potato is widely used as animal feed. He said that
it is rich in vitamins and minerals. The yellow or orange variety contains a considerable
amount of vitamin A. In primitive situation animal raisers boiled the tubers before being
fed to animals. Nowadays with the advance of technology, roots are processed into chips
are more nutritious than soybean in beef ration.
As to mungo bean, PCARRD (1991) reported that it is rich in vitamin, calcium and
sodium. It is also a good source of the essential amino acid lysine and tryptophan. However,
it is deficient in the sulfur-containing amino acids and cystine. The protein content of
mungo bean ranges from 20-25%. In addition, mungo bean has a higher energy value than
many other legume seeds. It is high value resource for poultry feeds (Wiryawan et al.,
1995).
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Golden kuhol, on other hand, is an aquatic animal which live on pounds and feed
mainly on plants (Department of Agriculture, 1994). Each golden kuhol contains 15 grams
of nutrients and a mouthful contains the following: digestible energy, 80 calories; proteins,
12.2 grams; fat, 0.4 grams; carbohydrates, 6.6 grams; ash, 3.2 grams; riboflavin, 12.0 mg;
phosphorous, 61.0mg; sodium, 0.04 mg; potassium, 17.0 mg, and niacin, 18.0 mg.
In a feeding trial, Erasquin (1987) found that snails’ meat could be incorporated in
broiler diets to as high as 15% without affecting growth performance.
According to Baro (2009) of the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR), golden
kuhol may be considered a threat in rice production, using it as feed for poultry and
livestock offers a different perspective of looking at the golden kuhol. Golden kuhol is
remarkably nutritious and easy to digest and found to stimulate fast growth and
reproduction in both poultry and livestock. The snail meat provides protein and energy-
giving fat while the shell contains calcium, phosphorous, vitamins, and minerals.
The snail species that can be used to feed livestock is the golden apple snail
(Pomacea canaliculata). This freshwater snail was later farmed as a high protein food for
both human and farm animals. Snail meal is a suitable replacement for other protein sources
in poultry diets. It could replace 30% of the fishmeal in starter phase of broilers and up to
100% of the fishmeal in the grower stage with an increase of growth rate and no negative
effect on the taste of the broiler meat Diamonde, 2012.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used were one hundred twenty (120) colored broiler chicks, mungo
bean, sweet potato tubers (orange variety) and golden kuhol meat, commercial feed,
electric bulbs, disinfectant, cartoon sheets, plastic waterers, feeding trough, weighing scale,
record book and ball pen.
Experimental Design and Treatment
The one hundred twenty (120) 21-days old birds were randomly distributed to three
treatments following the Completely Randomized Design. Each treatment was replicated
four times with ten birds per replicate. Before the birds were placed in their respective
groups or treatment, the birds were weighed individually at day 21 to get their initial
weights. Final weights were taken when the birds reached 60 days old.
The treatments were:
T0-commercial feed
T1- commercial feeds + 200 grams sweet potato and100 grams mungo beans
T2-commercial feeds + 200 grams sweet potato and 100 grams golden kuhol meat
Commercial feed was given to birds in T0 from 7:00 am – 5:00 pm while in T1 and
T2, birds were given commercial feeds at 7:00-8:00 in the morning and then at 4:00-5:00
in the afternoon. The feed supplement was offered separately at 8:00 in the morning until
4:00 in the afternoon. In T1, the feed supplement was made up of two parts sweet potato +
one part mungo beans by weight while in T2 was composed of two parts sweet potato tubers
+ one part golden kuhol meat by weight.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Pre-experimental Period
Before the start of the study, the pens were cleaned and disinfected. Feeding
troughs and waterers were thoroughly washed with laundry soap. Electric bulbs were
installed in each cage to provide heat and light to the experimental Colored broilers. The
floor was covered with cartoon sheets and old newspaper to help conserve heat and serve
as a receptacle for feeds for the first weeks.
Upon the arrival of the chicks, they were placed inside the brooding pen. They were
offered refilled water with antibiotic (vetracin) for three weeks. Chicks were fed with chick
booster from day 1 to day 18. On day 19 - 21 mixed chick booster and grower was offered.
Brooding cages were lighted day and night for the first two weeks. Sometimes
during the day when the temperature increases light were turned off. On the time that the
power is off, to provide heat to the chicks burning charcoal were placed under the brooding
pen and candle light inside the brooding pen to provide light to the birds for them to be
able to eat.
To maintain good health, avoid morbidity and mortality, cleanliness and sanitation
were observed. In every after two days the cartoon sheets and old newspaper that were used
to cover the floor were change.
Preparation of the Feed Supplement
Ground mungo beans were bought from the market. Some golden kuhol were
gathered from the BSU rice fields but most were bought from the market. The golden
kuhol were washed and then boiled to separate the shell from the meat, sliced and mixed
with grated sweet potato tubers before given to birds. On the other hand, the ground mungo
bean was mixed grated sweet potato tubers before given to birds.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Feeding Management
Birds were given commercial feeds ad libitum from day old to 21 days old. The
feed supplement was offered starting at day 22 up to when the birds are 60 days old. Clean
water was made available at all times. Cleaning of the feeding trough and waterer was done
daily.
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Initial weight (kg). This was taken by weighing the chicks individually at 21
days of age.
2. Final weight (kg). This was taken by weighing the birds individually at 60 days
of age.
3. Feed offered (kg). This was obtained by weighing the amount of feed given to
the birds during the experimental period.
4. Feed left-over (kg). This was obtained by weighing the feed left over of the birds
during the experimental period.
5. Cost of feeds (Php). This refers to the market price of the feeds at the time of the
study.
Data Computed
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was taken by subtracting the initial weight of birds from
their final weight per replicate.
2. Average daily gain (kg). This was obtained using the following formula:
Average daily gain = Total gain in weight
Experimental period
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
2. Total feed consumption (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the feed left-over
from the total feed given to the birds daily.
3. Feed cost required to produce a kilogram gain in weight. This was obtained by
multiplying the cost of feed per kilo by the feed conversion ratio.
4. Feed conversion ratio (kg). This was obtained by dividing the total feed
consumption by the total gain in weight of the birds
5. Morbidity (%). This was obtained by dividing the total number of sick birds by
the total number of the birds in each replicate and multiplied by 100%
6. Mortality (%). This was obtained by dividing the total number of dead birds by
the total number of birds in each replicate and multiplied by 100%
7. Net gain (Php). This was computed by adding the total expenses and
subtracting it to the total gross sale to come up with the net gain.
8. Return on investment (ROI). This was computed using the formula:
ROI = Total sale - Total cost x 100
Total Cost
Data Analysis
The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Completely
Randomized Design (CRD) and treatment means were compared using the Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Weight of Birds
Table 1 presents the initial and final weight of the birds in the different treatments.
Initial weight was taken at 21 days old. Statistical analysis showed no significant
differences in all treatment means. This tends to indicate homogeneity of experimental
units at the start of the study. This is mainly due to the fact that birds were of the same age
and received the same management and ration during the brooding stage.
Statistical analysis showed highly significant differences among the treatments in
final weight of birds at 60 days of age. Birds fed with commercial feed has the heaviest
live weight of 2.16 kg, followed by birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with
sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol meat with a live weight of 2.06 kg and then by the
birds fed with commercial feed supplemented with sweet potato tubers and mungo beans
with a live weight of 1.90 kg.
Table 1. Average initial and final weight of birds in different treatments
TREATMENT
BODY WEIGHT (kg)
INITIAL
FINAL
(at 21 days old)
(at 60 days of age)
Commercial feeds
0.44a
2.16a
Commercial feeds + 200g sweet potato
tubers and100g mungo beans
0.44a
1.90c
Commecial feeds + 200g sweet potato
tubers and 100g golden kuhol meat
0.44a
2.06b
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Result of this study tend to agree with findings of Mocati (2006) where broilers
fed with pure commercial ration had higher final weight that birds fed commercial feed
with mungo beans. In another study, Binalay (2012) reported no significant differences in
the final weights of broilers given pure commercial feed and those given 100g of mungo
bean per kg of commercial feeds. Differences of the result may be due to the different
duration of the study and the way in which mungo beans was added the commercial feed.
Mocati (2006) substitute 10%, 20%, 30% of commercial feeds in diets of broilers from 22-
45 days of age while Binalay (2012) supplemented broiler ration with 100g mungo bean
per kilogram commercial ration during the starting to finishing period and during finishing
period only.
In the group fed with commercial feeds + sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol
meat. Result of this study is similar with the finding of Kimo (2000) who reported that bird
fed with commercial feed had the highest final weight than birds given commercial feeds
mixed with 5%, 10%, 15% level of golden kuhol meat.
Average Gain in Weight of Birds
reared from 21- 60 Days of Age
The total and daily gain in weight of the birds given different ration from 21 to 60
days of age is shown in Table 2. Statistical analysis showed highly significant differences
in the average total and daily gain in weight of the birds among the treatment means. Birds
given commercial feed had the highest total and daily gain in weight of 1.71 and 0.04 kg,
respectively followed by birds fed with commercial feed supplemented with sweet potato
tubers and golden kuhol meat with the total average total and daily gain in weight of 1.61
and 0.04 respectively and lastly by those birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
with sweet potato tubers and mungo beans has an average total and daily gain in weight of
1.48 and 0.03 kg, respectively.
Following the trend in the final weight, birds fed with commercial feed attained the
heaviest weight at 60 days of age and gained weight faster, followed by birds fed with
commercial feed supplemented with sweet potato and golden kuhol meat and by those fed
with commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato and mungo beans.
Comparing the growth performance of those given feed supplements, the total gain
in weight of birds given sweet potato and golden kuhol was 15 g higher that those given
sweet potato and mungo. The difference in the total gain and daily gain (4 g/day) tends to
indicate that golden kuhol is a better source of protein than mungo for colored broilers.
This may also be directly related to the significant differences in the feed intake, where
birds given sweet potato and mungo bean supplement has the lowest feed intake.
Table 2. Total gain in weight and average daily gain of the birds
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TOTAL
DAILY
Commercial feeds
1.72a
0.044
Commercial feeds +200g sweet potato tubers and
100g mungo beans
1.46c
0.037
Commercial feeds +200g sweet potato tubers and
100g golden kuhol meat
1.61b
0.041
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Feed Consumption of Birds
reared from 21- 60 Days of age
The feed consumption of birds in different treatments for 39 days feeding period is
presented in Table 3. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in feed
consumption among the three treatments (as fed basis). Lowest feed consumption was
obtained in the birds given commercial feeds + sweet potato tubers and mungo bean with
a mean of 3.50 kg followed by pure commercial feeds with a mean of 3.68 kg and the
highest feed consumption was obtained in the group fed with commercial feeds
supplemented with sweet potato and golden kuhol meat with a mean of 3.85 kg.
This implies that the supplement sweet potato tubers, mungo bean and golden kuhol
meat increase the feed consumption of birds but did not decrease nor increase the final
weight of birds. Base on result of the crude protein analysis the sweet potato tubers and
mungo beans mixture has higher crude protein content than sweet potato tubers and golden
kuhol meat mixture but has low effect on the growth rate of the birds. This maybe attributed
that although mungo beans is a good source of protein it was observe that mostly were left
in the feeding troughs.
Table 3. Average feed consumption of the birds reared from 21-60 days of age
FEED CONSUMPTION (kg)
TREATMENT
AS FED BASIS
DM BASIS
Commercial feeds
3.68b
3.33
Commercial feeds +200g sweet potato tubers and 100g
mungo beans
3.55a
2.76
Commercial feeds + 200g sweet potato tubers and
100g golden kuhol meat
3.85c
2.48
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Commercial feed has 90.634% DM, sweet potato tubers and mungo beans mixture
has 55.628% DM, 4.26% ash while sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol meat mixture has
35.560% DM, 8.98% ash.
The supplement mixture approximately 25g sample per treatment was subjected to
crude protein analyze at the DOST- CAR (Regional Service and Testing Laboratory).
Result showed that the sweet potato tubers and mungo beans mixture has 16.57% crude
protein content while the sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol meat mixture has 15.97%
crude protein content.
Feed Conversion Ratio
The feed conversion ratio of the birds on the different treatments is presented in
table 4. Statistical analysis showed highly significant differences between treatments (as
fed basis). Birds fed with pure commercial feeds were the most efficient in converting feed
into a kilogram body weight (FCR of 2.13), followed by birds given commercial feeds
supplemented with sweet potato and golden kuhol meat (FCR 2.39) and birds given
commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato and mungo beans attained the least
efficient in converting feed to kilogram weight with an FRC of 2.43.
Result from the study revealed that birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented
with sweet potato and mungo beans that attained the highest FCR needs more kilos of feeds
to produce a kilogram weight.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of the birds reared from 21- 60 days of age
TREATMENT
FEED CONVERSION RATIO
AS FED BASIS
DM BASIS
Commercial feeds
2.14a
1.94
Commercial feeds +200g sweet potato tubers and
2.43c
1.83
100g mungo bean
Commercial feeds + 200g sweet potato and 100g
golden kuhol meat
2.39b
1.54
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Feed Cost to Produce a Kilogram
Live Weight Colored Broiler
Table 5 presents the feed cost to produce a kilogram of colored broiler. Statistical
analysis showed that there were highly significant differences observed among treatments.
The lowest feed cost to produce a kilogram was obtained from birds fed with pure
commercial feeds with a mean of PhP86.67, while birds given sweet potato tubers
and golden kuhol meat had the highest feed cost of PhP130.25. Birds fed with sweet potato
tubers and mungo beans had feed cost of PhP98.77 which is lower than birds given sweet
potato tubers and golden kuhol meat and higher than birds fed with pure commercial feeds.
Comparing the growth performance of birds given supplement, those fed with sweet
potato tubers and golden kuhol meat has higher feed cost of (PhP31.77) than those birds
fed with sweet potato tubers and mungo. The difference explains that though birds has
significant differences in the feed intake, where birds given sweet potato and golden kuhol
has the highest feed intake, still, they were more efficient in utilizing the feed they ate
to gain more body weight.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
However, it still appears that the use of sweet potato tubers, mungo beans and
golden kuhol as a feed supplement greatly increase feed cost to produce a kilogram body
weight. Commercial feed is therefore seen to be the most economical in terms of feed cost
to produce a kilogram live weight colored broiler.
Morbidity Rate
Seven birds got sick two weeks before the end of the study. It was observed that
birds fed with pure commercial feeds had two birds, birds given sweet potato tubers and
golden kuhol meat had two birds and birds fed with sweet potato tubers and mungo beans
had three birds became lame that they are unable to walk and stand to eat. These birds
weighed more or less 1.00 - 1.5 kilogram. During feeding period lame birds were fed
separate from the other birds and they survive until the end of the study.
Mortality Rate
One bird died during the duration of the study. The group fed with commercial feed
+ sweet potato and golden kuhol has 2.5 % mortality. The bird died at 45 days of age of
unknown reason, since it was not subjected to necropsy.
Table 5. Feed cost to produce a kilogram live weight
TREATMENT
FEED COST (PhP)
Commercial feeds
86.67a
Commercial feeds + 200g sweet potato tubers and
100g mungo beans
98.77b
Commercial feeds + 200g sweet potato tubers and
100g golden kuhol meat
130.25c
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Table 6. Morbidity and mortality rate (%)
TREATMENT
MORBIDITY
MORTALITY
Commercial feeds
5.00
-
Commercial feeds + 200g sweet
5.00
potato tubers and100g mungo bean
-
Commercial feeds +200g sweet potato
7.50
and 100g golden kuhol meat
2.50
Return on Investment
The returns on investment in the different treatments are shown in Table 6 and the
details of expenditures are presented in Appendix 7. It is shown that there is profit obtained
from the birds fed with commercial feeds with ROI of 10.77% while those from birds fed
with commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato tubers and mungo beans and
commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol meat on
Colored broiler diet resulted to negative ROI.
Supplementing sweet potato tubers, mungo beans and golden kuhol meat did not
improve the growth rate of birds as observe in the study. Possible reason for having a
negative ROIs result was high labor cost in the preparation of the feedstuff like grating the
sweet potato tubers, as well as washing, boiling, separating the kuhol meat from the shell
and sliced then mixed with sweet potato tubers before given to the birds.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Table 7. Return on Investment (ROI) of birds under different treatment
TOTAL COST
OF
TREATMENT
TOTAL
PRODUCTION NET PROFIT ROI
SALES (PhP)
(PhP)
(PhP)
%
Commercial feeds
11,854
11,489
364 1.94
Commercial feeds + 200g
sweet potato tubers and 100g
mungo beans
10,110
13,355
-3,244
-24
Commercial feeds +200g
sweet potato tubers and 100g
golden kuhol meat
10,923
14,238
-3,314
-23
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the effect of commercial ration
supplemented with sweet potato tubers, mungo beans and golden kuhol on the growth
performance of colored broilers. This was conducted at the BSU Experimental Farm at
Balili, La Trinidad Benguet from July to September 2012.
One hundred twenty (120) 21-day old colored broilers were distributed into three
treatments following the Completely Randomized Designed (CRD). Each treatment was
replicated four times with ten birds per replication. The treatments were pure commercial
feed, commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato and 100g mungo and
commercial feed supplemented with 200g sweet potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol.
Result of the study showed no significant differences in the initial weight. This
indicated homogeneity of experimental units at the start of the study. The average initial
weight of birds at 21 days of age was 0.447 kg.
Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences in final weight, total
feed intake, feed conversion ratio, total and daily gain in weight and feed cost to produce
a kilogram weight.
Birds fed with commercial feed has the highest final weight of 2.16 kg, followed
by birds fed with commercial feed supplemented with 200g sweet potato tubers and 100g
golden kuhol with an average final weight of 2.04 kg and those fed with commercial feeds
supplemented with 200g sweet potato and 100g mungo with an average final weight of
1.90 kg.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
As for the total feed intake, birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with
200g sweet potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol has the highest average feed intake of
3.85, followed by birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato
and 100g mungo with an average of 3.68 kg and those fed with commercial feed has the
least feed intake with an average of 3.50 kg
The average total gain in weight of birds after 60 days old showed that birds fed
with commercial feed grew faster with an average total gain of 1.72 kg from 21 days to 60
days of age compared to birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet
potato and 100g golden kuhol and birds fed with commercial feed supplemented with 200g
sweet potato tubers and 100g mungo bean with an average total gain in weight of 1.61kg
and 1.46 kg respectively.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with
200g sweet potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol was 2.39 which was significantly better
than the FCR of birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato
and 100g mungo of 2.43. Birds fed with commercial feed had the best FCR of 2.13.
Feed cost to produce a kilogram live weight in colored broilers were PhP86.67,
PhP98.77, and PhP130.25 from birds given commercial feeds, birds given commercial
feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato and 100g mungo and birds given commercial
feed supplemented with 200g sweet potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol respectively.
Although return on investment was not subjected to statistical analysis, better ROI of
1. 93% was obtained from the birds fed with commercial feed compared to ROI’s of -
24.30% and -23.94% obtained from birds given commercial feeds supplemented with
sweet potato tubers and mungo beans and commercial feed supplemented with sweet potato
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
tubers and golden kuhol meat respectively. This may be due to the high cost of the
supplement, (mungo bean and golden kuhol) including labor in commercial feeds
supplemented with sweet potato and mungo (T1) and commercial feed supplemented with
sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol (T2) compared to birds given commercial feeds (T0).
Morbidity of 5%, 5% and 7.5% was obtained from commercial feeds (T0),
commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato and mungo (T1) and commercial feed
supplemented with sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol (T2), respectively. Mortality of
2.5% was observed from commercial feed supplemented with sweet potato tubers and
golden kuhol (T2).
Conclusion
Based on the result of the study, it is therefore concluded that sweet potato, mungo
beans and golden kuhol meal can be supplemented to commercial feeds allowable to the
birds without detrimental effect on their growth performance.
Recommendations
Based on the result on instances where commercial feeds is limiting the sweet
potato, mungo beans and golden kuhol can be given to colored broilers for they can still
support growth though it is not as fast as the growth rate of birds given commercial ration.
Furthermore, it is also recommended that further study should be conducted that
would include using these feedstuff for formulating ration base on their analytical nutrient
content.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BARO, M. 2009. Potencial in Golden Kuhol. Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR).
Retrieved July 2012 from seeknomore.blogspot.com/2009/03/potencial-in- golden-
kuhol.html.
BINALAY, J. 2012. effect of ground mungo bean on the performance of broiler. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.16.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1994. Paraan sa pagsugpo sa Golden kuhol sa
palayan. FAO Intercountry Program for Integrated Pest Control of Rice in
Southeast Asia. Pp.4-5.
DIAMONDE, G. 2012. Snail Meal. Feedepedia-Animal Feed Resource Information
System. Retrieved July 2012 from www.trc.zootechnie.fr/node/200
ELLIOT, R. and R. GODY. 1981. Effecto de cencio forrales tropicales sobre algunos
parametros de la function ruminal y flujo de nutrients al deudeno de bivinos
alimentados a base meleza- urea. Produccion animal tropical 6 (2):177-184.
ERASQUIN, P.U. 1987. snail (Achitana fulica) as feed supplement for broilers. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 20.
GHOSH, S.P., J.S. JOS, S.N. MORTHY, R.G. NAIR, and T. RAMANWAN. 1988. Tuber
Crops. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.PVT.LTV.66Janpath, New Delhi. Pp.152-
153.
KIMO, J. 2000. The effect of golden kuhol meat on the growth performance of broilers.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.15.
MOCATI, D. 2006. Response of cobb broilers to level of mung bean ground as partial
substitute to commercial feeds in the broiler finisher ration. BS Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.10.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICUTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 1991. The Philippines
Recommends for Feed Formulation. Los Banos, Laguna. Pp. 30- 33.
REGIONAL AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES INFORMATION DIVISION,
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (RAFID - DA). 2000. San Agustin, Pili
Camarines
Sur.
Retrieved
on
03
May
2012
from
http://www.bicol.da.gov.ph/news/technoguide/sasso_chicken.html.
VILLAREAL, R. 1982. Sweet Potato. Taiwan: Hong Wen Publishing Work: Pp. 385-387.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
WIRYAWN, K.G., J. K. DINGLE, A. KUMAR, J.B. GAUGHAN and B.A.YOUNG, B.
1995. True metabolisable energy content of grains legumes: effects of enzyme
supplementation.
Retrieved
January
2013
from
http://livestocklibrary.com.au/handle/1234/19759.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013. Growth Performance of Colored Broilers
Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and
Golden Kuok Meat. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph. D
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the BSU Experimental Farm at Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet from July to September 2012. Generally, the study was conducted to determine
the effect of sweet potato tuber, mungo bean and golden kuhol meal on the growth
performance of colored broiler.Specifically, the study aimed to determine the gain in
weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and return of investment of colored broilers
given commercial feeds only and those given commercial feeds supplemented with sweet
potato tubers and mungo bean, or sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol meat.
Result of the study showed no significant differences in the initial weight among
treatments. The average initial weight of birds at 21 days of age was 0.447 kg.Birds fed
with commercial feed had the highest final weight of 2.16 kg, compared to birds fed with
commercial feed supplemented with 200g sweet potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol and
birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato and 100g mungo
with an average final weight of 2.04 kg and1.90 kg respectively.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
As for the total feed intake and total gain in weight, birds fed with commercial feed
had the least feed intake with an average of 3.50 kg and an average total gain in weight of
1.72 kg. Birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato and 100g
mungo with an average of 3.68 kg and commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet
potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol had the highest average feed intake of 3.85 with an
average total gain in weight of 1.61 and 1.46 kg respectively.
Birds fed with commercial feed had the best FCR (2.13). Followed by birds fed
with commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol
(2.39) which was significantly better than birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented
with 200g sweet potato and 100g mungo (2.43).
Although return on investment was not subjected to statistical analysis, better ROI
(1. 93%) was obtained from the birds fed with commercial feed compared to birds given
commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato tubers and mungo beans (-23.94%) and
commercial feed supplemented with sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol (-24.30%).
It is therefore concluded that sweet potato tubers, mungo beans and golden
kuhol meal can be supplemented to commercial feeds if the feedstuff will be available at
lower price.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
The colored broiler was believed to have descended from French chickens are
relatively easy to raise. In the Philippines, they are being raised free-range style. They are
let loose in the field, or allowed to run in the backyard eating available grass, grubs and
other edible plants and insects. Because they are being naturally grown free-range style,
clean chicken meat with less cholesterol and fat is expected. Colored broiler can be raised
both for their meat and for their eggs (Regional Agriculture and Fisheries In formation
Division – DA, 2000).
Since colored broilers are raised in backyard, it is a common practice to feed them
with locally available feedstuffs in addition to what they forage. Some of the indigenous
feed sources in the Cordillera are sweet potato tubers, mungo beans and golden kuhol.
Generally, mungo bean is said to be one of the cheapest source of protein in humans
in the Philippines (PCARRD, 1991); hence excess produce can also be a feed for colored
broilers. This crop is excellent for green manure because it matures early, grows fast and
produces abundant vegetable tops. In like manner sweet potato is also a common food and
feed resource in the Cordillera. It is a creeping plant with perennial vines and grown the
whole year round. This crop is rich in carbohydrates, vitamin A, and minerals. Another
abundant feed is the golden kuhol. It is considered pest for rice producers as it feeds on
newly transplanted rice seedlings. One possible way of eliminating them is to feed them to
animals as a protein source.
This research attempts to generate information on how to best use mungo bean,
sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol as feed for poultry and to impart such knowledge to
the farmers, students and fellow researchers. As these feed resources are commonly found
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
in the Cordillera and there will be no reason for a poultry raiser not to make use of them as
feedstuffs.
Generally, the study was conducted to determine the effect of sweet potato tubers,
mungo bean and golden kuhol meal on the growth performance of colored broilers.
Specifically, the study aimed to determine the gain in weight, feed intake, feed
conversion ratio, and return of investment of colored broilers given commercial feeds only
and those given commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato tubers and mungo bean,
or sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol meat.
This study was conducted at the BSU Experimental Farm at Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet from July to September 2012.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Sweet potato tubers are rich in easily digestible carbohydrates but are deficient in
protein, calcium and phosphorus. They are good substitute for maize or sorghum silage in
feeding dairy cows. The tubers and the spent pulp after extraction of starch from tubers
may also be used as a feed for livestock. It is utilized as a high carbohydrates feed for cattle,
poultry and pigs and is usually supplemented with protein rich feeds. It is also a good
source of K, the predominant mineral present in sweet potato (Ghosh et al., 1988).
Sweet potato is one of the world’s most important crops. It content nutritional
dietary factors, such as vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin. It was also
found out that the tubers content low level of protein, fat and fiber, but the nitrogen- free
extract fraction in the tubers is an indication of their main potential value as an energy
source (Elliot and Gody, 1981)
Villareal (1982) stated that sweet potato is widely used as animal feed. He said that
it is rich in vitamins and minerals. The yellow or orange variety contains a considerable
amount of vitamin A. In primitive situation animal raisers boiled the tubers before being
fed to animals. Nowadays with the advance of technology, roots are processed into chips
are more nutritious than soybean in beef ration.
As to mungo bean, PCARRD (1991) reported that it is rich in vitamin, calcium and
sodium. It is also a good source of the essential amino acid lysine and tryptophan. However,
it is deficient in the sulfur-containing amino acids and cystine. The protein content of
mungo bean ranges from 20-25%. In addition, mungo bean has a higher energy value than
many other legume seeds. It is high value resource for poultry feeds (Wiryawan et al.,
1995).
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Golden kuhol, on other hand, is an aquatic animal which live on pounds and feed
mainly on plants (Department of Agriculture, 1994). Each golden kuhol contains 15 grams
of nutrients and a mouthful contains the following: digestible energy, 80 calories; proteins,
12.2 grams; fat, 0.4 grams; carbohydrates, 6.6 grams; ash, 3.2 grams; riboflavin, 12.0 mg;
phosphorous, 61.0mg; sodium, 0.04 mg; potassium, 17.0 mg, and niacin, 18.0 mg.
In a feeding trial, Erasquin (1987) found that snails’ meat could be incorporated in
broiler diets to as high as 15% without affecting growth performance.
According to Baro (2009) of the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR), golden
kuhol may be considered a threat in rice production, using it as feed for poultry and
livestock offers a different perspective of looking at the golden kuhol. Golden kuhol is
remarkably nutritious and easy to digest and found to stimulate fast growth and
reproduction in both poultry and livestock. The snail meat provides protein and energy-
giving fat while the shell contains calcium, phosphorous, vitamins, and minerals.
The snail species that can be used to feed livestock is the golden apple snail
(Pomacea canaliculata). This freshwater snail was later farmed as a high protein food for
both human and farm animals. Snail meal is a suitable replacement for other protein sources
in poultry diets. It could replace 30% of the fishmeal in starter phase of broilers and up to
100% of the fishmeal in the grower stage with an increase of growth rate and no negative
effect on the taste of the broiler meat Diamonde, 2012.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used were one hundred twenty (120) colored broiler chicks, mungo
bean, sweet potato tubers (orange variety) and golden kuhol meat, commercial feed,
electric bulbs, disinfectant, cartoon sheets, plastic waterers, feeding trough, weighing scale,
record book and ball pen.
Experimental Design and Treatment
The one hundred twenty (120) 21-days old birds were randomly distributed to three
treatments following the Completely Randomized Design. Each treatment was replicated
four times with ten birds per replicate. Before the birds were placed in their respective
groups or treatment, the birds were weighed individually at day 21 to get their initial
weights. Final weights were taken when the birds reached 60 days old.
The treatments were:
T0-commercial feed
T1- commercial feeds + 200 grams sweet potato and100 grams mungo beans
T2-commercial feeds + 200 grams sweet potato and 100 grams golden kuhol meat
Commercial feed was given to birds in T0 from 7:00 am – 5:00 pm while in T1 and
T2, birds were given commercial feeds at 7:00-8:00 in the morning and then at 4:00-5:00
in the afternoon. The feed supplement was offered separately at 8:00 in the morning until
4:00 in the afternoon. In T1, the feed supplement was made up of two parts sweet potato +
one part mungo beans by weight while in T2 was composed of two parts sweet potato tubers
+ one part golden kuhol meat by weight.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Pre-experimental Period
Before the start of the study, the pens were cleaned and disinfected. Feeding
troughs and waterers were thoroughly washed with laundry soap. Electric bulbs were
installed in each cage to provide heat and light to the experimental Colored broilers. The
floor was covered with cartoon sheets and old newspaper to help conserve heat and serve
as a receptacle for feeds for the first weeks.
Upon the arrival of the chicks, they were placed inside the brooding pen. They were
offered refilled water with antibiotic (vetracin) for three weeks. Chicks were fed with chick
booster from day 1 to day 18. On day 19 - 21 mixed chick booster and grower was offered.
Brooding cages were lighted day and night for the first two weeks. Sometimes
during the day when the temperature increases light were turned off. On the time that the
power is off, to provide heat to the chicks burning charcoal were placed under the brooding
pen and candle light inside the brooding pen to provide light to the birds for them to be
able to eat.
To maintain good health, avoid morbidity and mortality, cleanliness and sanitation
were observed. In every after two days the cartoon sheets and old newspaper that were used
to cover the floor were change.
Preparation of the Feed Supplement
Ground mungo beans were bought from the market. Some golden kuhol were
gathered from the BSU rice fields but most were bought from the market. The golden
kuhol were washed and then boiled to separate the shell from the meat, sliced and mixed
with grated sweet potato tubers before given to birds. On the other hand, the ground mungo
bean was mixed grated sweet potato tubers before given to birds.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Feeding Management
Birds were given commercial feeds ad libitum from day old to 21 days old. The
feed supplement was offered starting at day 22 up to when the birds are 60 days old. Clean
water was made available at all times. Cleaning of the feeding trough and waterer was done
daily.
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Initial weight (kg). This was taken by weighing the chicks individually at 21
days of age.
2. Final weight (kg). This was taken by weighing the birds individually at 60 days
of age.
3. Feed offered (kg). This was obtained by weighing the amount of feed given to
the birds during the experimental period.
4. Feed left-over (kg). This was obtained by weighing the feed left over of the birds
during the experimental period.
5. Cost of feeds (Php). This refers to the market price of the feeds at the time of the
study.
Data Computed
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was taken by subtracting the initial weight of birds from
their final weight per replicate.
2. Average daily gain (kg). This was obtained using the following formula:
Average daily gain = Total gain in weight
Experimental period
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
2. Total feed consumption (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the feed left-over
from the total feed given to the birds daily.
3. Feed cost required to produce a kilogram gain in weight. This was obtained by
multiplying the cost of feed per kilo by the feed conversion ratio.
4. Feed conversion ratio (kg). This was obtained by dividing the total feed
consumption by the total gain in weight of the birds
5. Morbidity (%). This was obtained by dividing the total number of sick birds by
the total number of the birds in each replicate and multiplied by 100%
6. Mortality (%). This was obtained by dividing the total number of dead birds by
the total number of birds in each replicate and multiplied by 100%
7. Net gain (Php). This was computed by adding the total expenses and
subtracting it to the total gross sale to come up with the net gain.
8. Return on investment (ROI). This was computed using the formula:
ROI = Total sale - Total cost x 100
Total Cost
Data Analysis
The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Completely
Randomized Design (CRD) and treatment means were compared using the Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Weight of Birds
Table 1 presents the initial and final weight of the birds in the different treatments.
Initial weight was taken at 21 days old. Statistical analysis showed no significant
differences in all treatment means. This tends to indicate homogeneity of experimental
units at the start of the study. This is mainly due to the fact that birds were of the same age
and received the same management and ration during the brooding stage.
Statistical analysis showed highly significant differences among the treatments in
final weight of birds at 60 days of age. Birds fed with commercial feed has the heaviest
live weight of 2.16 kg, followed by birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with
sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol meat with a live weight of 2.06 kg and then by the
birds fed with commercial feed supplemented with sweet potato tubers and mungo beans
with a live weight of 1.90 kg.
Table 1. Average initial and final weight of birds in different treatments
TREATMENT
BODY WEIGHT (kg)
INITIAL
FINAL
(at 21 days old)
(at 60 days of age)
Commercial feeds
0.44a
2.16a
Commercial feeds + 200g sweet potato
tubers and100g mungo beans
0.44a
1.90c
Commecial feeds + 200g sweet potato
tubers and 100g golden kuhol meat
0.44a
2.06b
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Result of this study tend to agree with findings of Mocati (2006) where broilers
fed with pure commercial ration had higher final weight that birds fed commercial feed
with mungo beans. In another study, Binalay (2012) reported no significant differences in
the final weights of broilers given pure commercial feed and those given 100g of mungo
bean per kg of commercial feeds. Differences of the result may be due to the different
duration of the study and the way in which mungo beans was added the commercial feed.
Mocati (2006) substitute 10%, 20%, 30% of commercial feeds in diets of broilers from 22-
45 days of age while Binalay (2012) supplemented broiler ration with 100g mungo bean
per kilogram commercial ration during the starting to finishing period and during finishing
period only.
In the group fed with commercial feeds + sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol
meat. Result of this study is similar with the finding of Kimo (2000) who reported that bird
fed with commercial feed had the highest final weight than birds given commercial feeds
mixed with 5%, 10%, 15% level of golden kuhol meat.
Average Gain in Weight of Birds
reared from 21- 60 Days of Age
The total and daily gain in weight of the birds given different ration from 21 to 60
days of age is shown in Table 2. Statistical analysis showed highly significant differences
in the average total and daily gain in weight of the birds among the treatment means. Birds
given commercial feed had the highest total and daily gain in weight of 1.71 and 0.04 kg,
respectively followed by birds fed with commercial feed supplemented with sweet potato
tubers and golden kuhol meat with the total average total and daily gain in weight of 1.61
and 0.04 respectively and lastly by those birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
with sweet potato tubers and mungo beans has an average total and daily gain in weight of
1.48 and 0.03 kg, respectively.
Following the trend in the final weight, birds fed with commercial feed attained the
heaviest weight at 60 days of age and gained weight faster, followed by birds fed with
commercial feed supplemented with sweet potato and golden kuhol meat and by those fed
with commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato and mungo beans.
Comparing the growth performance of those given feed supplements, the total gain
in weight of birds given sweet potato and golden kuhol was 15 g higher that those given
sweet potato and mungo. The difference in the total gain and daily gain (4 g/day) tends to
indicate that golden kuhol is a better source of protein than mungo for colored broilers.
This may also be directly related to the significant differences in the feed intake, where
birds given sweet potato and mungo bean supplement has the lowest feed intake.
Table 2. Total gain in weight and average daily gain of the birds
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TOTAL
DAILY
Commercial feeds
1.72a
0.044
Commercial feeds +200g sweet potato tubers and
100g mungo beans
1.46c
0.037
Commercial feeds +200g sweet potato tubers and
100g golden kuhol meat
1.61b
0.041
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Feed Consumption of Birds
reared from 21- 60 Days of age
The feed consumption of birds in different treatments for 39 days feeding period is
presented in Table 3. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in feed
consumption among the three treatments (as fed basis). Lowest feed consumption was
obtained in the birds given commercial feeds + sweet potato tubers and mungo bean with
a mean of 3.50 kg followed by pure commercial feeds with a mean of 3.68 kg and the
highest feed consumption was obtained in the group fed with commercial feeds
supplemented with sweet potato and golden kuhol meat with a mean of 3.85 kg.
This implies that the supplement sweet potato tubers, mungo bean and golden kuhol
meat increase the feed consumption of birds but did not decrease nor increase the final
weight of birds. Base on result of the crude protein analysis the sweet potato tubers and
mungo beans mixture has higher crude protein content than sweet potato tubers and golden
kuhol meat mixture but has low effect on the growth rate of the birds. This maybe attributed
that although mungo beans is a good source of protein it was observe that mostly were left
in the feeding troughs.
Table 3. Average feed consumption of the birds reared from 21-60 days of age
FEED CONSUMPTION (kg)
TREATMENT
AS FED BASIS
DM BASIS
Commercial feeds
3.68b
3.33
Commercial feeds +200g sweet potato tubers and 100g
mungo beans
3.55a
2.76
Commercial feeds + 200g sweet potato tubers and
100g golden kuhol meat
3.85c
2.48
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Commercial feed has 90.634% DM, sweet potato tubers and mungo beans mixture
has 55.628% DM, 4.26% ash while sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol meat mixture has
35.560% DM, 8.98% ash.
The supplement mixture approximately 25g sample per treatment was subjected to
crude protein analyze at the DOST- CAR (Regional Service and Testing Laboratory).
Result showed that the sweet potato tubers and mungo beans mixture has 16.57% crude
protein content while the sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol meat mixture has 15.97%
crude protein content.
Feed Conversion Ratio
The feed conversion ratio of the birds on the different treatments is presented in
table 4. Statistical analysis showed highly significant differences between treatments (as
fed basis). Birds fed with pure commercial feeds were the most efficient in converting feed
into a kilogram body weight (FCR of 2.13), followed by birds given commercial feeds
supplemented with sweet potato and golden kuhol meat (FCR 2.39) and birds given
commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato and mungo beans attained the least
efficient in converting feed to kilogram weight with an FRC of 2.43.
Result from the study revealed that birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented
with sweet potato and mungo beans that attained the highest FCR needs more kilos of feeds
to produce a kilogram weight.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of the birds reared from 21- 60 days of age
TREATMENT
FEED CONVERSION RATIO
AS FED BASIS
DM BASIS
Commercial feeds
2.14a
1.94
Commercial feeds +200g sweet potato tubers and
2.43c
1.83
100g mungo bean
Commercial feeds + 200g sweet potato and 100g
golden kuhol meat
2.39b
1.54
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Feed Cost to Produce a Kilogram
Live Weight Colored Broiler
Table 5 presents the feed cost to produce a kilogram of colored broiler. Statistical
analysis showed that there were highly significant differences observed among treatments.
The lowest feed cost to produce a kilogram was obtained from birds fed with pure
commercial feeds with a mean of PhP86.67, while birds given sweet potato tubers
and golden kuhol meat had the highest feed cost of PhP130.25. Birds fed with sweet potato
tubers and mungo beans had feed cost of PhP98.77 which is lower than birds given sweet
potato tubers and golden kuhol meat and higher than birds fed with pure commercial feeds.
Comparing the growth performance of birds given supplement, those fed with sweet
potato tubers and golden kuhol meat has higher feed cost of (PhP31.77) than those birds
fed with sweet potato tubers and mungo. The difference explains that though birds has
significant differences in the feed intake, where birds given sweet potato and golden kuhol
has the highest feed intake, still, they were more efficient in utilizing the feed they ate
to gain more body weight.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
However, it still appears that the use of sweet potato tubers, mungo beans and
golden kuhol as a feed supplement greatly increase feed cost to produce a kilogram body
weight. Commercial feed is therefore seen to be the most economical in terms of feed cost
to produce a kilogram live weight colored broiler.
Morbidity Rate
Seven birds got sick two weeks before the end of the study. It was observed that
birds fed with pure commercial feeds had two birds, birds given sweet potato tubers and
golden kuhol meat had two birds and birds fed with sweet potato tubers and mungo beans
had three birds became lame that they are unable to walk and stand to eat. These birds
weighed more or less 1.00 - 1.5 kilogram. During feeding period lame birds were fed
separate from the other birds and they survive until the end of the study.
Mortality Rate
One bird died during the duration of the study. The group fed with commercial feed
+ sweet potato and golden kuhol has 2.5 % mortality. The bird died at 45 days of age of
unknown reason, since it was not subjected to necropsy.
Table 5. Feed cost to produce a kilogram live weight
TREATMENT
FEED COST (PhP)
Commercial feeds
86.67a
Commercial feeds + 200g sweet potato tubers and
100g mungo beans
98.77b
Commercial feeds + 200g sweet potato tubers and
100g golden kuhol meat
130.25c
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Table 6. Morbidity and mortality rate (%)
TREATMENT
MORBIDITY
MORTALITY
Commercial feeds
5.00
-
Commercial feeds + 200g sweet
5.00
potato tubers and100g mungo bean
-
Commercial feeds +200g sweet potato
7.50
and 100g golden kuhol meat
2.50
Return on Investment
The returns on investment in the different treatments are shown in Table 6 and the
details of expenditures are presented in Appendix 7. It is shown that there is profit obtained
from the birds fed with commercial feeds with ROI of 10.77% while those from birds fed
with commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato tubers and mungo beans and
commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol meat on
Colored broiler diet resulted to negative ROI.
Supplementing sweet potato tubers, mungo beans and golden kuhol meat did not
improve the growth rate of birds as observe in the study. Possible reason for having a
negative ROIs result was high labor cost in the preparation of the feedstuff like grating the
sweet potato tubers, as well as washing, boiling, separating the kuhol meat from the shell
and sliced then mixed with sweet potato tubers before given to the birds.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
Table 7. Return on Investment (ROI) of birds under different treatment
TOTAL COST
OF
TREATMENT
TOTAL
PRODUCTION NET PROFIT ROI
SALES (PhP)
(PhP)
(PhP)
%
Commercial feeds
11,854
11,489
364 1.94
Commercial feeds + 200g
sweet potato tubers and 100g
mungo beans
10,110
13,355
-3,244
-24
Commercial feeds +200g
sweet potato tubers and 100g
golden kuhol meat
10,923
14,238
-3,314
-23
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the effect of commercial ration
supplemented with sweet potato tubers, mungo beans and golden kuhol on the growth
performance of colored broilers. This was conducted at the BSU Experimental Farm at
Balili, La Trinidad Benguet from July to September 2012.
One hundred twenty (120) 21-day old colored broilers were distributed into three
treatments following the Completely Randomized Designed (CRD). Each treatment was
replicated four times with ten birds per replication. The treatments were pure commercial
feed, commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato and 100g mungo and
commercial feed supplemented with 200g sweet potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol.
Result of the study showed no significant differences in the initial weight. This
indicated homogeneity of experimental units at the start of the study. The average initial
weight of birds at 21 days of age was 0.447 kg.
Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences in final weight, total
feed intake, feed conversion ratio, total and daily gain in weight and feed cost to produce
a kilogram weight.
Birds fed with commercial feed has the highest final weight of 2.16 kg, followed
by birds fed with commercial feed supplemented with 200g sweet potato tubers and 100g
golden kuhol with an average final weight of 2.04 kg and those fed with commercial feeds
supplemented with 200g sweet potato and 100g mungo with an average final weight of
1.90 kg.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
As for the total feed intake, birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with
200g sweet potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol has the highest average feed intake of
3.85, followed by birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato
and 100g mungo with an average of 3.68 kg and those fed with commercial feed has the
least feed intake with an average of 3.50 kg
The average total gain in weight of birds after 60 days old showed that birds fed
with commercial feed grew faster with an average total gain of 1.72 kg from 21 days to 60
days of age compared to birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet
potato and 100g golden kuhol and birds fed with commercial feed supplemented with 200g
sweet potato tubers and 100g mungo bean with an average total gain in weight of 1.61kg
and 1.46 kg respectively.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with
200g sweet potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol was 2.39 which was significantly better
than the FCR of birds fed with commercial feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato
and 100g mungo of 2.43. Birds fed with commercial feed had the best FCR of 2.13.
Feed cost to produce a kilogram live weight in colored broilers were PhP86.67,
PhP98.77, and PhP130.25 from birds given commercial feeds, birds given commercial
feeds supplemented with 200g sweet potato and 100g mungo and birds given commercial
feed supplemented with 200g sweet potato tubers and 100g golden kuhol respectively.
Although return on investment was not subjected to statistical analysis, better ROI of
1. 93% was obtained from the birds fed with commercial feed compared to ROI’s of -
24.30% and -23.94% obtained from birds given commercial feeds supplemented with
sweet potato tubers and mungo beans and commercial feed supplemented with sweet potato
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
tubers and golden kuhol meat respectively. This may be due to the high cost of the
supplement, (mungo bean and golden kuhol) including labor in commercial feeds
supplemented with sweet potato and mungo (T1) and commercial feed supplemented with
sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol (T2) compared to birds given commercial feeds (T0).
Morbidity of 5%, 5% and 7.5% was obtained from commercial feeds (T0),
commercial feeds supplemented with sweet potato and mungo (T1) and commercial feed
supplemented with sweet potato tubers and golden kuhol (T2), respectively. Mortality of
2.5% was observed from commercial feed supplemented with sweet potato tubers and
golden kuhol (T2).
Conclusion
Based on the result of the study, it is therefore concluded that sweet potato, mungo
beans and golden kuhol meal can be supplemented to commercial feeds allowable to the
birds without detrimental effect on their growth performance.
Recommendations
Based on the result on instances where commercial feeds is limiting the sweet
potato, mungo beans and golden kuhol can be given to colored broilers for they can still
support growth though it is not as fast as the growth rate of birds given commercial ration.
Furthermore, it is also recommended that further study should be conducted that
would include using these feedstuff for formulating ration base on their analytical nutrient
content.
Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013
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Growth Performance of Colored Broilers Given Commercial Ration Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Tubers, Mungo Beans and Golden Kuok Meat
DACUSOL, RUTH K. APRIL 2013