BIBLIOGRAPHY BAYAS, HERMAN L. APRIL 2007....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BAYAS, HERMAN L. APRIL 2007. Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral
Design Business in Dimansalang, Metro Manila. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Clifton D. Llanes, BS
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted mainly to asses the profitability of the floral design
business in Dimasalang, Metro Manila. The study was conducted in December 2005 with
30 florists in Dimasalang, Metro Manila as respondents.
The floral design commonly produced by the florists in Dimasalang were flower
arrangement, corsage, bouquet, and leis of different sizes and types. The other service
packages offered by the florists were church décor, reception décor, and bridal entourage.
The respondents were grouped into two according to location of business; the bagsakan
center and the retail area. The gross income per florist at the bagsakan center was about 2
million pesos while at the retail area was about 2.3 million pesos. This included the sales
from floral designs and service income. The total costs at the bagsakan center was about
1.08 million pesos leaving a net income of P931, 278 while at the retail area, the total
cost was 1.32 million pesos leaving a net income of P967,299. The returns above total
cost, returns above variable cost, and returns above fixed cost at the bagsakan center was
0.86, 1.06, and 4.52, respectively. At the retail area, the returns above total cost was 0.73,
returns above variable cost was 0.86, and returns above variable cost was 4.89.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Scope and Limitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Locale and Time of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Respondents of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Data Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Data Gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Background of the Respondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Floral Designs Usually Ordered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Cost of Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Average Selling Price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
ii
Percent Mark-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Volume Produced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Total Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Total Production Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Service Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Costs and Returns from
Floral Design business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
APPENDICES
Appendix A. Survey Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
All people are artist. As human, people like to create things and floral
designing is one of the many outlets of creativity.
Floral designing has been around for centuries and anyone can be
successful with it. A single flower is beautiful in itself, but when they are grouped
together, the aesthetic beauty can become more admirable.
Flower unlike other media are forgiving. It can be arranged or rearranged
until the artist is satisfied with it. There are endless possibilities in floral designing.
Some are large, medium and even small flower arrangement. Flowers can be dried
and made into arrangements; it can be pressed and use in making cards and more.
Floral designing is one way of enhancing its aesthetic value. It is also a
way of recycling damage flowers that cannot be sold. Flowers are use to highlight
the key moments in our lives just like birthdays, holidays, the first dance, wedding,
anniversaries, illnesses and deaths.
In Manila, Dimasalang is the trading place of cutflowers. Forty percent of
the cutflower being sold comes from Baguio and Benguet farms (Pitlongay, 2002).
Aside from selling cutflowers, many floral designers in this place make flower
arranging as another business. Some of their customers who are retailers from
nearby provinces usually buy their craft and sell it in their respective places.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
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Furthermore, cutflower business is one of the blooming businesses in the
country today, and floral designing follows. It is therefore the purpose of this study to
assess the profitability of the floral design business in Dimasalang, Manila.
Objectives of the Study
This study was conducted to find out the profitability of the floral design business
in Dimasalang, Manila. Specifically it aimed to:
1. find out the different floral designs being produced and sold in Dimasalang,
Manila;
2. determine volume of production and the selling price per design
3. determine the mark-up set by the floral designer
4. find out other services rendered by the floral designer
5. Estimate the costs and returns from the floral design business.
Importance of the Study
The study was conducted to asses and estimate the costs and returns from floral
design business and the results could be used as benchmark data for further studies to
improve the cutflower business.
Scope and Limitation of the study
This study focused on the business operations of the flower design enterprise in
Dimasalang, Metro Manila where the cost and return analysis in this enterprise was
assessed. Respondents were limited to those with permanent flower shops.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In the study of Pitlongay (2002), she said that most florists in Dimasalang and
Kanlaon considered floral designing as an occupation or as a permanent job but for others
it is only a sideline for additional income. They are engaged in this business for two to
four years and most of them are in the ages ranging from 26 to 30 years old. Males
dominated her respondents and 65% of them have reached college.
On the other hand, according to Scace (2001) the materials used in flower
arranging must contain the components of color, size, line, pattern form, and texture. In
Pitlongay’s (2001) study, the materials used by the florists of Dimasalang and Kanlaon,
Manila were mostly using anthorium, Malaysian mums, roses, statice and orchid flower
because of their availability in the market.
There are eight basic ways to arrange a floral design but within each shape the use
of scale, variation of emphasis, choice of colors, containers, and textures provides the
imagination with endless creative possibilities. These designs are horizontal, vertical,
triangular, oval, crescent, lazy or hogarth curve, minimal and free standing arrangement
(Ladilad, 2000).
Moreover, for weddings, the bridal and attendants bouquet styles are largely the
preference of the bride. However, several factors should be considered when selecting
bouquet styles and flowers. The first is the style of the wedding gown. The size of the
bride and bridal attendants also influence the styles and the size of the bouquets (Griner,
1995).
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
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On the other hand, Wright (1970) stated that to get the returns, this depends upon
the interrelationship between three factors. The volume of sales, the profit margin on
those sales, and the capital investment required to sustain the volume of sales.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
5
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The research was conducted in Dimasalang, Sampaloc, Metro Manila in
December 2005. The study area was the old Dangwa station in Dimasalang. This area is
very popular for the flowers selling.
Respondents of the Study
There were 30 respondents that were taken from those who were regularly
engaged in the floral design business in Dimasalang, Metro Manila.
Data Collection
A prepared interview schedule was used in the collection of data. The researcher
personally interviewed the respondents.
Data gathered
The data gathered was on the different floral designs being produced and sold in
Dimasalang, Manila, volume of production and the selling price per design, the mark-up
and other services rendered by the floral designers, and the costs and returns from the
floral design business.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
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Data Analysis
The data and information gathered from the respondents were tabulated and
interpreted according to the objectives of the study. Descriptive statistics using frequency
and percentage were used in the data analysis. Estimate of costs and returns per type of
floral design was done.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Background of the Respondents
This section presents the distribution of the respondents according to their gender,
civil status and age. The respondents were also classified according to the area they were
selling, the bagsakan center and the retail area. These data were presented in Table 1.
Gender. Table 1 presents that the respondents were mostly male both at the
bagsakan center and at the retail area. About 86% of the respondents at the bagsakan
center were male and at the retail area there were about 57%. This finding implies that
there were more male engage in the flower business than the female. This maybe because
this type of business needs some hauling activities where the male are needed to carry the
flowers.
Civil
status. The finding shows that majority of the respondents were married.
Fifty seven percent (57%) of the respondents at the bagsakan center were married and
about 70% at the retail area were also married. This finding implies that majority of those
engage in the flower arrangement business in Dimasalang were married.
Age. The youngest respondent at the bagsakan area was only 24 years old and the
oldest was 52 years old. At the retail area, the youngest was 25 years old and the oldest
was 55 years old. As to their age distribution, majority of the respondents at the bagsakan
center were very young with ages ranging from 24 to 31 years old. At the retail area, 39%
were 32-39 years old and about 35% were 24 – 31 years old. The remaining were equally
distributed between 40 -47 years old and 48 – 55 years old at 13% each.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
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Table 1. General Profile of the respondents by business area
CHARACTERISTICS
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
F % F %
Gender
Male
6
85.71
13
56.52
Female
1
14.29
10
43.48
TOTAL
7
100.00
23
100.00
Civil
Status
Married
4
57.14
16
69.57
Single
3
42.86
7
30.43
TOTAL
7
100.00
23
100.00
Age
24 – 31
4
57.13
8
34.78
32 – 39
1
14.29
9
39.13
40 – 47
1
14.29
3
13.04
48 – 55
1
14.29
3
13.04
TOTAL
7
100.00
23
100.00
Floral Designs Usually Ordered
Table 2 presents the floral designs usually ordered by the customers from the
respondents both at the bagsakan center and at the retail area. It can be perceived from
the result that there was only one kind of floral design ordered by customers from the
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
9
bagsakan center, the flower arrangement design. At the retail area, all the respondents
mentioned that bouquet was usually ordered by their customers. About 87% mentioned
flower arrangement was usually ordered by their customers while 57% and 30%
mentioned corsage and leis, respectively. The finding shows that flower arrangement was
the most popular floral design mostly ordered by customers flowed by bouquet at the
retail area. Very few of the respondents (30%) mentioned leis. This implies that leis is not
a commonly ordered floral design. This maybe because it is only ordered during special
occasion. This may also imply that very few of the respondents have skill on leis design
thus the customers usually order from these seven (7) respondents.
Table 2. Floral designs usually ordered by customers by area
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN AREA
RETAIL AREA
F % F %
Flower
arrangement
7 100 20 86.96
Corsage 0
0
13
56.92
Bouquet 0
0
23
100.00
Leis
0 0 7 30.43
Cost of Production
The cost of production refers to the cost of producing a unit of the finish floral
design. This includes the flowers and other materials and the cost of labor spent in
designing.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
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Table 3 shows that there were differences in cost of production between the
bagsakan area and the retail area. In all of the kinds of floral design, the cost of
production was higher at the retail area than at the bagsakan center. This was mainly due
to the differences in the price of the flowers they used. The respondents at the bagsakan
area can buy the flowers at a cheaper price compared to the respondents at the retail area.
There were also differences in the per unit cost of production as to size and type
of design. Among the flower arrangement designs, the standing design had the highest
per unit cost followed by the round or horizontal design. The center piece design had the
lowest per unit cost followed by the flat spray. Among the bouquet design , the arm
bouquet had the lowest cost while the cascading design had the highest cost.
It was also noted that the cost of producing a unit of the nose gay bouquet and the
arm bouquet were cheaper at the retail area than at the bagsakan center. Furthermore, It
was also noted that the cost of producing corsage and leis with special design was
cheaper at the retail area than at the bagsakan center but for the ordinary design for both
corsage and leis, it was cheaper at the bagsakan
There was also a very big difference in the cost of producing the ordinary corsage
and ordinary leis compared to the special corsage and special leis. The ordinary design
was very much cheaper to produce than the special design.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
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Table 3. Per unit cost of production by area and by type of floral design (in
pesos)
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN
RETAIL
COST
AREA
AREA
DIFFERENCES
Flower Arrangement
Standing
Small
141.43
316.96
175.53
Medium
232.86
509.57
276.71
Big
338.60
732.61
394.01
Round/horizontal
Small
118.57
430.35
311.78
Medium
190.00
604.35
414.35
Big
281.43
747.83
466.40
Basket Arrangement
Small
68.57
113.48
44.91
Medium
120.83
223.91
103.08
Big
190.00
386.96
196.96
Flat Spray
112.86
243.91
131.05
Center Piece
55.00
111.74
56.74
Bouquet
Hand tied
221.00
291.30
70.30
Nose gay
202.00
143.48
-58.52
Cascading
308.33
517.39
209.06
Arm bouquet
176.57
160.43
-11.14
Corsage
Ordinary
18.57
20.87
2.30
Special
62.14
57.39
-4.75
Leis
Ordinary
57.14
72.17
15.03
Special
222.14
176.52
-45.62
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
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Average Selling Price and Percent Mark-up
Average selling price. Table 4 presents the average selling price of the
respondents in the two locations. It was observed that selling prices were generally higher
at the retail area. The selling prices for the standing flower arrangement at the retail area
were more than double the price at the bagsakan center. It was noted that the price of the
big size standing flower arrangement was P1,060.25. The differences in the price of the
small and the medium size flower arrangement were P309.31 and P375.78, respectively.
There were some products however that selling prices were higher at the bagsakan area
than at the retail area. These were the nose gay bouquet, arm bouquet and the special
corsage. As was observed earlier, the cost of production for these mentioned product
were lower at the retail area. This implies that one source of price differences was the per
unit cost of production.
Table 4. Average selling price by area and by type of floral design (in pesos)
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN
RETAIL
PRICE
AREA
AREA
DIFFERENCES
Flower Arrangement
Standing
Small
292.86
602.17
309.31
Medium
478.57
854.35
375.78
Big
657.14
1,717.39
1,060.25
Round/horizontal
Small
241.43
659.78
418.35
Medium
382.86
882.61
499.75
Big
550
1,234.78
684.78
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
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Table 4. continued…
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN
RETAIL
PRICE
AREA
AREA
DIFFERENCES
Basket Arrangement
Small
138.57
212.61
74.04
Medium
241.67
350.00
108.33
Big
400.00
739.13
339.13
Flat Spray
253.57
465.22
211.65
Center Piece
115.71
256.52
140.81
Bouquet
Hand tied
465.00
526.09
61.09
Nose gay
410.00
308.70
-101.30
Cascading
700.00
1,273.91
573.91
Arm bouquet
360.71
345.65
-15.06
Corsage
Ordinary
38.57
41.97
3.40
Special
128.57
117.12
-11.45
Leis
Ordinary
128.57
157.09
28.52
Special
457.14
389.13
68.01
Percent Mark-up.
Table 5 presents that the percent mark-up of the respondents at the bagsakan
center was generally lower than the price mark-up of the respondents at the retail area.
For the small and medium size standing flower arrangement, the respondents at the
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
14
bagsakan center had a mark-up of 52% while those at the retail area were 90% and 68%,
respectively. For the big size, the mark-up at the bagsakan area was only 48% while at
the retail area was 134%. For the round/horizontal flower arrangement, the percent mark-
up by respondents in the two locations were almost the same. For the other designs the
percent mark-up by the respondents at the retail area was higher than the percent mark-up
by the respondents at the bagsakan center.
As found earlier, the per unit cost of production of the respondents at the retail
area was higher than the per unit cost of production of the respondents at the bagsakan
center. However, the percent mark-up charged by the respondents at the retail area was
higher than the percent mark-up charged by the respondents at the bagsakan center. This
finding implies that the respondents at the retail area were earning higher profits than the
respondents at the bagsakan center.
Table 5. Percent mark-up by area and by type of floral design
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Flower Arrangement
Standing
Small
52
90
Medium
52
68
Big
48
134
Round/horizontal
Small
51
53
Medium
50
46
Big
49
65
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
15
Table 5. continued …
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Basket Arrangement
Small
51
87
Medium
50
56
Big
53
91
Flat Spray
56
91
Center Piece
52
130
Bouquet
Hand tied
52
81
Nose gay
51
115
Cascading
56
146
Arm bouquet
51
115
Corsage
Ordinary
52
101
Special
52
104
Leis
Ordinary
56
117
Special
51
120
Volume Produced
Table 6 presents the volume of products produced by the respondents per year.
The result shows that for the standing flower arrangement, more of the big and medium
sizes were produced in the bagsakan area but more of the small size was produced at the
retail area. Each respondent at the bagsakan center produce an average of 231 for the
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
16
small size; 463 for the medium size and 634 pieces for the big size while at the retail
area, each respondent produced an average of 282 small; 237 medium and 133 big.
For the rounded flower arrangement, the average production was higher at the
bagsakan center than at the retail area for all sizes. For the small size the difference was
about 393 pieces while for the medium size the difference was 223 pieces and for the big
size the difference was 79 pieces. The same was true for the basket arrangement and the
flat spray but for the center piece the average production was higher at the retail area by
128 pieces. The average production for the bouquet, the corsage and the leis, there was
much higher volume of production at the retail area than at the bagsakan center. The
finding shows that the average production for floral design was higher at the retail area
compared to the bagsakan center. This was because there were more buyers at the retail
area for than at the bagsakan center.
It was also found that among the basket arrangement, the small size was much
demanded compared to the other sizes. For the bouquet, the arm bouquet was highly
demanded compared to the hand tied, nose gray and the cascading. The cascading design
was not produced at the bagsakan center. For the corsage, the ordinary design was more
demanded than the special design. The same was true for the leis. This was because the
price of the ordinary design was much lower than the price of the special design. This
implies that most of the customers preferred to buy the cheaper floral designs than the
dearer ones.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
17
Table 6. Volume produced by the respondents in the two locations, in pieces
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Flower Arrangement
Standing
Small
231
282
Medium
463
237
Big
634
133
Round/horizontal
Small
600
207
Medium
343
120
Big
171
92
Basket Arrangement
Small
943
577
Medium
343
237
Big
120
83
Flat Spray
737
162
Center Piece
206
334
Bouquet
Hand tied
51
280
Nose gay
34
425
Cascading
-
68
Arm bouquet
403
509
Corsage
Ordinary
154
524
Special
34
305
Leis
Ordinary
6
290
Special
3
172
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
18
Total Sales
The total sales per year by each individual floral designer is presented in Table 7.
For the standing flower arrangement, total sales from the big size was the highest at the
bagsakan center with almost P416,627 while at the retail area it was from the big size
with P228,413. For the round/horizontal, sales from the small size in both location gave
the highest with P144,858 at the bagsakan center and P136,574 at the retail area. This
was also true with the basket arrangement with P130,672 at the bagsakan center and
P122,676 at the retail area. In addition, it was found that the standing flower arrangement
gave the highest total sales, with P705,855 among the floral design at the bagsakan center
and also at the retail area, it was the bouquet that gave the highest total sales with
P600,706.
Table 7. Total sales per year by the respondents in the two locations
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Flower Arrangement
Standing
Small
67,650.66
169,811.94
Medium
22,577.91
202,480.95
Big
416,626.76
228,412.87
TOTAL
705,855.33
600,705.76
Round/horizontal
Small
144,858
136,574.46
Medium
131,320.98
105,913.20
Big
94,050
113,599.76
TOTAL
370,228.98
356,087.42
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
19
Table 7. continued ….
Basket Arrangement
Small
130,671.51
122,675.97
Medium
82,892.81
82,950
Big
48,000
61,347.79
TOTAL
261,564.32
266,973.76
Flat Spray
186,881.09
75,365.64
Center Piece
23,836.26
85,677.68
Bouquet
Hand tied
23,715
147,305.20
Nose gay
13,940
131,197.50
Cascading
-
86,625.88
Arm bouquet
145,366.13
175,935.85
TOTAL
183,021.13
541,064.43
Corsage
Ordinary
5,939.78
21,992.28
Special
4,371.38
35,721.60
TOTAL
10,311.16
57,713.88
Leis
Ordinary
771.42
45,556.10
Special
1,371.42
66,930.36
TOTAL
2,142.84
112,486.46
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
20
Total Production Cost
The total cost of production incurred by each seller is presented in Table 8. The
result shows that the total cost of production for the standing flower arrangement was
about P355,157 at the bagsakan center and about P307,588 at the retail area. For the
round/horizontal design, the total cost incurred by the sellers at the bagsakan center was
about P184,436 and at the retail area, it was about P230,405. Total cost for the basket
design was 128,906 pesos at the bagsakan center and about 150,662 at the retail area. For
the flat spray and center piece, the cost at the bagsakan center was P83,178 and P11,330,
respectively while at the retail area the costs for the same floral designs were P39,513
and P37,321, respectively. The cost of production of the bouquet, corsage and leis at the
bagsakan center were as follows: P88,787, P4,973, and P,009, respectively. For the same
designs at the retail area, the costs were P259,384, P28,440, and P51,291.18 respectively.
Table 8. Total cost of production incurred by the respondents in the two locations
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Flower Arrangement
Standing
Small
32,670.33
89,382.72
Medium
107,814.18
120,768.09
Big
214,672.40
97,437.13
TOTAL
355,156.991
307,587.94
Round/horizontal
Small
71,142.00
89.082.45
Medium
65,170.00
72,522.00
Big
48,124.53
68,800.36
TOTAL
184,436.53
230,404.81
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
21
Table 8. continued ..
Basket Arrangement
Small
64,661.51
65,477.96
Medium
41,444.69
53,066.67
Big
22,800.00
32,117.68
TOTAL
128,906.20
150,662.31
Flat Spray
83,177.82
39,513.42
Center Piece
11,330.00
37,321.16
Bouquet
Hand tied
10,761.00
81,564.00
Nose gay
6,868.00
60,979.00
Cascading
-
35,182.52
Arm bouquet
71,157.71
81,658.87
TOTAL
88,786.71
259,384.39
Corsage
Ordinary
2,859.78
10,935.88
Special
2,112.76
17,503.95
TOTAL
4,972.54
28,439.83
Leis
Ordinary
342.84
20,929.30
Special
666.42
30,361.44
TOTAL
1,009.26
51,290.74
Service Package
Aside from the production and selling of floral design, the respondents also offer
other services like church decor, reception décor, and bridal entourage. The total income
and total cost from the services offered are presented in Table 9. These other services
were church decoration, reception decoration, and bridal entourage. The total income
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
22
derived by each respondent per year at the bagsakan center was P289,643 and the total
cost was P183,750. The net income from these services was P105,893. On the other
hand, the total income realized by each seller at the retail area per year was P191,391
pesos with a total cost of P153,870 and a net income of P37,522.
Table 9. Gross income, total cost and net income from other services offered
ITEM
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Gross income
Church décor
60,714.29
66,739.13
Reception décor
113,571.43
43,695.65
Bridal entourage
115,357.14
80,956.52
Total
289,642.80
191,391.30
Total Cost
Church décor
Raw Materials
30,357.14
34,565.22
Labor
14,142.86
19,239.13
Sub-Total
44,500.00
53,804.35
Reception décor
Raw Materials
30,357.14
21,847.83
Labor
14,714.29
12,456.52
Sub-Total
45,071.43
34,304.35
Bridal entourage
Raw Materials
57,678.60
40,478.26
Labor
36,500.00
25,282.61
Sub-Total
94,178.60
65,760.87
TOTAL
183,750
153,869.57
Net Income
Church décor
16,214.29
12,934.78
Reception décor
68,500.00
9,391.30
Bridal entourage
21,178.54
15,195.65
Total
105,892.83
37,521.73
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
23
Costs and Returns from Floral Design Business
Table 10 presents the costs and returns analysis from the flower arrangement
business at Dimasalang, Manila. At the bagsakan center, the gross income per seller was
2 million pesos with a total cost of 1 million pesos and the net income was 931,278.15
million pesos. At the retail area, the gross income was about 2.3 million pesos in one
year. The total cost was 1.3 million pesos and the net income was 967,299.16 million
pesos. It is apparent that the net income was higher at the retail area but the returns above
total cost and the returns to variable cost was higher at the bagsakan center. The returns
above fixed cost was higher at the retail area.
Table 10. Costs and Returns from floral design business at Dimasalang, Metro Manila
ITEM
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Gross income
Sales from floral designs
1,722,388.11
2,096,075.03
Service income
289,642.80
191,391.30
Total
2,012,030.91
2,287,466.33
Total Cost
Raw materials
859,542.28
1,104,062.82
Labor
77,142.86
155,217.39
Utilities
25,114.29
29,634.78
Depreciation
724.76
1,934.78
Rent
103,142.86
11,008.70
Miscellaneous
15,085.71
20,243.48
Total
1,080,572.76
1,320,167.17
Net Income
931,278.15
967,299.16
Returns Above Total Cost
0.86
0.73
Returns Above Variable Cost
1.06
0.86
Returns above fixed cost
4.52
4.89
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted find out the following: the kinds of floral design
produced and sold by flower shops in Dimasalang, Manila, the kinds of floral design
usually ordered by customers, and to estimate the costs and return from the floral design
business.
There were 30 respondents in this study and all of them were operating a flower
shop in Dimasalang, Manila. Majority of the respondents at the bagsakan center were
male, married and 24-31 years old. At the retail area, majority were male and married and
most of them belonged to the 32 -39 years old bracket.
The most common floral designs produced and sold by the respondents were
flower arrangement, bouquet, and corsage. It was only the flower arrangement designs
that were usually ordered and bought by customers at the Bagsakan Center while at the
retail area, all the three floral designs including leis were produced and sold.
There were differences in the average cost of production between the bagsakan
area and the retail area. In all the kinds of floral design, the cost of production was always
higher at the retail area than at the bagsakan center. This was due to the higher cost of
flowers at the retail area. There were also differences in the per unit cost as to sizes and
types of design.
There were also observed difference in the average selling prices of the
respondents in the two locations. The selling prices at the retail area were generally
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
25
higher than the prices at the bagsakan area. Furthermore, the difference in the price of the
some floral design at the retail area was twice the price at the bagsakan center.
The percent mark-up of the respondents in the retail area were generally higher.
Some were even more than one hundred percent higher. At the bagsakan area the percent
mark-up in all the kinds of floral design were less than one hundred percent.
The volume of products produced was higher in the retail area than in the bagsakan
center. This shows that demand for flowers at the retail area was higher than at the
bagsakan area. This was evident by the multi-million pesos sales at the retail area.
Aside from the floral designs that the respondents produce and sell, they also offer
special services to customers in church décor, reception décor and bridal entourage. It
was also observed that there were differences in the prices of their services. As usual they
prices were higher at the retail area than at the bagsakan center.
The net income per floral designer at the bagsakan center was much higher than
the net income at the retail area. However, the returns above total cost and the returns
above variable cost were higher at the bagsakan center except for the returns above fixed
cost that was much higher at the retail area.
Conclusions
Base on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were made:
1. There were different kinds of floral designs made and sold at the Dimasalang
flower market, specially at the retail area.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
26
2. The volume of floral designs produced, the total sales, the percent mark-up, the
cost of production, and net income were higher at the retail area than at the
bagsakan center.
3. Returns above total cost and returns above variable cost were higher at the
bagsakan center than at the retail area because of the much lesser cost of
production in this location because the variable cost at the bagsakan center was
much lower than at the retail area.
4. Returns above fixed cost at the bagsakan center was lower indicating that the
level of fixed cost at the two locations were the same but the volume of sales was
very much lower at the bagsakan center compared to the sales at the retail area
thus leading to a high returns above fixed cost.
Recommendations
1. Florists must have innovations of all the floral designs they are doing. Most
especially designs that are preferred by customers.
2. Florists at retail area must find way to lessen there cost of production.
3. Florists at bagsakan area must increase there volume of sales to have higher
returns.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
27
LITERATURE CITED
GRINER, C. 1995. Floriculture: Designing and Merchandising. USA: Delmar Publisher.
P.245.
LADILAD, A.G. 2000. Eight Basic Designs in Flower Arrangement. Lecture Notes.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
PITLONGAY, R.C. 2002. Marketing operations of cutflower intermediaries in
Dimasalang and Kanlaon, Metro Manila: An Assessment. BS Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet Pp. 12 – 15.
SCACE, P.D. 2001. The Floral Artist’s Guide. A reference to cutflowers and Foliage.
USA. P. XIX.
WRIGHT, M.G. 1970. Financial Management. Great Britain: McGraw Hill Publishing
Co. Ltd. P.17.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
28
APPENDIX
Appendix A. Interview Schedule
Name
Civil
Status
Age
A. Floral Designs
1. What floral designs are usually ordered by your customers
a. flower arrangements
________ b. corsage
________ c. bouquet
________ d. leis
2. Cost of materials and labor used for different types of floral designs and selling price.
Cost of Materials
Labor ued
Selling
Type of floral
Flowe Foliage Others
C H
F
price
O
designs
r
(basket,
ribbon, etc.)
Flower arrangement
a. Standing
Small
Medium
Big
b. Round/horizontal
Small
Medium
Big
c. Basket type
Small
Medium
Big
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
29
d. Flat spray &
center piece
2. Bouquet
Hand tied
Nose gay
Cascading
3. Corsage
Ordinary
Special
4. Leis
Ordinary
special
3. What is your basis in determining your selling price?
_____Cost and mark-up
_____ prevailing price in the market
_____ others (please specify)
4. For every occasion, what are the flower designs usually ordered? Please give the
average number of orders of the floral designs for each month
Type of
Weddings Birthdays Inauguration Debuts Funerals For
Others
Designs
resale
1. Flower
arrangement
a. Standing
Small
Medium
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
30
Big
b.
Round/horiz.
Small
Medium
Big
c. Basket
type
Small
Medium
Big
d. Flat spray
& center pc.
2. Bouquet
Hand tied
Nose gay
Cascading
3. Corsage
ordinary
Special
4. Leis
Ordinary
special
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
31
5. What are the service packages you offer to your customers?
SERVICES PACKAGES
CONTRACT
NUMBER
OF
NUMBER
TYPE
PRICE
ORDER/MO.
Wedding
Church décor
Reception decor
Bridal entourage
Bridal car
Complete
package
Other Special Oc.
Hall Décor
Bouquet, corsage,
leis
Complete package
B. Employees
Number of employees ________
Basis
of
computing
wage
Rate
Per day
_________________
Per piece of finish product
_________________
Per month
_________________
Others (please specify)_____________ _________________
C. Utilities/Equipment/ Tools
1. What are the equipment/tools you are using in your operation?
Equipment/Tools
Year Purchased
Purchase Price
Life Span
Cutter
Prunning
shear
Scissors
Display
rack
Sprayer
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
32
Pail
2. How ,much do you pay for stall rent per month? ______________________
3. How much do you pay for utilities per month?
a. Water ___________________
b. Electricity ___________________
D. Other costs ( Please specify) ____________________________________________
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
BAYAS, HERMAN L. APRIL 2007. Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral
Design Business in Dimansalang, Metro Manila. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Clifton D. Llanes, BS
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted mainly to asses the profitability of the floral design
business in Dimasalang, Metro Manila. The study was conducted in December 2005 with
30 florists in Dimasalang, Metro Manila as respondents.
The floral design commonly produced by the florists in Dimasalang were flower
arrangement, corsage, bouquet, and leis of different sizes and types. The other service
packages offered by the florists were church décor, reception décor, and bridal entourage.
The respondents were grouped into two according to location of business; the bagsakan
center and the retail area. The gross income per florist at the bagsakan center was about 2
million pesos while at the retail area was about 2.3 million pesos. This included the sales
from floral designs and service income. The total costs at the bagsakan center was about
1.08 million pesos leaving a net income of P931, 278 while at the retail area, the total
cost was 1.32 million pesos leaving a net income of P967,299. The returns above total
cost, returns above variable cost, and returns above fixed cost at the bagsakan center was
0.86, 1.06, and 4.52, respectively. At the retail area, the returns above total cost was 0.73,
returns above variable cost was 0.86, and returns above variable cost was 4.89.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Scope and Limitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Locale and Time of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Respondents of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Data Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Data Gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Background of the Respondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Floral Designs Usually Ordered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Cost of Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Average Selling Price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
ii
Percent Mark-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Volume Produced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Total Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Total Production Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Service Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Costs and Returns from
Floral Design business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
APPENDICES
Appendix A. Survey Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
All people are artist. As human, people like to create things and floral
designing is one of the many outlets of creativity.
Floral designing has been around for centuries and anyone can be
successful with it. A single flower is beautiful in itself, but when they are grouped
together, the aesthetic beauty can become more admirable.
Flower unlike other media are forgiving. It can be arranged or rearranged
until the artist is satisfied with it. There are endless possibilities in floral designing.
Some are large, medium and even small flower arrangement. Flowers can be dried
and made into arrangements; it can be pressed and use in making cards and more.
Floral designing is one way of enhancing its aesthetic value. It is also a
way of recycling damage flowers that cannot be sold. Flowers are use to highlight
the key moments in our lives just like birthdays, holidays, the first dance, wedding,
anniversaries, illnesses and deaths.
In Manila, Dimasalang is the trading place of cutflowers. Forty percent of
the cutflower being sold comes from Baguio and Benguet farms (Pitlongay, 2002).
Aside from selling cutflowers, many floral designers in this place make flower
arranging as another business. Some of their customers who are retailers from
nearby provinces usually buy their craft and sell it in their respective places.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
2
Furthermore, cutflower business is one of the blooming businesses in the
country today, and floral designing follows. It is therefore the purpose of this study to
assess the profitability of the floral design business in Dimasalang, Manila.
Objectives of the Study
This study was conducted to find out the profitability of the floral design business
in Dimasalang, Manila. Specifically it aimed to:
1. find out the different floral designs being produced and sold in Dimasalang,
Manila;
2. determine volume of production and the selling price per design
3. determine the mark-up set by the floral designer
4. find out other services rendered by the floral designer
5. Estimate the costs and returns from the floral design business.
Importance of the Study
The study was conducted to asses and estimate the costs and returns from floral
design business and the results could be used as benchmark data for further studies to
improve the cutflower business.
Scope and Limitation of the study
This study focused on the business operations of the flower design enterprise in
Dimasalang, Metro Manila where the cost and return analysis in this enterprise was
assessed. Respondents were limited to those with permanent flower shops.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In the study of Pitlongay (2002), she said that most florists in Dimasalang and
Kanlaon considered floral designing as an occupation or as a permanent job but for others
it is only a sideline for additional income. They are engaged in this business for two to
four years and most of them are in the ages ranging from 26 to 30 years old. Males
dominated her respondents and 65% of them have reached college.
On the other hand, according to Scace (2001) the materials used in flower
arranging must contain the components of color, size, line, pattern form, and texture. In
Pitlongay’s (2001) study, the materials used by the florists of Dimasalang and Kanlaon,
Manila were mostly using anthorium, Malaysian mums, roses, statice and orchid flower
because of their availability in the market.
There are eight basic ways to arrange a floral design but within each shape the use
of scale, variation of emphasis, choice of colors, containers, and textures provides the
imagination with endless creative possibilities. These designs are horizontal, vertical,
triangular, oval, crescent, lazy or hogarth curve, minimal and free standing arrangement
(Ladilad, 2000).
Moreover, for weddings, the bridal and attendants bouquet styles are largely the
preference of the bride. However, several factors should be considered when selecting
bouquet styles and flowers. The first is the style of the wedding gown. The size of the
bride and bridal attendants also influence the styles and the size of the bouquets (Griner,
1995).
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
4
On the other hand, Wright (1970) stated that to get the returns, this depends upon
the interrelationship between three factors. The volume of sales, the profit margin on
those sales, and the capital investment required to sustain the volume of sales.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
5
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The research was conducted in Dimasalang, Sampaloc, Metro Manila in
December 2005. The study area was the old Dangwa station in Dimasalang. This area is
very popular for the flowers selling.
Respondents of the Study
There were 30 respondents that were taken from those who were regularly
engaged in the floral design business in Dimasalang, Metro Manila.
Data Collection
A prepared interview schedule was used in the collection of data. The researcher
personally interviewed the respondents.
Data gathered
The data gathered was on the different floral designs being produced and sold in
Dimasalang, Manila, volume of production and the selling price per design, the mark-up
and other services rendered by the floral designers, and the costs and returns from the
floral design business.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
6
Data Analysis
The data and information gathered from the respondents were tabulated and
interpreted according to the objectives of the study. Descriptive statistics using frequency
and percentage were used in the data analysis. Estimate of costs and returns per type of
floral design was done.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Background of the Respondents
This section presents the distribution of the respondents according to their gender,
civil status and age. The respondents were also classified according to the area they were
selling, the bagsakan center and the retail area. These data were presented in Table 1.
Gender. Table 1 presents that the respondents were mostly male both at the
bagsakan center and at the retail area. About 86% of the respondents at the bagsakan
center were male and at the retail area there were about 57%. This finding implies that
there were more male engage in the flower business than the female. This maybe because
this type of business needs some hauling activities where the male are needed to carry the
flowers.
Civil
status. The finding shows that majority of the respondents were married.
Fifty seven percent (57%) of the respondents at the bagsakan center were married and
about 70% at the retail area were also married. This finding implies that majority of those
engage in the flower arrangement business in Dimasalang were married.
Age. The youngest respondent at the bagsakan area was only 24 years old and the
oldest was 52 years old. At the retail area, the youngest was 25 years old and the oldest
was 55 years old. As to their age distribution, majority of the respondents at the bagsakan
center were very young with ages ranging from 24 to 31 years old. At the retail area, 39%
were 32-39 years old and about 35% were 24 – 31 years old. The remaining were equally
distributed between 40 -47 years old and 48 – 55 years old at 13% each.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
8
Table 1. General Profile of the respondents by business area
CHARACTERISTICS
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
F % F %
Gender
Male
6
85.71
13
56.52
Female
1
14.29
10
43.48
TOTAL
7
100.00
23
100.00
Civil
Status
Married
4
57.14
16
69.57
Single
3
42.86
7
30.43
TOTAL
7
100.00
23
100.00
Age
24 – 31
4
57.13
8
34.78
32 – 39
1
14.29
9
39.13
40 – 47
1
14.29
3
13.04
48 – 55
1
14.29
3
13.04
TOTAL
7
100.00
23
100.00
Floral Designs Usually Ordered
Table 2 presents the floral designs usually ordered by the customers from the
respondents both at the bagsakan center and at the retail area. It can be perceived from
the result that there was only one kind of floral design ordered by customers from the
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
9
bagsakan center, the flower arrangement design. At the retail area, all the respondents
mentioned that bouquet was usually ordered by their customers. About 87% mentioned
flower arrangement was usually ordered by their customers while 57% and 30%
mentioned corsage and leis, respectively. The finding shows that flower arrangement was
the most popular floral design mostly ordered by customers flowed by bouquet at the
retail area. Very few of the respondents (30%) mentioned leis. This implies that leis is not
a commonly ordered floral design. This maybe because it is only ordered during special
occasion. This may also imply that very few of the respondents have skill on leis design
thus the customers usually order from these seven (7) respondents.
Table 2. Floral designs usually ordered by customers by area
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN AREA
RETAIL AREA
F % F %
Flower
arrangement
7 100 20 86.96
Corsage 0
0
13
56.92
Bouquet 0
0
23
100.00
Leis
0 0 7 30.43
Cost of Production
The cost of production refers to the cost of producing a unit of the finish floral
design. This includes the flowers and other materials and the cost of labor spent in
designing.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
10
Table 3 shows that there were differences in cost of production between the
bagsakan area and the retail area. In all of the kinds of floral design, the cost of
production was higher at the retail area than at the bagsakan center. This was mainly due
to the differences in the price of the flowers they used. The respondents at the bagsakan
area can buy the flowers at a cheaper price compared to the respondents at the retail area.
There were also differences in the per unit cost of production as to size and type
of design. Among the flower arrangement designs, the standing design had the highest
per unit cost followed by the round or horizontal design. The center piece design had the
lowest per unit cost followed by the flat spray. Among the bouquet design , the arm
bouquet had the lowest cost while the cascading design had the highest cost.
It was also noted that the cost of producing a unit of the nose gay bouquet and the
arm bouquet were cheaper at the retail area than at the bagsakan center. Furthermore, It
was also noted that the cost of producing corsage and leis with special design was
cheaper at the retail area than at the bagsakan center but for the ordinary design for both
corsage and leis, it was cheaper at the bagsakan
There was also a very big difference in the cost of producing the ordinary corsage
and ordinary leis compared to the special corsage and special leis. The ordinary design
was very much cheaper to produce than the special design.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
11
Table 3. Per unit cost of production by area and by type of floral design (in
pesos)
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN
RETAIL
COST
AREA
AREA
DIFFERENCES
Flower Arrangement
Standing
Small
141.43
316.96
175.53
Medium
232.86
509.57
276.71
Big
338.60
732.61
394.01
Round/horizontal
Small
118.57
430.35
311.78
Medium
190.00
604.35
414.35
Big
281.43
747.83
466.40
Basket Arrangement
Small
68.57
113.48
44.91
Medium
120.83
223.91
103.08
Big
190.00
386.96
196.96
Flat Spray
112.86
243.91
131.05
Center Piece
55.00
111.74
56.74
Bouquet
Hand tied
221.00
291.30
70.30
Nose gay
202.00
143.48
-58.52
Cascading
308.33
517.39
209.06
Arm bouquet
176.57
160.43
-11.14
Corsage
Ordinary
18.57
20.87
2.30
Special
62.14
57.39
-4.75
Leis
Ordinary
57.14
72.17
15.03
Special
222.14
176.52
-45.62
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
12
Average Selling Price and Percent Mark-up
Average selling price. Table 4 presents the average selling price of the
respondents in the two locations. It was observed that selling prices were generally higher
at the retail area. The selling prices for the standing flower arrangement at the retail area
were more than double the price at the bagsakan center. It was noted that the price of the
big size standing flower arrangement was P1,060.25. The differences in the price of the
small and the medium size flower arrangement were P309.31 and P375.78, respectively.
There were some products however that selling prices were higher at the bagsakan area
than at the retail area. These were the nose gay bouquet, arm bouquet and the special
corsage. As was observed earlier, the cost of production for these mentioned product
were lower at the retail area. This implies that one source of price differences was the per
unit cost of production.
Table 4. Average selling price by area and by type of floral design (in pesos)
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN
RETAIL
PRICE
AREA
AREA
DIFFERENCES
Flower Arrangement
Standing
Small
292.86
602.17
309.31
Medium
478.57
854.35
375.78
Big
657.14
1,717.39
1,060.25
Round/horizontal
Small
241.43
659.78
418.35
Medium
382.86
882.61
499.75
Big
550
1,234.78
684.78
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
13
Table 4. continued…
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN
RETAIL
PRICE
AREA
AREA
DIFFERENCES
Basket Arrangement
Small
138.57
212.61
74.04
Medium
241.67
350.00
108.33
Big
400.00
739.13
339.13
Flat Spray
253.57
465.22
211.65
Center Piece
115.71
256.52
140.81
Bouquet
Hand tied
465.00
526.09
61.09
Nose gay
410.00
308.70
-101.30
Cascading
700.00
1,273.91
573.91
Arm bouquet
360.71
345.65
-15.06
Corsage
Ordinary
38.57
41.97
3.40
Special
128.57
117.12
-11.45
Leis
Ordinary
128.57
157.09
28.52
Special
457.14
389.13
68.01
Percent Mark-up.
Table 5 presents that the percent mark-up of the respondents at the bagsakan
center was generally lower than the price mark-up of the respondents at the retail area.
For the small and medium size standing flower arrangement, the respondents at the
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
14
bagsakan center had a mark-up of 52% while those at the retail area were 90% and 68%,
respectively. For the big size, the mark-up at the bagsakan area was only 48% while at
the retail area was 134%. For the round/horizontal flower arrangement, the percent mark-
up by respondents in the two locations were almost the same. For the other designs the
percent mark-up by the respondents at the retail area was higher than the percent mark-up
by the respondents at the bagsakan center.
As found earlier, the per unit cost of production of the respondents at the retail
area was higher than the per unit cost of production of the respondents at the bagsakan
center. However, the percent mark-up charged by the respondents at the retail area was
higher than the percent mark-up charged by the respondents at the bagsakan center. This
finding implies that the respondents at the retail area were earning higher profits than the
respondents at the bagsakan center.
Table 5. Percent mark-up by area and by type of floral design
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Flower Arrangement
Standing
Small
52
90
Medium
52
68
Big
48
134
Round/horizontal
Small
51
53
Medium
50
46
Big
49
65
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
15
Table 5. continued …
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Basket Arrangement
Small
51
87
Medium
50
56
Big
53
91
Flat Spray
56
91
Center Piece
52
130
Bouquet
Hand tied
52
81
Nose gay
51
115
Cascading
56
146
Arm bouquet
51
115
Corsage
Ordinary
52
101
Special
52
104
Leis
Ordinary
56
117
Special
51
120
Volume Produced
Table 6 presents the volume of products produced by the respondents per year.
The result shows that for the standing flower arrangement, more of the big and medium
sizes were produced in the bagsakan area but more of the small size was produced at the
retail area. Each respondent at the bagsakan center produce an average of 231 for the
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
16
small size; 463 for the medium size and 634 pieces for the big size while at the retail
area, each respondent produced an average of 282 small; 237 medium and 133 big.
For the rounded flower arrangement, the average production was higher at the
bagsakan center than at the retail area for all sizes. For the small size the difference was
about 393 pieces while for the medium size the difference was 223 pieces and for the big
size the difference was 79 pieces. The same was true for the basket arrangement and the
flat spray but for the center piece the average production was higher at the retail area by
128 pieces. The average production for the bouquet, the corsage and the leis, there was
much higher volume of production at the retail area than at the bagsakan center. The
finding shows that the average production for floral design was higher at the retail area
compared to the bagsakan center. This was because there were more buyers at the retail
area for than at the bagsakan center.
It was also found that among the basket arrangement, the small size was much
demanded compared to the other sizes. For the bouquet, the arm bouquet was highly
demanded compared to the hand tied, nose gray and the cascading. The cascading design
was not produced at the bagsakan center. For the corsage, the ordinary design was more
demanded than the special design. The same was true for the leis. This was because the
price of the ordinary design was much lower than the price of the special design. This
implies that most of the customers preferred to buy the cheaper floral designs than the
dearer ones.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
17
Table 6. Volume produced by the respondents in the two locations, in pieces
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Flower Arrangement
Standing
Small
231
282
Medium
463
237
Big
634
133
Round/horizontal
Small
600
207
Medium
343
120
Big
171
92
Basket Arrangement
Small
943
577
Medium
343
237
Big
120
83
Flat Spray
737
162
Center Piece
206
334
Bouquet
Hand tied
51
280
Nose gay
34
425
Cascading
-
68
Arm bouquet
403
509
Corsage
Ordinary
154
524
Special
34
305
Leis
Ordinary
6
290
Special
3
172
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
18
Total Sales
The total sales per year by each individual floral designer is presented in Table 7.
For the standing flower arrangement, total sales from the big size was the highest at the
bagsakan center with almost P416,627 while at the retail area it was from the big size
with P228,413. For the round/horizontal, sales from the small size in both location gave
the highest with P144,858 at the bagsakan center and P136,574 at the retail area. This
was also true with the basket arrangement with P130,672 at the bagsakan center and
P122,676 at the retail area. In addition, it was found that the standing flower arrangement
gave the highest total sales, with P705,855 among the floral design at the bagsakan center
and also at the retail area, it was the bouquet that gave the highest total sales with
P600,706.
Table 7. Total sales per year by the respondents in the two locations
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Flower Arrangement
Standing
Small
67,650.66
169,811.94
Medium
22,577.91
202,480.95
Big
416,626.76
228,412.87
TOTAL
705,855.33
600,705.76
Round/horizontal
Small
144,858
136,574.46
Medium
131,320.98
105,913.20
Big
94,050
113,599.76
TOTAL
370,228.98
356,087.42
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
19
Table 7. continued ….
Basket Arrangement
Small
130,671.51
122,675.97
Medium
82,892.81
82,950
Big
48,000
61,347.79
TOTAL
261,564.32
266,973.76
Flat Spray
186,881.09
75,365.64
Center Piece
23,836.26
85,677.68
Bouquet
Hand tied
23,715
147,305.20
Nose gay
13,940
131,197.50
Cascading
-
86,625.88
Arm bouquet
145,366.13
175,935.85
TOTAL
183,021.13
541,064.43
Corsage
Ordinary
5,939.78
21,992.28
Special
4,371.38
35,721.60
TOTAL
10,311.16
57,713.88
Leis
Ordinary
771.42
45,556.10
Special
1,371.42
66,930.36
TOTAL
2,142.84
112,486.46
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
20
Total Production Cost
The total cost of production incurred by each seller is presented in Table 8. The
result shows that the total cost of production for the standing flower arrangement was
about P355,157 at the bagsakan center and about P307,588 at the retail area. For the
round/horizontal design, the total cost incurred by the sellers at the bagsakan center was
about P184,436 and at the retail area, it was about P230,405. Total cost for the basket
design was 128,906 pesos at the bagsakan center and about 150,662 at the retail area. For
the flat spray and center piece, the cost at the bagsakan center was P83,178 and P11,330,
respectively while at the retail area the costs for the same floral designs were P39,513
and P37,321, respectively. The cost of production of the bouquet, corsage and leis at the
bagsakan center were as follows: P88,787, P4,973, and P,009, respectively. For the same
designs at the retail area, the costs were P259,384, P28,440, and P51,291.18 respectively.
Table 8. Total cost of production incurred by the respondents in the two locations
FLORAL DESIGN
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Flower Arrangement
Standing
Small
32,670.33
89,382.72
Medium
107,814.18
120,768.09
Big
214,672.40
97,437.13
TOTAL
355,156.991
307,587.94
Round/horizontal
Small
71,142.00
89.082.45
Medium
65,170.00
72,522.00
Big
48,124.53
68,800.36
TOTAL
184,436.53
230,404.81
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
21
Table 8. continued ..
Basket Arrangement
Small
64,661.51
65,477.96
Medium
41,444.69
53,066.67
Big
22,800.00
32,117.68
TOTAL
128,906.20
150,662.31
Flat Spray
83,177.82
39,513.42
Center Piece
11,330.00
37,321.16
Bouquet
Hand tied
10,761.00
81,564.00
Nose gay
6,868.00
60,979.00
Cascading
-
35,182.52
Arm bouquet
71,157.71
81,658.87
TOTAL
88,786.71
259,384.39
Corsage
Ordinary
2,859.78
10,935.88
Special
2,112.76
17,503.95
TOTAL
4,972.54
28,439.83
Leis
Ordinary
342.84
20,929.30
Special
666.42
30,361.44
TOTAL
1,009.26
51,290.74
Service Package
Aside from the production and selling of floral design, the respondents also offer
other services like church decor, reception décor, and bridal entourage. The total income
and total cost from the services offered are presented in Table 9. These other services
were church decoration, reception decoration, and bridal entourage. The total income
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
22
derived by each respondent per year at the bagsakan center was P289,643 and the total
cost was P183,750. The net income from these services was P105,893. On the other
hand, the total income realized by each seller at the retail area per year was P191,391
pesos with a total cost of P153,870 and a net income of P37,522.
Table 9. Gross income, total cost and net income from other services offered
ITEM
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Gross income
Church décor
60,714.29
66,739.13
Reception décor
113,571.43
43,695.65
Bridal entourage
115,357.14
80,956.52
Total
289,642.80
191,391.30
Total Cost
Church décor
Raw Materials
30,357.14
34,565.22
Labor
14,142.86
19,239.13
Sub-Total
44,500.00
53,804.35
Reception décor
Raw Materials
30,357.14
21,847.83
Labor
14,714.29
12,456.52
Sub-Total
45,071.43
34,304.35
Bridal entourage
Raw Materials
57,678.60
40,478.26
Labor
36,500.00
25,282.61
Sub-Total
94,178.60
65,760.87
TOTAL
183,750
153,869.57
Net Income
Church décor
16,214.29
12,934.78
Reception décor
68,500.00
9,391.30
Bridal entourage
21,178.54
15,195.65
Total
105,892.83
37,521.73
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
23
Costs and Returns from Floral Design Business
Table 10 presents the costs and returns analysis from the flower arrangement
business at Dimasalang, Manila. At the bagsakan center, the gross income per seller was
2 million pesos with a total cost of 1 million pesos and the net income was 931,278.15
million pesos. At the retail area, the gross income was about 2.3 million pesos in one
year. The total cost was 1.3 million pesos and the net income was 967,299.16 million
pesos. It is apparent that the net income was higher at the retail area but the returns above
total cost and the returns to variable cost was higher at the bagsakan center. The returns
above fixed cost was higher at the retail area.
Table 10. Costs and Returns from floral design business at Dimasalang, Metro Manila
ITEM
BAGSAKAN CENTER
RETAIL AREA
Gross income
Sales from floral designs
1,722,388.11
2,096,075.03
Service income
289,642.80
191,391.30
Total
2,012,030.91
2,287,466.33
Total Cost
Raw materials
859,542.28
1,104,062.82
Labor
77,142.86
155,217.39
Utilities
25,114.29
29,634.78
Depreciation
724.76
1,934.78
Rent
103,142.86
11,008.70
Miscellaneous
15,085.71
20,243.48
Total
1,080,572.76
1,320,167.17
Net Income
931,278.15
967,299.16
Returns Above Total Cost
0.86
0.73
Returns Above Variable Cost
1.06
0.86
Returns above fixed cost
4.52
4.89
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted find out the following: the kinds of floral design
produced and sold by flower shops in Dimasalang, Manila, the kinds of floral design
usually ordered by customers, and to estimate the costs and return from the floral design
business.
There were 30 respondents in this study and all of them were operating a flower
shop in Dimasalang, Manila. Majority of the respondents at the bagsakan center were
male, married and 24-31 years old. At the retail area, majority were male and married and
most of them belonged to the 32 -39 years old bracket.
The most common floral designs produced and sold by the respondents were
flower arrangement, bouquet, and corsage. It was only the flower arrangement designs
that were usually ordered and bought by customers at the Bagsakan Center while at the
retail area, all the three floral designs including leis were produced and sold.
There were differences in the average cost of production between the bagsakan
area and the retail area. In all the kinds of floral design, the cost of production was always
higher at the retail area than at the bagsakan center. This was due to the higher cost of
flowers at the retail area. There were also differences in the per unit cost as to sizes and
types of design.
There were also observed difference in the average selling prices of the
respondents in the two locations. The selling prices at the retail area were generally
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
25
higher than the prices at the bagsakan area. Furthermore, the difference in the price of the
some floral design at the retail area was twice the price at the bagsakan center.
The percent mark-up of the respondents in the retail area were generally higher.
Some were even more than one hundred percent higher. At the bagsakan area the percent
mark-up in all the kinds of floral design were less than one hundred percent.
The volume of products produced was higher in the retail area than in the bagsakan
center. This shows that demand for flowers at the retail area was higher than at the
bagsakan area. This was evident by the multi-million pesos sales at the retail area.
Aside from the floral designs that the respondents produce and sell, they also offer
special services to customers in church décor, reception décor and bridal entourage. It
was also observed that there were differences in the prices of their services. As usual they
prices were higher at the retail area than at the bagsakan center.
The net income per floral designer at the bagsakan center was much higher than
the net income at the retail area. However, the returns above total cost and the returns
above variable cost were higher at the bagsakan center except for the returns above fixed
cost that was much higher at the retail area.
Conclusions
Base on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were made:
1. There were different kinds of floral designs made and sold at the Dimasalang
flower market, specially at the retail area.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
26
2. The volume of floral designs produced, the total sales, the percent mark-up, the
cost of production, and net income were higher at the retail area than at the
bagsakan center.
3. Returns above total cost and returns above variable cost were higher at the
bagsakan center than at the retail area because of the much lesser cost of
production in this location because the variable cost at the bagsakan center was
much lower than at the retail area.
4. Returns above fixed cost at the bagsakan center was lower indicating that the
level of fixed cost at the two locations were the same but the volume of sales was
very much lower at the bagsakan center compared to the sales at the retail area
thus leading to a high returns above fixed cost.
Recommendations
1. Florists must have innovations of all the floral designs they are doing. Most
especially designs that are preferred by customers.
2. Florists at retail area must find way to lessen there cost of production.
3. Florists at bagsakan area must increase there volume of sales to have higher
returns.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
27
LITERATURE CITED
GRINER, C. 1995. Floriculture: Designing and Merchandising. USA: Delmar Publisher.
P.245.
LADILAD, A.G. 2000. Eight Basic Designs in Flower Arrangement. Lecture Notes.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
PITLONGAY, R.C. 2002. Marketing operations of cutflower intermediaries in
Dimasalang and Kanlaon, Metro Manila: An Assessment. BS Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet Pp. 12 – 15.
SCACE, P.D. 2001. The Floral Artist’s Guide. A reference to cutflowers and Foliage.
USA. P. XIX.
WRIGHT, M.G. 1970. Financial Management. Great Britain: McGraw Hill Publishing
Co. Ltd. P.17.
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
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APPENDIX
Appendix A. Interview Schedule
Name
Civil
Status
Age
A. Floral Designs
1. What floral designs are usually ordered by your customers
a. flower arrangements
________ b. corsage
________ c. bouquet
________ d. leis
2. Cost of materials and labor used for different types of floral designs and selling price.
Cost of Materials
Labor ued
Selling
Type of floral
Flowe Foliage Others
C H
F
price
O
designs
r
(basket,
ribbon, etc.)
Flower arrangement
a. Standing
Small
Medium
Big
b. Round/horizontal
Small
Medium
Big
c. Basket type
Small
Medium
Big
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
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d. Flat spray &
center piece
2. Bouquet
Hand tied
Nose gay
Cascading
3. Corsage
Ordinary
Special
4. Leis
Ordinary
special
3. What is your basis in determining your selling price?
_____Cost and mark-up
_____ prevailing price in the market
_____ others (please specify)
4. For every occasion, what are the flower designs usually ordered? Please give the
average number of orders of the floral designs for each month
Type of
Weddings Birthdays Inauguration Debuts Funerals For
Others
Designs
resale
1. Flower
arrangement
a. Standing
Small
Medium
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
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Big
b.
Round/horiz.
Small
Medium
Big
c. Basket
type
Small
Medium
Big
d. Flat spray
& center pc.
2. Bouquet
Hand tied
Nose gay
Cascading
3. Corsage
ordinary
Special
4. Leis
Ordinary
special
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
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5. What are the service packages you offer to your customers?
SERVICES PACKAGES
CONTRACT
NUMBER
OF
NUMBER
TYPE
PRICE
ORDER/MO.
Wedding
Church décor
Reception decor
Bridal entourage
Bridal car
Complete
package
Other Special Oc.
Hall Décor
Bouquet, corsage,
leis
Complete package
B. Employees
Number of employees ________
Basis
of
computing
wage
Rate
Per day
_________________
Per piece of finish product
_________________
Per month
_________________
Others (please specify)_____________ _________________
C. Utilities/Equipment/ Tools
1. What are the equipment/tools you are using in your operation?
Equipment/Tools
Year Purchased
Purchase Price
Life Span
Cutter
Prunning
shear
Scissors
Display
rack
Sprayer
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
32
Pail
2. How ,much do you pay for stall rent per month? ______________________
3. How much do you pay for utilities per month?
a. Water ___________________
b. Electricity ___________________
D. Other costs ( Please specify) ____________________________________________
Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral Design Business in
Dimansalang, Metro Manila / Herman L Bayas. 2007
Document Outline
- Costs and Returns Analysis of Floral
Design Business in Dimansalang, Metro Manila
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Rationale
- Objectives of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Scope and Limitation of the study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- Locale and Time of the Study
- Respondents of the Study
- Data Collection
- Data gathered
- Data Analysis
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Background of the Respondents
- Floral Designs Usually Ordered
- Cost of Production
- Average Selling Price and Percent Mark-up
- Percent Mark-up.
- Volume Produced
- Total Sales
- Total Production Cost
- Service Package
- Costs and Returns from Floral Design Business
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES