BIBLIOGRAPHY PALAROAN, GINALYN U. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PALAROAN,
GINALYN
U.
APRIL 2006. Agronomic Characters of Potato
Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Belinda A. Tad-awan, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the BSU Experimental area and aimed to: determine
the best performing potato entry applied with organic fertilizer; determine the kind of
organic fertilizer that will produce plants with high yield under La Trinidad, Benguet
condition; determine the best combination of potato entry and organic fertilizer that will
effect high yield and resistance to insects and diseases; and determine the economics of
potato production using different entries and organic fertilizers.
Only entries 676070 and 5.19.2.2 were highly vigorous at 45 DAP. Plants applied
with BSU compost were more vigorous than those plants applied with sunflower compost
and not applied with any organic fertilizer.
As to resistance to late blight, entry 5.19.2.2 was observed to be the most resistant
among the ten entries. The application of BSU compost and sunflower may have
contributed to the resistance of the potato plants. Different result was obtained for
resistance to leafminer. Most of the potato entries were resistant except for entries
676070 and 285411.2 which were moderately resistant. Plants applied with BSU
compost have intermediate resistance to leafminer.
Based on marketable yield, entry 676089 produced the highest. Plants applied
with BSU compost produced the highest marketable yield.
The dry matter content (DMC) of tubers significantly varied among the entries.
All entries however, had more than 18 % DMC of tubers, a characteristic for processing
potato. Entry 5.19.2.2 displayed the highest DMC. Plants applied with BSU compost
and sunflower and plants not applied with any inorganic fertilizer had similar DMC.
The cost and return analysis shows that seed tuber production is more profitable
than table potato production using the different potato entries applied with organic
fertilizers.
Further, it was shown that non-application of organic fertilizer is more profitable
that applying compost. Entry 606089 not applied with any organic fertilizers registered
the highest return on cash expense.
Based on the results, entry 676089 could be recommended for organic potato
production under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. Non-application of organic fertilizer is
possible for potato production under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Importance of Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Effect of Organic Fertilizers in Benguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Compost and Sunflower as
Organic Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Evaluation of Potato Varieties Using Organic Fertilizer
Under Philippine Highland Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Soil Chemical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Plant Vigor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Late Blight Incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Leafminer Incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Weight of Marketable Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Non-marketable Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Total Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Dry Matter Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Cost and Return Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
iii
Seed Tuber Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Table Potato Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
iv
INTRODUCTION
In the Philippines, potato is a high priority crop because of its potential yield and
nutritional value. Potato is a rich source of carbohydrates, protein and other vitamins and
minerals. It is mainly cultivated in Benguet and some parts of Mountain Province, where
currently some 5,000 hectares are devoted to the crop (Batt, 1999).
Potato production is a profitable venture in the Philippine highlands. This is
because it is very much adapted under temperate climate and has a high market value.
Potato requires a high capital due to the increasing price of pesticides and fertilizers, thus
production is not sustainable. To have sustained production, search for an alternative
practice that could reduce the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers should be done.
Chemically produce pesticides and fertilizers are costly and if not managed properly may
contribute significantly to environmental pollution (DA, 2003).
Alternative practices such as the use of organic fertilizers may help in
supplementing essential nutrients in the soils and not to harm human body as well as to
the environment. Compost is commonly used by farmers as a replacement for chemical
fertilizers. Another cheap organic fertilizer in the highlands is wild sunflower. Wild
sunflower is bountiful in the highlands and commonly used in vegetables and rice
paddies (CECAP, 2000). Despite the importance of wild sunflower as organic fertilizer,
there are no data available showing its efficiency on potato production.
Compost and wild sunflower are alternative fertilizers to be used in organic
farming. Researchers claim that the use of organic fertilizers assures the farmers of lower
production costs, and as a fertilizer it ensures vigorous growth of the plant. Organic
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
2
fertilizer application also helps control soil borne diseases, improve soil properties and
helps maintain stable soil nutrients.
One important aspect in organic farming is the selection of varieties that are
resistant to pest and diseases and high yielding. Selection of potato entries that possess
such characteristics may help increase the organic potato production in the Philippine
highlands.
The study was conducted to:
1. determine the best performing potato entry applied with organic fertilizers
based on yield and resistance to pest and diseases;
2. determine the kind of organic fertilizer that will produced plants with high
yield under La Trinidad Benguet condition;
3. determine the best combination of organic fertilizer and potato entry that will
give the best performance in terms of yield and resistance to insects and diseases; and
4. determine the economics of potato production using different entries and
organic fertilizers.
The study was conducted at the BSU Experimental Station, Balili La Trinidad
Benguet from November 2005 to February 2006.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Importance of Organic Matter
According to Parnes (1986), organic matter is principally a source of nitrogen,
phosphorous and sulfur nutrients when soil organisms require and retain most of the
calcium, magnesium and potassium in decaying residues as discarded by the soil
organism during the first stages of decomposition and these nutrients are quickly
available to plants.
Poincelot (1980) stated that decomposition or organic matter by microorganisms
release nutrients, inducing trace elements needed for crop production. While not enough
for complete maintenance, it does help to offset fertilizer needs. The organic matter
removed after degradation, a stabilized form resistant to microbial attack known as
humus.
The specific effect of organic matter upon structure arises from its contribution to
the development of soil aggregates. Improvement in soil aggregation result in better root
development and lesser amount of energy to work the soil. A direct relationship between
organic matter and the population and distribution of beneficial soil biota is also noted.
The most productive agricultural soil posses good structure, considerable on exchange
capacity and water retention, and high populations of beneficial microorganisms, all
depends upon the presence of organic matter (OTA, 1982).
Increased organic matter in the soil can also reduce the loss of soil. An average of
1 % in soil organic matter can decrease the potential of soil erosion by 10 %. Such
increase in soil organic matter is possible with continuous organic practices of manure
applications and grass-legume potato (Cooke, 1977).
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
4
Effect of Organic Fertilizers in Benguet
Based on the study by Galagal (2002) at Sablan on sweetpotatoes, application of
hog manure, chicken manure and BSU compost had a significant effect on root yield on
the different varieties of sweetpotato. The result implies that application of chicken
manure and BSU compost are best in sweetpotato production under Sablan, Benguet
condition.
According to Balaoing and Lagman (2003), the use of vermicompost as fertilizer
provides necessary nutrients in growing pechay. Also vermicompost is also a good
potting media for onions.
Eslao (1996) found that cabbage applied with 12 tons/ha chicken manure plus
organic fertilizers under La Trinidad condition produced higher average weight of heads
and marketable yield. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed on the
solidity of cabbage head as affected by organic fertilization.
In carnation, Andaya (1999) reported that pure BSU compost and BSU compost +
garden soil (4:1) proved to be the best growing media for cutflowers. The plants produce
more number of flowers, have increased stem length, have improved quality of
marketable cut flowers and had the biggest bloom of flowers.
Compost and Sunflower as
Organic Fertilizer
Compost, contains reasonable levels of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium,
silica as well as enough carbon or fibrous material to improve the physical, chemical and
biological properties of soil. It is also used to improve soil conditions in various ways. It
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
5
granulates the soil particles and make it loses for easy tillage, and improves soil drainage
aside from being a good source of plant nutrients.
Different composts have varying compositions in a study conducted by Bureau of
Soil and Water Management (1994). It was found that mushroom compost can provide
necessary nutrient for growing. It contains 17.5 % of organic matter, 5 % of nitrogen,
310 % ppm phosphorous and 365 ppm potassium and pH of 7.2 % (Cuyahon, 1996).
According Balaoing (2006), BSU compost contains 5 % of nitrogen, 3 % phosphorous
and 2 % potassium. Alnus compost contains 50 % organic matter, 2.5 % nitrogen, 7.0 %
phosphorous, 3.36 % potassium and pH of 4.6 % as cited by Mercado (1996). Abadilla
(1982) as cited by Baldo (1989)) claimed that the nitrogen content of Azolla varies
according to season and entry. Under high temperature growth is fast and nitrogen
content is higher than when it is cold which are as follows: 4-5 % nitrogen, 6.5-6.9 %
phosphorous, 2.0-2.5 % potassium and with a pH of 7-8 %.
In the absence of manure, wild sunflower can be a perfect starter of compost that
hastens decompositions, it also increases the nutrient content of the soil. It s a rich source
of nitrogen has high rate of mineralization – the conversion of nitrogen into ammonium
and nitrate which are needed by plants. The use of wild sunflower as pure organic
fertilizer in rice production proves to be the most effective among the other organic
matter as registered the highest yield of about 5 t/ha. Sunflower also provides rice plants
with more nitrogen on the tillering stage (Gado, 2006).
Based on the study by Baldo (1989) the initial and final height of potato plants
were significantly affected by Azolla and sunflower fertilization. There were no
significant differences observed among treatments involving combination of compost
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
6
(azolla and sunflower). Application of 25 % sunflower + 75 % inorganic fertilizer gave
the highest mean height of the potato but application of 100 % sunflower compost
resulted to high pH of the soil.
Furthermore, Durante (1982) found that in garden pea, plants applied with 2 and 8
tons of wild sunflower per hectare and control plants registered the highest at harvest, the
nitrogen content of the soil increased as the rates of wild sunflower was raised. The
application of wild sunflower significantly affected the green pod yield, height of plants
and the number and weight of the root nodules of the plants at flowering and harvest.
Evaluation of Potato Varieties Using Organic Fertilizer
Under Philippine Highland Condition
In an study by Pandosen (1980) results show that potato plants not applied with
organic matter were stunted compared to the treated ones which are vigorous, thus,
organic matter plays a role similar to that of nitrogen with regard to the growth and yield
of the plants. The application of nitrogen produced vigorous plants and helped on the
tuber formation. Apparently, an increase in the absorption of nitrogen by plants as
followed by an increase in leaf area, and its in turn must be followed by an increase in the
potassium of carbohydrates are to be made insufficient quantities for normal protein
production for the tubers comparable to the amount of nitrogen absorbed.
Further, Toledo (1982) found that application of different rates of organic matter
had a highly significant effect on the growth and yield of potatoes. The tallest plants
were obtained from the application of 3 cans/pot. Those fertilized with organic matter
beyond 3 cans/pot tend to be smaller. In yield, the heaviest mean was obtained from
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
7
plants treated with 4 cans of organic matter. Beyond this level, tuber yield tend to
decrease.
Campiwer (1999) found that different mixtures of organic fertilizers significantly
affected the height of the potato plants and the weight of extra large potato tubers, but not
on small, big and large tubers. Application and formulation of 6 tons/ha chicken dung, 6
tons/ ha horse manure, 6 tons/ha pig manure and 6 tons/ha fresh sunflower enhanced
taller and total yield of potato per plot. It also improved the physical and chemical
properties of the soil and proved to be the best combination to enhance the growth and
yield of potato.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Planting Materials
Ten potato entries grown from rooted stem cuttings were acquired from Northern
Philippines Root Crops Research and Training Center (NPRCRTC). These entries were
selections from an observational trial for organic production at Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet in September 2005. These entries were selected by farmers and researchers
based on yield and resistance to pests and diseases.
Land Preparation and Application of Organic Fertilizers
The area (450 m2) have been used for organic production for the last three years.
The area was thoroughly prepared and was divided into three blocks. Each block
consisted of thirty plots measuring 1 m x 5 m. Figure 1 shows the overview of the farm.
Compost acquired from the Benguet State University was applied at a rate of 5
kg/5 m2 two weeks before planting.
Wild sunflower was collected within the locality. Stem and leaves were cut into
small pieces using a shredder machine. The shredded sunflower materials were applied
at 5 kg/5 m2 one month before planting.
Layout of the Experiment
The study was laid out in 3 X 10 factor factorial arranged in randomized complete
block design (RCBD) with three replications. Potato entries, served as Factor A and
organic fertilizer as Factor B.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
9
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
10
Factor A: Potato Entries:
ENTRY SOURCE
IP84007.67 CIP,
Peru
676070 CIP,
Peru
575003 CIP,
Peru
385411.22 CIP,
Peru
5.19.2.1 Philippines
573275 CIP,
Peru
676089 CIP,
Peru
5.19.2.2 Philippines
Kennebec USA
Ganza CIP,
Peru
Factor B: Organic Fertilizers
T1 – Control (no organic fertilizer)
T2 – BSU compost
T3 – Wild sunflower (Titonia diversifolia)
Planting
Potato rooted stem cuttings were planted at a distance of 25 cm between hills and
30 cm between rows.
Cultural Management Practices
Cultural management practices were merely organic that is; synthetic pesticide
and fertilizers were not used during the study. Instead, marigold was planted to act as
insect repellant. Corn was planted around the area to serve as barrier and encourage
diversity. Yellow traps were established in the area to minimize the occurrence of leaf
miner. Other cultural management practices such as irrigation and weeding were
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
11
employed during the study. Botanical fungicide was sprayed at a rate of 6-8 tsp at 60
days after planting (DAP). Hilling-up was done at 30 DAP.
