BIBLIOGRAPHY DEPOLIO, CRISTY W. APRIL 2011....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DEPOLIO, CRISTY W. APRIL 2011. Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling
Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Red Wave) under Controlled Environment. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat Sr., MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the STVRDC greenhouse, La Trinidad, Benguet, from
December 2010 to March 2011 to formulate botanical insecticides that can control the aphid
population infesting lettuce plants, to compare the efficacy of formulated botanical insecticides
with and without liquid soap and to observe the phytotoxicity of this formulated botanical
insecticides to lettuce plants.
Two sets of experiments were conducted. Formulated botanical insecticides without soap
(Experiment 1) were sprayed on lettuce plants one month after transplanting. Formulated
botanical insecticides with soap was sprayed on lettuce plants two months after transplanting
following the different treatments: Control, Lantana camara (Lantana) plant extract,
Cymbopogon nardus (Lemon grass) plant extract, Oriental herb insecticide (OHI) using lantana,
and Oriental herb insecticide (OHI) using lemon grass.
Formulated botanical insecticide using OHI lantana and OHI lemongrass without soap
reduced the aphid population on lettuce plants.
Formulated botanical insecticide with soap using OHI with lantana and lemongrass
reduced aphid population under controlled environment. There was no observed phytotoxicity of
formulated botanical insecticides on lettuce plants.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………….….……………
i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………......
i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………........
iii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….…...
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………..…….
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………………..…
5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………....…...
10
Experiment 1
Aphid Population…………………………………………………………….……...
10
Degree of Plant Injury ………………………………………………….……..
10
Phytotoxicity of Formulated
Botanical Insecticides………………………………………………….……… 11
Experiment 2
Aphid Population ……………………………………………….……………. 12
Degree of Plant Injury……………………………………………….……..…
13
Phytotoxicity of Formulated
Botanical Insecticides…………………………………………………...….....
14
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………….…...
15
Summary…………………………………………………………………..…... 15
Conclusions……………………………………………………………….…....
16
Recommendation…………………………………………………………..…..
16
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………….….…..
17
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………….
18
1
INTRODUCTION
Organic Agriculture in the country is fastly gaining its popularity since the former
president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo approved the Executive Order 481 titled "Promotion
and Development of Organic Agriculture in the Philippines" last December 2005. To
strengthen the promotion of Organic Agriculture, In April 6, 2010 the former president
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo has signed into law Republic Act (RA) 10068, the Organic
Agriculture Act of 2010, which provides for the development and promotion of organic
agriculture in the country through a comprehensive program to be executed by a newly
created National Organic Agricultural Board (NOAB). The law is a state policy to
promote, propagate and further develop the practice of organic farming in the Philippines
which is expected to increase farm productivity; reduce environmental degradation and
prevent the depletion of natural resources; further protect the health of farmers,
consumers and the general public; and help cut expenses on imported farm inputs
(PCARRD, 2006).
Benguet State University (BSU) being an Agriculture school was challenged to
promote organic agriculture. BSU started shifting away from farm technologies that rely
heavily on petro- chemicals and now making this possible by appealing to local
agricultural stakeholders to review their production strategies and support the
conversion of highland agriculture to organic farming.
Excessive use of chemicals not only causes environmental pollution but has led to
development of resistance and adversely affected beneficial organisms. Pesticide of plant
origin are being explored extensively as an alternative to chemicals as they are effective
against target insect pests, safe to human and are easily biodegradable. Keeping in
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
2
view the economic importance of plant, the study aimed to know the efficacy of locally
available plant species to find out possible ways to control insect pests using eco-friendly
method. Wide range of botanical plants had been recorded to have insecticidal properties
as a means of controlling pests used mostly by organic growers and some were known to
be effective.
This study was conducted to formulate botanical insecticides that can control the
aphid population infesting lettuce plants, to compare the efficacy of formulated botanical
insecticides with and without liquid soap and to observe the phytotoxicity of this
formulated botanical insecticides to lettuce plants.
The study was conducted at the STVRDC greenhouse, Benguet State University
from November 2010 to March 2011.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botanical pesticides are derived from naturally occurring plants which have been
shown to have insecticidal properties. In their simplest form it maybe a crude
preparations of plant parts ground to produce the concentrated extract or powder that
maybe used full strength or distilled. Extracts of these plants is sprayed on the crop to
either kill or repel insects. Botanical pesticides had been used for several centuries and
were known in traditional cultures around the world. However, the discovery and
increasing development of synthetic pesticides led to virtual abandonment of botanical
pesticides (Rechcigl and Nancy, 2000). Saxena (1983) as cited by Felipe (1996) stated
that plants are virtually nature’s chemical factories, providing practically unlimited
natural sources of botanical pesticides. Different societies in the world have continually
employed plants to kill or repel insects since civilization began.
Toxicity of Botanical Plants
Lantana. Lantana camara (lantana) has several uses, mainly as an herbal medicine
in some areas. A work conducted on the chemical constituents of lantana extract from the
leaves showed that it exhibits antimicrobial, fungicidal, insecticidal, and nematicidal
activity (Fuentebella and Morallo- Rejesus, 1980). In addition Prasad (2002) stated that
extract of these plants is being used in controlling Plutella xylostella and aphids.
Moreover (Grundy, 2010) stated that essential oils taken from the lantana plant have
been shown to be effective in killing and repelling the maize grain weevil, a bug that
infests stored corn. Furthermore (Grant, 1990) said that methanol and chloroform extracts
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
4
from lantana showed a high mortality in termite populations and can kill nematodes in
just a 1 percent concentration of a four-component distillation derived from the plant.
Lemon grass Cymbopogon nardus (Lemon grass) species are used for the
production of citronella oil, which is used in soaps, as an insect repellentin insect sprays
and candles (Pedigo, 2002). A consistent of citronella oil, citral, was reported to have
some juvenile hormone activity against the nymphs of some insects, other insects, such as
leafhoppers, screw worms, pulse beetles, ants, mites and whiteflies are also affected by
the oil of these plants (Sangatanan, 2000).
Oriental Herb Insecticide (OHI). Oriental Herbal Insecticide is one of the
fermented products used in natural farming; it is a natural pest repellant in growing crops.
It is also effective in strengthening the immune system of plants making the crop healthy
and also used in enhancing the nutrients of livestock feed (Sarian, 2010).
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
5
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two sets of experiments were conducted in the study. First experiment was a
preliminary study in which the formulated botanical insecticides were tested in
controlling aphids on lettuce plant. The second experiment was conducted when the
sprayed formulated botanical insecticides showed no effect in controlling aphids in the
first experiment.
Experiment 1
The different materials used in formulating different botanical insecticides were
lemon grass leaves; lantana leaves, garlic, muscovado, jar and liquor (gin). Blender and
meshed cloth were also used in extracting. Goggles like mask and gloves were used in
spraying the formulated insecticides.
Formulation of Botanical Extract
The botanical extract was prepared using lantana and lemon grass. One half kg of
fresh lantana leaves and ½ lemongrass were separately washed and chopped into small
pieces. Both botanical plants were extracted individually with the use of blender. Water
was poured while being blended following a 1:1 ratio (plant material: water). A clean
cloth was used to extract the juice. The lantana and lemongrass were squeezed to obtain
each extract. The extracts were immediately sprayed on the transplanted lettuce (two
weeks after transplanting).
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
6
Formulation of Oriental
Herb Insecticide (OHI)
Preparation of Oriental Herb Insecticide (OHI) was in two formulations. These
are from lantana and lemon grass leaves that were fermented individually.
Two kg crushed garlic, and 1/2 kg muscovado sugar or molasses were added to
two kg plant leaves in two separate jars. The jars were covered and sealed to ferment.
After three days, two liters of gin was added and resealed again leaving two inches space
from the rim left unfilled. The liquid was decanted after 10 days of fermentation. After
decanting, two liters of gin was added to the jar. This procedure was repeated three times.
After the last decantation, two kg plant materials (lantana/ lemongrass) were added and
again allowed tor 10 days, then again it was decanted. The extracted oriental herb
insecticide was mixed and sprayed at a rate of two tbs/liter once a week to the lettuce
plants.
Setting Up of Experimental Units
One month old lettuce was transplanted in a 50 polyethylene bags measuring
8x10x14 cm. The polyethylene bags were arranged following the Completely
Randomized Design (CRD) with ten replications.
The treatments from the different botanical plants are as follows:
T1- Control (Figure 1)
T2- Lantana camara (Lantana) plant extract (Figure 2)
T3-Cymbopogon nardus (Lemon grass) plant extract (Figure 3)
T4- Oriental herb insecticide (OHI) using lantana (Figure 4)
T5- Oriental herb insecticide (OHI) using lemon grass (Figure 5)
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
7
Figure 1. Control treatment Figure 2. Lantana extract treated plant
Figure 3. Lemongrass extract treated Figure 4. OHI lantana treated plant
plant
Figure 5. OHI lemongrass treated plant
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
8
Application of different formulated insecticides was done on the second week of the
transplanted lettuce plants.
Experiment 2
Observing no effect of the formulated botanical insecticides on aphids, another
experiment was conducted. The same procedure done in the first experiment was
followed except that liquid soap (joy calamansi) was added to every treatment prior to
spaying. This was done on the second month of the lettuce plant from transplanting.
Degree of Injury
and Population
Monitoring the degree of injury caused by greenhouse insect pest such as leaf
curling, stunting and stippling were determined through percentage by visual estimation
of the whole plant using the following index (Cayetano, 1982). :
Rating
Index
Qualitative
Index Description
1
No damage
No Injury
2
Slightly damaged
1-25 % damaged on crop
3
Moderately damaged
26-50 % damaged on crop
4
Severely damaged
51-75 % damaged on crop
5
Very severely damaged
76-100 % damaged on crop
Monitoring the population of insects was determined by counting leaf portions of
the whole plant. Counting was done prior to spraying and after each spray of the
different formulated botanical insecticides. Spraying was done once a week early in the
early morning or late afternoon.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
9
The data gathered were:
1. Population of insects. This was taken by recording the observed insect pest
attacking the lettuce crop.
2. Phytotoxicity. This was taken by observing the presence of tip burning and spot
drying.
3. Degree of injury. This was taken by observing the presence of leaf curling,
stunting and stippling caused by the insects.
Data Analysis.
The data gathered were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA. The significance
between treatment means was analyzed using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT).
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiment 1
Aphid Population
The total number of aphids on lettuce one day after the application of botanical
insecticides is shown in Table 1. Population of aphids did not differ from each other.
Spraying of lantana leaves extract however, registered the highest mean of 292. 0
followed by lemongrass leaves extract with a mean of 272, Oriental Herb Insecticide with
a mean of 210.70 and the least was OHI with lantana.
Aphid population on the lettuce plants is uniform which implies that the different
formulated botanical insecticides sprayed are not effective.
Degree of Plant Injury
The degree of plant injury caused by aphids from different treatments is shown in
Table 2. Statistically, application of formulated botanical insecticides did not differ from
each other including the untreated plants. Lemongrass leaves extract treated plants had
the highest mean of 10.53%, followed by lantana leaves extract with a mean of 10.48%,
OHI lemongrass with a mean of 10.18% and the least was OHI lantana having a mean of
9.96%.
Results show that the higher population of aphids, the degree of injury was also
higher and the lower population the lower also the degree of injury to lettuce plants. The
result implies that aphid population has a significant relationship on the degree of injury.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
11
Table 1. Aphid population on lettuce as affected by different botanical insecticides
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTCIDES MEAN
Control 249.40a
Lantana leaves extract 292.00a
Lemon grass leaves extract 272.70a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) 174.60a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lemon grass) 210.70a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
Table 2. Percent rate of plant injury caused by aphids
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTCIDES MEAN
Control 11.3a
Lantana leaves extract 10.48a
Lemon grass leaves extract 10.53a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) 9.96a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lemon grass) 10.18a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
Phytotoxicity of Formulated
Botanical Insecticides
Table 3 shows the percent phytotoxicity of formulated botanical insecticides to
lettuce plants. There were no signs of phytotoxicity symptom such as tip burning and spot
drying on plants after application of the different treatments.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
12
Table 3. Percent phytotoxicity of botanical insecticides to lettuce plants
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTCIDES MEAN
Control 0
Lantana leaves extract 0
Lemon grass leaves extract 0
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) 0
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lemon grass) 0
Experiment 2
Aphid Population
Table 4 shows that there was a highly significant difference between the untreated
and botanical insecticide treated plant. Aphid population was greatly affected by the
different formulated botanical insecticides. The least mean insect counted was obtained
from plants treated with OHI lantana having a mean of 25. 20, followed by plants treated
with OHI lemongrass with a mean of 28.40. Lantana leaves extract had a mean of 76.30
lower than the control with a mean of 98.80. The highest count was obtained from plant
sprayed with lemon grass extract with a mean of 109.40.
Data shows that OHI lantana and lemongrass were effective in controlling aphids
when mixed with soap. This might be due to insecticidal constituents of botanical plants
used or due to the added soap as a sticker. Farmers usually use soap as sticker in foliar
sprays of insecticides.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
13
Table 4. Aphid population of on lettuce as affected by different botanical insecticides
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTCIDES MEAN
Control 98.80b
Lantana leaves extract 76.30c
Lemon grass leaves extract 109.40a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) 25.20d
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lemon grass) 28.40d
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
Degree of Plant Injury
The degree of plant injury caused by aphids from different treatments is shown in
Table 5. Statistically, application of formulated botanical insecticides did not differ from
each other including the untreated plants. Lantana leaves extract treated plants had the
highest mean of 9.89%, followed by lemongrass extract with a mean of 9.85%, OHI
lemongrass with a mean of 9.77% and the least was OHI lantana having a mean of
9.73%.
Results show that the higher population of aphid, the degree of injury was also
higher and the lower population the lower also is the degree of injury to lettuce plants.
This means that population had a significant relationship on the degree of injury.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
14
Phytotoxicity of Formulated
Botanical Insecticides
Table 6 shows the percent phytotoxicity of formulated botanical insecticides to
lettuce plants. There was no observed phytotoxicity symptom such as tip burning and
spot drying on plants after application of the different formulated botanical insecticides.
Table 5. Percent rate of plant injury caused by aphids
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTCIDES MEAN
Control
9.81a
Lantana leaves extract 9.89a
Lemon grass leaves extract 9.85a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) 9.73a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lemon grass) 9.77a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
Table 6. Percent phytotoxicity of botanical insecticides to lettuce plants
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTCIDES MEAN
Control 0
Lantana leaves extract 0
Lemon grass leaves extract 0
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) 0
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lemon grass) 0
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
15
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at the STVRDC greenhouse, La Trinidad, Benguet,
from December 2010 to March 2011 to formulate botanical insecticides that can control
the aphid population infesting lettuce plants, to compare the efficacy of formulated
botanical insecticides with and without liquid soap and to observe the phytotoxicity of
this formulated botanical insecticides to lettuce plants.
The population of aphids on lettuce plants sprayed with different formulated
botanical insecticides without soap (Experiment 1) was not significantly affected.
Numerically, however, plants sprayed with lantana leaves extract registered the highest
number of aphids and the least was on plants sprayed with Oriental Herb Insecticide
(lantana).
Aphid population on lettuce plants treated with different formulated botanical
insecticides with soap (Experiment 2) was significantly reduced. Plants sprayed with
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) registered the lowest aphid population. Conversely,
the highest aphid population was noted from lemongrass leaves extract treated plant.
The degree of plant injury caused by aphids as affected by different formulated
botanical insecticides was not significant with and without soap. This implies that degree
of plant injury was not due to aphids but maybe attributed to other.
No phytotoxicity of formulated botanical insecticides to plants was observed like
tip burning and spot drying from both experiments.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
16
Conclusions
Formulated botanical insecticides without liquid soap evaluated did not
significantly reduce aphid population. On the other hand formulated botanical insecticide
using OHI (lantana) and OHI (lemongrass) with liquid soap significantly reduced the
aphid population. Further, the aphids had no significant effect on plant injury but maybe
due to other pests.
Recommendations
OHI with lantana or lemongrass can be used to control aphid. However further
study is recommended to have more valuable and reliable results.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
17
LITERATURE CITED
CAYETANO, O. C. 1982. The effect of insecticide application interval on the
control of garden pea leaf miner. BS Thesis. Mountain State Agricultural
College, La Trinidad,Benguet. P. 5.
FELIPE, S. W. 1996. Effect of plant extracts on the egg hatching of root knot
cyst nematode. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.4-5
FUENTEBELLA, F. and B. MORALLO-REJESUS. 1980. The Insecticidal Activity of
Fancy Buttons ( Lantana camara L.) Flower Extracts to Several Insect
Species. Youth Res. Apprentices hip Action Prog. Rep., Society for the
Advancement of Research.P. 19.
GRANT, B. 1990. Lantana Plant as a Pesticide | Garden Guides. Retrieved 06
October 2010 from http://www.gardenguides.com/130457-lantana-plant
pesticide.html#ixzz13hpsVkTL
GRUNDY, L. 2010. Lantana Plant as a Pesticide. Retrieved 06 October 2010
From: http //www.ehow.com/facts_5979107_lantana-plant- pesticide. html.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 2006. Organic Farming.
Retrieved 06 September 2010 from http://pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-
organic/about.htm.
PEDIGO, L. P. 2002. Entomology and Pest Management.4th edition. New Jersey, USA:
Prentice Hall. P. 406
PRASAD, D. 2002. Sustainable Pest Management. Trinagar, Delhi. Daya Publishing
House P.93.
RECHCIGL, E. J. and A. NANCY. 2000. Biological Control and Biotechnological
Control of Insect Pest.Washington D.C. Lewis Publishers. Pp.102-112, 117.
SANGATANAN, P. 2000. Practical Guide to Organic Pesticides (How to Process
Organic Pesticides). Pp. 15, 23.
SARIAN, Z. 2010.Make your own Oriental Herbal Nutrient (OHN). Retrieved 06
October 2010 fromhttp://www.gaiadiscovery.com/latest-planet/organic-botanical-
pesticides-cheaper-effective-pest-control.html
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
18
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Total mean population of aphids applied with botanical insecticides
with liquid soap from January to February 2011
FORMULATED BOTANICAL REPLICATION
FORMULATED
BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
INSECTICID I I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X TOTAL MEAN
Control 83 239 272 117 440 123 269 292 279 380 2,494 249.40
Lantana leaves Extract 216 237 404 363 359 458 231 254 252 146 2,920 292.00
Lemon grass 131 280 386 234 373 168 284 276 246 349 2,727 272.70
leaves extract
Oriental Herb 17 37 81 102 408 288 64 259 312 178 1,746 174.60
Insecticide (lantana)
Oriental Herb 46 19 185 357 232 211 287 44 345 381 2,107 210.70
Insecticide (lemon grass)
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE DEGREE SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF OF OF OF
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 4 89972.28 22493.07 1.69ns 2.58 3.77
ERROR 45 597375.00 13275
TOTAL 49 687347
ns=Not significant CV=48.03%
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
19
Appendix table 2. Rate of injury caused by aphids on lettuce sprayed with botanical
insecticide with liquid soap plant from January to February 2011
FORMULATED
BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
REPLICATION
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X TOTAL MEAN
Control 8.34 16.67 15.39 15.18 8.33 7.14 10 14.28 7.69 10 113.02 11..30
Lantana leaves Extract 7.69 10 16.06 14.29 8.33 14.29 9.09 7.69 9.09 7.69 104.82 10.48
Lemon grass 14.29 8.33 14.29 7.69 9.09 10 9.09 9.09 14.29 9.09 105.25 10.53
Leaves extract
Oriental Herb 7.14 8.33 .69 15.38 10 7.69 10 14.29 9.09 10 99.61 9.96
Insecticide (lantana)
Oriental Herb 7.69 14.29 6.67 10 15.38 8.33 7.69 9.09 8.33 14.29 101.76 10.18
Insecticide (lemon grass)
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE DEGREE SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF OF OF OF
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 4 10.39 2.60 .262 ns 2.58 3.77
ERROR 45 445.77 9.91
TOTAL 49 456.16
ns= not significant CV=30.0%
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
20
Appendix Table 3. Total percent phytotoxicity of botanical insecticides to lettuce plants
from January to February 2011
REPLICATION
FORMULATED
I
BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X TOTAL MEAN
Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lantana leaves extract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lemon grass leaves extract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oriental Herb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Insecticide (lantana)
Oriental Herb Insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(lemon grass)
The data was not statistically analyzed because all of the treatments are zero.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
21
Appendix Table 4. Total mean population of aphids applied with botanical insecticides
with liquid soap from February to March 2011
REPLICATION
FORMULATED
B
OT
AN
IC
AL IN
SECTI
CID I
ES
II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X TOTAL MEAN
Control 104 90 69 32 127 36 114 145 146 125 988 98.80
Lantana leaves Extract 74 64 40 49 63 60 107 97 115 94 763 76.30
Lemon grass Leaves extract 127 74 48 56 114 99 94 140 174 168 1094 109.40
Oriental Herb 35 35 25 24 22 31 18 16 23 23 252 25.20
Insecticide (lantana)
Oriental Herb Insecticide 12 27 20 40 29 35 26 21 36 38 284 28.40
(lemon grass)
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE DEGREE SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF OF OF OF
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 4 61307.68 15326.92 17.45 ** 2.58 3.77
ERROR 45 39526.10 878.358
TOTAL 49
**=Highly significant CV=43.83%
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
22
Appendix table 5. Rate of injury caused by aphids on lettuce sprayed with botanical
insecticide without liquid soap plant from February to March 2011
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTICIDES REPLICATION
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X TOTAL MEAN
Control l7.69 14.67 16.67 7.14 8.33 7.69 7.14 13.33 8.33 7.14 98.13 9.81
Lantana leaves 14.29 8.33 15.38 7.69 9.09 10 8.33 9.09 7.69 9.09 98.98 9.89
extract
Lemon grass 7.69 14.29 13.33 10 5.38 9.09 7.69 10 13.33 7.69 98.49 9.85
leaves extract
Oriental Herb 14.29 8.33 7.69 8.33 7.69 9.09 8.33 9.09 9.09 15.38 97.31 9.73
Insecticide (lantana)
Oriental Herb 7.14 8.33 7.69 15.38 9.09 7.69 10 13.33 10 9.09 97.74 9.77
Insecticide (lemon grass)
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE DEGREE SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF OF OF OF
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 4 .1661 .0415 .047ns 2.58 3.77
ERROR 45 393.32 8.74
TOTAL 49 393.49
ns= Not significant CV=30.14%
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
23
Appendix Table 6. Total percent phytotoxicity of botanical insecticides to lettuce plants
from February to March 2011
REPLICATION
FORMULATED
I
BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X TOTAL MEAN
Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lantana leaves extract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lemongrass leaves extract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oriental Herb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Insecticide (lantana)
Oriental Herb Insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(lemongrass)
The data was not statistically analyzed because all of the treatments are zero.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
DEPOLIO, CRISTY W. APRIL 2011. Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling
Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Red Wave) under Controlled Environment. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat Sr., MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the STVRDC greenhouse, La Trinidad, Benguet, from
December 2010 to March 2011 to formulate botanical insecticides that can control the aphid
population infesting lettuce plants, to compare the efficacy of formulated botanical insecticides
with and without liquid soap and to observe the phytotoxicity of this formulated botanical
insecticides to lettuce plants.
Two sets of experiments were conducted. Formulated botanical insecticides without soap
(Experiment 1) were sprayed on lettuce plants one month after transplanting. Formulated
botanical insecticides with soap was sprayed on lettuce plants two months after transplanting
following the different treatments: Control, Lantana camara (Lantana) plant extract,
Cymbopogon nardus (Lemon grass) plant extract, Oriental herb insecticide (OHI) using lantana,
and Oriental herb insecticide (OHI) using lemon grass.
Formulated botanical insecticide using OHI lantana and OHI lemongrass without soap
reduced the aphid population on lettuce plants.
Formulated botanical insecticide with soap using OHI with lantana and lemongrass
reduced aphid population under controlled environment. There was no observed phytotoxicity of
formulated botanical insecticides on lettuce plants.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………….….……………
i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………......
i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………........
iii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….…...
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………..…….
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………………..…
5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………....…...
10
Experiment 1
Aphid Population…………………………………………………………….……...
10
Degree of Plant Injury ………………………………………………….……..
10
Phytotoxicity of Formulated
Botanical Insecticides………………………………………………….……… 11
Experiment 2
Aphid Population ……………………………………………….……………. 12
Degree of Plant Injury……………………………………………….……..…
13
Phytotoxicity of Formulated
Botanical Insecticides…………………………………………………...….....
14
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………….…...
15
Summary…………………………………………………………………..…... 15
Conclusions……………………………………………………………….…....
16
Recommendation…………………………………………………………..…..
16
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………….….…..
17
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………….
18
1
INTRODUCTION
Organic Agriculture in the country is fastly gaining its popularity since the former
president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo approved the Executive Order 481 titled "Promotion
and Development of Organic Agriculture in the Philippines" last December 2005. To
strengthen the promotion of Organic Agriculture, In April 6, 2010 the former president
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo has signed into law Republic Act (RA) 10068, the Organic
Agriculture Act of 2010, which provides for the development and promotion of organic
agriculture in the country through a comprehensive program to be executed by a newly
created National Organic Agricultural Board (NOAB). The law is a state policy to
promote, propagate and further develop the practice of organic farming in the Philippines
which is expected to increase farm productivity; reduce environmental degradation and
prevent the depletion of natural resources; further protect the health of farmers,
consumers and the general public; and help cut expenses on imported farm inputs
(PCARRD, 2006).
Benguet State University (BSU) being an Agriculture school was challenged to
promote organic agriculture. BSU started shifting away from farm technologies that rely
heavily on petro- chemicals and now making this possible by appealing to local
agricultural stakeholders to review their production strategies and support the
conversion of highland agriculture to organic farming.
Excessive use of chemicals not only causes environmental pollution but has led to
development of resistance and adversely affected beneficial organisms. Pesticide of plant
origin are being explored extensively as an alternative to chemicals as they are effective
against target insect pests, safe to human and are easily biodegradable. Keeping in
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
2
view the economic importance of plant, the study aimed to know the efficacy of locally
available plant species to find out possible ways to control insect pests using eco-friendly
method. Wide range of botanical plants had been recorded to have insecticidal properties
as a means of controlling pests used mostly by organic growers and some were known to
be effective.
This study was conducted to formulate botanical insecticides that can control the
aphid population infesting lettuce plants, to compare the efficacy of formulated botanical
insecticides with and without liquid soap and to observe the phytotoxicity of this
formulated botanical insecticides to lettuce plants.
The study was conducted at the STVRDC greenhouse, Benguet State University
from November 2010 to March 2011.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botanical pesticides are derived from naturally occurring plants which have been
shown to have insecticidal properties. In their simplest form it maybe a crude
preparations of plant parts ground to produce the concentrated extract or powder that
maybe used full strength or distilled. Extracts of these plants is sprayed on the crop to
either kill or repel insects. Botanical pesticides had been used for several centuries and
were known in traditional cultures around the world. However, the discovery and
increasing development of synthetic pesticides led to virtual abandonment of botanical
pesticides (Rechcigl and Nancy, 2000). Saxena (1983) as cited by Felipe (1996) stated
that plants are virtually nature’s chemical factories, providing practically unlimited
natural sources of botanical pesticides. Different societies in the world have continually
employed plants to kill or repel insects since civilization began.
Toxicity of Botanical Plants
Lantana. Lantana camara (lantana) has several uses, mainly as an herbal medicine
in some areas. A work conducted on the chemical constituents of lantana extract from the
leaves showed that it exhibits antimicrobial, fungicidal, insecticidal, and nematicidal
activity (Fuentebella and Morallo- Rejesus, 1980). In addition Prasad (2002) stated that
extract of these plants is being used in controlling Plutella xylostella and aphids.
Moreover (Grundy, 2010) stated that essential oils taken from the lantana plant have
been shown to be effective in killing and repelling the maize grain weevil, a bug that
infests stored corn. Furthermore (Grant, 1990) said that methanol and chloroform extracts
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
4
from lantana showed a high mortality in termite populations and can kill nematodes in
just a 1 percent concentration of a four-component distillation derived from the plant.
Lemon grass Cymbopogon nardus (Lemon grass) species are used for the
production of citronella oil, which is used in soaps, as an insect repellentin insect sprays
and candles (Pedigo, 2002). A consistent of citronella oil, citral, was reported to have
some juvenile hormone activity against the nymphs of some insects, other insects, such as
leafhoppers, screw worms, pulse beetles, ants, mites and whiteflies are also affected by
the oil of these plants (Sangatanan, 2000).
Oriental Herb Insecticide (OHI). Oriental Herbal Insecticide is one of the
fermented products used in natural farming; it is a natural pest repellant in growing crops.
It is also effective in strengthening the immune system of plants making the crop healthy
and also used in enhancing the nutrients of livestock feed (Sarian, 2010).
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
5
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two sets of experiments were conducted in the study. First experiment was a
preliminary study in which the formulated botanical insecticides were tested in
controlling aphids on lettuce plant. The second experiment was conducted when the
sprayed formulated botanical insecticides showed no effect in controlling aphids in the
first experiment.
Experiment 1
The different materials used in formulating different botanical insecticides were
lemon grass leaves; lantana leaves, garlic, muscovado, jar and liquor (gin). Blender and
meshed cloth were also used in extracting. Goggles like mask and gloves were used in
spraying the formulated insecticides.
Formulation of Botanical Extract
The botanical extract was prepared using lantana and lemon grass. One half kg of
fresh lantana leaves and ½ lemongrass were separately washed and chopped into small
pieces. Both botanical plants were extracted individually with the use of blender. Water
was poured while being blended following a 1:1 ratio (plant material: water). A clean
cloth was used to extract the juice. The lantana and lemongrass were squeezed to obtain
each extract. The extracts were immediately sprayed on the transplanted lettuce (two
weeks after transplanting).
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
6
Formulation of Oriental
Herb Insecticide (OHI)
Preparation of Oriental Herb Insecticide (OHI) was in two formulations. These
are from lantana and lemon grass leaves that were fermented individually.
Two kg crushed garlic, and 1/2 kg muscovado sugar or molasses were added to
two kg plant leaves in two separate jars. The jars were covered and sealed to ferment.
After three days, two liters of gin was added and resealed again leaving two inches space
from the rim left unfilled. The liquid was decanted after 10 days of fermentation. After
decanting, two liters of gin was added to the jar. This procedure was repeated three times.
After the last decantation, two kg plant materials (lantana/ lemongrass) were added and
again allowed tor 10 days, then again it was decanted. The extracted oriental herb
insecticide was mixed and sprayed at a rate of two tbs/liter once a week to the lettuce
plants.
Setting Up of Experimental Units
One month old lettuce was transplanted in a 50 polyethylene bags measuring
8x10x14 cm. The polyethylene bags were arranged following the Completely
Randomized Design (CRD) with ten replications.
The treatments from the different botanical plants are as follows:
T1- Control (Figure 1)
T2- Lantana camara (Lantana) plant extract (Figure 2)
T3-Cymbopogon nardus (Lemon grass) plant extract (Figure 3)
T4- Oriental herb insecticide (OHI) using lantana (Figure 4)
T5- Oriental herb insecticide (OHI) using lemon grass (Figure 5)
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
7
Figure 1. Control treatment Figure 2. Lantana extract treated plant
Figure 3. Lemongrass extract treated Figure 4. OHI lantana treated plant
plant
Figure 5. OHI lemongrass treated plant
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
8
Application of different formulated insecticides was done on the second week of the
transplanted lettuce plants.
Experiment 2
Observing no effect of the formulated botanical insecticides on aphids, another
experiment was conducted. The same procedure done in the first experiment was
followed except that liquid soap (joy calamansi) was added to every treatment prior to
spaying. This was done on the second month of the lettuce plant from transplanting.
Degree of Injury
and Population
Monitoring the degree of injury caused by greenhouse insect pest such as leaf
curling, stunting and stippling were determined through percentage by visual estimation
of the whole plant using the following index (Cayetano, 1982). :
Rating
Index
Qualitative
Index Description
1
No damage
No Injury
2
Slightly damaged
1-25 % damaged on crop
3
Moderately damaged
26-50 % damaged on crop
4
Severely damaged
51-75 % damaged on crop
5
Very severely damaged
76-100 % damaged on crop
Monitoring the population of insects was determined by counting leaf portions of
the whole plant. Counting was done prior to spraying and after each spray of the
different formulated botanical insecticides. Spraying was done once a week early in the
early morning or late afternoon.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
9
The data gathered were:
1. Population of insects. This was taken by recording the observed insect pest
attacking the lettuce crop.
2. Phytotoxicity. This was taken by observing the presence of tip burning and spot
drying.
3. Degree of injury. This was taken by observing the presence of leaf curling,
stunting and stippling caused by the insects.
Data Analysis.
The data gathered were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA. The significance
between treatment means was analyzed using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT).
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiment 1
Aphid Population
The total number of aphids on lettuce one day after the application of botanical
insecticides is shown in Table 1. Population of aphids did not differ from each other.
Spraying of lantana leaves extract however, registered the highest mean of 292. 0
followed by lemongrass leaves extract with a mean of 272, Oriental Herb Insecticide with
a mean of 210.70 and the least was OHI with lantana.
Aphid population on the lettuce plants is uniform which implies that the different
formulated botanical insecticides sprayed are not effective.
Degree of Plant Injury
The degree of plant injury caused by aphids from different treatments is shown in
Table 2. Statistically, application of formulated botanical insecticides did not differ from
each other including the untreated plants. Lemongrass leaves extract treated plants had
the highest mean of 10.53%, followed by lantana leaves extract with a mean of 10.48%,
OHI lemongrass with a mean of 10.18% and the least was OHI lantana having a mean of
9.96%.
Results show that the higher population of aphids, the degree of injury was also
higher and the lower population the lower also the degree of injury to lettuce plants. The
result implies that aphid population has a significant relationship on the degree of injury.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
11
Table 1. Aphid population on lettuce as affected by different botanical insecticides
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTCIDES MEAN
Control 249.40a
Lantana leaves extract 292.00a
Lemon grass leaves extract 272.70a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) 174.60a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lemon grass) 210.70a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
Table 2. Percent rate of plant injury caused by aphids
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTCIDES MEAN
Control 11.3a
Lantana leaves extract 10.48a
Lemon grass leaves extract 10.53a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) 9.96a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lemon grass) 10.18a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
Phytotoxicity of Formulated
Botanical Insecticides
Table 3 shows the percent phytotoxicity of formulated botanical insecticides to
lettuce plants. There were no signs of phytotoxicity symptom such as tip burning and spot
drying on plants after application of the different treatments.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
12
Table 3. Percent phytotoxicity of botanical insecticides to lettuce plants
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTCIDES MEAN
Control 0
Lantana leaves extract 0
Lemon grass leaves extract 0
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) 0
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lemon grass) 0
Experiment 2
Aphid Population
Table 4 shows that there was a highly significant difference between the untreated
and botanical insecticide treated plant. Aphid population was greatly affected by the
different formulated botanical insecticides. The least mean insect counted was obtained
from plants treated with OHI lantana having a mean of 25. 20, followed by plants treated
with OHI lemongrass with a mean of 28.40. Lantana leaves extract had a mean of 76.30
lower than the control with a mean of 98.80. The highest count was obtained from plant
sprayed with lemon grass extract with a mean of 109.40.
Data shows that OHI lantana and lemongrass were effective in controlling aphids
when mixed with soap. This might be due to insecticidal constituents of botanical plants
used or due to the added soap as a sticker. Farmers usually use soap as sticker in foliar
sprays of insecticides.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
13
Table 4. Aphid population of on lettuce as affected by different botanical insecticides
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTCIDES MEAN
Control 98.80b
Lantana leaves extract 76.30c
Lemon grass leaves extract 109.40a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) 25.20d
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lemon grass) 28.40d
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
Degree of Plant Injury
The degree of plant injury caused by aphids from different treatments is shown in
Table 5. Statistically, application of formulated botanical insecticides did not differ from
each other including the untreated plants. Lantana leaves extract treated plants had the
highest mean of 9.89%, followed by lemongrass extract with a mean of 9.85%, OHI
lemongrass with a mean of 9.77% and the least was OHI lantana having a mean of
9.73%.
Results show that the higher population of aphid, the degree of injury was also
higher and the lower population the lower also is the degree of injury to lettuce plants.
This means that population had a significant relationship on the degree of injury.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
14
Phytotoxicity of Formulated
Botanical Insecticides
Table 6 shows the percent phytotoxicity of formulated botanical insecticides to
lettuce plants. There was no observed phytotoxicity symptom such as tip burning and
spot drying on plants after application of the different formulated botanical insecticides.
Table 5. Percent rate of plant injury caused by aphids
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTCIDES MEAN
Control
9.81a
Lantana leaves extract 9.89a
Lemon grass leaves extract 9.85a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) 9.73a
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lemon grass) 9.77a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
Table 6. Percent phytotoxicity of botanical insecticides to lettuce plants
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTCIDES MEAN
Control 0
Lantana leaves extract 0
Lemon grass leaves extract 0
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) 0
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lemon grass) 0
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
15
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at the STVRDC greenhouse, La Trinidad, Benguet,
from December 2010 to March 2011 to formulate botanical insecticides that can control
the aphid population infesting lettuce plants, to compare the efficacy of formulated
botanical insecticides with and without liquid soap and to observe the phytotoxicity of
this formulated botanical insecticides to lettuce plants.
The population of aphids on lettuce plants sprayed with different formulated
botanical insecticides without soap (Experiment 1) was not significantly affected.
Numerically, however, plants sprayed with lantana leaves extract registered the highest
number of aphids and the least was on plants sprayed with Oriental Herb Insecticide
(lantana).
Aphid population on lettuce plants treated with different formulated botanical
insecticides with soap (Experiment 2) was significantly reduced. Plants sprayed with
Oriental Herb Insecticide (lantana) registered the lowest aphid population. Conversely,
the highest aphid population was noted from lemongrass leaves extract treated plant.
The degree of plant injury caused by aphids as affected by different formulated
botanical insecticides was not significant with and without soap. This implies that degree
of plant injury was not due to aphids but maybe attributed to other.
No phytotoxicity of formulated botanical insecticides to plants was observed like
tip burning and spot drying from both experiments.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
16
Conclusions
Formulated botanical insecticides without liquid soap evaluated did not
significantly reduce aphid population. On the other hand formulated botanical insecticide
using OHI (lantana) and OHI (lemongrass) with liquid soap significantly reduced the
aphid population. Further, the aphids had no significant effect on plant injury but maybe
due to other pests.
Recommendations
OHI with lantana or lemongrass can be used to control aphid. However further
study is recommended to have more valuable and reliable results.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
17
LITERATURE CITED
CAYETANO, O. C. 1982. The effect of insecticide application interval on the
control of garden pea leaf miner. BS Thesis. Mountain State Agricultural
College, La Trinidad,Benguet. P. 5.
FELIPE, S. W. 1996. Effect of plant extracts on the egg hatching of root knot
cyst nematode. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.4-5
FUENTEBELLA, F. and B. MORALLO-REJESUS. 1980. The Insecticidal Activity of
Fancy Buttons ( Lantana camara L.) Flower Extracts to Several Insect
Species. Youth Res. Apprentices hip Action Prog. Rep., Society for the
Advancement of Research.P. 19.
GRANT, B. 1990. Lantana Plant as a Pesticide | Garden Guides. Retrieved 06
October 2010 from http://www.gardenguides.com/130457-lantana-plant
pesticide.html#ixzz13hpsVkTL
GRUNDY, L. 2010. Lantana Plant as a Pesticide. Retrieved 06 October 2010
From: http //www.ehow.com/facts_5979107_lantana-plant- pesticide. html.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 2006. Organic Farming.
Retrieved 06 September 2010 from http://pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-
organic/about.htm.
PEDIGO, L. P. 2002. Entomology and Pest Management.4th edition. New Jersey, USA:
Prentice Hall. P. 406
PRASAD, D. 2002. Sustainable Pest Management. Trinagar, Delhi. Daya Publishing
House P.93.
RECHCIGL, E. J. and A. NANCY. 2000. Biological Control and Biotechnological
Control of Insect Pest.Washington D.C. Lewis Publishers. Pp.102-112, 117.
SANGATANAN, P. 2000. Practical Guide to Organic Pesticides (How to Process
Organic Pesticides). Pp. 15, 23.
SARIAN, Z. 2010.Make your own Oriental Herbal Nutrient (OHN). Retrieved 06
October 2010 fromhttp://www.gaiadiscovery.com/latest-planet/organic-botanical-
pesticides-cheaper-effective-pest-control.html
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
18
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Total mean population of aphids applied with botanical insecticides
with liquid soap from January to February 2011
FORMULATED BOTANICAL REPLICATION
FORMULATED
BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
INSECTICID I I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X TOTAL MEAN
Control 83 239 272 117 440 123 269 292 279 380 2,494 249.40
Lantana leaves Extract 216 237 404 363 359 458 231 254 252 146 2,920 292.00
Lemon grass 131 280 386 234 373 168 284 276 246 349 2,727 272.70
leaves extract
Oriental Herb 17 37 81 102 408 288 64 259 312 178 1,746 174.60
Insecticide (lantana)
Oriental Herb 46 19 185 357 232 211 287 44 345 381 2,107 210.70
Insecticide (lemon grass)
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE DEGREE SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF OF OF OF
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 4 89972.28 22493.07 1.69ns 2.58 3.77
ERROR 45 597375.00 13275
TOTAL 49 687347
ns=Not significant CV=48.03%
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
19
Appendix table 2. Rate of injury caused by aphids on lettuce sprayed with botanical
insecticide with liquid soap plant from January to February 2011
FORMULATED
BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
REPLICATION
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X TOTAL MEAN
Control 8.34 16.67 15.39 15.18 8.33 7.14 10 14.28 7.69 10 113.02 11..30
Lantana leaves Extract 7.69 10 16.06 14.29 8.33 14.29 9.09 7.69 9.09 7.69 104.82 10.48
Lemon grass 14.29 8.33 14.29 7.69 9.09 10 9.09 9.09 14.29 9.09 105.25 10.53
Leaves extract
Oriental Herb 7.14 8.33 .69 15.38 10 7.69 10 14.29 9.09 10 99.61 9.96
Insecticide (lantana)
Oriental Herb 7.69 14.29 6.67 10 15.38 8.33 7.69 9.09 8.33 14.29 101.76 10.18
Insecticide (lemon grass)
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE DEGREE SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF OF OF OF
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 4 10.39 2.60 .262 ns 2.58 3.77
ERROR 45 445.77 9.91
TOTAL 49 456.16
ns= not significant CV=30.0%
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
20
Appendix Table 3. Total percent phytotoxicity of botanical insecticides to lettuce plants
from January to February 2011
REPLICATION
FORMULATED
I
BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X TOTAL MEAN
Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lantana leaves extract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lemon grass leaves extract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oriental Herb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Insecticide (lantana)
Oriental Herb Insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(lemon grass)
The data was not statistically analyzed because all of the treatments are zero.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
21
Appendix Table 4. Total mean population of aphids applied with botanical insecticides
with liquid soap from February to March 2011
REPLICATION
FORMULATED
B
OT
AN
IC
AL IN
SECTI
CID I
ES
II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X TOTAL MEAN
Control 104 90 69 32 127 36 114 145 146 125 988 98.80
Lantana leaves Extract 74 64 40 49 63 60 107 97 115 94 763 76.30
Lemon grass Leaves extract 127 74 48 56 114 99 94 140 174 168 1094 109.40
Oriental Herb 35 35 25 24 22 31 18 16 23 23 252 25.20
Insecticide (lantana)
Oriental Herb Insecticide 12 27 20 40 29 35 26 21 36 38 284 28.40
(lemon grass)
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE DEGREE SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF OF OF OF
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 4 61307.68 15326.92 17.45 ** 2.58 3.77
ERROR 45 39526.10 878.358
TOTAL 49
**=Highly significant CV=43.83%
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
22
Appendix table 5. Rate of injury caused by aphids on lettuce sprayed with botanical
insecticide without liquid soap plant from February to March 2011
FORMULATED BOTANICAL
INSECTICIDES REPLICATION
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X TOTAL MEAN
Control l7.69 14.67 16.67 7.14 8.33 7.69 7.14 13.33 8.33 7.14 98.13 9.81
Lantana leaves 14.29 8.33 15.38 7.69 9.09 10 8.33 9.09 7.69 9.09 98.98 9.89
extract
Lemon grass 7.69 14.29 13.33 10 5.38 9.09 7.69 10 13.33 7.69 98.49 9.85
leaves extract
Oriental Herb 14.29 8.33 7.69 8.33 7.69 9.09 8.33 9.09 9.09 15.38 97.31 9.73
Insecticide (lantana)
Oriental Herb 7.14 8.33 7.69 15.38 9.09 7.69 10 13.33 10 9.09 97.74 9.77
Insecticide (lemon grass)
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE DEGREE SUM MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF OF OF OF
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 4 .1661 .0415 .047ns 2.58 3.77
ERROR 45 393.32 8.74
TOTAL 49 393.49
ns= Not significant CV=30.14%
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
23
Appendix Table 6. Total percent phytotoxicity of botanical insecticides to lettuce plants
from February to March 2011
REPLICATION
FORMULATED
I
BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X TOTAL MEAN
Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lantana leaves extract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lemongrass leaves extract 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oriental Herb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Insecticide (lantana)
Oriental Herb Insecticide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(lemongrass)
The data was not statistically analyzed because all of the treatments are zero.
Formulated Botanical Insecticides in Controling Aphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var.
Red Wave)under Controlled Environment / CRISTY W. DEPOLIO. 2011
Document Outline
- Formulated Botanical Insecticides in ControlingAphids on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Red Wave) under Controlled Environment
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES