BIBLIOGRAPHY PADUYAO, MICHAEL ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012. Conception Rate of
Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus Synchronization in
Lagawe, Ifugao. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the conception rate of artificially
inseminated cows and caracows with or without estrus synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao
from October 2011 to January 2012.
A total number of twenty nine (29) animals composed of 12 cows, 17 caracows
were used in the study. The treatments were caracows/cows without estrus synchronization,
caracows/cows with estrus synchronization, primiparous caracows/cows with or without
estrus synchronization, multiparous cows/caracows with or without estrus synchronization.
Conception rate was highest at 55% in natural multiparous caracows/cows
inseminated during natural heat, followed by 50% conception rate in primiparous
cows/caracows inseminated during natural heat. Conception rate of cows/caracows
inseminated after estrus synchronization were 27.28% for multiparous animals and 0% for
primiparous animals.
The main concern in artificial insemination is identification of cows /caracows and
the receptivity of farmers in the cordillera to the technology. Estrus syncohronization is a
technology yet to be perfected as a tool in artificial insemination in the cordillera.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Artificial insemination is a scientific fertility treatment in which male sperm is
collected and artificially implanted in the female reproductive system as a way to aid
conception. On farms, this process is used to control breeding among different farm
animals. Artificial insemination in cattle and water buffalo has been used to produce
genetically superior dairy cows and animals for meat production.
As we understand more about the physiological processes in the food producing
animals, we become capable of manipulating these animals to increase their productivity.
As new technology develops in agriculture, new industries also develop. The artificial
insemination (AI) industry is a classic example. This industry is the result of a quick
application of science to agriculture. The primary reason for artificial insemination, and
hence this industry, is to speed up the rate of genetic improvement. This is accomplished
by greatly increasing the selection differential, wherein one highly selected sire is mated
with thousands of females.
Artificial Insemination (AI) in mammals was tried for the first time by Lazzaro
Spallanzani, an Italian physiologist in 1780. He inseminated a bitch, which gave birth to
three pups Ivanoff of Russia used AI in horse and sheep in the beginning of the 20th
century. Thousands of sheep and cows were inseminated in Russia in 1930. In 1939,
Kumasen of India claimed to have started using AI at Palace Dairy Farm, Maysore, India.
It was then followed by IVRI in 1942 thru the guidance of P. Bhattacharya and was
generally used as regular practice among cattle and buffaloes ( Spallanzani,1803)
The Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) makes use of the technique as a major tool
in the massive upgrading program of the female carabaos, which are in the hands of the
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
farmers. Because of this, AI has been use. This has been the first choice because of its
practicality. Later, the Center has done a lot of coordinative efforts to invite LGU
technicians and others to undergo Artificial Insemination and Pregnancy Diagnosis
training. Initial equipment like liquid nitrogen tank, AI gun and other supplies were put in
place. The Water Buffaloes and Beef Cattle Improvement project (WBBCIP) has supported
the AI activities in the country. Some important equipment for the semen processing
laboratory was provided through the WBBCIP. JICA provided equipment and experts as
support for better AI training the use of ultrasound machines for the monitoring of ovary
and logistic support for the implementation of AI.
Department of agriculture in the local government unit are very supportive on the
program given by the Bureau of animal industry and Philippine Carabao Center (PCC-
CLSU). In the cordillera artificial insemination experience was lack of information
dissemination because some farmers don’t know the said program.
The information gathered may serve as basis to future AI progress. It also an
evaluation of the AI efforts in the Cordillera. The result of the study is useful for students
in showing the success rate of AI in the Cordillera.
The study aimed to determine the conception rate of cows and caracows with and
without estrus synchronization in artificial insemination and to determine problem
encountered in artificial insemination.
This study was conducted on October 2011 to January 2012 at different barangays
of Lagawe, Ifugao.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The major site of sperm storage is the caudal portion or tail of the epididymis. This
part of the tract has a relatively wide lumen in which high concentration of spermatozoa
are stored. The tail of the epididymis contains 70% of the total number of spermatozoa in
the excurrent duct, whereas the vas deferens contains only 2% (Amann, 1981).
Prostate gland is source of sperm cell antiagglutinin; seminal vesicles are the
primary source of fructose, citric acid and ascorbic acid. Mann (1964) found that the level
of fructose in seminal vesicle secretion was 0.84 to 1 g/100 ml.Citric acid was 1.0 g/100ml
and ascorbic acid was 2-14 mg/100ml.
There are different protocols like Ovsynch in which GnRH is injected 7 days prior
to PGF2α treatment, causes development of follicles or ovulation of the dominant follicle
depending on the stage of the estrous cycle. The second GnRH is administered 48h post
PGF2α injection (Bodsteiner et. al. 1996)
It has been suggested that AI and other forms of ART could be useful fo genetic
conservation and preservation of rare breeds. Many of these technologies have been
succesful to some degree in research setting but none have produced result sufficient to
effect population wide improvements in genetic management (Morrow et al, 2009).
As previously mentioned, the ability of cryopreserved spermatozoa retain their
fertilizing ability varies widely between the species. One recent advance has been the
introduction of dimethylsulphoxide and the amides formamide and dimethylformamide as
cryoprotectants in place of glycerol. This molecules seem to function, better than glycerol
for some individulas whose spermatozoa do not freeze well. One explanation for this
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
observation is that these molecules are smaller than glycerol and the refuse may cause less
damage when they penetrate sperm membrane (Holt, 2000).
The gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and prostaglandin (PGF2α.) method
of estrous synchronization has proven to be very successful in synchronizing estrus in cattle
and buffaloes (Amaya-Montoya et. al, 2007).
Studies carried out by Dhaliwal et. al. (1988) revealed that PGF2α is effective in
inducing estrus. In some of the synchronization protocols GnRH has been included along
with PGF2α, either single GnRH injection prior to PGF2α (seven days earlier to PGF2α
injection) and for the other one double GnRH injections seven days prior to PGF2α and
second injection , 48h post PGF2α. administration.
Estrus synchronization programs improve reproduction efficiency by reducing the
length of breeding and calving seasons and increasing calf weaning weights. Artificial
insemination technique can also be used more efficiently. Prostaglandin (PGF2α) causes
CL to regress during the responsive phase and a consequent decrease in the levels of
progesterone leading to the development of follicles of the next wave (Galina and Orihuela,
2007).
Although many studies have been carried out with PGF2α alone (Brito et. al.2002;
Battista et. al. 1984) or in combination with GnRH, the use of artificial insemination
technique has been successfully used in breeding farms for genetic improvement of
animals. In buffalo there is difficulty in identification of estrus manifestations and for
application of A.I. at the accurate time
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials that were used in conducting artificial insemination are: AI Gun,
disposable plastic AI sheaths, disposable plastic shoulder length gloves, surgical gloves,
paper towels, semen straw, scissors/cutters, and semen straw forceps, thermometer,
thawing jar, lubricant (mild soap), disinfectant like isopropyl alcohol, AI record forms are
the important contents of AI kit (Figure 1). Other AI paraphernalia that was bring in
conducting the study are brush, apron/cover-all, pail, syringes and emergency medicines,
disposable plastic waste bags. The most important equipment that was needed to conduct
AI is the liquid nitrogen tank containing the (LN2) and frozen semen. The lutalyse hormone
was used in synchronization of the animal.
Preparation before Conducting
Artificial Insemination
Before conducting artificial insemination there was been a communication with
Provincial Veterinary Office together with the Local Government Unit to inform local
barangay officials to disseminate the information about artificial insemination. The farmers
should be instructed to make a chute to be used for restraining the animal.
The treatments were as follows:
T0 – caracows/cows without estrus synchronization
T1 – caracows/cows with estrus synchronization
T3 – primiparous caracows/cows with or without estrus synchronization
T4 – multiparous cows/caracows with or without estrus synchronization
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Figure 1. Mother tank and contents of AI kit
Steps Prior to Artificial Insemination
The following steps were followed before artificial insemination:
1. Identifying the animal. The breeding information should be checked before
conducting artificial insemination.
2. Determining body condition. The body condition of the animal is one of the most
important factors in choosing animals for insemination. Animals with body score of 3 to 4
were inseminated.
The body score of animal was determined using the following:
Body Score 5- Animal in over condition with fat.
Body Score 4- Animal in excellent condition with well- covered hip and pin
bones and clean cut barrel indicating well fleshed ribs.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Body Score 3- Animal in moderate condition with hip and bones, and ribs
discernible but not prominent
Body Score 2- Animal in poor condition and relatively better than the animal
with body score 1
Body Score 1- Animal in very poor condition, very thin with prominent
scapula, hip and pin bones and ribs.
Figure 2. Determining the body score of the animal
3. Restraining of animals. The animal should be restrained in a chute preferably
under shed, to protect the semen from heat of the sun, and to protect both technician and
the animal from being harmed (Figures 3 and 4). The animal should be handled gently
before, during and after insemination as rough treatment may reduce the chances of
conception.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Figure 3. Restraining the caracow in the chute Figure 4. Restraining the cow in the chute
4. Preparation of technicians. Before inseminating the cow, following steps was
followed:
Wear appropriate AI attire like cover all apron and boots
Trim long finger nails
Wear shoulder length gloves before wearing surgical gloves to keep fingers
fitted
Lubricate gloved hand before inserting into the rectum
5. Examination of animal through rectal palpation. The following procedure was
followed:
a) Lift the animal’s tail to free the gloved arm of any disturbance in entering the
rectum.
b) Examine the animals through recto-vaginal method.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
c) Remove feces as much as necessary to perform the required manipulations but
avoid excessive in and out motion because this allows air to rush into the rectum that can
cause ballooning. It is difficult to work through the rectal wall if this happens.
c) When ballooning occurs, gently slap or pat the rectal wall to stimulate the
caracow to strain, expelling the air.
d) Locate the cervix and the uterus. Familiarize with the structure of the cervix
and distinguish it from the other parts of the reproductive tract. Pick the cervix up and hold
hollow of the hand with middle finger extended.
e) Allow fingers to lie where the horns of the uterus come together. The two
horns of the uterus are joined together by the intercornual ligament. The point at which the
horns separate is called bifurcation.
f) Push the finger down between the horns and carefully examine each horn to
determined indications of pregnancy.
Figure 5. Rectal palpation through recto vaginal method together with the farmer
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Steps in Artificial Insemination
The following procedure was followed during insemination:
1. Preparation of Semen for Insemination
a) The semen straw was removed from LN2 tank (Figure 6)
b) The stopper of the LN2 tank was uncapped and removed then the canister
holding the straw to be used was quickly located.
c) The canister was lifted only as high as necessary (at least 1 ¼ inches from
the top) to safely pick the desired straw goblet up. Place the handle between the first and
second fingers with palm toward the LN2 tank.
Figure 6. Removing of semen straw in the LN2 tank
2. Thawing the Straw. The following was observed:
a) To obtain high fertility, the frozen semen straw was thawed in warm water
(38 to42 C ) for 15-20 seconds.
b) Straw thermos or thawing jars was used (Figure 7).
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
c) The thawed semen straw was dried with clean paper towel.
d) The end that has straw powder seal should be cut off using semen straw scissor
or cutter.
Figure 7. Thawing the semen straw in the thawing jar
3. Preparation of the AI gun and sheath. When working with the AI gun (syringe
with plunger) and sheaths, the following should be observed:
a) AI Gun
The gun should be disinfected with isopropyl alcohol.
It will be wiped dry.
b) AI sheaths
The sheath should be properly stored to avoid contamination.
The sheath should be made sure is not deformed or warped.
4. Preparation of semen straw and AI gun. After cutting the powdered end of the
semen straw, the cut end was inserted into the green adapter. Always handle the sheath
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
near the open end and never handle the area that enters the animals reproductive tract pull
back the plunger about 6 inches(13 cm). The sheath containing the straw was placed over
the end of the AI gun and slowly pushed over the barrel. The straw goes into the barrel of
the syringe (plug end toward the plunger) while the sheath goes over it.
5. Inseminating the cow through recto-vaginal method.
a) Locating the cervix. The animal was now ready for insemination, hold the
cervix in your hand.
b) Inserting the AI gun. The area around the vulva and inside the lips was wiped
as clean as possible with a new, dry paper towel. This helps keep inside organs free from
feces discharge the other external contaminants. With the gloved hand inside the rectum,
slight backward and downward pressure was exerted with the wrist so that the vulvar lips
will open (Figure 8). This method makes AI gun insertion easier.
Figure 8. Inserting AI gun through the vulva at a 350 to 450 angle
6. Cleaning up after AI. The sheath containing the semen straw should be
released from the AI gun holding with the gloved hand. The gloves were removed and then
the sheath was broken into smaller pieces. This way, all used disposable materials was
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
inside the glove allowing easy clean up. Used materials were disposed immediately and
properly. If AI is done in the villages, plastic waste bags was brought for storage of wastes
accumulated during AI and disposed properly before leaving the area. The breeding record
was completed immediately after insemination. The reusable instrument such as AI gun,
semen straw scissors, forceps, was cleaned, rinsed with warm water then dried.
The AI gun was wiped with isopropyl alcohol to sanitize. Special attention was be
given in cleaning the “O” ring and upper parts of AI gun since the come into contact with
the vulva during insemination. Before reuse, the instrument was wiped dry with paper
towel. Hands were also being rinsed and dried after insemination. This should protect
animals as well as oneself from transferring any disease.
Before leaving the insemination area, trash was discarded properly and footwear
was disinfected as well as bottom of inseminating kit and other AI paraphernalia with
disinfectant.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Data Gathered
1. Age of the animal. Period in which the animal is mature for copulation.
2. Type of heat ( Estrus synchronization or Natural heat). Distinguish if an
animal is injected with Lutalyse hormone or Natural heat.
3. Breed of the animal. A variety of domesticated animal within the species
(Figure 9)
4. Body score of animal. Distinguish the body of animal from limb to head if she
had the capacity to implant a young in the womb.
5. Number of calving. Number of young calves that had been delivered.
6. Date of last estrus. Period when an animal give sign for the acceptance of a
male animal.
7. Problems encounter. To find out the unknown problem in the experiment.
8. Other observation. Recognizing other problem encountered in the experiment.
Figure 9. Crosbred car
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Data Computed
1. Conception rate. This was computed by the following formula
Conception Rate = Number of Cows/Caracows Pregnant X 100
Number of Cows/Caracows Served
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Conception Rate
Conception rate of artificially inseminated cows and caracows with or without
estrus synchronization and parity are presented in Table 1.
Results showed that the conception rate of multiparous cows/caracows inseminated
during natural heat was 55.5%, 50% for primiparous cows/caracows inseminated during
natural heat. Estrus synchronized primiparous cows/caracows had 0% conception rate,
while estrus synchronized multiparous cows/caracows had a conception rate of 27.28%.
From these observations, there, is a higher chance of an artificially inseminated
cow/caracow to become pregnant if insemination is done during natural heat rather than
after estrus synchronization.
Table 1. Conception rate (%) of artificially inseminated cows and caracows with or without
estrus synchronization.
TREATMENT NO. BRED NO. PREGNANT CONCEPTION RATE
Estrus Synchronization
Primiparous 3.0
0.0
0.00 %
Multiparous 11.0
4.0
27.28 %
Natural Heat
Primiparous 6.0
3.0
50.00 %
Multiparous 9.0
5.0
55.50 %
________________________________________________________________________
Total 29.0 12.0
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Previous local data on estrus synchronization and artificial insemination in large
ruminants, including dairy cattle and carabao, indicated 10% to 12% average conception
rate with 2.5 inseminations needed impregnate the animals. A higher conception rate of
27.28% was obtained in multiparous cow/caracows with single insemination after estrus
synchronization in this study.
Application of artificial insemination however resulted in a 33% conception rate on
the first service alone. At 33% conception rate per service, repeat breeders for the second
and third time, also those pregnant animals from the first service achieved the aggregate
70% calf drop.
Problems Encountered
The first problem encountered in the conduct of the study was in identifying
experimental units. Some of the available cows and caracows were observed to have
reproductive abnormalities that included injured cervix, endometritis, pyometra, infection
in the vulva and vagina, cystic ovaries, hence were not used in the study.
Another problem was the difficulty in getting the approval and cooperation of the
owner of cows and caracows for their animal to be used as experimental units. While
artificial insemination is an old technology, farmers in the Cordillera still opt for natural
mating. There is even greater resistance in introducing estrus synchronization. One of the
reasons for this is lack of understanding and appreciation on the procedure being
introduced. It is important that in order to attain high success rate, in this case high
conception rate from artificial insemination and estrus synchronization, farmers must fulfill
some responsibilities. Some of these responsibilities include proper care and management
of the animal especially when it is pregnant and bringing the animal to a pooling place for
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
the different procedure that include estrus synchronization, artificial insemination and
pregnancy diagnosis through rectal palpation.
The 0% conception rate in primiparous cows/caracows with estrus synchronization
may be attributed to many factors, One of which is the size of the cervix of primiparous
cow, The cervix of primiparous cows is small and difficult to find, hence it is difficult to
properly guide the AI gun with the cervical opening. This often resulted to depositing the
semen in the vagina. Unlike with the multiparous cows/caracow have bigger cervix that
can easily found and held for manipulation making the insertion of the AI gun easier
thereby depositing the semen in the cervix or uterus. This ensures a better success rate in
AI. Method in the use of prostaglandin to estrus synchronization. Prostaglandin is
expensive and the supply is limited in the Philippines. PCC-CLSU opted for the single dose
method, where prostaglandin is introduced to an animal and then mated days after injection.
This practice may contribute to the low conception rate with estrus synchronization.
According to Mitchell et al (2004), a prostaglandin is effective to inducing estrus in mid
cycle cows (day 6 to 17 of the estrus cycle). Cows on day 1 to 5 and on 18-21 are affected,
that is where two injection system is recommend.
It could be that in the single system, the cows/caracows were injected with
prostaglandin during the days when the Corpus Luteum is not responsive to the action of
prostaglandin (days 1 to 5 and days 18 to 21). In such case inseminating the cows after 3
days will not result in fertilization.
Conception rate of female animal may then be increase if we suggest introducing
double dose in synchronizing female animal for a greater chance of animal to become in
heat or giving signs of estrus.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the conception rate of cows and caracows
with and without estrus synchronization in artificial insemination, determined problem
encountered in artificial insemination. The study was conducted last October 2011 to
January 2012 at different barangays of Lagawe Ifugao.
A total number of twenty nine (29) heads of animals 12 heads of cow, 17 heads of
caracow was used in the experiment. There were 4 treatments used caracows/cows without
estrus synchronization ,cows/cows with estrus synchronization, primiparous
caracows/cows with or without estrus synchronization, multiparous cows/caracows with
or without estrus synchronization. Result showed that multiparous cows/carcacows
inseminated during natural heat had the highest conception rate of 55.5% , followed by
primiparous cows inseminated during natural heat with a conception rate of 50%. Estrus
synchronized multiparous cows/caracows had a lower conception rate of 27.28% while
estrus synchronized cows had a conception rate of 0%.
Some of the challenges of doing artificial insemination in the Cordillera include
identification of cows and caracows for artificial insemination, the cooperation of farmers,
and information dissemination on estrus synchronization and artificial insemination.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Conclusion
Based on the study in conducting artificial insemination, I therefore conclude that
higher conception rate can be achieved if AI is done during natural heat than using estrus
synchronization. Another is lutalyse hormone is very expensive and not locally available
to be used in conducting artificial insemination.
Recommendation
I recommend that in achieving high conception rate, it is better and more accurate
if the female animal is on natural heat during the artificial insemination than using the
estrus synchronization.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
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early postpartum period in dairy cows ovarian response and changes in hormone
concentrations. Journal of Reproduction and Development 53:867
AMMAN, R. P. 1981. A Critical Review of Methods for Evaluation of
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BATTISTA P. J. , REXROAD C. F. , WILLIAMS W. F. 1984. Effects of progesterone
administered to dairy heifers on sensitivity of corpora Lutea to PGF2α and on
plasma LH concentration Theriogenology 22: 47
BODSTEINER KJ, KOT K, WILTBANK M C and GINTHER O.J.1996.
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BRITO, L. F. C. , SATRAPA, R. , MARSON, E. P. , KASTELIC, J. P. 2002. Efficacy of
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upon plasma progesterone concentration, corpus luteum size and ovarian follicular
status before treatment. Animal Reproduction Science 73:23-35
DHALIWAL, G. S. , SHARMA, R. D. ,SINGH, G. 1988. Efficacy of prostaglandin F2-
alpha administration for inducing estrus in buffalo. Theriogenology 29: 1401-1406
GALINA, C. S. , and A.ORIHUELA. 2007. The detection of estrus in cattle rais ed under
tropical conditions : What we know and what we need to know Hormones and
Behaviour 52: 32-38
HOLT, W. V. 2000. Basic aspects of frozen storage semen. Animal Reproduction
Science, Vol. 62, pp. 3-22
MANN, T. 1964. Biochemistry of Semen. In Handbook of Physiology,
Section7, Endocrinology, Vol. V, Male Reproductive System. R.o. Greep
and E.B. Astwood (eds). Washington D.C. American Physiology Society
MITCHELL, J.R. and G.A. DOAK.2004. The artificial insemination and embryo transfer
of dairy and beef cattle (including information pertaining to goats, sheeps, horses,
swine and other animals). 9th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey. Pp.181-183
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SPALLANZANI, L. 1803. Tracts on the Natural History of Animals
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012. Conception Rate of
Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus Synchronization in
Lagawe, Ifugao. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the conception rate of artificially
inseminated cows and caracows with or without estrus synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao
from October 2011 to January 2012.
A total number of twenty nine (29) animals composed of 12 cows, 17 caracows
were used in the study. The treatments were caracows/cows without estrus synchronization,
caracows/cows with estrus synchronization, primiparous caracows/cows with or without
estrus synchronization, multiparous cows/caracows with or without estrus synchronization.
Conception rate was highest at 55% in natural multiparous caracows/cows
inseminated during natural heat, followed by 50% conception rate in primiparous
cows/caracows inseminated during natural heat. Conception rate of cows/caracows
inseminated after estrus synchronization were 27.28% for multiparous animals and 0% for
primiparous animals.
The main concern in artificial insemination is identification of cows /caracows and
the receptivity of farmers in the cordillera to the technology. Estrus syncohronization is a
technology yet to be perfected as a tool in artificial insemination in the cordillera.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Artificial insemination is a scientific fertility treatment in which male sperm is
collected and artificially implanted in the female reproductive system as a way to aid
conception. On farms, this process is used to control breeding among different farm
animals. Artificial insemination in cattle and water buffalo has been used to produce
genetically superior dairy cows and animals for meat production.
As we understand more about the physiological processes in the food producing
animals, we become capable of manipulating these animals to increase their productivity.
As new technology develops in agriculture, new industries also develop. The artificial
insemination (AI) industry is a classic example. This industry is the result of a quick
application of science to agriculture. The primary reason for artificial insemination, and
hence this industry, is to speed up the rate of genetic improvement. This is accomplished
by greatly increasing the selection differential, wherein one highly selected sire is mated
with thousands of females.
Artificial Insemination (AI) in mammals was tried for the first time by Lazzaro
Spallanzani, an Italian physiologist in 1780. He inseminated a bitch, which gave birth to
three pups Ivanoff of Russia used AI in horse and sheep in the beginning of the 20th
century. Thousands of sheep and cows were inseminated in Russia in 1930. In 1939,
Kumasen of India claimed to have started using AI at Palace Dairy Farm, Maysore, India.
It was then followed by IVRI in 1942 thru the guidance of P. Bhattacharya and was
generally used as regular practice among cattle and buffaloes ( Spallanzani,1803)
The Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) makes use of the technique as a major tool
in the massive upgrading program of the female carabaos, which are in the hands of the
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
farmers. Because of this, AI has been use. This has been the first choice because of its
practicality. Later, the Center has done a lot of coordinative efforts to invite LGU
technicians and others to undergo Artificial Insemination and Pregnancy Diagnosis
training. Initial equipment like liquid nitrogen tank, AI gun and other supplies were put in
place. The Water Buffaloes and Beef Cattle Improvement project (WBBCIP) has supported
the AI activities in the country. Some important equipment for the semen processing
laboratory was provided through the WBBCIP. JICA provided equipment and experts as
support for better AI training the use of ultrasound machines for the monitoring of ovary
and logistic support for the implementation of AI.
Department of agriculture in the local government unit are very supportive on the
program given by the Bureau of animal industry and Philippine Carabao Center (PCC-
CLSU). In the cordillera artificial insemination experience was lack of information
dissemination because some farmers don’t know the said program.
The information gathered may serve as basis to future AI progress. It also an
evaluation of the AI efforts in the Cordillera. The result of the study is useful for students
in showing the success rate of AI in the Cordillera.
The study aimed to determine the conception rate of cows and caracows with and
without estrus synchronization in artificial insemination and to determine problem
encountered in artificial insemination.
This study was conducted on October 2011 to January 2012 at different barangays
of Lagawe, Ifugao.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The major site of sperm storage is the caudal portion or tail of the epididymis. This
part of the tract has a relatively wide lumen in which high concentration of spermatozoa
are stored. The tail of the epididymis contains 70% of the total number of spermatozoa in
the excurrent duct, whereas the vas deferens contains only 2% (Amann, 1981).
Prostate gland is source of sperm cell antiagglutinin; seminal vesicles are the
primary source of fructose, citric acid and ascorbic acid. Mann (1964) found that the level
of fructose in seminal vesicle secretion was 0.84 to 1 g/100 ml.Citric acid was 1.0 g/100ml
and ascorbic acid was 2-14 mg/100ml.
There are different protocols like Ovsynch in which GnRH is injected 7 days prior
to PGF2α treatment, causes development of follicles or ovulation of the dominant follicle
depending on the stage of the estrous cycle. The second GnRH is administered 48h post
PGF2α injection (Bodsteiner et. al. 1996)
It has been suggested that AI and other forms of ART could be useful fo genetic
conservation and preservation of rare breeds. Many of these technologies have been
succesful to some degree in research setting but none have produced result sufficient to
effect population wide improvements in genetic management (Morrow et al, 2009).
As previously mentioned, the ability of cryopreserved spermatozoa retain their
fertilizing ability varies widely between the species. One recent advance has been the
introduction of dimethylsulphoxide and the amides formamide and dimethylformamide as
cryoprotectants in place of glycerol. This molecules seem to function, better than glycerol
for some individulas whose spermatozoa do not freeze well. One explanation for this
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
observation is that these molecules are smaller than glycerol and the refuse may cause less
damage when they penetrate sperm membrane (Holt, 2000).
The gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and prostaglandin (PGF2α.) method
of estrous synchronization has proven to be very successful in synchronizing estrus in cattle
and buffaloes (Amaya-Montoya et. al, 2007).
Studies carried out by Dhaliwal et. al. (1988) revealed that PGF2α is effective in
inducing estrus. In some of the synchronization protocols GnRH has been included along
with PGF2α, either single GnRH injection prior to PGF2α (seven days earlier to PGF2α
injection) and for the other one double GnRH injections seven days prior to PGF2α and
second injection , 48h post PGF2α. administration.
Estrus synchronization programs improve reproduction efficiency by reducing the
length of breeding and calving seasons and increasing calf weaning weights. Artificial
insemination technique can also be used more efficiently. Prostaglandin (PGF2α) causes
CL to regress during the responsive phase and a consequent decrease in the levels of
progesterone leading to the development of follicles of the next wave (Galina and Orihuela,
2007).
Although many studies have been carried out with PGF2α alone (Brito et. al.2002;
Battista et. al. 1984) or in combination with GnRH, the use of artificial insemination
technique has been successfully used in breeding farms for genetic improvement of
animals. In buffalo there is difficulty in identification of estrus manifestations and for
application of A.I. at the accurate time
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials that were used in conducting artificial insemination are: AI Gun,
disposable plastic AI sheaths, disposable plastic shoulder length gloves, surgical gloves,
paper towels, semen straw, scissors/cutters, and semen straw forceps, thermometer,
thawing jar, lubricant (mild soap), disinfectant like isopropyl alcohol, AI record forms are
the important contents of AI kit (Figure 1). Other AI paraphernalia that was bring in
conducting the study are brush, apron/cover-all, pail, syringes and emergency medicines,
disposable plastic waste bags. The most important equipment that was needed to conduct
AI is the liquid nitrogen tank containing the (LN2) and frozen semen. The lutalyse hormone
was used in synchronization of the animal.
Preparation before Conducting
Artificial Insemination
Before conducting artificial insemination there was been a communication with
Provincial Veterinary Office together with the Local Government Unit to inform local
barangay officials to disseminate the information about artificial insemination. The farmers
should be instructed to make a chute to be used for restraining the animal.
The treatments were as follows:
T0 – caracows/cows without estrus synchronization
T1 – caracows/cows with estrus synchronization
T3 – primiparous caracows/cows with or without estrus synchronization
T4 – multiparous cows/caracows with or without estrus synchronization
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Figure 1. Mother tank and contents of AI kit
Steps Prior to Artificial Insemination
The following steps were followed before artificial insemination:
1. Identifying the animal. The breeding information should be checked before
conducting artificial insemination.
2. Determining body condition. The body condition of the animal is one of the most
important factors in choosing animals for insemination. Animals with body score of 3 to 4
were inseminated.
The body score of animal was determined using the following:
Body Score 5- Animal in over condition with fat.
Body Score 4- Animal in excellent condition with well- covered hip and pin
bones and clean cut barrel indicating well fleshed ribs.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Body Score 3- Animal in moderate condition with hip and bones, and ribs
discernible but not prominent
Body Score 2- Animal in poor condition and relatively better than the animal
with body score 1
Body Score 1- Animal in very poor condition, very thin with prominent
scapula, hip and pin bones and ribs.
Figure 2. Determining the body score of the animal
3. Restraining of animals. The animal should be restrained in a chute preferably
under shed, to protect the semen from heat of the sun, and to protect both technician and
the animal from being harmed (Figures 3 and 4). The animal should be handled gently
before, during and after insemination as rough treatment may reduce the chances of
conception.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Figure 3. Restraining the caracow in the chute Figure 4. Restraining the cow in the chute
4. Preparation of technicians. Before inseminating the cow, following steps was
followed:
Wear appropriate AI attire like cover all apron and boots
Trim long finger nails
Wear shoulder length gloves before wearing surgical gloves to keep fingers
fitted
Lubricate gloved hand before inserting into the rectum
5. Examination of animal through rectal palpation. The following procedure was
followed:
a) Lift the animal’s tail to free the gloved arm of any disturbance in entering the
rectum.
b) Examine the animals through recto-vaginal method.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
c) Remove feces as much as necessary to perform the required manipulations but
avoid excessive in and out motion because this allows air to rush into the rectum that can
cause ballooning. It is difficult to work through the rectal wall if this happens.
c) When ballooning occurs, gently slap or pat the rectal wall to stimulate the
caracow to strain, expelling the air.
d) Locate the cervix and the uterus. Familiarize with the structure of the cervix
and distinguish it from the other parts of the reproductive tract. Pick the cervix up and hold
hollow of the hand with middle finger extended.
e) Allow fingers to lie where the horns of the uterus come together. The two
horns of the uterus are joined together by the intercornual ligament. The point at which the
horns separate is called bifurcation.
f) Push the finger down between the horns and carefully examine each horn to
determined indications of pregnancy.
Figure 5. Rectal palpation through recto vaginal method together with the farmer
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Steps in Artificial Insemination
The following procedure was followed during insemination:
1. Preparation of Semen for Insemination
a) The semen straw was removed from LN2 tank (Figure 6)
b) The stopper of the LN2 tank was uncapped and removed then the canister
holding the straw to be used was quickly located.
c) The canister was lifted only as high as necessary (at least 1 ¼ inches from
the top) to safely pick the desired straw goblet up. Place the handle between the first and
second fingers with palm toward the LN2 tank.
Figure 6. Removing of semen straw in the LN2 tank
2. Thawing the Straw. The following was observed:
a) To obtain high fertility, the frozen semen straw was thawed in warm water
(38 to42 C ) for 15-20 seconds.
b) Straw thermos or thawing jars was used (Figure 7).
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
c) The thawed semen straw was dried with clean paper towel.
d) The end that has straw powder seal should be cut off using semen straw scissor
or cutter.
Figure 7. Thawing the semen straw in the thawing jar
3. Preparation of the AI gun and sheath. When working with the AI gun (syringe
with plunger) and sheaths, the following should be observed:
a) AI Gun
The gun should be disinfected with isopropyl alcohol.
It will be wiped dry.
b) AI sheaths
The sheath should be properly stored to avoid contamination.
The sheath should be made sure is not deformed or warped.
4. Preparation of semen straw and AI gun. After cutting the powdered end of the
semen straw, the cut end was inserted into the green adapter. Always handle the sheath
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
near the open end and never handle the area that enters the animals reproductive tract pull
back the plunger about 6 inches(13 cm). The sheath containing the straw was placed over
the end of the AI gun and slowly pushed over the barrel. The straw goes into the barrel of
the syringe (plug end toward the plunger) while the sheath goes over it.
5. Inseminating the cow through recto-vaginal method.
a) Locating the cervix. The animal was now ready for insemination, hold the
cervix in your hand.
b) Inserting the AI gun. The area around the vulva and inside the lips was wiped
as clean as possible with a new, dry paper towel. This helps keep inside organs free from
feces discharge the other external contaminants. With the gloved hand inside the rectum,
slight backward and downward pressure was exerted with the wrist so that the vulvar lips
will open (Figure 8). This method makes AI gun insertion easier.
Figure 8. Inserting AI gun through the vulva at a 350 to 450 angle
6. Cleaning up after AI. The sheath containing the semen straw should be
released from the AI gun holding with the gloved hand. The gloves were removed and then
the sheath was broken into smaller pieces. This way, all used disposable materials was
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
inside the glove allowing easy clean up. Used materials were disposed immediately and
properly. If AI is done in the villages, plastic waste bags was brought for storage of wastes
accumulated during AI and disposed properly before leaving the area. The breeding record
was completed immediately after insemination. The reusable instrument such as AI gun,
semen straw scissors, forceps, was cleaned, rinsed with warm water then dried.
The AI gun was wiped with isopropyl alcohol to sanitize. Special attention was be
given in cleaning the “O” ring and upper parts of AI gun since the come into contact with
the vulva during insemination. Before reuse, the instrument was wiped dry with paper
towel. Hands were also being rinsed and dried after insemination. This should protect
animals as well as oneself from transferring any disease.
Before leaving the insemination area, trash was discarded properly and footwear
was disinfected as well as bottom of inseminating kit and other AI paraphernalia with
disinfectant.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Data Gathered
1. Age of the animal. Period in which the animal is mature for copulation.
2. Type of heat ( Estrus synchronization or Natural heat). Distinguish if an
animal is injected with Lutalyse hormone or Natural heat.
3. Breed of the animal. A variety of domesticated animal within the species
(Figure 9)
4. Body score of animal. Distinguish the body of animal from limb to head if she
had the capacity to implant a young in the womb.
5. Number of calving. Number of young calves that had been delivered.
6. Date of last estrus. Period when an animal give sign for the acceptance of a
male animal.
7. Problems encounter. To find out the unknown problem in the experiment.
8. Other observation. Recognizing other problem encountered in the experiment.
Figure 9. Crosbred car
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Data Computed
1. Conception rate. This was computed by the following formula
Conception Rate = Number of Cows/Caracows Pregnant X 100
Number of Cows/Caracows Served
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Conception Rate
Conception rate of artificially inseminated cows and caracows with or without
estrus synchronization and parity are presented in Table 1.
Results showed that the conception rate of multiparous cows/caracows inseminated
during natural heat was 55.5%, 50% for primiparous cows/caracows inseminated during
natural heat. Estrus synchronized primiparous cows/caracows had 0% conception rate,
while estrus synchronized multiparous cows/caracows had a conception rate of 27.28%.
From these observations, there, is a higher chance of an artificially inseminated
cow/caracow to become pregnant if insemination is done during natural heat rather than
after estrus synchronization.
Table 1. Conception rate (%) of artificially inseminated cows and caracows with or without
estrus synchronization.
TREATMENT NO. BRED NO. PREGNANT CONCEPTION RATE
Estrus Synchronization
Primiparous 3.0
0.0
0.00 %
Multiparous 11.0
4.0
27.28 %
Natural Heat
Primiparous 6.0
3.0
50.00 %
Multiparous 9.0
5.0
55.50 %
________________________________________________________________________
Total 29.0 12.0
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Previous local data on estrus synchronization and artificial insemination in large
ruminants, including dairy cattle and carabao, indicated 10% to 12% average conception
rate with 2.5 inseminations needed impregnate the animals. A higher conception rate of
27.28% was obtained in multiparous cow/caracows with single insemination after estrus
synchronization in this study.
Application of artificial insemination however resulted in a 33% conception rate on
the first service alone. At 33% conception rate per service, repeat breeders for the second
and third time, also those pregnant animals from the first service achieved the aggregate
70% calf drop.
Problems Encountered
The first problem encountered in the conduct of the study was in identifying
experimental units. Some of the available cows and caracows were observed to have
reproductive abnormalities that included injured cervix, endometritis, pyometra, infection
in the vulva and vagina, cystic ovaries, hence were not used in the study.
Another problem was the difficulty in getting the approval and cooperation of the
owner of cows and caracows for their animal to be used as experimental units. While
artificial insemination is an old technology, farmers in the Cordillera still opt for natural
mating. There is even greater resistance in introducing estrus synchronization. One of the
reasons for this is lack of understanding and appreciation on the procedure being
introduced. It is important that in order to attain high success rate, in this case high
conception rate from artificial insemination and estrus synchronization, farmers must fulfill
some responsibilities. Some of these responsibilities include proper care and management
of the animal especially when it is pregnant and bringing the animal to a pooling place for
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
the different procedure that include estrus synchronization, artificial insemination and
pregnancy diagnosis through rectal palpation.
The 0% conception rate in primiparous cows/caracows with estrus synchronization
may be attributed to many factors, One of which is the size of the cervix of primiparous
cow, The cervix of primiparous cows is small and difficult to find, hence it is difficult to
properly guide the AI gun with the cervical opening. This often resulted to depositing the
semen in the vagina. Unlike with the multiparous cows/caracow have bigger cervix that
can easily found and held for manipulation making the insertion of the AI gun easier
thereby depositing the semen in the cervix or uterus. This ensures a better success rate in
AI. Method in the use of prostaglandin to estrus synchronization. Prostaglandin is
expensive and the supply is limited in the Philippines. PCC-CLSU opted for the single dose
method, where prostaglandin is introduced to an animal and then mated days after injection.
This practice may contribute to the low conception rate with estrus synchronization.
According to Mitchell et al (2004), a prostaglandin is effective to inducing estrus in mid
cycle cows (day 6 to 17 of the estrus cycle). Cows on day 1 to 5 and on 18-21 are affected,
that is where two injection system is recommend.
It could be that in the single system, the cows/caracows were injected with
prostaglandin during the days when the Corpus Luteum is not responsive to the action of
prostaglandin (days 1 to 5 and days 18 to 21). In such case inseminating the cows after 3
days will not result in fertilization.
Conception rate of female animal may then be increase if we suggest introducing
double dose in synchronizing female animal for a greater chance of animal to become in
heat or giving signs of estrus.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the conception rate of cows and caracows
with and without estrus synchronization in artificial insemination, determined problem
encountered in artificial insemination. The study was conducted last October 2011 to
January 2012 at different barangays of Lagawe Ifugao.
A total number of twenty nine (29) heads of animals 12 heads of cow, 17 heads of
caracow was used in the experiment. There were 4 treatments used caracows/cows without
estrus synchronization ,cows/cows with estrus synchronization, primiparous
caracows/cows with or without estrus synchronization, multiparous cows/caracows with
or without estrus synchronization. Result showed that multiparous cows/carcacows
inseminated during natural heat had the highest conception rate of 55.5% , followed by
primiparous cows inseminated during natural heat with a conception rate of 50%. Estrus
synchronized multiparous cows/caracows had a lower conception rate of 27.28% while
estrus synchronized cows had a conception rate of 0%.
Some of the challenges of doing artificial insemination in the Cordillera include
identification of cows and caracows for artificial insemination, the cooperation of farmers,
and information dissemination on estrus synchronization and artificial insemination.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
Conclusion
Based on the study in conducting artificial insemination, I therefore conclude that
higher conception rate can be achieved if AI is done during natural heat than using estrus
synchronization. Another is lutalyse hormone is very expensive and not locally available
to be used in conducting artificial insemination.
Recommendation
I recommend that in achieving high conception rate, it is better and more accurate
if the female animal is on natural heat during the artificial insemination than using the
estrus synchronization.
Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012
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Conception Rate of Artificially Inseminated Cows and Caracows with or without Estrus
Synchronization in Lagawe, Ifugao | PADUYAO, MICHAEL KELVIN Y. APRIL 2012