Data gathered were the following:
1. Soil analysis. Soil samples were taken before land preparation and after
harvest to determine soil chemical properties such as pH, organic matter, nitrogen,
phosphorous and potassium content. Soil samples were brought to the Bureau of Soils
Pacdal, Baguio City for analysis.
2. Plant vigor. This was recorded at 30 and 45 DAP using the following scale
(CIP, 2000):
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1
Very poor growth
2 Poor
growth
3 Moderately
vigorous
4 Vigorous
5 Highly
vigorous
3. Late blight incidence. Observation started during the vegetative stage at 45,
60 and 75 DAP using the rating scale by Henfling (1982):
CIP
DESCRIPTION OF CORRESPONDING
BLIGHT
SCALE1] SYMPTOMS
0
1
No blight can be seen.
0.1-1.0
2
Not more than two lesions per 10 m of row +/-30
plants up to small lesions per plant.
3.1-10.00
3
Up to 30 small lesions per plant or 1 lesions per 20
leaflet attacked.
10.1-24.0
4
Most plants are viable attacked by late blight, 1 or 3
leaflets infected but few multiple infection per
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
12
leaflet.
25.0-29.0
5
Nearly every leaflet have lesions, multiple infections
per leaflet is common. Field or plot looks green, but
plants in plots infected.
55.0-74.0
6
All plants have blight and half the leaf area is
infected. Plots looks green, freckled and brown
blight is very obvious.
75.0-90.0
7
As previous, but ¾ of each plant have blight, lower
branches may be overwhelming filled of, and the
only green leaves of any are the top of the plants.
Shade of the plant maybe more and spindly due to
extensive foliage loss. That looks neither brown nor
green.
91.0-97.0
8
Some leaves and most stems are green. Plots look
down brown with some green patches.
98.0-99.9
9
Few green leaves, almost all that remark are those
with blight lesions. Many stem lesion, plot looks
brown. All leaves and stem are dead.
100.0
9
All leaves and stem dead.
1] Description: 1-Highly resistant; 2-3 Resistant; 4-5 Moderately resistant;
6-7 Moderately susceptible; 8-9 Susceptible.
4. Leaf miner incidence. The appearance of leaf miner was observed at 45, 60
and 75 DAP (CIP, 2000):
SCALE DESCRIPTION
REMARKS
1
Less infested (1-20 %)
Resistant
2
Infested (20-40 %)
Moderately resistant
3 Moderately
infested
Intermediate
4 Severely
infested
(41-60
%) Moderately
susceptible
5 Most
serious
Susceptible
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
13
5. Weight of marketable tubers per plant (g). All tubers that have marketable
size not malformed, free from cuts, cracks, free from diseases and without more than 10
% greening of the total surface were counted and weighed at harvest.
6. Weight of non-marketable tubers per plant (g). This was obtained by counting
all tubers that are marble in size, malformed, disease infested and has 10 % or more
greening.
7. Total yield per plant (g). This was the sum of weight of the marketable and
non-marketable tubers.
8. Dry matter content (%). Dry matter content of potato tubers were taken using
the following formula:
DMC = 100 % - % MC
Where: FW - DW
% MC =
x 100
FW
9. Cost and return analysis. These are the production cost, gross income, net
profit and return on cash expense (ROCE). ROCE was computed using the following
formula:
Net
profit
ROCE = Total cost of production X 100
Data Analysis
All quantitative data was analyzed using analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in 3 x 10
factorial in randomized complete design (RCBD) with three replications. The
significance of difference among treatment means was tested using the Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soil Chemical Properties
The initial and final analysis of the soil taken from the experimental are shown in
Table 1.
The initial pH of the soil was 6.31 with organic matter content of 2.5 %. The
nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content of the soil are 0.12 %, 124 ppm and 308
ppm, respectively.
The soil applied with sunflower had an increased pH. This confirms the findings
of Baldo (1989) that application of 100 % sunflower would increase the pH level of the
soil. The organic matter content of the soil had increased and this could be due to the
addition of organic materials. The phosphorous content of the soil applied with BSU
compost and sunflower had increased from 118 to 124 ppm. The potassium content of
soil had increased from 308 ppm to 375 ppm.
Table 1. Soil analysis before and after planting
OM
N
P
K
pH
(%)
(%)
(ppm)
(ppm)
Before
planting
6.31 2.5 0.12 124 308
After
planting
Control
6.25 2.5 0.12 118 373
BSU
compost
6.57 2.8 0.14 124 333
Wild
sunflower 7.21 3.0 0.15 123 375
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
15
Plant Vigor
Effect of potato entries. There were no significant differences observed among
the ten potato entries on plant vigor at 30 DAP. At 45 DAP, only entries 676070 and
5.19.2.2 were vigorous while the other entries were moderately vigorous.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 2 shows the plant vigor of ten potato entries as
affected by different organic fertilizers. At 30 and 45 DAP, plants applied with BSU
compost were significantly more vigorous than those plants with no organic fertilizer and
sunflower.
Interaction
effect. There were no significant interaction of potato entries and
organic fertilizers on the plant vigor.
Table 2. Plant vigor at 30 and 45 DAP of ten potato entries as affected by different
organic fertilizers
PLANT VIGOR
TREATMENT
30 DAP
45 DAP
Entry (A)
IP84004.87 2b
3b
676070 2b
4a
575003 3a
3b
285411.22 3a
3b
5.19.2.1 2b
3b
5732.75 3a
3b
676089 2b
3b
5.19.2.2 3a
4a
Kennebec 3a
3b
Ganza 3a
3b
Organic fertilizer (A)
Control 2b
3b
BSU compost
3a
4a
Sunflower
2b
3b
AxB ns
ns
CV (%)
25.31
22.41
Means followed with the same letters are not significantly different by DMRT (P < 0.05).
Description: 1-Very poor growth; 2-Poor growth; 3- Moderately vigorous; 4 Vigorous; 5-Highly
vigorous.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
16
Late Blight Incidence
Effect of potato entries. Table 3 shows the reaction of ten potato entries as
affected by different organic fertilizers to late blight. Entry 5.19.2.2 was highly resistant
to late blight compared with the other entries which were rated resistant at 45 DAP.
There were no significant differences among the potatoes entries at 60 and 75 DAP for
late blight resistances, however, entries 5.19.2.1 and 5.19.2.2 were observed to be
resistant.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with sunflower, BSU compost and
control were resistant to late blight infection at 45, 60 and 75 DAP. It was observed that
plants applied with BSU compost were moderately resistant. This implies that the use of
BSU compost made the plants stronger and may have caused the delay of late blight
infection in the plants.
Table 3. Late blight incidence of ten potato entries as affected by different organic
fertilizers
LATE BLIGHT RATING
TREATMENT
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
Entry (A)
IP84004.87
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
676070
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
575003
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
285411.22
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
5.19.2.1
Resistant Resistant
Resistant
5732.75
Resistant Resistant
Moderately
resistant
676089
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
5.19.2.2
Highly resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Kennebec
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
Ganza
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Organic fertilizer (A)
Control
Resistant Moderately
susceptible Moderately
susceptible
BSU compost
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Sunflower
Resistant Moderately
susceptible Moderately
susceptible
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
17
Leafminer Incidence
Effect of potato entries. Table 4 shows that at 45 DAP, most of the potato entries
were resistant except for entries 676070 and 285411.22 which were moderately resistant
to leafminer. At 65 DAP, most entries have moderate resistance to leafminer however,
IP84004.67 was moderately susceptible. Infestation of leafminer had increased at 75
DAP.
Effect of organic fertilizer. It was observed that plants applied with BSU compost
and sunflower were moderately resistant to leafminer at 45 DAP and 60 DAP, however at
75 DAP plants applied with BSU compost had intermediate resistance, while plants not
applied with any organic fertilizer sunflower were moderately resistant to insect pests.
Table 4. Reaction to leafminer infestation at 45 and 75 DAP of ten potato entries as
affected by different organic fertilizers
TREATMENT
LEAFMINER
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
Entry (A)
IP84004.87
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
676070
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant Moderately
susceptible
575003
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately susceptible
285411.22
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Susceptible
5.19.2.1
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
5732.75
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
676089
Resistant Resistant Intermediate
5.19.2.2
Resistant Resistant Moderately
resistant
Kennebec
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
Ganza
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Organic fertilizer (A)
Control
Resistant Intermediate
Moderately
susceptible
BSU compost
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Intermediate
Sunflower
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant Moderately
susceptible
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
18
Weight of Marketable Yield
Effect of potato entries. Results show that entry 676089 numerically produced
the heaviest marketable tubers. Entry 573275 registered the least mean weight (Table 5).
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with BSU compost numerically
produced the heaviest potato tubers. Plants with no organic fertilizers produced the least
weight of marketable tubers. The heavy tubers produced from plants applied with BSU
compost could be attributed to more nutrients (Balaoing, 2006).
Interaction
effect. There were no significant interaction between the ten potato
entries and different organic fertilizers on marketable tubers of the plant.
Non-marketable Yield
Effect of potato entries. Entry 676089 produced the heaviest non-marketable
tubers.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with BSU compost, sunflower and
control did not significantly differ on non-marketable yield.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction between the ten potato
entries and organic fertilizers on the weight of non-marketable tubers of the plant.
Total Yield
Effect of potato entries. Entry 676089 produced the highest total yield of potato
tubers followed by entry 575003. The least yield was obtained from entry 5732.75.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with BSU compost produced the
highest total yield, followed by plants applied with sunflower. Plants with not fertilizers
gave the least total yield of potato which could be due to the absence of organic matter
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
19
that can be used by the plants to enhance tuberization. Figure 2 shows the harvested
tubers from plants applied with the different organic fertilizers.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction between the ten potato
entries and different organic fertilizers on the total yield of potato.
Table 5. Marketable, non-marketable and total yield of ten potato entries as affected by
different organic fertilizers
YIELD
TREATMENT
(g/plant)
MARKETABLE NON-MARKETABLE
TOTAL
Entry (A)
IP84004.87 23
2
25
676070 29 1 30
575003 39 1 37
285411.22 24 2
26
5.19.2.1 30 2 32
5732.75 19 1 20
676089 39 3 42
5.19.2.2 27 1 28
Kennebec 29 1
30
Ganza 26
1 27
Organic fertilizer (A)
Control 23b 2 25
BSU compost
35a 2 37
Sunflower
27b 1 28
AxB ns
ns
ns
CV (%)
27.42
32.93
26.46
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
20
676089
Ganza
a. Entry 676089 not applied with any
b. Ganza applied with BSU compost
organic fertilizer
575003
c. Entry 575003 applied with sunflower
Figure 2. Representative entries applied with organic fertilizers
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
21
Dry Matter Content
Effect of potato entries. Table 6 shows the dry matter content of potato tubers.
Entry 5.19.2.2 gave the highest dry matter content of tubers but comparable to entry
676089. The least was obtained from entry 676070. The dry matter content of the potato
tubers were observed to be good for processing of chips since it ranges from 18 to 24 %.
Effect of organic fertilizers. As shown in Table 6, there were no significant
differences on the dry matter content of tubers. Plants had similar DMC of 21 %.
Interaction
effect. There were no significant interaction between the ten potato
entries and the different organic fertilizers.
Table 6. Dry matter content of potato tubers as affected by different organic fertilizers
TREATMENT DMC
(%)
Entry (A)
IP84004.87 21bcd
676070 19d
575003 22abc
285411.22 20cd
5.19.2.1 21bcd
5732.75 22abc
676089 23ab
5.19.2.2 24a
Kennebec 21bcd
Ganza 20cd
Organic fertilizer (A)
Control 21
BSU compost
21
Sunflower
21
AxB ns
CV (%)
7.22
Means followed with the same letters are not significantly different by DMRT (P
< 0.05).
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
22
Cost and Return Analysis
Seed Tuber Production
Effect of potato entries. Entry IP84004.87 produced the highest ROCE of 109.80
followed by entry 676089 (106.36 %) and the least was obtained from Kennebec (37.57
%). High ROCE of the two potato entries are due to high yield of seed tubers.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants not applied with any organic fertilizers
registered the highest ROCE of 236.39 %. This is due to low cost of production and no
cost of fertilizers. It was observed that plants applied with BSU compost registered the
lowest ROCE of 17.90 %. This is due to high cost of production and fertilizer. Plants
applied with sunflower has a ROCE of 81.84 %.
Table 7a. Cost and return analysis of ten potato entries for seed tuber production as
affected by different organic fertilizers (per 5m2)
GROSS
YIELD
TOTAL
NET
ROCE
TREATMENT
SALE
(5m2)
EXPENSES INCOME
(%)
(Php)
Entry
(A)
IP84004.87 61.00
122.00
58.15
63.85
109.80
676070 51.00
102.00
58.15
43.85
75.40
575003
48.00 96.00 58.15
37.85
65.09
285411.22 52.00
104.00
58.15
45.85
78.84
5.19.2.1
48.00 96.00 58.15
37.85
85.09
5732.75
47.00 94.00 58.15
35.85
61.65
676089 60.00
120.00
58.15
61.85
106.36
5.19.2.2 56.00
112.00
58.15
53.85
92.60
Kennebec
40.00 80.00 58.15
21.85
37.57
Ganza
41.00 82.00 58.15
23.85
41.01
Organic
fertilizer
(A)
Control
43.90 87.80 26.10
61.70
236.39
BSU
compost 48.50 97.00 82.27
14.73
17.90
Sunflower 60.10
120.20
66.10
54.1
81.84
*Total expenses include: cost of fertilizer, botanical fungicide, planting materials, fuel for
irrigation, labor cost for land preparation, weeding, irrigation and other activities.
**Selling price was P 2.00/tuber.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
23
Interaction effect. Among the three organic fertilizer used and ten potato entries,
plants with no fertilizers and entry 676089 registered the highest ROCE for seed tuber
production (Table 7b).
Table 7b. Cost and return analysis of potato seed tuber production (per 5m2)
GROSS
YIELD
TOTAL
NET
ROCE
TREATMENT
SALE
(5m2)
EXPENSES INCOME
(%)
(Php)
Control
IP84004.87 45
90
26.10
63.90
244.82
676070 48
96
26.10
65.90
267.81
575003 44
88
26.10
61.90
237.16
285411.22 47
94
26.10
67.90
260.15
5.19.2.1 43
86
26.10
59.90
229.50
5732.75
52 104 26.10
77.90
298.46
676089
53 106 26.10
82.90
306.13
5.19.2.2 48
96
26.10
69.90
267.81
Kennebec 38
76
26.10
49.90
191.18
Ganza 21
42
26.10
15.90
60.91
BSU compost
IP84004.87 40
80
82.27
-2.27
-2.75
676070
60 120 82.27
37.73
45.86
575003 43
86
82.27
3.73
4.53
285411.22 47
94
82.27
11.73
14.25
5.19.2.1
50 100 82.27
11.73
21.55
5732.75 32
64
82.27
-18.27
-22.20
676089
54 108 82.27
25.73
31.27
5.19.2.2 48
96
82.27
13.73
16.68
Kennebec 44
88
82.27
5.73
6.96
Ganza
59 118 82.27
35.73
43.43
Sunflower
IP84004.87
89 178 66.10
111.90
169.28
676070 46
92
66.10
25.90
39.18
575003
58 116 66.10
49.90
75.49
285411.22
63 126 66.10
59.90
90.62
5.19.2.1
50 100 66.10
33.90
51.28
5732.75
58 116 66.10
49.90
75.49
676089
72 144 66.10
77.90
117.85
5.19.2.2
72 144 66.10
77.90
117.85
Kennebec 37
76
66.10
9.90
14.97
Ganza
56 112 66.10
45.90
69.44
*Total expenses include: cost of fertilizer, botanical fungicide, planting materials, fuel for irrigation, labor
cost for land preparation, weeding, irrigation and other activities.
**Selling price was P 2.00/tuber.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
24
Table Potato Production
Effect of potato entries. Table 8a shows that negative ROCE was obtained from
all the entries. Numerically, the highest ROCE was obtained from entry 573275 (-59.41
%). The negative ROCE could be due to low yield and high cost of production.
Effect of organic fertilizers. It was observed that plants not applied with any
organic fertilizer gave the lowest ROCE. Highest ROCE was obtained from plants
applied with BSU compost (-61.10 %)
Interaction effect. Among the combinations of ten potato entries and different
organic fertilizers, Kennebec not applied with any organic fertilizer exhibited the highest
ROCE (56.32 %) followed by entry 676089 not also applied with any organic fertilizer.
Low ROCE was obtained from the other treatment combinations. This could be due to
low yield and high cost of production (Table 8b).
Table 8a. Cost and return analysis of ten potato entries for table potato production as
affected by different organic fertilizers (per 5m2)
TREATMENT
YIELD
GROSS SALE
TOTAL
NET
ROCE
(5m2)
(Php)
EXPENSES
INCOME
(%)
Entry
(A)
IP84004.87 0.71
28.40
58.15
-29.75
-51.16
676070 0.87
34.80
58.15
-23.35
-40.15
575003 1.07
42.80
58.15
-15.35
-26.39
285411.22 0.72
28.80
58.15
-29.35
-50.47
5.19.2.1 0.89
35.60
58.15
-2.55
-38.77
5732.75 0.59
23.60
58.15
-21.55
-59.41
676089 1.16
46.40
58.15
-11.75
-20.20
5.19.2.2 0.82
32.80
58.15
-25.35
-43.59
Kennebec 0.88
35.20
58.15
-22.95
-39.46
Ganza 0.77
30.80
58.15
-27.35
-47.03
Organic
fertilizer
(A)
Control 0.63
25.20
26.10
-0.74
-28.35
BSU compost
0.80
32.00
82.27
-50.27
-61.10
Sunflower 1.04
41.60
66.10
-24.50
-37.06
*Total expenses include: cost of fertilizer, botanical fungicide, planting materials, fuel for irrigation, labor
cost for land preparation, weeding, irrigation and other activities.
**Selling price was P 40.00/tuber.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
25
Table 8b. Cost and return analysis for table potato production (per 5m2)
GROSS
YIELD
TOTAL
NET
ROCE
TREATMENT
SALE
(5m2)
EXPENSES INCOME
(%)
(Php)
Control
IP84004.87
0.48 19.20 26.10
-6.90
-26.43
676070
0.72 29.00 26.10 2.90
11.11
575003
0.75 30.00 26.00 3.90
14.94
285411.22
0.51 20.10 26.10
-6.00
-23.37
5.19.2.1
0.63 25.20 26.10
-0.90
-3.44
5732.75
0.48 19.20 26.10
-6.90
-26.43
676089
0.99 39.60 26.10
13.50
51.72
5.19.2.2
0.9 27.60 26.10 1.50 5.74
Kennebec
1.02 40.80 26.10
14.70
56.32
Ganza
0.72 29.00 26.10 2.90
11.11
BSU
compost
IP84004.87
0.54 21.60 82.27
-60.67
-73.74
676070
1.08 43.20 82.27
-39.07
-47.48
575003
1.47 58.80 82.27
23.47
-28.52
285411.22
0.87 34.80 82.27
-47.47
-57.70
5.19.2.1
1.11 44.00 82.27
-37.87
-46.03
5732.75
0.45 18.00 82.27
-64.27
-78.12
676089
0.60 24.00 82.27
-28.27
-70.82
5.19.2.2
0.69 27.60 82.27
-54.67
-66.45
Kennebec
0.54 21.60 82.27
-60.67
-73.74
Ganza
0.69 27.60 82.27
-57.67
-66.45
Sunflower
IP84004.87
1.11 44.40 66.10
-21.70
-32.82
676070
0.81 32.40 66.10
-33.70
-50.98
575003
0.99 39.60 66.10
-26.50
-40.09
285411.22
0.78 31.20 66.10
-34.90
-52.79
5.19.2.1
0.93 37.20 66.10
-28.90
-43.72
5732.75
0.84 33.60 66.10
-32.50
-49.16
676089 1.89
75.60
66.10
9.50
14.37
5.19.2.2 1.08
43.20
66.10
-22.90
-34.64
Kennebec 1.08
43.20
66.10
-22.90
-34.64
Ganza 0.90
36.00
66.10
-30.10
-45.53
*Total expenses include: cost of fertilizer, botanical fungicide, planting materials, fuel for
irrigation, labor cost for land preparation, weeding, irrigation and other activities.
**Selling price was P 40.00/tuber.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Agronomic characters of ten potato entries applied with different organic
fertilizers were assessed at BSU Experimental station, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from
November 2005 to February 2006. The objectives were to: determine the best
performing potato entry applied with organic fertilizers based on yield and resistance to
pest and diseases; determine the kind of organic fertilizer that will produce the highest
yield in potato under La Trinidad, Benguet condition; determine the combination of
organic fertilizer and potato entry that will give the best performance in terms of yield
and determine the economics of using organic fertilizer on the different potato entries.
Among the ten potato entries, 676070 and 5.19.2.2 were the most vigorous.
Entries 5.19.2.1 and 2.19.2.2 were the most resistant to late blight at 75 DAP. Entry
676089 had intermediate resistance to leafminer. In terms of yield entry 676089
produced the highest total yield and dry matter content but not significantly different with
entry 5.19.2.2. Entry 676089 obtained the highest ROCE sold as seed tubers and table
potato.
Plants applied with BSU compost where the most vigorous and had intermediate
resistance to leafminer infestation and late blight incidence. In terms of yield, plants
applied with BSU compost produced the highest marketable and total yield. Dry matter
content was not significantly different among plants applied with BSU compost,
sunflower and those plants not applied with any organic fertilizer. Plants not applied
with any organic fertilizer registered the highest ROCE for seed tuber production.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
27
There were no significant interaction observed among the ten potato entries as
affected by the different organic fertilizers on all the parameters measured. However,
numerically, the best combination based on marketable and total yield is entry 676089
applied with sunflower.
Conclusion
Plants applied with BSU compost produced the highest yield in potato under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition. Entry 676089 was the best performing potato entry in terms
of yield and resistance to pests and diseases. Entry 676089 not applied with any organic
fertilizers was the best performing combination in terms of yield and ROCE for seed
tuber and table potato production. The use of organic fertilizers on the different potato
entries was profitable when sold as seed tubers.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, entry 676089 with no organic fertilizers could
be recommended for seed tuber organic production under La Trinidad condition. Entries
Kennebec and 676089 could be recommended for table potato organic production. Non-
application of organic fertilizer is possible for potato production under La Trinidad,
Benguet condition.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
28
LITERATURE CITED
ANDAYA, M.B. 1999. Cut flower quality of carnation (Red Barbara Ear.) grown at
different media using BSU formulated compost. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad
Benguet. P.21.
BALAOING J. 2006. Personal conversation. Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet.
BALAOING and LAGMAN. 2003. Performance of selected horticultural crops using
formulated vermicompost. BSU Research Journal 38: 28-34.
BATT, P.J. 1999. Potato production in the Philippines. Curtin University of Technology
in Perlin, Australia. http://www.potatocongress.org.2005.
BALDO, M.S. 1989. Comparative study of Azolla and sunflower compost combined
with inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of white potato using stem
cuttings. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 7 & 8.
CAMPIWER, R.B. 1999. Growth and yield response of potato (Solanum tuberosum) to
different mixtures of organic fertilizers and liming. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad
Benguet. Pp. 44-45.
CECAP. 2000. Highland rice production in the Philippine Cordillera. Philrice Nueva
Ecija. Pp. 122-123.
CIP, 2000. Compiled data sheet (loose sheet) CIP 2000.
COOKE. 1977. Towards a more sustainable agriculture. AVI Publishing Company, Inc.
Westport, Connecticut. P.26.
CUYAHON, R.T. (1996). Organic fertilization on strawberry (Fragaria vesca). BS
Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 6.
DA-BPI. 2003. Mychorrhiza and chicken manure: An alternative to inorganic fertilizer
application on potato. Guisad, Baguio City. Pp. 1-2.
DURANTE, B.C. 1982. Effects of different rates of wild sunflower on the grow the
growth and yield of inoculated garden pea. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet.
P. 64.
ESLAO, R.U.1996. Organic fertilizer of cabbage (Brassica oleracea). BS Thesis. BSU.
La Trinidad Benguet. P. 33.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
29
GADO, C. L. 2006. Is gong organic the best option?” Use of indigenous materials as
organic source on rice paddy soil. Philrice, Central experiment station. Maligaya
Munoz, Nueva Ecija. www.Philrice.gov.ph.
GALAGAL M.M. 2002. Varietal response of sweetpotato to organic fertilizer under La
Trinidad Benguet condition. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 16-17.
MERCADO, E.G. 1996. Influence of Alnus compost on the growth yield of potato. BS
Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 2.
OTA. 1982. Towards a more sustainable agriculture. AVI Publishing Company, Inc.
Westport, Connecticut. P. 117.
PANDOSEN, M.D. 1980. Effect of different rates of N-K and organic fertilizers on the
yield of iron potato. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 116-117.
PARNES R. 1986. Organic and inorganic fertilizers. Mt. Vernon: Woods End
Agricultural Institute. Pp. 97-120.
POINCELOT, R.1980. Towards a more sustainable agriculture. AEI Publishing
Company, Inc. Westport, Connecticut. P. 75.
TOLEDO, L.R. 1982. Growth and yield response of white potato to different kinds and
rates of organic matter under greenhouse condition. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad
Benguet. Pp. 37-38.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
30
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Plant vigor of ten potato entries as affected by different organic
fertilizers at 30 DAP
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
Fertilizer
1
E1
2 2 2 6 2
E2
3 2 2 7 2
E3
3 1 3 7 2
E4
3 3 2 8 3
E5
2 2 2 6 2
E6
3 3 2 8 3
E7
3 2 2 7 2
E8
2 2 2 6 2
E9
3 2 3 8 3
E10
3 4 2 9 3
Sub-Total
27 23 22 72 24
Fertilizer
2
E1
2 2 2 6 2
E2
3 2 3 8 3
E3
4 3 2 9 3
E4
2 3 3 8 3
E5
2 2 2 6 2
E6
2 3 3 8 3
E7
2 1 3 6 2
E8
2 3 2 8 3
E9
3 2 3 9 3
E10
3 3 3 9 3
Sub-Total
25 24 27 76 25
Fertilizer
3
E1
3 3 2 8 3
E2
1 4 3 8 3
E3
4 2 3 9 3
E4
3 3 3 9 3
E5
3 2 3 8 3
E6
4 4 4 12 4
E7
3 3 3 9 3
E8
3 3 3 9 3
E9
3 4 2 9 3
E10
5 4 3 12 4
Sub-Total
32 31 29 92 31
GRAND
TOTAL
84 78 78 240
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
31
TWO-WAY TABLE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
ENTRY
TOTAL MEAN
CONTROL COMPOST SUNFLOWER
E1 2 2 3 7
8
E2
2 3 3 8
3
E3
2 3 3 8
3
E4
3 3 3 9
3
E5
2 2 3 7
2
E6
3 3 4 10
3
E7
2 2 3 7
2
E8
2 3 3 8
3
E9
3 3 3 9
3
E10
3 3 4 10
3
TOTAL 24 25 31 80
MEAN 2.4 2.5 3.1 2.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication 2
0.689
0.344
Treatment 29
22.322
0.770
1.68ns
Entry (A)
(9)
10.322
1.147
2.50* 2.04
2.74
T (B)
(2)
8.289
4.144
9.02** 3.16
4.99
A x B
(18)
3.711
0.206
0.49ns 1.18
2.31
Error 58
26.644
0.459
TOTAL 89
49.656
** – Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 25.31 %
* – Significant
ns – Not significant
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
32
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Plant vigor of ten potato entries as affected by different organic
fertilizers at 45 DAP
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
Fertilizer
1
E1
3 3 2 8 3
E2
3 4 2 9 3
E3
4 2 3 9 3
E4
4 3 2 9 3
E5
3 2 2 7 2
E6
3 3 2 8 3
E7
3 3 3 9 3
E8
2 2 3 7 2
E9
4 2 2 8 3
E10
3 4 2 9 3
Sub-Total
32 28 23 83 28
Fertilizer
2
E1
4 2 2 8 3
E2
5 3 3 11 4
E3
4 4 2 10 3
E4
3 3 2 8 3
E5
3 2 2 7 2
E6
2 3 2 7 2
E7
3 2 2 7 2
E8
4 4 4 12 4
E9
3 3 3 9 3
E10
2 4 3 9 3
Sub-Total
33 30 25 88 29
Fertilizer
3
E1
4 4 2 10 3
E2
4 5 3 12 4
E3
4 3 3 10 3
E4
2 3 3 8 3
E5
3 3 4 10 3
E6
4 3 3 10 3
E7
5 5 3 13 4
E8
5 5 4 14 5
E9
4 5 3 12 4
E10
5 4 3 12 4
Sub-Total
40 40 31 111 37
GRAND TOTAL
105
98
79
282
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
33
TWO-WAY TABLE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
ENTRY
TOTAL MEAN
CONTROL COMPOST SUNFLOWER
E1 3 3 3 9
3
E2
3 4 4 11
4
E3
3 3 3 9
3
E4
3 3 3 9
3
E5
2 2 3 7
2
E6
3 2 3 8
3
E7
3 2 4 9
3
E8
2 4 5 11
4
E9
3 3 4 10
3
E10
3 3 4 10
3
TOTAL 28 29 36 93
MEAN 2.8 2.9 3.6 3.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication 2
12.067
6.033
Treatment 29
35.733
1.232
12.23
Entry (A)
(9)
9.511
1.057
2.14* 2.04
2.74
T (B)
(2)
14.867
7.433
15.07** 3.16
4.99
A x B
(18)
11.356
0.631
1.28ns 1.18
2.31
Error 58
28.600
0.493
TOTAL 89
76.400
** – Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 22.41 %
* – Significant
ns – Not significant
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
34
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Weight of marketable tubers as affected by different organic
fertilizers
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
Fertilizer
1
E1
12 22 13 47 16
E2
11 35 25 71 24
E3
23 25 24 72 24
E4
23 18 10 51 17
E5
17 17 30 64 21
E6
16 21 10 47 16
E7
59 22 17 98 33
E8
13 10 45 68 23
E9
26 45 30 101 34
E10
21 33 20 74 25
Sub-Total 221 248 224 693 231
Fertilizer
2
E1
28 11 15 52 18
E2
53 30 25 108 36
E3
39 11 20 70 23
E4
55 21 12 88 29
E5
75 15 20 110 37
E6
10 22 13 45 15
E7
19 14 28 61 20
E8
34 17 19 70 23
E9
21 18 15 54 18
E10
100 31 16 178 49
Sub-Total 434 190 183 624 208
Fertilizer
3
E1
40 52 18 110 37
E2
13 39 28 80 27
E3
23 20 46 89 30
E4
16 33 28 77 26
E5
11 60 21 92 31
E6
42 22 19 83 28
E7
44 66 80 190 63
E8
22 56 29 107 36
E9
35 61 13 109 36
E10
43 41 16 100 33
Sub-Total 289 450 298
1,037 346
GRAND
TOTAL 944 888 705
2,537
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
35
TWO-WAY TABLE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
ENTRY
TOTAL MEAN
CONTROL COMPOST SUNFLOWER
E1 16 18 37 71
24
E2
24 36 27 87
29
E3
24 23 30 77
26
E4
17 29 26 72
24
E5
21 37 31 89
30
E6
16 15 28 56
20
E7
33 20 63 116
39
E8
23 23 36 82
27
E9
34 18 36 88
29
E10
25 49 33 107
36
TOTAL 233 268 347 848
MEAN 23.3 26.8 34.7 28.27
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication 2
15.756
7.878
Treatment 29
71.167
2.454
Entry (A)
(9)
29.378
3.264
0.10ns 2.04 2.74
T (B)
(2)
0.622
0.311
0.75*n 3.16
4.999
A x B
(18)
41.156
2.286
1.0ns 1.81 2.31
Error 58
189.579
3.269
0.70ns
TOTAL 89
276.489
ns – Not significant
Coefficient of Variation = 32.93 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
36
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Weight of non-marketable tubers as affected by different organic
fertilizer
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
Fertilizer
1
E1
2 2 3 7 2
E2
1 1 1 3 1
E3
1 1 2 4 1
E4
1 1 5 7 2
E5
2 6 1 9 3
E6
1 1 3 5 1
E7
1 1 1 3 1
E8
1 1 1 3 1
E9
1 1 3 5 2
E10
1 1 0 2 1
Sub-Total
12 16 20 48 16
Fertilizer
2
E1
3 0 1 4 1
E2
2 1 0 3 1
E3
1 1 1 3 1
E4
3 2 0 5 2
E5
2 5 1 8 3
E6
1 1 1 3 1
E7
1 1 3 5 2
E8
3 1 1 5 2
E9
1 1 1 3 1
E10
1 1 1 3 1
Sub-Total
18 14 10 42 15
Fertilizer
3
E1
5 1 0 6 2
E2
1 1 1 3 1
E3
2 0 1 3 1
E4
3 1 0 4 1
E5
2 1 1 4 1
E6
1 1 1 3 1
E7
14 1 0 15 5
E8
3 1 1 5 2
E9
0 0 0 0 0
E10
2 1 0 3 1
Sub-Total 33
8
5
46
15
GRAND
TOTAL
63 38 35 136
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
37
TWO-WAY TABLE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
ENTRY
TOTAL MEAN
CONTROL COMPOST SUNFLOWER
E1 2 1 2 5
1
E2
1 1 1 3
1
E3
1 1 1 3
1
E4
2 2 1 5
1
E5
3 3 1 7
2
E6
1 1 1 3
1
E7
1 2 5 8
3
E8
1 2 2 5
1
E9
2 1 0 3
1
E10
1 1 1 3
1
TOTAL 15 15 15 45
MEAN 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication 2
1,041.622
520.811
Treatment 29
9,442.456
325.602
Entry (A)
(9)
2,658.456
295.384
3.62*n 2.04 2.74
T (B)
(2)
2,047.022
1,023.511
1.15*n 3.16
4.999
A x B
(18)
4,736.978
263.165
1.04ns 1.81 2.31
Error 58
16,379.711
282.409
0.93ns
TOTAL 89
26,863.789
** – Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 27.42 %
ns – Not significant
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
38
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Total yield of ten potato entries as affected by different organic
fertilizers
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
Fertilizer
1
E1
14 24 16 54 18
E2
12 36 26 74 25
E3
24 26 26 76 25
E4
24 19 15 58 19
E5
19 23 31 73 24
E6
17 22 13 52 17
E7
60 23 18 101 34
E8
13 11 46 70 23
E9
27 46 33 106 35
E10
22 34 20 76 25
Sub-Total
232 264 244 740 247
Fertilizer
2
E1
31 11 16 58 19
E2
55 31 25 111 37
E3
40 12 21 73 24
E4
58 23 12 93 31
E5
77 20 21 118 39
E6
11 23 14 48 16
E7
20 15 31 66 22
E8
37 18 20 75 25
E9
22 19 16 57 19
E10
101 32 17 150 50
Sub-Total
452 204 193 849 283
Fertilizer
3
E1
45 53 18 116 39
E2
14 40 29 83 28
E3
25 20 47 92 31
E4
19 34 28 81 27
E5
13 61 22 93 32
E6
43 23 20 86 29
E7
58 67 80 205 68
E8
25 57 30 112 37
E9
35 61 13 109 36
E10
45 42 16 103 34
Sub-Total
322 458 303 1,083 361
GRAND TOTAL
1,006
926
740
2,672
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
39
TWO-WAY TABLE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
ENTRY
TOTAL MEAN
CONTROL COMPOST SUNFLOWER
E1 18 19 39 76
25
E2
25 37 28 90
30
E3
25 24 31 80
27
E4
19 31 27 77
26
E5
24 39 32 95
32
E6
17 16 29 62
21
E7
34 22 68 124
41
E8
23 25 37 85
28
E9
35 19 36 90
30
E10
25 50 34 109
36
TOTAL 245 282 361
MEAN 24.5 28.2 36.1 29.6
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2
124.689
620.844
Treatment 29
10,117.956
348.895
1.27
Entry (A)
(9)
2,819.733
313.304
1.14ns 3.16 4.99
T (B)
(2)
2,047.622
1,023.811
3.03ns 2.04 2.74
A x B
(18)
5,250.660
291.700
1.06ns 1.81 2.31
Error 58
15,921.64
274.511
1.56ns
TOTAL 89
27,281.289
ns – Not significant
Coefficient of Variation = 26.46 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
40
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Dry matter content of potato tubers as affected by different
organic fertilizers
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
Fertilizer
1
E1
21 22 21 64 21
E2
22 21 22 65 22
E3
16 19 25 60 20
E4
21 19 19 59 20
E5
19 21 21 61 20
E6
24 22 21 67 22
E7
24 23 24 71 24
E8
25 24 23 72 24
E9
20 20 19 59 20
E10
22 22 21 65 20
Sub-Total
214 213 216 643 20
Fertilizer
2
E1
22 22 21 65 22
E2
17 18 19 54 18
E3
20 16 18 54 18
E4
19 20 20 59 20
E5
20 20 23 63 21
E6
22 23 21 66 22
E7
23 26 22 71 24
E8
25 28 22 75 25
E9
22 22 21 65 22
E10
22 21 23 66 22
Sub-Total
212 216 210 638 213
Fertilizer
3
E1
20 21 21 62 21
E2
19 19 18 56 19
E3
21 21 21 63 21
E4
21 19 20 60 20
E5
22 22 20 64 21
E6
25 24 18 67 22
E7
21 23 23 67 22
E8
23 22 20 65 22
E9
21 22 20 63 21
E10
22 23 21 66 22
Sub-Total
215 216 202 633 211
GRAND
TOTAL
641 645 628 18
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
41
TWO-WAY TABLE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
ENTRY
TOTAL MEAN
CONTROL COMPOST SUNFLOWER
E1 21 22 21 65
21
E2
22 18 19 59
20
E3
20 18 21 59
20
E4
20 20 20 60
60
E5
20 21 21 62
21
E6
22 22 22 66
22
E7
24 24 22 70
23
E8
24 25 222 71
24
E9
20 22 21 63
21
E10
22 22 22 66
22
TOTAL 215 214 211
MEAN 21.5 21.4. 21.1 21.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication 2
5.956
2.978
Treatment 29
240.456
8.297
Entry (A)
(9)
172.900
19.2111
0.29ns 2.04 2.74
T (A)
(2)
1.356
0.678
3.61ns 3.16
4.999
A x B
(18)
66.200
3.68
8.15** 1.81 2.31
Error 58
136.711
2.357
1.56ns
TOTAL 89
383.122
** – Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 7.22 %
ns – Not significant
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
PALAROAN,
GINALYN
U.
APRIL 2006. Agronomic Characters of Potato
Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Belinda A. Tad-awan, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the BSU Experimental area and aimed to: determine
the best performing potato entry applied with organic fertilizer; determine the kind of
organic fertilizer that will produce plants with high yield under La Trinidad, Benguet
condition; determine the best combination of potato entry and organic fertilizer that will
effect high yield and resistance to insects and diseases; and determine the economics of
potato production using different entries and organic fertilizers.
Only entries 676070 and 5.19.2.2 were highly vigorous at 45 DAP. Plants applied
with BSU compost were more vigorous than those plants applied with sunflower compost
and not applied with any organic fertilizer.
As to resistance to late blight, entry 5.19.2.2 was observed to be the most resistant
among the ten entries. The application of BSU compost and sunflower may have
contributed to the resistance of the potato plants. Different result was obtained for
resistance to leafminer. Most of the potato entries were resistant except for entries
676070 and 285411.2 which were moderately resistant. Plants applied with BSU
compost have intermediate resistance to leafminer.
Based on marketable yield, entry 676089 produced the highest. Plants applied
with BSU compost produced the highest marketable yield.
The dry matter content (DMC) of tubers significantly varied among the entries.
All entries however, had more than 18 % DMC of tubers, a characteristic for processing
potato. Entry 5.19.2.2 displayed the highest DMC. Plants applied with BSU compost
and sunflower and plants not applied with any inorganic fertilizer had similar DMC.
The cost and return analysis shows that seed tuber production is more profitable
than table potato production using the different potato entries applied with organic
fertilizers.
Further, it was shown that non-application of organic fertilizer is more profitable
that applying compost. Entry 606089 not applied with any organic fertilizers registered
the highest return on cash expense.
Based on the results, entry 676089 could be recommended for organic potato
production under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. Non-application of organic fertilizer is
possible for potato production under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Importance of Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Effect of Organic Fertilizers in Benguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Compost and Sunflower as
Organic Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Evaluation of Potato Varieties Using Organic Fertilizer
Under Philippine Highland Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Soil Chemical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Plant Vigor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Late Blight Incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Leafminer Incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Weight of Marketable Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Non-marketable Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Total Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Dry Matter Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Cost and Return Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
iii
Seed Tuber Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Table Potato Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
iv
INTRODUCTION
In the Philippines, potato is a high priority crop because of its potential yield and
nutritional value. Potato is a rich source of carbohydrates, protein and other vitamins and
minerals. It is mainly cultivated in Benguet and some parts of Mountain Province, where
currently some 5,000 hectares are devoted to the crop (Batt, 1999).
Potato production is a profitable venture in the Philippine highlands. This is
because it is very much adapted under temperate climate and has a high market value.
Potato requires a high capital due to the increasing price of pesticides and fertilizers, thus
production is not sustainable. To have sustained production, search for an alternative
practice that could reduce the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers should be done.
Chemically produce pesticides and fertilizers are costly and if not managed properly may
contribute significantly to environmental pollution (DA, 2003).
Alternative practices such as the use of organic fertilizers may help in
supplementing essential nutrients in the soils and not to harm human body as well as to
the environment. Compost is commonly used by farmers as a replacement for chemical
fertilizers. Another cheap organic fertilizer in the highlands is wild sunflower. Wild
sunflower is bountiful in the highlands and commonly used in vegetables and rice
paddies (CECAP, 2000). Despite the importance of wild sunflower as organic fertilizer,
there are no data available showing its efficiency on potato production.
Compost and wild sunflower are alternative fertilizers to be used in organic
farming. Researchers claim that the use of organic fertilizers assures the farmers of lower
production costs, and as a fertilizer it ensures vigorous growth of the plant. Organic
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
2
fertilizer application also helps control soil borne diseases, improve soil properties and
helps maintain stable soil nutrients.
One important aspect in organic farming is the selection of varieties that are
resistant to pest and diseases and high yielding. Selection of potato entries that possess
such characteristics may help increase the organic potato production in the Philippine
highlands.
The study was conducted to:
1. determine the best performing potato entry applied with organic fertilizers
based on yield and resistance to pest and diseases;
2. determine the kind of organic fertilizer that will produced plants with high
yield under La Trinidad Benguet condition;
3. determine the best combination of organic fertilizer and potato entry that will
give the best performance in terms of yield and resistance to insects and diseases; and
4. determine the economics of potato production using different entries and
organic fertilizers.
The study was conducted at the BSU Experimental Station, Balili La Trinidad
Benguet from November 2005 to February 2006.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Importance of Organic Matter
According to Parnes (1986), organic matter is principally a source of nitrogen,
phosphorous and sulfur nutrients when soil organisms require and retain most of the
calcium, magnesium and potassium in decaying residues as discarded by the soil
organism during the first stages of decomposition and these nutrients are quickly
available to plants.
Poincelot (1980) stated that decomposition or organic matter by microorganisms
release nutrients, inducing trace elements needed for crop production. While not enough
for complete maintenance, it does help to offset fertilizer needs. The organic matter
removed after degradation, a stabilized form resistant to microbial attack known as
humus.
The specific effect of organic matter upon structure arises from its contribution to
the development of soil aggregates. Improvement in soil aggregation result in better root
development and lesser amount of energy to work the soil. A direct relationship between
organic matter and the population and distribution of beneficial soil biota is also noted.
The most productive agricultural soil posses good structure, considerable on exchange
capacity and water retention, and high populations of beneficial microorganisms, all
depends upon the presence of organic matter (OTA, 1982).
Increased organic matter in the soil can also reduce the loss of soil. An average of
1 % in soil organic matter can decrease the potential of soil erosion by 10 %. Such
increase in soil organic matter is possible with continuous organic practices of manure
applications and grass-legume potato (Cooke, 1977).
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
4
Effect of Organic Fertilizers in Benguet
Based on the study by Galagal (2002) at Sablan on sweetpotatoes, application of
hog manure, chicken manure and BSU compost had a significant effect on root yield on
the different varieties of sweetpotato. The result implies that application of chicken
manure and BSU compost are best in sweetpotato production under Sablan, Benguet
condition.
According to Balaoing and Lagman (2003), the use of vermicompost as fertilizer
provides necessary nutrients in growing pechay. Also vermicompost is also a good
potting media for onions.
Eslao (1996) found that cabbage applied with 12 tons/ha chicken manure plus
organic fertilizers under La Trinidad condition produced higher average weight of heads
and marketable yield. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed on the
solidity of cabbage head as affected by organic fertilization.
In carnation, Andaya (1999) reported that pure BSU compost and BSU compost +
garden soil (4:1) proved to be the best growing media for cutflowers. The plants produce
more number of flowers, have increased stem length, have improved quality of
marketable cut flowers and had the biggest bloom of flowers.
Compost and Sunflower as
Organic Fertilizer
Compost, contains reasonable levels of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium,
silica as well as enough carbon or fibrous material to improve the physical, chemical and
biological properties of soil. It is also used to improve soil conditions in various ways. It
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
5
granulates the soil particles and make it loses for easy tillage, and improves soil drainage
aside from being a good source of plant nutrients.
Different composts have varying compositions in a study conducted by Bureau of
Soil and Water Management (1994). It was found that mushroom compost can provide
necessary nutrient for growing. It contains 17.5 % of organic matter, 5 % of nitrogen,
310 % ppm phosphorous and 365 ppm potassium and pH of 7.2 % (Cuyahon, 1996).
According Balaoing (2006), BSU compost contains 5 % of nitrogen, 3 % phosphorous
and 2 % potassium. Alnus compost contains 50 % organic matter, 2.5 % nitrogen, 7.0 %
phosphorous, 3.36 % potassium and pH of 4.6 % as cited by Mercado (1996). Abadilla
(1982) as cited by Baldo (1989)) claimed that the nitrogen content of Azolla varies
according to season and entry. Under high temperature growth is fast and nitrogen
content is higher than when it is cold which are as follows: 4-5 % nitrogen, 6.5-6.9 %
phosphorous, 2.0-2.5 % potassium and with a pH of 7-8 %.
In the absence of manure, wild sunflower can be a perfect starter of compost that
hastens decompositions, it also increases the nutrient content of the soil. It s a rich source
of nitrogen has high rate of mineralization – the conversion of nitrogen into ammonium
and nitrate which are needed by plants. The use of wild sunflower as pure organic
fertilizer in rice production proves to be the most effective among the other organic
matter as registered the highest yield of about 5 t/ha. Sunflower also provides rice plants
with more nitrogen on the tillering stage (Gado, 2006).
Based on the study by Baldo (1989) the initial and final height of potato plants
were significantly affected by Azolla and sunflower fertilization. There were no
significant differences observed among treatments involving combination of compost
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
6
(azolla and sunflower). Application of 25 % sunflower + 75 % inorganic fertilizer gave
the highest mean height of the potato but application of 100 % sunflower compost
resulted to high pH of the soil.
Furthermore, Durante (1982) found that in garden pea, plants applied with 2 and 8
tons of wild sunflower per hectare and control plants registered the highest at harvest, the
nitrogen content of the soil increased as the rates of wild sunflower was raised. The
application of wild sunflower significantly affected the green pod yield, height of plants
and the number and weight of the root nodules of the plants at flowering and harvest.
Evaluation of Potato Varieties Using Organic Fertilizer
Under Philippine Highland Condition
In an study by Pandosen (1980) results show that potato plants not applied with
organic matter were stunted compared to the treated ones which are vigorous, thus,
organic matter plays a role similar to that of nitrogen with regard to the growth and yield
of the plants. The application of nitrogen produced vigorous plants and helped on the
tuber formation. Apparently, an increase in the absorption of nitrogen by plants as
followed by an increase in leaf area, and its in turn must be followed by an increase in the
potassium of carbohydrates are to be made insufficient quantities for normal protein
production for the tubers comparable to the amount of nitrogen absorbed.
Further, Toledo (1982) found that application of different rates of organic matter
had a highly significant effect on the growth and yield of potatoes. The tallest plants
were obtained from the application of 3 cans/pot. Those fertilized with organic matter
beyond 3 cans/pot tend to be smaller. In yield, the heaviest mean was obtained from
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
7
plants treated with 4 cans of organic matter. Beyond this level, tuber yield tend to
decrease.
Campiwer (1999) found that different mixtures of organic fertilizers significantly
affected the height of the potato plants and the weight of extra large potato tubers, but not
on small, big and large tubers. Application and formulation of 6 tons/ha chicken dung, 6
tons/ ha horse manure, 6 tons/ha pig manure and 6 tons/ha fresh sunflower enhanced
taller and total yield of potato per plot. It also improved the physical and chemical
properties of the soil and proved to be the best combination to enhance the growth and
yield of potato.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Planting Materials
Ten potato entries grown from rooted stem cuttings were acquired from Northern
Philippines Root Crops Research and Training Center (NPRCRTC). These entries were
selections from an observational trial for organic production at Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet in September 2005. These entries were selected by farmers and researchers
based on yield and resistance to pests and diseases.
Land Preparation and Application of Organic Fertilizers
The area (450 m2) have been used for organic production for the last three years.
The area was thoroughly prepared and was divided into three blocks. Each block
consisted of thirty plots measuring 1 m x 5 m. Figure 1 shows the overview of the farm.
Compost acquired from the Benguet State University was applied at a rate of 5
kg/5 m2 two weeks before planting.
Wild sunflower was collected within the locality. Stem and leaves were cut into
small pieces using a shredder machine. The shredded sunflower materials were applied
at 5 kg/5 m2 one month before planting.
Layout of the Experiment
The study was laid out in 3 X 10 factor factorial arranged in randomized complete
block design (RCBD) with three replications. Potato entries, served as Factor A and
organic fertilizer as Factor B.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
9
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
10
Factor A: Potato Entries:
ENTRY SOURCE
IP84007.67 CIP,
Peru
676070 CIP,
Peru
575003 CIP,
Peru
385411.22 CIP,
Peru
5.19.2.1 Philippines
573275 CIP,
Peru
676089 CIP,
Peru
5.19.2.2 Philippines
Kennebec USA
Ganza CIP,
Peru
Factor B: Organic Fertilizers
T1 – Control (no organic fertilizer)
T2 – BSU compost
T3 – Wild sunflower (Titonia diversifolia)
Planting
Potato rooted stem cuttings were planted at a distance of 25 cm between hills and
30 cm between rows.
Cultural Management Practices
Cultural management practices were merely organic that is; synthetic pesticide
and fertilizers were not used during the study. Instead, marigold was planted to act as
insect repellant. Corn was planted around the area to serve as barrier and encourage
diversity. Yellow traps were established in the area to minimize the occurrence of leaf
miner. Other cultural management practices such as irrigation and weeding were
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
11
employed during the study. Botanical fungicide was sprayed at a rate of 6-8 tsp at 60
days after planting (DAP). Hilling-up was done at 30 DAP.
Data gathered were the following:
1. Soil analysis. Soil samples were taken before land preparation and after
harvest to determine soil chemical properties such as pH, organic matter, nitrogen,
phosphorous and potassium content. Soil samples were brought to the Bureau of Soils
Pacdal, Baguio City for analysis.
2. Plant vigor. This was recorded at 30 and 45 DAP using the following scale
(CIP, 2000):
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1
Very poor growth
2 Poor
growth
3 Moderately
vigorous
4 Vigorous
5 Highly
vigorous
3. Late blight incidence. Observation started during the vegetative stage at 45,
60 and 75 DAP using the rating scale by Henfling (1982):
CIP
DESCRIPTION OF CORRESPONDING
BLIGHT
SCALE1] SYMPTOMS
0
1
No blight can be seen.
0.1-1.0
2
Not more than two lesions per 10 m of row +/-30
plants up to small lesions per plant.
3.1-10.00
3
Up to 30 small lesions per plant or 1 lesions per 20
leaflet attacked.
10.1-24.0
4
Most plants are viable attacked by late blight, 1 or 3
leaflets infected but few multiple infection per
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
12
leaflet.
25.0-29.0
5
Nearly every leaflet have lesions, multiple infections
per leaflet is common. Field or plot looks green, but
plants in plots infected.
55.0-74.0
6
All plants have blight and half the leaf area is
infected. Plots looks green, freckled and brown
blight is very obvious.
75.0-90.0
7
As previous, but ¾ of each plant have blight, lower
branches may be overwhelming filled of, and the
only green leaves of any are the top of the plants.
Shade of the plant maybe more and spindly due to
extensive foliage loss. That looks neither brown nor
green.
91.0-97.0
8
Some leaves and most stems are green. Plots look
down brown with some green patches.
98.0-99.9
9
Few green leaves, almost all that remark are those
with blight lesions. Many stem lesion, plot looks
brown. All leaves and stem are dead.
100.0
9
All leaves and stem dead.
1] Description: 1-Highly resistant; 2-3 Resistant; 4-5 Moderately resistant;
6-7 Moderately susceptible; 8-9 Susceptible.
4. Leaf miner incidence. The appearance of leaf miner was observed at 45, 60
and 75 DAP (CIP, 2000):
SCALE DESCRIPTION
REMARKS
1
Less infested (1-20 %)
Resistant
2
Infested (20-40 %)
Moderately resistant
3 Moderately
infested
Intermediate
4 Severely
infested
(41-60
%) Moderately
susceptible
5 Most
serious
Susceptible
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
13
5. Weight of marketable tubers per plant (g). All tubers that have marketable
size not malformed, free from cuts, cracks, free from diseases and without more than 10
% greening of the total surface were counted and weighed at harvest.
6. Weight of non-marketable tubers per plant (g). This was obtained by counting
all tubers that are marble in size, malformed, disease infested and has 10 % or more
greening.
7. Total yield per plant (g). This was the sum of weight of the marketable and
non-marketable tubers.
8. Dry matter content (%). Dry matter content of potato tubers were taken using
the following formula:
DMC = 100 % - % MC
Where: FW - DW
% MC =
x 100
FW
9. Cost and return analysis. These are the production cost, gross income, net
profit and return on cash expense (ROCE). ROCE was computed using the following
formula:
Net
profit
ROCE = Total cost of production X 100
Data Analysis
All quantitative data was analyzed using analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in 3 x 10
factorial in randomized complete design (RCBD) with three replications. The
significance of difference among treatment means was tested using the Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soil Chemical Properties
The initial and final analysis of the soil taken from the experimental are shown in
Table 1.
The initial pH of the soil was 6.31 with organic matter content of 2.5 %. The
nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content of the soil are 0.12 %, 124 ppm and 308
ppm, respectively.
The soil applied with sunflower had an increased pH. This confirms the findings
of Baldo (1989) that application of 100 % sunflower would increase the pH level of the
soil. The organic matter content of the soil had increased and this could be due to the
addition of organic materials. The phosphorous content of the soil applied with BSU
compost and sunflower had increased from 118 to 124 ppm. The potassium content of
soil had increased from 308 ppm to 375 ppm.
Table 1. Soil analysis before and after planting
OM
N
P
K
pH
(%)
(%)
(ppm)
(ppm)
Before
planting
6.31 2.5 0.12 124 308
After
planting
Control
6.25 2.5 0.12 118 373
BSU
compost
6.57 2.8 0.14 124 333
Wild
sunflower 7.21 3.0 0.15 123 375
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
15
Plant Vigor
Effect of potato entries. There were no significant differences observed among
the ten potato entries on plant vigor at 30 DAP. At 45 DAP, only entries 676070 and
5.19.2.2 were vigorous while the other entries were moderately vigorous.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Table 2 shows the plant vigor of ten potato entries as
affected by different organic fertilizers. At 30 and 45 DAP, plants applied with BSU
compost were significantly more vigorous than those plants with no organic fertilizer and
sunflower.
Interaction
effect. There were no significant interaction of potato entries and
organic fertilizers on the plant vigor.
Table 2. Plant vigor at 30 and 45 DAP of ten potato entries as affected by different
organic fertilizers
PLANT VIGOR
TREATMENT
30 DAP
45 DAP
Entry (A)
IP84004.87 2b
3b
676070 2b
4a
575003 3a
3b
285411.22 3a
3b
5.19.2.1 2b
3b
5732.75 3a
3b
676089 2b
3b
5.19.2.2 3a
4a
Kennebec 3a
3b
Ganza 3a
3b
Organic fertilizer (A)
Control 2b
3b
BSU compost
3a
4a
Sunflower
2b
3b
AxB ns
ns
CV (%)
25.31
22.41
Means followed with the same letters are not significantly different by DMRT (P < 0.05).
Description: 1-Very poor growth; 2-Poor growth; 3- Moderately vigorous; 4 Vigorous; 5-Highly
vigorous.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
16
Late Blight Incidence
Effect of potato entries. Table 3 shows the reaction of ten potato entries as
affected by different organic fertilizers to late blight. Entry 5.19.2.2 was highly resistant
to late blight compared with the other entries which were rated resistant at 45 DAP.
There were no significant differences among the potatoes entries at 60 and 75 DAP for
late blight resistances, however, entries 5.19.2.1 and 5.19.2.2 were observed to be
resistant.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with sunflower, BSU compost and
control were resistant to late blight infection at 45, 60 and 75 DAP. It was observed that
plants applied with BSU compost were moderately resistant. This implies that the use of
BSU compost made the plants stronger and may have caused the delay of late blight
infection in the plants.
Table 3. Late blight incidence of ten potato entries as affected by different organic
fertilizers
LATE BLIGHT RATING
TREATMENT
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
Entry (A)
IP84004.87
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
676070
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
575003
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
285411.22
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
5.19.2.1
Resistant Resistant
Resistant
5732.75
Resistant Resistant
Moderately
resistant
676089
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
5.19.2.2
Highly resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Kennebec
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
Ganza
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Organic fertilizer (A)
Control
Resistant Moderately
susceptible Moderately
susceptible
BSU compost
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Sunflower
Resistant Moderately
susceptible Moderately
susceptible
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
17
Leafminer Incidence
Effect of potato entries. Table 4 shows that at 45 DAP, most of the potato entries
were resistant except for entries 676070 and 285411.22 which were moderately resistant
to leafminer. At 65 DAP, most entries have moderate resistance to leafminer however,
IP84004.67 was moderately susceptible. Infestation of leafminer had increased at 75
DAP.
Effect of organic fertilizer. It was observed that plants applied with BSU compost
and sunflower were moderately resistant to leafminer at 45 DAP and 60 DAP, however at
75 DAP plants applied with BSU compost had intermediate resistance, while plants not
applied with any organic fertilizer sunflower were moderately resistant to insect pests.
Table 4. Reaction to leafminer infestation at 45 and 75 DAP of ten potato entries as
affected by different organic fertilizers
TREATMENT
LEAFMINER
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
Entry (A)
IP84004.87
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
676070
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant Moderately
susceptible
575003
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately susceptible
285411.22
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Susceptible
5.19.2.1
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
5732.75
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
676089
Resistant Resistant Intermediate
5.19.2.2
Resistant Resistant Moderately
resistant
Kennebec
Resistant Moderately
susceptible
Susceptible
Ganza
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Organic fertilizer (A)
Control
Resistant Intermediate
Moderately
susceptible
BSU compost
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Intermediate
Sunflower
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant Moderately
susceptible
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
18
Weight of Marketable Yield
Effect of potato entries. Results show that entry 676089 numerically produced
the heaviest marketable tubers. Entry 573275 registered the least mean weight (Table 5).
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with BSU compost numerically
produced the heaviest potato tubers. Plants with no organic fertilizers produced the least
weight of marketable tubers. The heavy tubers produced from plants applied with BSU
compost could be attributed to more nutrients (Balaoing, 2006).
Interaction
effect. There were no significant interaction between the ten potato
entries and different organic fertilizers on marketable tubers of the plant.
Non-marketable Yield
Effect of potato entries. Entry 676089 produced the heaviest non-marketable
tubers.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with BSU compost, sunflower and
control did not significantly differ on non-marketable yield.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction between the ten potato
entries and organic fertilizers on the weight of non-marketable tubers of the plant.
Total Yield
Effect of potato entries. Entry 676089 produced the highest total yield of potato
tubers followed by entry 575003. The least yield was obtained from entry 5732.75.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants applied with BSU compost produced the
highest total yield, followed by plants applied with sunflower. Plants with not fertilizers
gave the least total yield of potato which could be due to the absence of organic matter
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
19
that can be used by the plants to enhance tuberization. Figure 2 shows the harvested
tubers from plants applied with the different organic fertilizers.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction between the ten potato
entries and different organic fertilizers on the total yield of potato.
Table 5. Marketable, non-marketable and total yield of ten potato entries as affected by
different organic fertilizers
YIELD
TREATMENT
(g/plant)
MARKETABLE NON-MARKETABLE
TOTAL
Entry (A)
IP84004.87 23
2
25
676070 29 1 30
575003 39 1 37
285411.22 24 2
26
5.19.2.1 30 2 32
5732.75 19 1 20
676089 39 3 42
5.19.2.2 27 1 28
Kennebec 29 1
30
Ganza 26
1 27
Organic fertilizer (A)
Control 23b 2 25
BSU compost
35a 2 37
Sunflower
27b 1 28
AxB ns
ns
ns
CV (%)
27.42
32.93
26.46
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
20
676089
Ganza
a. Entry 676089 not applied with any
b. Ganza applied with BSU compost
organic fertilizer
575003
c. Entry 575003 applied with sunflower
Figure 2. Representative entries applied with organic fertilizers
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
21
Dry Matter Content
Effect of potato entries. Table 6 shows the dry matter content of potato tubers.
Entry 5.19.2.2 gave the highest dry matter content of tubers but comparable to entry
676089. The least was obtained from entry 676070. The dry matter content of the potato
tubers were observed to be good for processing of chips since it ranges from 18 to 24 %.
Effect of organic fertilizers. As shown in Table 6, there were no significant
differences on the dry matter content of tubers. Plants had similar DMC of 21 %.
Interaction
effect. There were no significant interaction between the ten potato
entries and the different organic fertilizers.
Table 6. Dry matter content of potato tubers as affected by different organic fertilizers
TREATMENT DMC
(%)
Entry (A)
IP84004.87 21bcd
676070 19d
575003 22abc
285411.22 20cd
5.19.2.1 21bcd
5732.75 22abc
676089 23ab
5.19.2.2 24a
Kennebec 21bcd
Ganza 20cd
Organic fertilizer (A)
Control 21
BSU compost
21
Sunflower
21
AxB ns
CV (%)
7.22
Means followed with the same letters are not significantly different by DMRT (P
< 0.05).
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
22
Cost and Return Analysis
Seed Tuber Production
Effect of potato entries. Entry IP84004.87 produced the highest ROCE of 109.80
followed by entry 676089 (106.36 %) and the least was obtained from Kennebec (37.57
%). High ROCE of the two potato entries are due to high yield of seed tubers.
Effect of organic fertilizers. Plants not applied with any organic fertilizers
registered the highest ROCE of 236.39 %. This is due to low cost of production and no
cost of fertilizers. It was observed that plants applied with BSU compost registered the
lowest ROCE of 17.90 %. This is due to high cost of production and fertilizer. Plants
applied with sunflower has a ROCE of 81.84 %.
Table 7a. Cost and return analysis of ten potato entries for seed tuber production as
affected by different organic fertilizers (per 5m2)
GROSS
YIELD
TOTAL
NET
ROCE
TREATMENT
SALE
(5m2)
EXPENSES INCOME
(%)
(Php)
Entry
(A)
IP84004.87 61.00
122.00
58.15
63.85
109.80
676070 51.00
102.00
58.15
43.85
75.40
575003
48.00 96.00 58.15
37.85
65.09
285411.22 52.00
104.00
58.15
45.85
78.84
5.19.2.1
48.00 96.00 58.15
37.85
85.09
5732.75
47.00 94.00 58.15
35.85
61.65
676089 60.00
120.00
58.15
61.85
106.36
5.19.2.2 56.00
112.00
58.15
53.85
92.60
Kennebec
40.00 80.00 58.15
21.85
37.57
Ganza
41.00 82.00 58.15
23.85
41.01
Organic
fertilizer
(A)
Control
43.90 87.80 26.10
61.70
236.39
BSU
compost 48.50 97.00 82.27
14.73
17.90
Sunflower 60.10
120.20
66.10
54.1
81.84
*Total expenses include: cost of fertilizer, botanical fungicide, planting materials, fuel for
irrigation, labor cost for land preparation, weeding, irrigation and other activities.
**Selling price was P 2.00/tuber.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
23
Interaction effect. Among the three organic fertilizer used and ten potato entries,
plants with no fertilizers and entry 676089 registered the highest ROCE for seed tuber
production (Table 7b).
Table 7b. Cost and return analysis of potato seed tuber production (per 5m2)
GROSS
YIELD
TOTAL
NET
ROCE
TREATMENT
SALE
(5m2)
EXPENSES INCOME
(%)
(Php)
Control
IP84004.87 45
90
26.10
63.90
244.82
676070 48
96
26.10
65.90
267.81
575003 44
88
26.10
61.90
237.16
285411.22 47
94
26.10
67.90
260.15
5.19.2.1 43
86
26.10
59.90
229.50
5732.75
52 104 26.10
77.90
298.46
676089
53 106 26.10
82.90
306.13
5.19.2.2 48
96
26.10
69.90
267.81
Kennebec 38
76
26.10
49.90
191.18
Ganza 21
42
26.10
15.90
60.91
BSU compost
IP84004.87 40
80
82.27
-2.27
-2.75
676070
60 120 82.27
37.73
45.86
575003 43
86
82.27
3.73
4.53
285411.22 47
94
82.27
11.73
14.25
5.19.2.1
50 100 82.27
11.73
21.55
5732.75 32
64
82.27
-18.27
-22.20
676089
54 108 82.27
25.73
31.27
5.19.2.2 48
96
82.27
13.73
16.68
Kennebec 44
88
82.27
5.73
6.96
Ganza
59 118 82.27
35.73
43.43
Sunflower
IP84004.87
89 178 66.10
111.90
169.28
676070 46
92
66.10
25.90
39.18
575003
58 116 66.10
49.90
75.49
285411.22
63 126 66.10
59.90
90.62
5.19.2.1
50 100 66.10
33.90
51.28
5732.75
58 116 66.10
49.90
75.49
676089
72 144 66.10
77.90
117.85
5.19.2.2
72 144 66.10
77.90
117.85
Kennebec 37
76
66.10
9.90
14.97
Ganza
56 112 66.10
45.90
69.44
*Total expenses include: cost of fertilizer, botanical fungicide, planting materials, fuel for irrigation, labor
cost for land preparation, weeding, irrigation and other activities.
**Selling price was P 2.00/tuber.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
24
Table Potato Production
Effect of potato entries. Table 8a shows that negative ROCE was obtained from
all the entries. Numerically, the highest ROCE was obtained from entry 573275 (-59.41
%). The negative ROCE could be due to low yield and high cost of production.
Effect of organic fertilizers. It was observed that plants not applied with any
organic fertilizer gave the lowest ROCE. Highest ROCE was obtained from plants
applied with BSU compost (-61.10 %)
Interaction effect. Among the combinations of ten potato entries and different
organic fertilizers, Kennebec not applied with any organic fertilizer exhibited the highest
ROCE (56.32 %) followed by entry 676089 not also applied with any organic fertilizer.
Low ROCE was obtained from the other treatment combinations. This could be due to
low yield and high cost of production (Table 8b).
Table 8a. Cost and return analysis of ten potato entries for table potato production as
affected by different organic fertilizers (per 5m2)
TREATMENT
YIELD
GROSS SALE
TOTAL
NET
ROCE
(5m2)
(Php)
EXPENSES
INCOME
(%)
Entry
(A)
IP84004.87 0.71
28.40
58.15
-29.75
-51.16
676070 0.87
34.80
58.15
-23.35
-40.15
575003 1.07
42.80
58.15
-15.35
-26.39
285411.22 0.72
28.80
58.15
-29.35
-50.47
5.19.2.1 0.89
35.60
58.15
-2.55
-38.77
5732.75 0.59
23.60
58.15
-21.55
-59.41
676089 1.16
46.40
58.15
-11.75
-20.20
5.19.2.2 0.82
32.80
58.15
-25.35
-43.59
Kennebec 0.88
35.20
58.15
-22.95
-39.46
Ganza 0.77
30.80
58.15
-27.35
-47.03
Organic
fertilizer
(A)
Control 0.63
25.20
26.10
-0.74
-28.35
BSU compost
0.80
32.00
82.27
-50.27
-61.10
Sunflower 1.04
41.60
66.10
-24.50
-37.06
*Total expenses include: cost of fertilizer, botanical fungicide, planting materials, fuel for irrigation, labor
cost for land preparation, weeding, irrigation and other activities.
**Selling price was P 40.00/tuber.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
25
Table 8b. Cost and return analysis for table potato production (per 5m2)
GROSS
YIELD
TOTAL
NET
ROCE
TREATMENT
SALE
(5m2)
EXPENSES INCOME
(%)
(Php)
Control
IP84004.87
0.48 19.20 26.10
-6.90
-26.43
676070
0.72 29.00 26.10 2.90
11.11
575003
0.75 30.00 26.00 3.90
14.94
285411.22
0.51 20.10 26.10
-6.00
-23.37
5.19.2.1
0.63 25.20 26.10
-0.90
-3.44
5732.75
0.48 19.20 26.10
-6.90
-26.43
676089
0.99 39.60 26.10
13.50
51.72
5.19.2.2
0.9 27.60 26.10 1.50 5.74
Kennebec
1.02 40.80 26.10
14.70
56.32
Ganza
0.72 29.00 26.10 2.90
11.11
BSU
compost
IP84004.87
0.54 21.60 82.27
-60.67
-73.74
676070
1.08 43.20 82.27
-39.07
-47.48
575003
1.47 58.80 82.27
23.47
-28.52
285411.22
0.87 34.80 82.27
-47.47
-57.70
5.19.2.1
1.11 44.00 82.27
-37.87
-46.03
5732.75
0.45 18.00 82.27
-64.27
-78.12
676089
0.60 24.00 82.27
-28.27
-70.82
5.19.2.2
0.69 27.60 82.27
-54.67
-66.45
Kennebec
0.54 21.60 82.27
-60.67
-73.74
Ganza
0.69 27.60 82.27
-57.67
-66.45
Sunflower
IP84004.87
1.11 44.40 66.10
-21.70
-32.82
676070
0.81 32.40 66.10
-33.70
-50.98
575003
0.99 39.60 66.10
-26.50
-40.09
285411.22
0.78 31.20 66.10
-34.90
-52.79
5.19.2.1
0.93 37.20 66.10
-28.90
-43.72
5732.75
0.84 33.60 66.10
-32.50
-49.16
676089 1.89
75.60
66.10
9.50
14.37
5.19.2.2 1.08
43.20
66.10
-22.90
-34.64
Kennebec 1.08
43.20
66.10
-22.90
-34.64
Ganza 0.90
36.00
66.10
-30.10
-45.53
*Total expenses include: cost of fertilizer, botanical fungicide, planting materials, fuel for
irrigation, labor cost for land preparation, weeding, irrigation and other activities.
**Selling price was P 40.00/tuber.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Agronomic characters of ten potato entries applied with different organic
fertilizers were assessed at BSU Experimental station, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from
November 2005 to February 2006. The objectives were to: determine the best
performing potato entry applied with organic fertilizers based on yield and resistance to
pest and diseases; determine the kind of organic fertilizer that will produce the highest
yield in potato under La Trinidad, Benguet condition; determine the combination of
organic fertilizer and potato entry that will give the best performance in terms of yield
and determine the economics of using organic fertilizer on the different potato entries.
Among the ten potato entries, 676070 and 5.19.2.2 were the most vigorous.
Entries 5.19.2.1 and 2.19.2.2 were the most resistant to late blight at 75 DAP. Entry
676089 had intermediate resistance to leafminer. In terms of yield entry 676089
produced the highest total yield and dry matter content but not significantly different with
entry 5.19.2.2. Entry 676089 obtained the highest ROCE sold as seed tubers and table
potato.
Plants applied with BSU compost where the most vigorous and had intermediate
resistance to leafminer infestation and late blight incidence. In terms of yield, plants
applied with BSU compost produced the highest marketable and total yield. Dry matter
content was not significantly different among plants applied with BSU compost,
sunflower and those plants not applied with any organic fertilizer. Plants not applied
with any organic fertilizer registered the highest ROCE for seed tuber production.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
27
There were no significant interaction observed among the ten potato entries as
affected by the different organic fertilizers on all the parameters measured. However,
numerically, the best combination based on marketable and total yield is entry 676089
applied with sunflower.
Conclusion
Plants applied with BSU compost produced the highest yield in potato under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition. Entry 676089 was the best performing potato entry in terms
of yield and resistance to pests and diseases. Entry 676089 not applied with any organic
fertilizers was the best performing combination in terms of yield and ROCE for seed
tuber and table potato production. The use of organic fertilizers on the different potato
entries was profitable when sold as seed tubers.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, entry 676089 with no organic fertilizers could
be recommended for seed tuber organic production under La Trinidad condition. Entries
Kennebec and 676089 could be recommended for table potato organic production. Non-
application of organic fertilizer is possible for potato production under La Trinidad,
Benguet condition.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
28
LITERATURE CITED
ANDAYA, M.B. 1999. Cut flower quality of carnation (Red Barbara Ear.) grown at
different media using BSU formulated compost. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad
Benguet. P.21.
BALAOING J. 2006. Personal conversation. Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet.
BALAOING and LAGMAN. 2003. Performance of selected horticultural crops using
formulated vermicompost. BSU Research Journal 38: 28-34.
BATT, P.J. 1999. Potato production in the Philippines. Curtin University of Technology
in Perlin, Australia. http://www.potatocongress.org.2005.
BALDO, M.S. 1989. Comparative study of Azolla and sunflower compost combined
with inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of white potato using stem
cuttings. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 7 & 8.
CAMPIWER, R.B. 1999. Growth and yield response of potato (Solanum tuberosum) to
different mixtures of organic fertilizers and liming. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad
Benguet. Pp. 44-45.
CECAP. 2000. Highland rice production in the Philippine Cordillera. Philrice Nueva
Ecija. Pp. 122-123.
CIP, 2000. Compiled data sheet (loose sheet) CIP 2000.
COOKE. 1977. Towards a more sustainable agriculture. AVI Publishing Company, Inc.
Westport, Connecticut. P.26.
CUYAHON, R.T. (1996). Organic fertilization on strawberry (Fragaria vesca). BS
Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 6.
DA-BPI. 2003. Mychorrhiza and chicken manure: An alternative to inorganic fertilizer
application on potato. Guisad, Baguio City. Pp. 1-2.
DURANTE, B.C. 1982. Effects of different rates of wild sunflower on the grow the
growth and yield of inoculated garden pea. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet.
P. 64.
ESLAO, R.U.1996. Organic fertilizer of cabbage (Brassica oleracea). BS Thesis. BSU.
La Trinidad Benguet. P. 33.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
29
GADO, C. L. 2006. Is gong organic the best option?” Use of indigenous materials as
organic source on rice paddy soil. Philrice, Central experiment station. Maligaya
Munoz, Nueva Ecija. www.Philrice.gov.ph.
GALAGAL M.M. 2002. Varietal response of sweetpotato to organic fertilizer under La
Trinidad Benguet condition. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 16-17.
MERCADO, E.G. 1996. Influence of Alnus compost on the growth yield of potato. BS
Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 2.
OTA. 1982. Towards a more sustainable agriculture. AVI Publishing Company, Inc.
Westport, Connecticut. P. 117.
PANDOSEN, M.D. 1980. Effect of different rates of N-K and organic fertilizers on the
yield of iron potato. BSU, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 116-117.
PARNES R. 1986. Organic and inorganic fertilizers. Mt. Vernon: Woods End
Agricultural Institute. Pp. 97-120.
POINCELOT, R.1980. Towards a more sustainable agriculture. AEI Publishing
Company, Inc. Westport, Connecticut. P. 75.
TOLEDO, L.R. 1982. Growth and yield response of white potato to different kinds and
rates of organic matter under greenhouse condition. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad
Benguet. Pp. 37-38.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
30
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Plant vigor of ten potato entries as affected by different organic
fertilizers at 30 DAP
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
Fertilizer
1
E1
2 2 2 6 2
E2
3 2 2 7 2
E3
3 1 3 7 2
E4
3 3 2 8 3
E5
2 2 2 6 2
E6
3 3 2 8 3
E7
3 2 2 7 2
E8
2 2 2 6 2
E9
3 2 3 8 3
E10
3 4 2 9 3
Sub-Total
27 23 22 72 24
Fertilizer
2
E1
2 2 2 6 2
E2
3 2 3 8 3
E3
4 3 2 9 3
E4
2 3 3 8 3
E5
2 2 2 6 2
E6
2 3 3 8 3
E7
2 1 3 6 2
E8
2 3 2 8 3
E9
3 2 3 9 3
E10
3 3 3 9 3
Sub-Total
25 24 27 76 25
Fertilizer
3
E1
3 3 2 8 3
E2
1 4 3 8 3
E3
4 2 3 9 3
E4
3 3 3 9 3
E5
3 2 3 8 3
E6
4 4 4 12 4
E7
3 3 3 9 3
E8
3 3 3 9 3
E9
3 4 2 9 3
E10
5 4 3 12 4
Sub-Total
32 31 29 92 31
GRAND
TOTAL
84 78 78 240
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
31
TWO-WAY TABLE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
ENTRY
TOTAL MEAN
CONTROL COMPOST SUNFLOWER
E1 2 2 3 7
8
E2
2 3 3 8
3
E3
2 3 3 8
3
E4
3 3 3 9
3
E5
2 2 3 7
2
E6
3 3 4 10
3
E7
2 2 3 7
2
E8
2 3 3 8
3
E9
3 3 3 9
3
E10
3 3 4 10
3
TOTAL 24 25 31 80
MEAN 2.4 2.5 3.1 2.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication 2
0.689
0.344
Treatment 29
22.322
0.770
1.68ns
Entry (A)
(9)
10.322
1.147
2.50* 2.04
2.74
T (B)
(2)
8.289
4.144
9.02** 3.16
4.99
A x B
(18)
3.711
0.206
0.49ns 1.18
2.31
Error 58
26.644
0.459
TOTAL 89
49.656
** – Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 25.31 %
* – Significant
ns – Not significant
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
32
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Plant vigor of ten potato entries as affected by different organic
fertilizers at 45 DAP
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
Fertilizer
1
E1
3 3 2 8 3
E2
3 4 2 9 3
E3
4 2 3 9 3
E4
4 3 2 9 3
E5
3 2 2 7 2
E6
3 3 2 8 3
E7
3 3 3 9 3
E8
2 2 3 7 2
E9
4 2 2 8 3
E10
3 4 2 9 3
Sub-Total
32 28 23 83 28
Fertilizer
2
E1
4 2 2 8 3
E2
5 3 3 11 4
E3
4 4 2 10 3
E4
3 3 2 8 3
E5
3 2 2 7 2
E6
2 3 2 7 2
E7
3 2 2 7 2
E8
4 4 4 12 4
E9
3 3 3 9 3
E10
2 4 3 9 3
Sub-Total
33 30 25 88 29
Fertilizer
3
E1
4 4 2 10 3
E2
4 5 3 12 4
E3
4 3 3 10 3
E4
2 3 3 8 3
E5
3 3 4 10 3
E6
4 3 3 10 3
E7
5 5 3 13 4
E8
5 5 4 14 5
E9
4 5 3 12 4
E10
5 4 3 12 4
Sub-Total
40 40 31 111 37
GRAND TOTAL
105
98
79
282
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
33
TWO-WAY TABLE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
ENTRY
TOTAL MEAN
CONTROL COMPOST SUNFLOWER
E1 3 3 3 9
3
E2
3 4 4 11
4
E3
3 3 3 9
3
E4
3 3 3 9
3
E5
2 2 3 7
2
E6
3 2 3 8
3
E7
3 2 4 9
3
E8
2 4 5 11
4
E9
3 3 4 10
3
E10
3 3 4 10
3
TOTAL 28 29 36 93
MEAN 2.8 2.9 3.6 3.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication 2
12.067
6.033
Treatment 29
35.733
1.232
12.23
Entry (A)
(9)
9.511
1.057
2.14* 2.04
2.74
T (B)
(2)
14.867
7.433
15.07** 3.16
4.99
A x B
(18)
11.356
0.631
1.28ns 1.18
2.31
Error 58
28.600
0.493
TOTAL 89
76.400
** – Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 22.41 %
* – Significant
ns – Not significant
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
34
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Weight of marketable tubers as affected by different organic
fertilizers
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
Fertilizer
1
E1
12 22 13 47 16
E2
11 35 25 71 24
E3
23 25 24 72 24
E4
23 18 10 51 17
E5
17 17 30 64 21
E6
16 21 10 47 16
E7
59 22 17 98 33
E8
13 10 45 68 23
E9
26 45 30 101 34
E10
21 33 20 74 25
Sub-Total 221 248 224 693 231
Fertilizer
2
E1
28 11 15 52 18
E2
53 30 25 108 36
E3
39 11 20 70 23
E4
55 21 12 88 29
E5
75 15 20 110 37
E6
10 22 13 45 15
E7
19 14 28 61 20
E8
34 17 19 70 23
E9
21 18 15 54 18
E10
100 31 16 178 49
Sub-Total 434 190 183 624 208
Fertilizer
3
E1
40 52 18 110 37
E2
13 39 28 80 27
E3
23 20 46 89 30
E4
16 33 28 77 26
E5
11 60 21 92 31
E6
42 22 19 83 28
E7
44 66 80 190 63
E8
22 56 29 107 36
E9
35 61 13 109 36
E10
43 41 16 100 33
Sub-Total 289 450 298
1,037 346
GRAND
TOTAL 944 888 705
2,537
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
35
TWO-WAY TABLE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
ENTRY
TOTAL MEAN
CONTROL COMPOST SUNFLOWER
E1 16 18 37 71
24
E2
24 36 27 87
29
E3
24 23 30 77
26
E4
17 29 26 72
24
E5
21 37 31 89
30
E6
16 15 28 56
20
E7
33 20 63 116
39
E8
23 23 36 82
27
E9
34 18 36 88
29
E10
25 49 33 107
36
TOTAL 233 268 347 848
MEAN 23.3 26.8 34.7 28.27
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication 2
15.756
7.878
Treatment 29
71.167
2.454
Entry (A)
(9)
29.378
3.264
0.10ns 2.04 2.74
T (B)
(2)
0.622
0.311
0.75*n 3.16
4.999
A x B
(18)
41.156
2.286
1.0ns 1.81 2.31
Error 58
189.579
3.269
0.70ns
TOTAL 89
276.489
ns – Not significant
Coefficient of Variation = 32.93 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
36
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Weight of non-marketable tubers as affected by different organic
fertilizer
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
Fertilizer
1
E1
2 2 3 7 2
E2
1 1 1 3 1
E3
1 1 2 4 1
E4
1 1 5 7 2
E5
2 6 1 9 3
E6
1 1 3 5 1
E7
1 1 1 3 1
E8
1 1 1 3 1
E9
1 1 3 5 2
E10
1 1 0 2 1
Sub-Total
12 16 20 48 16
Fertilizer
2
E1
3 0 1 4 1
E2
2 1 0 3 1
E3
1 1 1 3 1
E4
3 2 0 5 2
E5
2 5 1 8 3
E6
1 1 1 3 1
E7
1 1 3 5 2
E8
3 1 1 5 2
E9
1 1 1 3 1
E10
1 1 1 3 1
Sub-Total
18 14 10 42 15
Fertilizer
3
E1
5 1 0 6 2
E2
1 1 1 3 1
E3
2 0 1 3 1
E4
3 1 0 4 1
E5
2 1 1 4 1
E6
1 1 1 3 1
E7
14 1 0 15 5
E8
3 1 1 5 2
E9
0 0 0 0 0
E10
2 1 0 3 1
Sub-Total 33
8
5
46
15
GRAND
TOTAL
63 38 35 136
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
37
TWO-WAY TABLE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
ENTRY
TOTAL MEAN
CONTROL COMPOST SUNFLOWER
E1 2 1 2 5
1
E2
1 1 1 3
1
E3
1 1 1 3
1
E4
2 2 1 5
1
E5
3 3 1 7
2
E6
1 1 1 3
1
E7
1 2 5 8
3
E8
1 2 2 5
1
E9
2 1 0 3
1
E10
1 1 1 3
1
TOTAL 15 15 15 45
MEAN 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication 2
1,041.622
520.811
Treatment 29
9,442.456
325.602
Entry (A)
(9)
2,658.456
295.384
3.62*n 2.04 2.74
T (B)
(2)
2,047.022
1,023.511
1.15*n 3.16
4.999
A x B
(18)
4,736.978
263.165
1.04ns 1.81 2.31
Error 58
16,379.711
282.409
0.93ns
TOTAL 89
26,863.789
** – Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 27.42 %
ns – Not significant
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
38
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Total yield of ten potato entries as affected by different organic
fertilizers
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
Fertilizer
1
E1
14 24 16 54 18
E2
12 36 26 74 25
E3
24 26 26 76 25
E4
24 19 15 58 19
E5
19 23 31 73 24
E6
17 22 13 52 17
E7
60 23 18 101 34
E8
13 11 46 70 23
E9
27 46 33 106 35
E10
22 34 20 76 25
Sub-Total
232 264 244 740 247
Fertilizer
2
E1
31 11 16 58 19
E2
55 31 25 111 37
E3
40 12 21 73 24
E4
58 23 12 93 31
E5
77 20 21 118 39
E6
11 23 14 48 16
E7
20 15 31 66 22
E8
37 18 20 75 25
E9
22 19 16 57 19
E10
101 32 17 150 50
Sub-Total
452 204 193 849 283
Fertilizer
3
E1
45 53 18 116 39
E2
14 40 29 83 28
E3
25 20 47 92 31
E4
19 34 28 81 27
E5
13 61 22 93 32
E6
43 23 20 86 29
E7
58 67 80 205 68
E8
25 57 30 112 37
E9
35 61 13 109 36
E10
45 42 16 103 34
Sub-Total
322 458 303 1,083 361
GRAND TOTAL
1,006
926
740
2,672
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
39
TWO-WAY TABLE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
ENTRY
TOTAL MEAN
CONTROL COMPOST SUNFLOWER
E1 18 19 39 76
25
E2
25 37 28 90
30
E3
25 24 31 80
27
E4
19 31 27 77
26
E5
24 39 32 95
32
E6
17 16 29 62
21
E7
34 22 68 124
41
E8
23 25 37 85
28
E9
35 19 36 90
30
E10
25 50 34 109
36
TOTAL 245 282 361
MEAN 24.5 28.2 36.1 29.6
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2
124.689
620.844
Treatment 29
10,117.956
348.895
1.27
Entry (A)
(9)
2,819.733
313.304
1.14ns 3.16 4.99
T (B)
(2)
2,047.622
1,023.811
3.03ns 2.04 2.74
A x B
(18)
5,250.660
291.700
1.06ns 1.81 2.31
Error 58
15,921.64
274.511
1.56ns
TOTAL 89
27,281.289
ns – Not significant
Coefficient of Variation = 26.46 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
40
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Dry matter content of potato tubers as affected by different
organic fertilizers
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
Fertilizer
1
E1
21 22 21 64 21
E2
22 21 22 65 22
E3
16 19 25 60 20
E4
21 19 19 59 20
E5
19 21 21 61 20
E6
24 22 21 67 22
E7
24 23 24 71 24
E8
25 24 23 72 24
E9
20 20 19 59 20
E10
22 22 21 65 20
Sub-Total
214 213 216 643 20
Fertilizer
2
E1
22 22 21 65 22
E2
17 18 19 54 18
E3
20 16 18 54 18
E4
19 20 20 59 20
E5
20 20 23 63 21
E6
22 23 21 66 22
E7
23 26 22 71 24
E8
25 28 22 75 25
E9
22 22 21 65 22
E10
22 21 23 66 22
Sub-Total
212 216 210 638 213
Fertilizer
3
E1
20 21 21 62 21
E2
19 19 18 56 19
E3
21 21 21 63 21
E4
21 19 20 60 20
E5
22 22 20 64 21
E6
25 24 18 67 22
E7
21 23 23 67 22
E8
23 22 20 65 22
E9
21 22 20 63 21
E10
22 23 21 66 22
Sub-Total
215 216 202 633 211
GRAND
TOTAL
641 645 628 18
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
41
TWO-WAY TABLE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
ENTRY
TOTAL MEAN
CONTROL COMPOST SUNFLOWER
E1 21 22 21 65
21
E2
22 18 19 59
20
E3
20 18 21 59
20
E4
20 20 20 60
60
E5
20 21 21 62
21
E6
22 22 22 66
22
E7
24 24 22 70
23
E8
24 25 222 71
24
E9
20 22 21 63
21
E10
22 22 22 66
22
TOTAL 215 214 211
MEAN 21.5 21.4. 21.1 21.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Replication 2
5.956
2.978
Treatment 29
240.456
8.297
Entry (A)
(9)
172.900
19.2111
0.29ns 2.04 2.74
T (A)
(2)
1.356
0.678
3.61ns 3.16
4.999
A x B
(18)
66.200
3.68
8.15** 1.81 2.31
Error 58
136.711
2.357
1.56ns
TOTAL 89
383.122
** – Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 7.22 %
ns – Not significant
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers
Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition / Ginalyn U. Palaroan. 2006
Document Outline
- Agronomic Characters of Potato
Entries Applied with Organic Fertilizers Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES