ABSTRACT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008. Status of Livestock and Poultry Production
in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Samuel S. Arcellana, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The survey was conducted to determine the socio-economic profile of the
respondents; management practices in terms of housing, feeding, breeding, herd health
management, and herd care management; marketing and consumption practices; support
systems they avail of; and problems/constraints that the respondents encountered.
The majority of the respondents had no formal education; female; married;
belonged to age bracket 41-50 years old; and are farmers/animals raisers to supplement
their meager income and as major source of income for the non-salaried farmers.
The native animals raised is the most commonly produced due to their endurance
to adverse weather condition, thus, inbreeding through natural mating is practiced.
Ruminants free to range feed on napier grass while ‘palay’ is offered to chicken,
and kitchen left-over cooked rice for ducks. Middlemen buy livestock and sell them at
liveweight or dressed weight basis while poultry species are sold directly to buyer-
consumers.
The problems encountered in animal raising are absence of market outlet, lack of
cash capital, limited technical knowledge, and limited grazing area for ruminants.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Swine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Carabao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Goat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Chicken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Animals Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Years in Swine Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Number of Heads Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Purpose in Swine Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Stock and Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Breeds\\Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Breeding System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Length of Gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Litter size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Farrowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Feeds and Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Preventing and Controlling Swine
Diseases and Parasites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Housing Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Herd Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Years in Cattle Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Number of Cattle Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Purpose in Cattle Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Source of Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Birth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Years in Carabao Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Number of Carabao Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Purpose in Raising Carabao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Source of Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Breeds and Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
Gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Age at First Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Birth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Years in Raising Goat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Number of Heads Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Purpose in Goat Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Source of Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Breeds and Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Age at First Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Birth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Number of Kids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Indigenous Feeds and Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
System of Feeding in Ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Parasite and Disease Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
System of Animal Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
Chicken Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
Source of Stock and Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
Breeds and Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
Feeds and Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
Disease and Parasite Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Years in Duck Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Heads Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Purpose of Duck Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Breeds\\Strains and Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
Egg Laying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
Feeds and Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
Disease and Parasite Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
Marketing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
Problems\\Constrains of Animal Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
76
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
INTRODUCTION
Livestock and poultry raising is common among farming-household communities
in Nueva Vizcaya. This small-scale business is a gainful self-employment endeavor and
most people depend on it to sustain family income. Besides, livestock and poultry raising
is an important aspect in the socio-economic life of the people in the Cagayan Valley.
Just like other households in other regions like the Cordillera, livestock and poultry
raising is a part of their culture and a hobby. Some even treat their animals as pets. They
raise livestock and poultry not only for the purpose of selling them to the market but
sometimes use them for personal needs if they celebrate special occasions like: baptisms,
weddings, birthdays/anniversaries and other rituals called by their cultural traditions.
Currently, livestock and poultry production under small holder farming system
with no deliberate breeding program is still based on native and indigenous stocks which
are often non-descript mongrels with low performance potential. While imported
temperate breeds are generally shown to adapt poorly to our tropical environment,
improvement of the native stocks through crossbreeding and imported purebred offers a
quick and convenient way of intensifying their competitiveness in production and
marketing (Bondoc et al., 1997). However, success in livestock and poultry production is
greatly influenced by several factors and among them are: stocks, feeds and feeding,
housing, disease control and management. Each of these factors must be fully considered
in order to meet profitability.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
2
The study was aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What is the socio-economic profile of the livestock and poultry raisers of
Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya?
2. What are their management practices in terms of housing, feeding, breeding,
herd health management and herd care management?
3. What are their marketing and consumption practices?
4. What are the support systems that they avail of?
5. What are the problems/constraints the raisers usually encountered?
Objectives of the Study
The study aims to determine the:
1. Socio-economic profile of the respondents;
2. Management practices in terms of: a. housing; b. feeding; c. breeding; d. herd
health management; e. herd care management;
3. Marketing and consumption practices;
4. Support systems they avail of; and
5. Problems/constraints that the respondents encountered.
The result of the study would benefit researchers as well as backyard farm animal
raisers. Further, the information generated from the respondents increased their
knowledge and improve their skills in livestock and poultry production thereby
increasing their income and additional food sources.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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3
Furthermore, the results of the study served as reference material to students, and
a guide to concerned agencies in addressing the problems encountered by the backyard
farm raisers.
The scope of the study was limited to the top 11 barangays of Kasibu, Nueva
Vizcaya having the highest number of animal raisers.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Swine
Swine production can be a means of providing employment. Unemployed
persons can engage in swine raising either backyard or for commercial purposes; it can
also serve as an additional source of income to those who are employed. Pork like other
kinds of meat is a very good source of protein which is needed in human nutrition
(Supnet and Gatmaitan, 1980).
According to PCARRD (1981), there are many problems encountered by swine
raisers such as inadequate supply and high cost of feeds, high losses due to occurrence of
major diseases and parasites, slow transfer of technology and its adoption by end-users,
poor feeding, improper management practices, difficulty in obtaining loans for medium
to large terms, and for medium to large swine projects. According to the Bureau of
Agricultural Statistics (1993), the low productivity of swine industry is due to disease
outbreaks and improper management practices. Statistical data shows that in 1993, the
swine production in the Philippines increased from 3.43% as compared to the previous
years due to the increased in number of consumers.
Cattle
The Philippine native cattle are predominantly descendants of those cattle brought
into the country by the Chinese and Spaniards. The most prominent type of Philippine
cattle, the Batangas, is believed to have originated from the yellow cattle of Southern
China which is presumed to have evolved from the wild cattle (India Zebu) in Java and
Brahmin archipelago (Payne, 1970).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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5
Cattle of Chinese origin are still found in Mindoro, Central and Southern Luzon
while cattle introduced by the Spaniards are found in Northern Luzon (Parker, 1987).
Other identifiable Philippine cattle strains are: the Large Ilocos found in Northwest
Luzon, and Iloilo cattle found in Panay Island. A local analysis of blood transferrin
genes suggested that cattle form Southern Tagalog, Western Visayas and Northern and
Eastern Mindanao have genetic affinities with most Asiatic and African cattle; while
those in Ilocos, Cagayan Valley, Eastern Visayas and Central Luzon are related to most
cattle of temperate breeds (Parker et al., 1971).
The Philippine native cattle are small in size, about 280 to 380 kg adult
bodyweight, with color patterns and shade mainly of red to yellow, black or sometimes a
combination of these colors. It is not a dairy type stock and produces only enough milk
for its young. The total milk yield is about 190 liters only (4.56% butterfat) in 144 days
of lactation (Villegas, 1958). The birth weight averaged 19.1 kg only, with mean
yearling and 2-year old weights of 139 kg and 258 kg, respectively (Arboleda et al.,
1985). Philippine cattle can easily obtain a daily gain of 0.3 to 0.7 kg feed efficiency of 8
to 16 % on rations with varying levels of low-quality roughage, ipil-ipil leaves and by-
product concentrates (Perez, 1962).
Carabao
Carabaos weigh an average of 31.2 kg, 112.1 kg, 174.9 kg, and 361.0 kg at birth,
6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 of age, respectively (Shrestha and Parker, 1994). The
average lactation yield of carabaos is 535.0 only, with an average lactation length of
208.2 days (i.ei 2.57 kg per day). The first calving of a carabao is 5.36 years (Shrestha,
1992).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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6
Most carabaos used for draft are males (about 63.0%; De Guzman and Perez,
1982). Small carabulls are castrated at a mean age of 3.3 years, with a range of 1.8 to 4.8
years. Small carabulls which are selected for draft are left to mate the female carabaos,
and hence could have resulted into declining size and weight of the carabaos over the
years. Farmers are not enthusiastic to have their animals impregnant. They believe that
once caracow is mated it is no longer fit for work; otherwise it will abort. The usual
practice is thus to wait in six to 10 months after calving before the caracow is allowed to
mate again (Shrestha, 1992).
Goat
Goats are indigenous to this country and believed to have originated from the wild
goats of Western Asia which were introduced by Arab and Chinese traders in the 7th and
9th century B.C. (Devendra and Burns, 1985).
Several exotic stocks were also introduced into the Philippines even before the
Second World War, but their number was insignificant to make any contribution to the
improvement of the local herds. Most of the foreign breeds used to improve the milk and
meat performance of native goat belong to dairy type goat breeds such as Anglo-Nubian,
French Alpine, La Mancha, Saanen, and Toggenburg. Meat type breeds such as Jumna
pari from India and Boer goats were also used in local upgrading programs. Analysis of
goat performance data showed that imported breeds of goats are generally superior to the
natives in terms of the body weight and milk production but poorer in reproductive
performance (Arboleda et al., 1985).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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7
Chicken
The native chickens in the Philippines are believed to have descended from the
domesticated red jungle fowl (Gallus bankiva; Arboleda, 1980).
The adult size is usually small, with the male weighing an average of 1.3 kg and
the female 1 kg. they are nervous and fighty, but the females are broody and have strong
maternal instincts. They are hardy and can reproduce and survive with care and
management. Hens lay an average of 30 to 50 eggs in 3 to 4 clutches a year. The eggs
are small and brown in color (Arboleda, 1987).
Native chickens have always been part of rural setting, often turned loose to
scavenge. They provide additional source of income for many rural farmers. They also
serve as cheap source of animal protein through their meat and eggs. They are commonly
sold in the wet market as live chickens or ‘dressed’ with the head and feet on. Although
native chickens grow at a slower rate and produce lesser number of eggs than improved
commercial breeds, meat from native chickens are preferred by many Filipinos because
the taste, leanness, pigmentation and their suitability for special dishes (Lambio, 1990).
Other unique attributes of native chicken include adaptability to harsh environment,
ability to utilize farm by-products and resistance to diseases and parasites (Bondoc et al.,
1997).
Duck
The feet are orange, and the bill of male is bright green, while that of the female is
less brightly colored. The head feathers of the drake are iridescent green color, and
glitter in the sun. the drake has raspy low voice similar to that of the wild duck, and is
very attentive to the females (Palad, 1994).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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The male Pateros has a coarser head than the female. The average weight of an
adult drake is 1.75 kg, while the adult female is 1.50 kg. one male Pateros can serve 15
to 20 females, normally registering a high fertility of 80 to 85%. Under the traditional
management practices, a duck can lay 200 eggs in 365 days of laying, with eggs
relatively large in size. However, these ducks are non-sitters. As experienced by local
raisers, their adaptability to local environment conditions and management practices is far
better than other stocks. Moreover, their products have unique attributes that consumers
generally prefer (PCARRD, 1981).
The plumage color and pattern of the Philippine Mallards are dominantly of the
mallard (wild) pattern (54%), followed by the dusky pattern (20%), runner pattern (12%),
magpie pattern (9%), and the restricted pattern (5%). The average breast depth, breast
width, keel length, and shank length in the Philippine Mallard is 6.8 cm, 7.3 cm, 10.3,
and 4.4 cm, respectively. Drakes are generally found to be heavier and have longer
anatomical body than the female ducks (Afable, 1997).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya from January to February
2007 (Figure 1).
Purposive sampling was done to gather information from the respondents. The
top barangays raising animals were chosen as source of respondents.
Table 1. Livestock and poultry population in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
BARANGAYS
A N I M A L S R A I S E D
CARABAO
SWINE
CHICKEN TOTAL
CATTLE
GOAT
DUCK
________________________________________________________________________
Antutot
55
10
100 30 2850 600
3645
Cordon
10
2
89 2 344 23
470
Macalong
50
1
250 40 4200 980
5521
Kongkong
60
10
200 40 326 600
1236
Watwat
8
10
120 40 1910 336
2424
Poblacion
70
15
900 20 4046 520
5571
Pudi
65
10
200 20 3400 40
3735
Lupa
45
5
80 5 2210 162
2507
Bua
9
7
77 3 449 35
580
Siguem
75
20
8 10 1755 150
2018
Muta
16
30
160 10 3400 8
3624
Paquet
90
45
150 15 3694 100
4094
Dine
9
8
68 3 470 190
748
Pao
19
4
78 7 336 26
470
Biyoy
10
6
66 5 230 30
347
Alloy
70
5
100 40 2385 210
2810
Nantawakan
23
2
77 6 600 33
741
Katawaran
12
7
65 3 400 34
521
Papay
13
6
56 5 367 19
466
Malabing
23
4
88 4 222 16
357
Tadji
20
9
65 3 349 11
457
Binogawan
16
5
89 5 320 15
450
Wangal
21
4
190 6 250 34
505
Capisan
24
9
169 4 219 22
447
Tokod
21
5
55 3 398 66
548
Didipyo
33
6
44 2 249 12
346
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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Figure 1. Map of Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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12
Table 1. continued…
BARANGAYS
A N I M A L S R A I S E D
CARABAO
SWINE
CHICKEN TOTAL
CATTLE
GOAT
DUCK
________________________________________________________________________
Belet
33
3
33 5 450 21
545
Camamasi
20 11
23 5 267 20
346
Alimit
23 16
76 3 342 23
483
TOTAL
946 275 3676 344 36438 4336 46012
Source: Office of the Municipal Agriculture, Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya (2006)
Table 2. The sample barangays and number of respondents from Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
BARANGAY
NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF
HOUSEHOLDS
RESPONDENTS
Antutot
85
13
Macalong
95
19
Kongkong
127
20
Watwat
71
20
Alloy
79
11
Poblacion
143
23
Pudi
59
24
Lupa
57
14
Siguem
60
20
Muta
138
29
Paquet
66
20
TOTAL
980
213
Source: Office of the Municipal Agriculture, Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya (2006)
The study considered information from an average of 21.73% of the households
from the Municipality of Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya who were found to be raising animals.
Personal interview with the use of prepared questionnaire on the pre-scheduled
time as well as photo documentation were done.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
13
Data Gathered
1. General information. This covered the respondent’s personal profile.
2. Number of years in raising animals. The number of years the respondents had
been raising animals.
3. Classification and number of animals being raised. This includes the class, age
or weight of the animals, breeds or strain, purpose and number.
4. Source of stock. This includes the source of initial and replacement stocks and
breeding animals.
5. Source of capital. States how the operation is financed.
6. Kind of housing or rearing management. This is a comprehensive description
of the type of housing materials, roof structure and stocking density.
7. Facilities. This includes all the equipment being used in the farm.
8. Types and sources of feeds. Describes the source and the types of
conventional and non-conventional feedstuff fed to the different species of animals.
9. Feed preparation method. Describes the method of processing or preparation
of feeds (both conventional and non-conventional).
10. Use of additives/supplements. It includes kind, purpose and frequency of
feeding.
11. System of feeding. It covers pertinent data on system and frequency of
feeding.
12. Breeding system. It includes the breeding and mating system.
13. Terms of payment for breeding services. This shows how the respondents
pay for their breeding services.
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ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
14
14. Age at breeding, birth rate, length of lactation and frequency of breeding to
conception.
15. Reproductive performance. This includes litter size at birth and at weaning or
number of eggs/clutch and number of eggs hatched.
16. Sanitation practices. This reflects the batching/cleaning schedules of the
disinfectant used, frequency/amount spent.
17. Vaccination practices. Shows if the respondents vaccinate their animals
against common diseases, frequency, source, and amount spent.
18. Care of sick animals. This describes how the respondents care for morbid
animals such as veterinarian services, cost, and medication.
19. Management of parasites. This describes the routine prevention, cure or
remedies both conventional and non-conventional.
20. Non-conventional remedies. These are the indigenous remedies being
adopted by the farmers.
21. Herd management. This reflects the management scheme of the respondents
which includes care for all classes of animals.
22. Products and market outlet. This description of products and marketing
strategies as well as pricing schemes of the respondents.
23. Support system. This shows if technical services have ever been extended to
farmers as those from the LGU, private entities, and non-government organizations.
24. Problems/constraints. The problems the respondents encounter on animal
raising.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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15
Data Analyses
The data and information gathered from the respondents were tabulated,
consolidated, and interpreted by ranking and percentage.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of Respondents
Based on the survey conducted among the top 11 barangays raising animals in
Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya, the parameters: age, sex civil status, educational attainment as
well as occupation of the respondents did not limit them to engage in animal raising.
Age. It was found that most of the respondents belonged to age bracket 31-40
years old with 24.41%. Further, there were 3.76% who were septuagenarians.
Sex. There were more female (131) than male (82) animal raisers. The figure
show that animal raising in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya is not constrained by sex.
Civil status. Of the 213 respondents, there were 96 who were married, 70 single
and 82 widow/er. The reason behind why there were more married respondents engaged
in animal raising was because they have to augment their family income.
Educational attainment. Attending formal education was found not to hinder
animal raising. There were 87 respondents who were not able to attend school. The
other respondents (126) attended formal education from elementary (80), high school
(19), and college level (27).
Occupation. Farming as well as animal raising were the major occupation of the
respondents (92). Those employed (26), those engaged in vending (33), and housewives
(62) raise animals to supplement their income.
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16
Table 3. Personal profile of the respondents
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Age Bracket
21 – 30
49
22.00
31 – 40
52
24.41
41 – 50
43
20.19
51 – 60
39
18.31
61 – 70
22
10.33
70 – 80
8
3.76
TOTAL
213
100.00
Sex
Female
131
61.50
Male
82
38.50
TOTAL
213
Civil Status
Married
96
45.07
Single
70
32.86
Widow/er
47
22.07
TOTAL
213
100.00
Educational Attainment
No formal education
87
40.85
Elementary
80
40.85
High school
19
8.92
College level
27
12.67
TOTAL
213
100.00
Occupation
Government employee
26
12.21
Farming/Animal raising
92
43.19
Housekeeping
62
29.11
Vending
33
15.49
TOTAL
213
100.00
Animals Raised
The respondents raise chicken (126), swine (112), duck (97), carabao (81), goat
(33), and cattle (21) (Table 4). Chicken and swine topped the list of animals raised
because these are easier to manage and produce.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
17
Table 4. Animals raised and number of respondents raising each kind
KIND OF ANIMAL
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Swine
112
52.58
Cattle
21
9.86
Carabao
81
38.03
Goat
33
15.49
Chicken
126
59.15
Duck
97
45.54
TOTAL
470* (n = 213)
* - multiple responses
Swine
Years in Swine Raising
The length of time (years) the respondents had been raising swine is shown in
Table 5. Out of the 213 respondents, there were 12 who raise swine. Most of the
respondents (36) claimed to raise swine as short as 1-5 years while 23 raised swine for 21
years or more.
Number of Heads
The number of swine heads the respondents raise in a single time ranged from one
to more than 10. Those involved in raising 1-3 and 4-6 heads at a given time were those
who find ways to augment their income and have them for special occasions but for those
raising 7 and more were having farming alongside with swine raising hence, their main
source of income.
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18
Table 5. Number of years in swine raising
NUMBER OF YEARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 5
36
31.42
6 – 10
21
18.75
11 – 15
18
16.07
16 – 20
14
12.50
21 – above
23
20.54
TOTAL
112
100.00
Table 6. Number of swine raised by the respondents in a single time
NUMBER OF HEADS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 3
57
50.89
4 – 6
24
21.43
7 – 9
21
18.75
10 – above
10
8.93
TOTAL
112
100.00
Purpose in Swine Raising
Since the survey was conducted in the farming communities, animal production is
done to implement their meager income especially to those who are employed. Few of
the respondents found tending 1-3 and 4-6 heads were caring swine for special planned
purpose while other than this, the respondents will not raise swine (Table 7).
Stock and Capital
Stock. The neighbors within their respective barangays were the main source of
stocks. Others procure their animals from other barangays within the municipality and
from nearby municipalities for upgrading purposes (Table 8).
Cash capital. Majority of the respondents (59.82%) use their own money to
provide the necessary needs is raising swine. others avail loans from cooperatives.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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19
Table 7. Purpose of raising swine
PURPOSE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Main source of income
28
25.00
Supplementary source of income
66
58.93
For special occasion
18
16.07
TOTAL
112
100.00
Table 8. Source of stock and cash capital
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Stock
Neighbor (same barangay) 73
65.18
Near municipality
28
25.00
Other barangays within
the municipality
11
9.82
TOTAL
112
100.00
Capital Own money
67
59.82
Loan from cooperative
45
40.18
TOTAL
112
100.00
Breeds\\Strain
The breeds\\strains of swine raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya is shown in Table 9.
The ‘native’ pig, as claimed by the respondents is the most raised breed followed by
‘upgrade’ breeds like, landrace, hypor, large white, and duroc in descending order.
Though the ‘native’ breed is much smaller than the other breeds but still preferred
by the respondents due to their endurance to harsh weather condition, more resistant
against diseases and parasites, and better meat quality among others.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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20
Figure 2. The native swine being raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Figure 3. Landrace breed of swine raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
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21
Table 9. Breed/strain of swine raised by the respondents
BREED/STRAIN
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Native
32
28.57
Grade
22
19.64
Large White
14
12.50
Landrace
17
15.19
Hypor
15
13.39
Duroc
12
10.71
TOTAL
112
100.00
Breeding System
Age at first breeding. Most of the respondents claim they breed their swine at 8-9
months old, recommended to them by hearsays. But for others, they breed their swine at
6-7, 10-11, and 12-13 months old (15.18%, 19.64%, 25.55%, respectively).
Type of breeding. There were 43.75% of the respondents that followed
crossbreed to any available boar of good traits. Those who wanted to perpetuate their
present stocks, inbreeding (37.50%) is being done while upgrading their stock is done by
18.75% of the respondents.
Nature of breeding. Natural mating is the only way followed by swine raisers to
perpetuate the species’ character traits found in the areas where the survey was
conducted.
Source of boar. Breeding boars in rural communities are neither owned (15.18%),
borrowed (84.82%) or rented.
Number of services before conception. Fifty percent of the respondents reiterated
their sow is served twice before conception; 45.54% had their sow serviced only once
and 4.46% even have them served three times when finally going to conception.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
22
Table 10. System of breeding
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Age at First Breeding (months)
6 – 7
17
15.18
8 – 9
45
40.18
10 -11
22
19.64
12 – 13
28
25.00
Type of Breeding
Grading
21
18.75
Inbreeding
42
37.50
Crossbreeding
49
43.75
Nature of Breeding
Natural mating
112
100.00
Source of Boar
Owned
17
15.18
Borrowed
95
84.82
Number of Service\\s Before Conception
Once
51
45.54
Twice
56
50.00
Thrice
5
4.46
Terms of Payment for Mating Service\\s
Cash
21
18.75
Piglets
83
74.11
None (Owned)
8
7.14
Length of Gestation
The gestation period of swine in the areas of concern ranges from 110 to 114 days
but there were those (16.96%) claiming to have observed gestation for about 115 days or
more (Table 11).
Litter Size
Litter size at birth. The number of piglets at birth ranges from a low 7 to more
than 15 regardless of swine breed. Forty four out of 112 respondents mentioned the
average litter size was 11-12. Only four were lucky enough to have produced 15 or more
litters per farrowing period (Table 12).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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23
Table 11. Length of gestation in swine
LENGTH OF GESTATION NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
(DAYS)
110
3
2.68
112
16
14.29
113
40
35.71
114
34
30.36
115 – above
19
16.96
TOTAL
112
100.00
Table 12. Litter size at birth and at weaning
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
LITTER SIZE
AT BIRTH
AT WEANING
F
%
F
%
7 – 8
22
19.64
25
22.32
9 – 10
31
27.68
38
33.93
11 – 12
44
39.29
36
32.14
13 – 14
11
9.82
9
8.04
15 and above
4
3.57
4
3.57
TOTAL
112 100.00
112
100.00
Litter size at weaning. Mortality rate was highest at 11-12 litter size and lowest at
13-14 piglets. All the respondents who had litter size of 15 or more at birth had 100%
survival at weaning (Table 12). Considering the production system of swine in the
surveyed areas which is more conventional, the mortality in piglet production is quite
low.
Farrowing
Shown in Table 13 is the number of farrowing per year as observed by the
respondents. The different swine breeds\\strains being raised farrow twice a year.
Native breed. Thirteen of 20 respondents observed the native breed to farrow
only once a year while 7 commented also to farrow at most two times a year.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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24
Upgrade breed. This breed commonly farrow once a year as claimed by 78.57%
of the respondents.
Large white. There were 17 of the 25 respondents who mentioned that this breed
farrow twice a year, very rare farrow once a year.
Landrace. Of the 23 respondents raising this breed, majority (56.52%) observed
to farrow twice a year.
Hypor. There were 17 out of the 112 respondents who raise this breed of swine,
64.71% observed this to farrow at most twice a year but could also farrow five times in
two years.
Duroc. This breed commonly farrow once a year as claimed by 54.55% of the
respondents. Three or 27.27% observed farrowing twice a year when given proper
nutrition.
Feeds and Feeding
Kinds of feed. Indigenous feeds or non-conventional feeds was the most common
feedstuff given to swine (68.75%). Some of the respondents (17.86%) combine
commercial feed preparation with indigenous feeds for their produce. Few (15 or
13.39%) give 100% pure commercial feeds (Table 14).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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25
Table 13. Number of farrowing per year
BIRTH RATE
NATIVE
UPGRADE LARGE WHITE LANDRACE
HYPOR
DUROC
F
% F % F %
F % F
% F %
Once a year 13 65.00 2 14.29 1 4.00 4 17.39 1 5.88 2 18.18
1-2 times/year
7 35.00 11 78.57 17 68.00 13 56.52 11 64.71 6 54.55
2 times/year 0 0.00 1 7.14 7 28.00 6 26.09 5 29.41 3 27.27
TOTAL
20 100.00 14 100.00 25 100.00 23 100.00 17 100.00 11 100.00
Table 14. Preparation of indigenous feeds for swine
METHOD OF PREPARATION
KITCHEN REFUSE
SQUASH
GABI
F
%
F
%
F %
Mixed with rice bran
19 28.36
0 0
0 0
Pure kitchen refuse
48 71.64
0 0
0 0
Chopped-cooked
0 0.00 2 16.67 33 100.00
Chopped-raw
0 0.00 10 83.33 33 100.00
TOTAL
67 100.00 12 100.00 66 100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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26
Preparation of indigenous feeds. The indigenous feeds given to swine varied and
prepared in a number of ways as mentioned by the respondents. However, majority
(71.64%) offered pure kitchen refuse as feeds. Gabi and squash are either chopped and
cooked or chopped only before given to swine. Rice bran is being mixed with kitchen
refuse as feedstuff (Table 15.)
Frequency of feeding. The frequency of feeding swine is done once to three times
a day depending on the growth stage of the animal. All respondents provide feeds to
their sucklings twice a day. At weanling stage, 102 (91.07%) of the respondents continue
to provide feedstuff twice a day while 10 reduced feeding to once a day, only one client
give feedstuff thrice a day. During the growing stage, there were 105 of the respondents
that give feedstuff twice a day while five or 4.46% feed their growers once a day, and
only two of them at three times a day. Towards the finishing stage, once a day feeding
was claimed by 32 respondents while 77 still feed their hogs twice a day, and three or
2.68% provide feedstuffs thrice a day.
System of feeding. There were two feeding systems employed by swine raisers of
Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya, namely: the wet-group and the dry-group feeding. Based on the
result of the survey, there were more raisers who prefer wet-group feeding in any
growing stage over the dry-group feeding (Table 17). The main reason for this kind is
the nature of feedstuffs given to their swine.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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27
Table 15. Frequency of feeding for swine
FREQUENCY
SUCKLING
WEANLING
GROWER
FINISHER
SOW/BOAR
F
%
F
%
F
% F
%
F
%
Once a day
10
8.93
5
4.46 32
28.57
24
21.43
Twice a day
112 100.00 101
90.18 105
93.75 77
68.75 88
78.57
Thrice a day
1
0.89 2
1.79 3
2.68
TOTAL
112 100.00 112
100.00 112
100.00 112 100.00 112 100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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28
Table 16. Kinds of feed provided to swine
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Commercial feeds
15
13.39
Indigenous feeds (Non-conventional)
77
68.75
Combination
20
17.86
TOTAL
112
100.00
Table 17. System of feeding for swine
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
FEEDING SYSTEM
WET-GROUP DRY-GROUP
F
%
F
%
Weanling
65
58.04
47
41.96
Grower
59
52.68
53
47.32
Finisher
72
64.29
40
35.71
Boar/Sow
81
72.32
31
27.68
Figure 4. Feeding system of swine in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
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29
Preventing and Controlling Swine
Diseases and Parasites
Isolation. Majority of the respondents in the surveyed area are not isolating
diseased or infested swine, thereby, prevention as well as the spread of any infection or
infestation to their animals is not being checked.
Culling of sick animals. Of the 112 respondents, 99 practice the disposal of their
sick or infested swine from the healthy group. However, culling is done at the late stage
of disease infection or parasite infestation.
Deworming. This practice of health care is not being followed by all respondents
in their swine production.
Vaccination. Vaccinating and immunization so as to prevent disease infection or
parasite infestation is practiced by only 8 respondents while majority of the raisers do not
as well follow herd health vaccination.
Cleaning of pens. Pens are cleaned when necessary by 99 of the 112 respondents
who were found to confine their animals.
Table 18. Methods of preventing and controlling swine diseases and parasites
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PARTICULARS
Yes
No .
F
%
F %
Isolation
29
25.89
83 74.11
Culling of sick animals
99
88.39
13 11.61
Deworming
55
49.11
57 50.89
Vaccination
8
7.14 104 92.86
Cleaning of pens
99
88.39
13 11.61
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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30
Housing Management
Management practices. Complete confinement of swine is practiced by 58.04%
of the respondents, 37.50% tether them and 4.46% make use of the so called semi-
confine pigsty (Table 18).
Housing material. Nipa/cogon were the most common roofing material used, but
others made use of galvanized iron (GI sheet). Walls of pig pens were usually bamboo,
and wood. Only one of the respondents was found to have used old steel walls. Concrete
or cemented flooring was also noted on most of the pig pens. There were 39 of the
respondents who do not provide floorings on their pig pens.
Table 19. Housing management practices
KIND OF HOUSING
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Complete confinement
65
58.04
Semi-confinement
5
4.46
Tethering
42
37.50
TOTAL
112
100.00
Table 20. Type of housing materials in swine raising
TYPE OF MATERIAL
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
USED
Nipa\\cogon + bamboo walls +
cemented floor
20
17.86
Nipa/cogon + wood walls +
cemented floor
19
16.96
GI roofing + bamboo walls +
concrete floor
17
15.18
GI roofing + wood walls +
concrete floor
16
14.29
Nipa/cogon + bamboo walls
20
17.86
Nipa/cogon + wood walls
19
16.96
GI roofing + steel walls +
cemented floor
1
0.89
TOTAL
112
100.00
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31
Roof structure. The type of roofing is either the shed-type (72.32%) which is the
most common and the A-type (27.68%). The former is much preferred considering the
area of study being located in a mid-elevation with predominantly warm climate.
Pens or corrals. The number of pens\\corrals ranged from single to four-in-one
housing. Most (83) of the respondents had 1 – 2 pens in a single house and 29 had 3 – 4
pens.
Heads per pen. The number of heads in one pen ranged from 1 to 4 hogs. During
the weanling and grower\\finisher stages, two animals occupy one pen at most (Table 22).
Table 21. Housing
STRUCTURE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Type of Roof
A-type
31
27.68
Shed-type
81
72.32
Number of Pen\\s in One House
1 – 2
83
74.11
3 – 4
29
25.89
Number of Heads in One Pen
Weanling
1 – 2
94
83.93
3 – 4
8
16.07
Grower\\Finisher
1 – 2
91
3 – 4
21
18.75
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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32
Figure 5. The A-type rural swine housing in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Figure 6. The shed-type urban swine housing in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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33
Herd Management
The removal of transplacental membrane upon expulsion of piglets, cutting of the
navel cord, weaning of piglets, and the gradual change of feeds are the management
practices which are not followed by majority of the respondents.
Providing brooder to piglets, feeding the piglets on the fifth day, and providing
rail guards to protect piglets from crushing are the management practices being employed
by the swine raisers (Table 23).
These management practices which are measures to improve and enhance swine
production by the raisers but they are not yet aware of its importance.
Table 22. Herd management practices
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PARTICULARS
Yes No .
F
% F %
Removal of transplacental
membrane upon expulsion
45
40.18
67 59.82
Cutting of the navel cord
37
33.04
75 66.96
Provide brooder
93
83.04
19 16.96
Allow piglets to suck
collustrum
107
95.54
5 4.46
Feeding the piglets
on their fifth day 106
94.64
6 5.36
Weaning of piglets
32 28.57
80 71.43
Gradual change of feeds
3
2.68 109
97.32
Provide guard rails to
protect piglets
87
77.68
25 22.32
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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34
Marketing
Disposal. Swine produced by the respondents are either sold directly to
consumers (83.93%) and to middlemen or ‘partidor’ (16.07%) (Table 24). These are
disposed on basis of either liveweight or dressweight (retail) (Table 25) basis.
Table 23. System of swine disposal
MARKETING SYSTEM
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Direct to consumers
94
83.93
Producer to middlemen to consumer
18
16.07
TOTAL
112
100.00
Table 24. Method of marketing
MARKETING METHOD
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Per kilogram (liveweight)
23
20.54
Per kilogram (dressed)
89
79.46
TOTAL
112
100.00
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35
Cattle
Years in Cattle Raising
Cattle raising in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya is not as old as swine raising. Based on
the result of the survey two (2) of the respondents were found to have tended cattle for
almost 13 years or more while ten had been raising cattle for 9 – 12 years, six for 5 – 8
years, and 1 – 4 years (Table 26).
Number of Cattle Raised
Shown in Table 27 is the number of heads each of the respondents had been
tending. Majority of the respondents (52.38%) had 1 – 2 cattle/s, 8 had 3 – 5 heads, and
2 had 5 and above.
Purpose in Raising Cattle
Cattle are being raised as supplementary source of income by 76.19% of the
respondents, 19.05% claimed that raising cattle is their main source of income while a
lone farmer raise cattle for special occasion only for his family (Table 28).
Source of Stock
Cattle raisers in the area procured their initial stock from their neighbors and
nearby barangays within the municipality. One claimed his stock was purchased from
adjacent municipality for the purpose of upgrading his existing livestock. There were
eight who acquired their stock from their parents as an heir (Table 29).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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36
Table 25. Number of years in raising cattle
NUMBER OF YEARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 – 4
3
14.29
5 – 8
6
28.57
9 – 12
10
47.62
13 – above
2
9.52
TOTAL
21
100.00
Table 26. Number of cattle raised by the respondents
NUMBER OF CATTLE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 2
11
52.38
3 – 5
8
38.10
5 – above
2
9.52
TOTAL
21
100.00
Table 27. Purpose of raising cattle
PURPOSE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Main source of income
4
19.05
Supplementary source of income
16
76.19
For special occasion
1
4.76
TOTAL
21
100.00
Table 28. Source of stock
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Neighbor (within barangay)
10
47.62
Barangay within municipality
2
9.52
As an heir
8
38.10
Adjacent municipality
1
4.76
TOTAL
21
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
37
Breeding
Breeds of cattle raised. The native breed is the major cattle being raised with
71.43% while the upgraded breed are grown by six of the 21 respondents (Table 30). The
preference for the native breed over those other animals are given more attention because
they are better tolerant to adverse weather condition. Much more to this, docile ones
usually grow faster and fatten easily.
Breeding system. To perpetuate selected and raised cattle specie, inbreeding and
upgrading are the means of breeding employed (Table 30).
Mating. Due to lack of technical knowledge on the system of breeding cattle, the
respondents do not resort to artificial insemination. Thus, natural mating is the only
method being practiced.
Source of breeding bull and payment,. The breeding bull used in mating are
either hired (85.71%) or owned (14.29%). The hired bulls are paid in cash.
Table 29. Breeding
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
F
%
Breed
Native
15
71.43
Grade
6
28.57
System of Breeding
Inbreeding
15
71.43
Grading
6
28.57
Method of Mating
Natural
21
100.00
Source of Bull
Hired
18
85.71
Owned
3
14.29
Terms of Payment
Cash
18
85.71
Free (Owned)
3
14.29
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
38
Figure 7. Breeds of cattle (Front – upgrade; background – native)
and free range system of feeding in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Figure 8. Upgrade cattle and tether system of feeding in
Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
39
Age at first breeding. The earliest age of breeding cattle observed by the
respondents is at 2-3 years old and the latest at 3-4 years of age (Table 31).
Gestation
The gestation period of cattle ranged from 260-296 days. Seven of the 21
respondents observed gestation period to be from 279-287 days, six for 270-278 days,
five for 277-280 days, and three observed it to be 288-296 days (Table 32). The
difference lies in the different feed intake of their animals.
Birth Rate
Based on the survey, all the respondents observed that cattle calved only once a
year.
Table 30. Age at first breeding of cattle
AGE (Years)
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
2 – 3
20
95.24
3 – 4
1
4.96
TOTAL
21
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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40
Table 31. Length of gestation period in cattle
LENGTH OF GESTATION
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
(Days)
260 – 269
5
23.81
270 – 278
6
28.57
279 – 287
7
33.33
288 – 296
3
14.29
TOTAL
21
100.00
Carabao
There were only 81 of the 212 respondents who have carabaos under their care.
The reason why only few care carabaos is that Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya is a mountainous
place and few farm fields wide enough to be plowed with the use of said animals.
Years in Raising Carabao
The number of years in raising carabao ranged from one year up to 21 years and
above (Table 34). More respondents had been caring carabaos for almost 11-15 years,
but only two have cared carabaos for 21 years or more.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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41
Number of Carabao Raised
The number of heads of carabao cared by the respondents ranged from one head
to more than 5 animals. Majority (77.78%) of which had 1-2 heads while six claimed to
have 5 or more draft animals (Table 34).
Purpose of Raising Carabao
The main reason why respondents raise carabao is for supplementary source of
income (83.95%), 12.35% claimed as their main livelihood while three raise carabao
intended for special occasions only (Table 35).
Source of Stock
The main source of carabao stock is from neighboring barangays in their
municipality (54), within their barangay (15), as an heir (7), and from adjacent
municipalities (5) (Table 36).
Table 32. Number of years in raising carabao
NUMBER OF YEARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 – 5
13
16.05
6 – 10
24
29.63
11– 15
33
40.74
16 – 20
9
11.11
21 – above
2
2.47
TOTAL
81
100.00
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42
Table 33. Number of carabao raised by the respondents
NUMBER OF CARABAO
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 – 2
63
77.78
3 – 4
12
14.81
5 – above
6
7.41
TOTAL
81
100.00
Table 34. Purpose of raising carabao
PURPOSE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Main source of income
10
12.35
Supplementary source of income
68
83.95
For special occasion
3
3.70
TOTAL
81
100.00
Table 35. Source of stock
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Neighbor (within barangay)
15
18.52
Barangay within municipality
54
66.67
As an heir
7
8.64
Adjacent municipality
5
6.17
TOTAL
81
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
43
Breeds and Breeding
Breeds of carabao. There were two breeds of carabao raised by the respondents,
namely; the native and the upgrade. The native breed was preferred more by the
respondents because of its endurance to any adverse weather conditions. The upgraded
carabao are usually the product of the native breed crossed with an introduced breed
usually from the neighboring barangays or municipalities.
Breeding system. Inbreeding and grading were the only breeding system
practiced by the respondents in the improvement of their existing breed.
Mating. Natural mating is the means and ways respondents have their carabaos
impregnated.
Figure 9. Upgrade tethered carabao raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
44
Source of breeding bull. The breeding bulls used to impregnate their carabaos are
either hired (90.12%) while the rest have their own breeding bull.
Terms of payment. Those who hire breeding bulls pay services in terms of cash
(Table 36 ).
Table 36. Breeds and breeding of carabao
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Breeds
Native
75
92.59
Grade
6
7.41
System of breeding
Inbreeding
70
86.42
Grading
11
13.58
Method of mating
Natural
81
100.00
Source of bull
Hired
73
90.12
Owned
8
9.88
Terms of payment
Cash
73
90.12
Owned
8
9.88
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
45
Gestation
The gestation of carabao is shown in Table 38. The number of days from
impregnation to delivery of young carabao varies from 295 to 339 days. There were
more respondents who observed that gestation period of their carabao fall under range
295 – 303 days which was the shortest period. Only nine of the respondents claimed that
their carabao gestate from 331 – 339 days which was the longest period observed.
Age at First Breeding
It was noted from the respondents that two to three years old was the majority age
of carabao at first breeding. There were only two who mentioned that the first breeding
of their carabo was about 3 to 4 years old.
Birth Rate
The birth rate of carabao is only once a year as claimed by the respondents.
Table 37. Length of gestation in carabao
LENGTH OF GESTATION NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
(Days)
295 – 303
32
39.51
304 – 312
16
19.75
313 – 321
11
13.58
312 – 330
13
16.05
331– 339
9
11.11
TOTAL
81
100.00
Table 38. Age at first breeding of carabao
AGE (YEARS)
NUMBER OF RESPONDNETS
PERCENTAGE
2 – 3
79
97.53
3 – 4
2
2.47
TOTAL
81
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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46
Goat
There were 33 out of the 212 respondents who were found raising goat.
Years in Goat Raising
The number of years in goat raising ranged one up to more than nine years.
Majority of the respondents were new in this venture as proven by the number of years
they had tended raising goat. There were three out of the 33 respondents who claimed
goat raising for nine years and above.
Number of Heads Raised
The number of goats raised ranged from one to five or more. There were 25 with
one to two heads, five with 3 – 4 heads, and three with five and above (Table 41).
Purpose in Goat Raising
The main reason the respondents raise goat was to supplement their income as
claimed by 19 raisers, 12 have them in preparation for special occasions, and only two
are engaged in goat raising as their major source of income (Table 42).
Goat raising seemed as a pass time to farmer-respondents as evidenced by the
number of years they had been raising, the number of heads they maintain, and the
purpose for which they raise.
Source of Stock
The major source of their initial stock come from their neighbors (57.58%),
27.27% have their initial stock from neighboring barangays, and five had their initial
stock as an heir.
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ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
47
Cash capital. The respondents claimed that their invested cash capital are their
personal money.
Table 39. Number of years in raising goat
NUMBER OF YEARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 – 4
23
69.70
5 – 8
7
21.21
9 – above
3
9.09
TOTAL
33
100.00
Table 40. Number of goats raised by the respondents
NUMBER OF GOAT
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 – 2
25
75.76
3 – 4
5
15.15
5 – above
3
9.09
TOTAL
33
100.00
Table 41. Purpose of raising goat
PURPOSE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Main source of income
2
6.06
Supplementary source of income
19
57.58
For special occasion
12
36.36
TOTAL
33
100.00
Table 42. Source of initial stock and capital
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Stock Neighbor (within barangay)
19
57.58
Barangay within municipality
9
27.27
As an heir
5
15.15
Capital
Own money
33
100.00
TOTAL
33
100.00
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48
Breeds and Breeding
Breed/s. There were only two (2) breeds of goat being raised, the Native and the
Upgraded breed. These upgraded breed came from a cross between their existing goat
with that of the other strains they selected. The selection of buck depends on the
preference of raisers.
Breeding system. To improve their existing strain of goat, crossbreeding is
employed with those available buck, however, inbreeding is also practiced due to
unavailability of hybrid goat strain.
Mating. Artificial insemination on goat is never heard in the locality, thus, they
are compelled on natural mating as the only means of improving their stock as well as to
impregnate their animals.
Source of buck. When goat raisers do not own bucks to mate their does, they
have to hire bucks for that purpose.
Payment. The hired buck for breeding purposes are paid in cash basis for an
amount of Php200-250.
Gestation
The gestation period of goat ranged from 145 to 149 days. The shortest time for
native breed to gestate occur 145 days while the longest period claimed by the
respondents go beyond 149 days. The upgraded breed had a day shorter than the native
breed.
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49
Figure 10. Upgrade goat and system of feeding in goat of Kasibu, Nueva
Vizcaya
Figure 10. Upgrade goat and system of feeding in goat of Kasibu, Nueva
Vizcaya
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50
Age at First Breeding
The youngest doe mated about 8-9 months old while others claimed their doe
were bred at 12-13 months. However, most of the respondents mentioned the earliest
time their doe mated from 10-11 months of age.
Table 43. Source of initial stock and capital
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Breed Native
28
84.85
Grade
5
15.15
Breeding System
Inbreeding
25
75.76
Grading
8
24.24
Mating
Natural
33
100.00
Source of breeding buck
Hired
22
66.67
Owned
11
33.33
Terms of payment for breeding
services Cash
22
66.66
Owned
11
33.33
Table 44. Length of gestation in goat
LENGTH OF GESTATION
NATIVE
UPGRADE
(Days)
F
%
F
%
145
13
92.86
146
7
36.84
1
7.14
147
6
31.58
148
4
21.05
149 – above
2
10.53
TOTAL
19 100.00
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51
Table 45. Age at first breeding of goat
AGE (Months)
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
8 - 9
12
36.36
10 – 11
19
57.58
12 – 13
2
6.06
TOTAL
19
100.00
Table 46. Number of kids per birth
NUMBER OF KIDS
NATIVE
UPGRADE
F
%
F %
1
17
51.51
14
42.42
2
2
6.06
TOTAL
19
57.67
14 42.42
Birth Rate
All the respondents mentioned that their does kid once a year.
Number of Kids
Of the 19 respondents who had the native breed, 17 claimed that their does kid to
only one per gestation while two noted their does to have delivered two. However, the 14
respondents who had the upgraded breed noted the does to produce only one kid per
gestation.
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52
Indigenous Feeds and
Feeding of Ruminants
Grasses. Listed in Table 49 are the indigenous weeds provided to their ruminants.
These different grasses are readily available in the locality though at times these are
scarce during dry season.
The napier grass is the most common among the grasses fed to cattle, carabao,
and goat followed by carabao grass, rice straw, and para grass. Some grasses which were
not identified though fed to ruminants account for a very low percentage which are least
liked by these animals.
Source. The grasses fed are abundantly found along river banks while rice straw
are gathered from rice fields after the harvest season which are usually stored and given
during dry season or during typhoons.
Season of abundance. During the wet season, grasses for ruminants can be found
abundantly in the locality but during the dry season these grasses can still be found but
not as abundant as during the rainy days.
System of Feeding in
Ruminants
There are only two systems of feeding ruminants, the “cut-and-carry” and
grazing. The former is locally termed as ‘sakate’. Grazing is done as free range or
animals are tethered in some areas where abundant grasses are to be found and after
sometime animals are moved to another pasture area.
Based on the result of the survey, grazing animals is much preferred over the
“cut-and-carry” system (Table 51).
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53
Table 47. Indigenous feeds provided to ruminants
INDIGENOUS
CATTLE
CARABAO
GOAT
FEEDS
F
%
F
%
F
%
Carabao grass
6
28.57
29
35.80
9
27.27
Napier grass
9
42.86
35
43.21
11
33.33
Para grass
2
9.52
8
9.88
4
12.12
Rice straw
3
14.29
9
11.11
2
6.09
Others
1
4.76
0
0
7
21.21
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
21
100.00 81 100.00 33 100.00
* multiple response
Table 48. Source of greater abundance of indigenous feeds for ruminants
SOURCE OF
CATTLE
CARABAO
GOAT
ABUNDANCE
F
%
F
% F %
River bank
11
52.38
41
50.62
9
27.27
Rice fields
8
38.10
27
33.33
19
57.58
Others
2
9.52
13
16.05
5
15.15
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
21
100.00 81 100.00 33 100.00
* multiple response
Table 49. Season of abundance of indigenous weeds for ruminants
SEASON OF
CATTLE
CARABAO GOAT
ABUNDANCE
F
% F
% F
%
Wet season
15
76.19
70
86.42
28
84.85
Dry season
5
23.81
11
13.58
5
15.15
* multiple response
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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54
Table 50. System of feeding in ruminants
SYSTEM OF FEEDING
ANIMAL
“Cut and carry”
Grazing
F
%
F %
Cattle
4
19.05
17 80.95
Carabao
32
39.51
49 60.49
Goat
2
6.06
31 93.94
* multiple response
Parasite and Disease Management
The method of parasite and disease management of ruminants is shown in Table
52. Ruminants are rarely vaccinated. The main reason why raisers seldom do this is
either they do not notice any disorder or they are not aware of any signs and symptoms
caused by parasites and disease causing organisms.
System of Animal Raising
Tethering. This system of raising animals was noted on ruminants. This system
is most commonly employed because it eases the burden of cutting grasses and bringing
them to where the animals are located.
Range. This system is least being employed on ruminants because of limited
pasture areas available thus, very few let loose animals to openly roam and graze.
Semi-confinement. Goat is the only ruminant where this system of raising is
being followed. One probable season could be the size of the animals.
Marketing
Marketing system. All the respondents who raise cattle sell directly to buyers
acted as middlemen. Majority of the carabao (54.32%) and goat raisers (63.64%) dispose
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
55
directly to middlemen while direct selling to consumers is done by 37% and 36.36% of
their carabao and goat, respectively.
Marketing method. Cattle and carabao are sold on per head basis (‘bultuhan’),
per kilogram (liveweight), and per kilogram (dressedweight). Goats are also sold per
kilogram either liveweight or butchered.
Table 51. Methods of preventing and controlling disease and parasites
METHOD
ANIMAL
VACCINATION
D.A. ASSISTANCE
Yes No
Yes No .
F % F % F % F
%
Cattle
1 4.76 20 95.24 10 47.62 11
52.38
Carabao
4 4.94 77 95.06 17 20.99 79.01
Goat
1 3.03 32 96.97 5 15.15 84.85
Table 52. System of animal raising
SYSTEM
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Cattle
Tethering
17
80.95
Range
4
19.05
TOTAL
21
100.00
Carabao
Tethering
79
97.53
Range
2
2.47
TOTAL
81
100.00
Goat
Tethering
26
78.79
Semi-confinement
7
21.21
TOTAL
33
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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56
Table 53. Marketing system
MARKETING METHOD
CATTLE
CARABAO
GOAT
F
%
F
% F
%
Direct to buyers (middlemen) 21 100.00 44
54.32
21
63.64
Direct to consumers
0 0
37
45.68
12
36.36
TOTAL
21 100.00 81
100.00
33 100.00
Table 54. Method of marketing
MARKETING METHOD CATTLE
CARABAO
GOAT
F
%
F
% F
%
Per head (“bultuhan”)
3
14.29
7
8.64
0
0
Per kilogram (liveweight)
12
57.14
35
43.21
19
57.58
Per kilogram (butchered)
6
28.57
39
48.15
14
42.42
TOTAL
21
100.00
81
100.00 33
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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57
Chicken
Chicken Raising
Number of respondents in chicken raising. Of the 126 respondents, there were
33.33% who claimed chicken raising 4-6 years; 29.37% 1-3 years; 20.63% and 16.67%
10 years and above, and 7-9 years, respectively (Table 59).
Number of heads raised. The number of heads raised is shown in Table 78.
There were 59.79% of the respondents who have 1-3 roosters and 40.21% with four or
more. One half of the respondents maintain an average of 4-6 hens/pullets while 40.48%
with 1-3 only, and 9.52% tend to have 7 or more. Majority of the respondents have 1-5
chicks; 30.16% had 6-10; and only 13.49% had 11 and above chicks.
Purpose. The main reason of the respondents in raising chicken was for home
consumption (50.00%); 26.98% claimed they raise chicken as supplementary source of
cash income; and 23.02% raise chicken specifically for any special occasions.
Table 55. Number of years in raising chicken
NUMBER OF YEARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 3
37
29.37
4 – 6
42
33.33
7 – 9
21
16.67
10 – above
26
20.63
TOTAL
126
100.00
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Source of Stock and Capital
Stock. The birds raised by the respondents were mainly acquired from their
neighbors (45.24%); 21.43% of the chicken raisers bought their initial stock from
neighboring barangays; and there were those who bought outside their municipality.
Cash capital. Nearly all 126 respondents utilized their own money as initial
source of cash capital while 22 raisers are funded by contract growers.
Breeds and Breeding
Breed/strain. The only breed or strain of chicken being raised in the area of study
is the native breed.
System of breeding. Inbreeding is the only method done in the locality thus, the
breed of chicken they raise in terms of productivity does not improve as evidenced by the
number of day-old chicks being cared.
Source of breeding rooster. There were 76.98% of the respondents who make use
of their own rooster to mate hens; 23.02% borrow them from their neighbors/friends.
Terms of payment. The services rendered by the roosters to their pullets/hens are
free which are owned by their neighbors/friends.
Age at first breeding. As observed by the respondents, pullets are usually
copulated 5 to 9 months old and the age of pullets copulated most was at seven and eight
months old.
Number of eggs laid per clutch. Based from the result of the survey, their
chickens were low producers. Majority (52.38%) of the respondents noted that their hens
lay 5-7 eggs per clutch; 30.95% had 8-10; and only 16.67% observed their chickens lay
11 or more eggs.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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59
Feeds and Feeding
Types of feeds. The feeds given to their chicken are ‘palay’ which is the main
feed given (36.51%), followed by cooked rice, rice bran, and rice bran mixed with
cooked rice, in descending order (32.54%, 17.46%, 13.49%, respectively) (Table 67).
Feeding system. The dry and the wet feeding systems are being employed in
chicken raising. These systems are done either individually or group feeding. The most
common system was the dry group feeding with 42.06% of the respondents, wet group
feeding is being done by 36.51%. Individual feeding wet or dry feeding is not a common
practice (15.87% and 5.56%, respectively) by the respondents.
Frequency of feeding. Majority (58.73%) of the respondents feed their chicken
twice a day, usually early morning and late afternoon. Feeding the chickens once a day is
being observed by 34.92% while there were only 6.35% who feed their chicken three
times a day. The chickens fed thrice a day are those that are confined.
Table 56. Number of chickens raised by the respondents
NUMBER
ROOSTER
HEN/PULLETS CHICKS
F %
F
% F
%
1 – 3
58 59.79
51 40.48
4 – above
39 40.21
4 – 6
63 50.00
7 – above
12 9.52
1 – 5
71
56.35
6 – 10
38
30.16
11 – above
17
13.49
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60
Table 57. Purpose of raising chicken
PURPOSE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Home consumption
63
50.00
Supplementary source of income
34
26.98
For special occasion
29
23.02
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 58. Source of stock and capital
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Stock
Neighbor (same barangay)
57
45.24
Raisers within locality
27
21.43
Outside the municipality
42
33.33
Capital
Own money
104
82.54
Contract grower
22
17.46
Table 59. Source of breeding rooster
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
97
76.98
Borrowed
29
23.02
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 60. Terms of payment for breeding services
TERMS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
97
76.98
Free
29
23.02
TOTAL
126
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
61
Figure 12. The native chicken being raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Figure 13. Dry-group feeding employed to chicken and Muscovy duck in
Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
62
Table 61. Age of chicken at first breeding
AGE (Month)
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
6
28
22.22
7
38
30.16
8
47
37.30
9
13
10.32
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 62. Number of eggs laid per clutch
NUMBER OF EGGS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
LAID PER CLUTCH
5 – 7
66
52.38
8 – 10
39
30.95
11 – above
21
16.67
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 63. Types of feeds provided to chicken
TYPES OF FEED
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Rice bran
22
17.46
Rice bran mixed with cooked rice
17
13.49
Cooked rice
41
32.54
‘Palay’
46
36.51
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 64. System of feeding chicken
FEEDING SYSTEM
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Dry feeding
53
42.06
Dry individual feeding
20
15.87
Wet group feeding
46
36.51
Wet individual feeding
7
5.56
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 65. Frequency of feeding
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
63
FREQUENCY
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Once a day
44
34.92
Twice a day
74
58.73
Thrice a day
8
6.35
TOTAL
126
100.00
Disease and Parasite Management
Cleaning of pens. Majority (51.35%) of the respondents clean their pens once a
week while the rest clean their chicken pens as the need arises.
Deworming. There were only five out of the 126 respondents who were surveyed
are deworming their chicken.
Isolation. When the respondents observe any signs and symptoms of morbidity
on their chicken, these are being isolated so as not to infect and or infest other birds in the
brood.
Medication. Morbid chicken are seldom given medication and it was found that
only 23 of the respondents medicate their stricken chickens.
D.A. assistance. The respondents rarely avail of the services of the Department of
Agriculture in their area. Out of the 126 respondents, there were only 19 who sought the
assistance of the D.A. Technical Group.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
64
Table 66. Preventive and control measures against disease and parasites
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Cleaning of pens
Once a week
19
51.35
As needed
18
48.65
Deworming
No
121
34.92
Yes
5
3.97
Isolation
No
44
34.92
Yes
82
65.08
Medication
No
103
81.75
Yes
23
18.25
D.A. Assistance
No
107
84.92
Yes
19
15.08
Housing
Kind of housing. The chickens are free to roam in the locality as claimed by 89 of
the respondents, 35 claimed their chicken are ranged during good weather but confined
them during bad weather condition and at night time. There were only two of the
respondents who completely confine their birds.
Housing materials. The roofing materials used are either G.I. sheet or cogon. The
flooring materials are either bamboo slats or wood and at times the soil. The
wallings/fence are either made of bamboo, wood or wire screen.
Roof structure. The A-type of roofing was the most common (61.11%) and the
shed-type was employed by 38.89% of the respondents.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
65
Table 67. Kind of housing in chicken
KIND OF HOUSING
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Free range
89
70.63
Semi-confinement
35
27.78
Complete confinement
2
1.59
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 68. Housing materials in chicken
TYPE OF MATERIALS
NUMBER OF
PERCENTAGE
USED
RESPONDENTS
Roofing
G.I. sheet
15
40.54
Cogon
22
59.46
Flooring
Soil
17
45.95
Bamboo
11
29.73
Wood
9
24.32
Walling/fencing
Bamboo
12
32.43
Wood
17
49.95
Screen
8
21.62
Table 69. Roof structure of chicken house
STRUCTURE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Shed-type
49
38.89
A-type
77
61.11
TOTAL
126
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
66
Figure 14. The A-type of chicken house in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Figure 15. The shed-type o f housing in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
67
Marketing
The only method of selling chicken is through direct buyer-consumers. Chickens
are priced according to live-weight on a per kilogram basis.
Duck
Years in Duck Raising
Most of the respondents ventured into duck raising from 1-3 years (45.36%), 4-6
years (32.99%), and 7 or more years (21.65%).
Heads Raised
Drake. Based on the survey, there were 44 respondents who had 1-3 drakes and
10 had 3 or more. The reason why very few had drakes was that the service of a male
duck during the mating period is rendered free by the drake of their neighbors.
Hen. Of the 97 duck raisers, there were 37 who had 1-3 hens, 41 with 3-6, and 19
with 7 or more hens.
Chicks. The ducks in the locality are likewise poor producers as proven by the
number of chicks found, 32 with only 1-3 chicks and 65 with 6-9 chicks.
Purpose of Raising Duck
The major purpose in raising duck was for home consumption. Others raise duck
as additional source of income, but few for special occasions.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
68
Breeds/Strains and Breeding
Breeds/strains. There were only two breeds/strains of duck being raised, namely;
Muscovy (58.76%), and Mallard or native duck (41.24%).
System of breeding. Crossbreeding of ducks was practiced by 59.79% of the
respondents. This was so to improve the present breeds being raised. Inbreeding was
also employed by 40.21%. This cannot be avoided because at times ducks are free to
roam and even during the mating season
Source of breeding drake. Majority (60.82%) of the respondents had their own
drake and 39.18% with no available drake only borrowing, from their neighbors. The
services of the breeding drake are for free.
Source of stock and capital. The major source of stocks are from their neighbors
within their barangays (47.42%), other duck raisers within the locality (29.90%), and
from outside of their municipality (22.68%).
Table 70. Number of years in raising duck
YEARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 3
44
45.36
4 – 6
32
32.99
7 – above
21
21.65
TOTAL
97
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
69
Table 71. Number of ducks raised by the respondents
NUMBER
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Drake
1 – 2
49
83.05
3 – above
10
16.95
Hen
1 – 3
37
38.14
3 – 6
41
42.27
7 – above
19
19.59
Chicks
1 – 3
32
32.99
6 – above
65
67.01
Table 72. Purpose of raising ducks
PURPOSE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Home consumption
40
41.24
Supplementary source of income
21
21.65
For special occasion
36
37.11
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 73. Breed/strain of duck raised by the respondents
BREED/STRAIN
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Muscovy
57
58.76
Mallard
40
41.24
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 74. Source of stock and capital
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Neighbors (within barangay)
46
47.42
Raisers (within locality)
29
29.90
Outside the municipality
22
22.68
TOTAL
97
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
70
Figure 15. Muscovy ducks being raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Figure 16. Muscovy ducks and type of housing in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
71
Table 75. System of breeding in ducks
SYSTEM
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Inbreeding
39
40.21
Crossbreeding
58
59.79
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 76. Source of breeding drake
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
59
60.82
Borrowed
38
39.18
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 77. Terms of payment for breeding drake
TERMS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
59
60.82
Free
38
39.18
TOTAL
97
100.00
Egg laying
Age at first egg laying. The respondents claimed that ducks lay their first eggs as
early as 6 months old and as late as 9 months old. However, most of the respondents
noted that most ducks lay their first eggs at 8-9 months old (Table 82).
Eggs per clutch. The ducks raised were low egg producers (Table 83). The
reason for this could be attributed to many factors such as the breeding system employed,
the feeds and feeding system, and the care and management practices.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
72
Feeds and Feeding
Type of feeds. There were variety of feeds given to ducks, individually or mixed.
Cooked rice was the most common feed given to ducks and commercial feeds mixed with
cooked rice the least feed given them.
Feeding system. There were only two feeding system given to ducks, the dry
group and the wet group feeding. The former is being employed by majority over the
latter system.
Frequency of feeding. Ducks are fed twice a day though others claimed that they
feed their ducks once and even thrice a day.
Disease and Parasite Management
The preventive measures done against diseases and parasites were cleaning of
pens as needed, deworming, isolation of sick ducks, medication of morbid animals, and
seldom assistance from the Department of Agriculture Technical Group.
Table 78. Age of duck at first egg laying
AGE (Months)
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
6
19
19.59
7
39
40.21
8
37
38.14
9
2
2.06
TOTAL
97
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
73
Table 79. Number of eggs laid per clutch
NUMBER OF EGGS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
LAID PER CLUTCH
1 – 5
58
59.79
6 – 10
21
21.65
11 – above
18
18.56
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 80. Types of feeds provided to duck
TYPE OF FEEDS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Commercial feeds mixed with
cooked rice
10
10.31
Rice bran mixed with
cooked rice
20
20.62
Cooked rice
41
42.27
‘Palay’
26
26.80
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 81. System of feeding duck
FEEDING SYSTEM
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Dry group feeding
55
56.70
Wet group feeding
42
43.30
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 82. Frequency of feeding
FEEDING SYSTEM
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Once a day
25
25.77
Twice a day
66
68.04
Thrice a day
6
6.19
TOTAL
97
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
74
Table 83. Preventive and control measures against disease and parasites
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Cleaning of pens
Once a week
7
7.22
As needed
90
92.78
Deworming
No
53
54.64
Yes
44
45.36
Isolation
No
36
31.11
Yes
61
62.89
Medication
No
78
80.41
Yes
19
19.59
D.A. Assistance
No
39
40.21
Yes
58
59.79
Housing
Kind of housing. Based on the result of the survey, majority of the respondents
completely confine their ducks, and semi-confinement as well as free range are also done
but on a smaller scale.
Housing materials. The roofing materials commonly used is the cogon grass and
flooring are either made of bamboo slats or wood but often times no flooring provided.
The walling\\fencing are either made of bamboo slats, wood, or screen\\net.
Roof structure. The shed-type was much preferred over that of the A-type.
Marketing system
Ducks are sold directly to buyer-consumers on per head basis or per kilogram
basis. Though some of these buyers collect from different households and bring it to the
local market.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
75
Table 84. Kind of housing in duck raising in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
STRUCTURE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Shed-type
45
59.21
A-type
31
40.79
TOTAL
76
100.00
===============================================================
Table 85. Housing materials in duck raising in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
TYPE OF MATERIALS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
USED
Roofing
Cogon
74
97.37
G.I. Sheet
2
2.63
Flooring
Soil
37
48.68
Bamboo
24
31.58
Wood
15
19.74
Walling\\fencing
Bamboo
39
51.32
Wood
21
27.63
Screen\\Net
16
21.05
Table 86. Roof structure of duck house
STRUCTURE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Shed-type
45
59.21
A-type
31
40.79
TOTAL
76
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
76
Table 87. Methods of marketing
MARKETING
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Per head
19
33.33
Per kilogram (live weight)
38
66.67
TOTAL
57
100.00
Problems/Constraints of
Animal Raising
Based on the survey, animal raisers in the 11 identified barangays of Kasibu,
Nueva Vizcaya enumerated the problems they encountered is shown in Table 88.
The major problem presented were the absence of market outlet followed by lack
of capital, least technical knowledge on animal raising, and limited grazing area for
ruminants.
Solutions
The suggested possible solutions from the respondents were: alongside with a
market outlet there should be government support in terms of cash capital as well as
initial stock of good breeds/strains which are adaptable to the conditions of the locality;
also, the responsible government agency/ies on the dissemination of technical know-how
on animal raising assessing the area so that assistance could be rendered based on their
needs.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
77
Table 88. Problems encountered in animal raising
PROBLEMS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Swine
Lack of capital
48
42.86
Lack of market outlet
51
45.54
Lack of technical knowledge
13
11.61
Cattle\\Carabao\\Goat
Lack of capital
41
30.37
Lack of technical knowledge
32
23.70
Lack of market outlet
60
44.44
Limited grazing area
2
1.48
Poultry
Lack of market outlet
159
71.30
Lack of technical knowledge
64
28.70
* multiple responses
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The result showed that the respondents were distributed almost evenly to age 21 –
60 years old to 70 – 80 years of age.
Females outnumber male respondents; mostly married; had no formal education,
and engaged in farming/animal raising as their major livelihood activity.
Respondents had been raising swine with the purpose of augmenting their meager
income. Their neighbors are the sources of their initial stock but majority utilize their
own money to finance swine production.
The ‘native’ pig is the most breed/strain raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
Breeding of swine was from 8 to 9 months old but then most respondents borrow boar to
impregnate their sows. Piglets are the means of paying the services of boars. Litter size
at birth was 11-12 piglets and the litter size at weaning was 9-10 piglets.
Indigenous feeds or non-conventional feeds are the most common feedstuff given
and prepared in varied ways. Pure kitchen refuse was the over-all feeds offered to swine.
Complete confinement of swine in a nipa/cogon shed-type with 1-2 pens in a
single house is the most practiced by the farmers.
The management practices employed were providing brooder to piglets, feeding
piglets on the fifth day, and providing guard rails to protect the piglets while marketing
swine are directly disposed to consumers.
Cattle raisers were found to have been raising cattle for 9-12 years. The main
purpose of raising cattle is to supplement their income. Procurement came from their
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
79
neighbors. The native breed of cattle is the most common in the surveyed area. The
bulls used for breeding are mostly hired and paid in cash aged 2-3 years old.
There were more respondents found raising carabao for 11-15 years with 1-2
heads with native carabao for supplementing their income. Inbreeding is the method
employed to perpetuate the specie through natural mating; bulls used for mating are hired
which are paid in cash.
Goat raising in the surveyed area with respondents venturing 1-4 years with 1-5
heads; increasing their income. The native breed is the most common and crossbreeding
to improve their existing strain. Bucks for mating are usually owned while hired bucks
are paid PhP200-250.
Napier and carabao grasses are the most common feeds given to ruminants which
are abundantly found in riverbanks during the wet season.
The systems of animals raising in the surveyed area are: tethering, range, and
semi-confinement.
Disposal of live animals is direct selling to middlemen while ruminants are sold
on per head basis or ‘bulto’.
At Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya, respondents were found raising chicken 4-6 years
with varied number of hens, roosters, and chicks; for home consumption so that cash
investment are their personal money; pullets are bred mostly at 8 months old; majority
had 5-7 eggs per clutch. ‘Palay’ is the major feed given to chicken. Chickens are free to
range; the A-type housing made of cogon roofing with walls made of wood and no
flooring. Chicken are sold to buyer-consumers on a live-weight per kilogram basis for
pricing.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
80
Duck raising ranged 1-3 years with varied number of drakes, hens, and chicks;
home consumption is the main purpose of raising ducks; Muscovy is the most common
breed; drake for breeding are owned; initial stock came from neighbors; cooked rice is
the main feed offered through the dry-group feeding method; preventive and control
measures such as cleaning pens, deworming, isolation, and medication are not commonly
observed. Ducks are sold directly to buyer-consumers.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the survey conducted the following were derived:
1. The majority of the respondents had no formal education; female; married;
belonged to age bracket 41-50 years old; and were farmers/animal raisers.
2. The respondents raise animals to supplement their meager income for those
who are employed and as major source of income for the non-salaried farmers.
3. The problems encountered in animal raising are absence of market outlet; lack
of cash capital, limited technical knowledge, and limited grazing area for ruminants.
Recommendations
The solutions suggested which arose from the respondents were: alongside with a
market outlet there should be government intervention in terms of providing loans for
cash capital, and technical assistance from concerned agencies.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
LITERATURE CITED
AFABLE, T.A. 1997. Morphometric varieties, blood protein and isozyme
polymorphisms in the Philippine mallard (Anas paltrrynchos L.) and in muscovy
ducks (Cairina moschata L.) of the Philippines and Thailand. PhD Thesis.
UPLB, College, Laguna. 141 Pp.
ARBOLEDA, C.R. 1987. Animal genetics resources conservation and development in
the Philippines. Anim. Prod. Techn. J. 3(2):2-7.
ARBOLEDA, C.R. 1980. Current development, trends, and strategies for improving
poultry production in the tropics. Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. Pp. 59-64.
ARBOLEDA, C.R., V.G. ARGANOSA, B.B. PARKER, A.L. LAMBIO, O.A. PALAD,
E.F. PENALBA, O.L. BOMDOC and N.A. CARIGMA. 1985. Improvement of
Philippine livestock productivity through breeding. Some policy issues. J. Agric.
Econ. Dev. 15(1-2):141-158.
BONDOC, O.L., E.F. PENALBA, A.L. LAMBIO, M.D. PALAD, P.S. FAYLON, E.C.
VILLAR, and J.P. SUSBILLA. 1997. Report on the Animal Genetic Resource
Survey. Colloquium on the Philippine Genetic Resources Improvement Program
(Phil-GRIP) for Farm Animals. 13 pp.
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 1993. 130 pp.
DEVERDRA and BURNS. 1985. Goat Production in the Tropics. Commonwealth
Agricultural Bureaux. Farmham House, U.K. Pp. 135-137.
LAMBIO, A.L. 1990. Studies on poultry breeding in the Philippines. Anim. Prod.
Techn. J. 5:18-23.
PALAD, M.D. 1994 Cytogenetics of Pekin (Anas platyrhynchos L.), Philippine Mallard
(Anas platyrhynchos L.), Muscovy (Carina muschata) ducks and their crosses.
MSc. Thesis. UPLB, Los Banos, Laguna. 108 pp.
PARKER, B.A. 1987. Philippine Cattle: a breed to conserve and develop. Anim. Prod.
Techn. J. 3(2):8-14.
PARKER, B.A. and V.G. MOMONGAN. 1971. Bolld transferin genotypes in
Philippine cattle. Phil. J. Anim. Sci. 8(1):17-22
PAYNE, W.J.A. 1970. Cattle production in the tropics. Longman Corp. Ltd., London.
336 pp.
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82
PEREZ, E.F. 1962. The growth fattening performance of Philippine cattle and goats: a
review. Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 8(3 and 4):83-99.
PHILIPPINE
COUNCIL
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AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT. 1981. Philippine Recommends for Pork Production. Los
Banos, Laguna. Pp. 220-221.
SHRESTHA, N.P. and B.A. PARKER. 1994. Heterosis of growth and milk production
in Philippine Murrah F1 hybrids. Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 20(1 and 2):26-32.
SHRESTHA, N.P. 1992. Genetic evaluation of Philippine carabao (PC), Murrah
carabao (MB) and the F1 hybrids (MB x PC Nili-Ravi). PhD. Thesis. UPLB,
Laguna. 327 pp.
SUPNET, M. and GATMAITAN. 1980. Swine Farming Manual. Phil. Squibb and
Sons, Corp. Pp. 29-59.
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Agric. 41(9):495-498.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
APPENDIX
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Name: __________________________________
Gender: ___________
Address: ________________________________
Age: ______________
Civil Status: _____________
Occupation: _______________________
Highest Educational Attainment: ____________________________________________
Years in raising animals
Farm Animal
Number of years
Swine
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Duck
Others (specify)
Classification and number of animals being raised
Animal
Class/Age/Weight
Breed/Strain
Purpose
No. of Animals
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
84
Stock Animal
Class/Age/Weight
Source of
Source of replacement
initial stock
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
Source of capital
How is the project financed?
_____ own money
_____ contract grower
_____ loan from cooperative
_____ other sources (specify)
_____ loan from private individuals
______________________________
II. Housing
A. Kind of housing or rearing
_____ free range
_____ tethering
_____ complete confinement _____ ranching
_____ semi-confinement
_____ other types of rearing (specify) _________________
B. Type of housing materials used
Please describe in detail the materials used
_____ nipa/cogon + bamboo walls
_____ nipa/cogon + walls made of stick
_____ galvanized roof + cemented walls and floor
_____ galvanized roofing + wood walls + cemented floor
85
_____ other types of housing (describe completely)
Roof structure
_____ Gable type
_____ Semi-monitor type
_____ A-type
_____ Broken type
_____ Monitor type
Classification and number of animals being raised
Animal
Class/Age/Weight
Breed/Strain
Purpose
No. of Animals
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
86
Number of animals per house/pen
Animal
Number of
Area of one
Number of animals per pen
pens/house
pen
Swine
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Others
Facilities. Identify all fixtures and equipment (include improvised equipment) being used
87
III. Feeding
Type and source of feeds and frequency of feeding
Animal
Class/Age/Weight
Type of
Source of
Type of
Conventional
Conventional Feeds
Conventional
Feeds
Feeds
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
Identification and processing of indigenous/non-conventional feeds
Type of non-
Source of greater
Season of
Source of information on the
conventional feeds
abundance
abundance
use of non-conventional feeds
88
Preparation of non-conventional feeds
Type of non-conventional
Method of preparation/processing
Amount in ration
feed
Use of supplements/additives
Are they using feed supplements or additives of any kind?
Animal Class/Age/ Feed Supplement
Feed Additive
Source of
Weight
Recommendation
Amt
Freq
Amt
Freq
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
System of feeding
(1) wet group feeding
(4) dry individual feeding
(2) wet individual feeding
(5) free range/choice feeding
(3) dry group feeding
(6) others (specify)
89
Type and source of feeds and frequency of feeding
Animal
Class/Age/Weight
System of Feeding
Frequency of Feeding
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
IV. Breeding
Breeding system
Animal
Breeding System
Mating System
Age at First Breeding
Swine
Native
Grade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Duck
Others (Specify)
90
Source of male breeding animals
(1) owned
(3) hired
(3) borrowed
(4) other arrangements (specify) _______________
Animal
Source of Breeding
Terms of payment for Breeding Service
Animal
Swine
Native
Grade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Duck
Others (Specify)
Farrowing rate, length of lactation and frequency of breeding to conception
Animal
Farrowing rate
Length of lactation Interval of breeding to
or age at weaning
conception
Swine
Native
Grade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Duck
Others (Specify)
91
Other reproductive data
Animal
Litter Size
Litter Size
No. of
No. of Eggs
No. of
at Birth
at
Eggs/
Hatched
Unhatched
Weaning
Clutch
Eggs
Swine
Alive Dead
Alive
Dead
Native
Grade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Duck
Others
(Specify)
V. Herd health management
Sanitation practices: Frequency of bathing/cleaning
(1) everyday
(4) once a month
(2) twice a day
(5) no definite schedule
(3) once a week
(6) do not clean or bath animals
Animal
Bathing
Cleaning Pens
Deworming*
Disinfection*
Waste
Disposal
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Swine
Native
Grade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Duck
Others
(Specify)
* - if YES, please specify dewormer and disinfectant used
92
Vaccination practices
Animal
Class/Age/
Vaccination
Source of Vaccine
Weight
Yes
No
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
93
Care of sick animals
Animal Class/Age/ Isolation Medication Culling of Sick
Source of
Weight
or Remedies
Animals
Information
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
VI. Herd management
Care for young pigs
Standard Practice
Yes
No
Removal of transplacental membrane upon expulsion of
piglet
Cutting of the navel cord
Cutting of the needle teeth
Ear notching or tail docking
Provide warm brooder box
Allow pigs to suckle collostrum as soon as possible
Fostering for orphaned pigs
Iron injection*
Feeding piglets starting on the fifth day
Castration of young male pigs**
Weaning***
Gradual change of feed
Provide guard rails to protect piglets
94
* - when and what they inject
** - what they put in the wound after castration
*** - how many days after
VII. Market outlet and consumption
Products and market outlet
Product Frequency
No. of
Marketing Manner of
Price
Market
of Selling
Products
Age
Selling
Outlet
Sold
VIII. Support System
Are there technical services or financial support being extended to the farmers
from any agency be it private or government? How often do they avail of these services?
IX. Problems/constraints
- What are the most common problems encountered in raising animals?
- What possible solutions could they suggest to solve these constraints?
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008. Status of Livestock and Poultry Production
in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Samuel S. Arcellana, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The survey was conducted to determine the socio-economic profile of the
respondents; management practices in terms of housing, feeding, breeding, herd health
management, and herd care management; marketing and consumption practices; support
systems they avail of; and problems/constraints that the respondents encountered.
The majority of the respondents had no formal education; female; married;
belonged to age bracket 41-50 years old; and are farmers/animals raisers to supplement
their meager income and as major source of income for the non-salaried farmers.
The native animals raised is the most commonly produced due to their endurance
to adverse weather condition, thus, inbreeding through natural mating is practiced.
Ruminants free to range feed on napier grass while ‘palay’ is offered to chicken,
and kitchen left-over cooked rice for ducks. Middlemen buy livestock and sell them at
liveweight or dressed weight basis while poultry species are sold directly to buyer-
consumers.
The problems encountered in animal raising are absence of market outlet, lack of
cash capital, limited technical knowledge, and limited grazing area for ruminants.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Swine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Carabao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Goat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Chicken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Animals Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Years in Swine Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Number of Heads Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Purpose in Swine Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Stock and Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Breeds\\Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Breeding System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Length of Gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Litter size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Farrowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Feeds and Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Preventing and Controlling Swine
Diseases and Parasites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Housing Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Herd Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Years in Cattle Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Number of Cattle Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Purpose in Cattle Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Source of Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Birth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Years in Carabao Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Number of Carabao Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Purpose in Raising Carabao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Source of Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Breeds and Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
Gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Age at First Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Birth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Years in Raising Goat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Number of Heads Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Purpose in Goat Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Source of Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Breeds and Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Age at First Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Birth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Number of Kids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Indigenous Feeds and Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
System of Feeding in Ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Parasite and Disease Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
System of Animal Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
Chicken Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
Source of Stock and Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
Breeds and Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
Feeds and Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
Disease and Parasite Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Years in Duck Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Heads Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Purpose of Duck Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Breeds\\Strains and Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
Egg Laying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
Feeds and Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
Disease and Parasite Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
Marketing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
Problems\\Constrains of Animal Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
76
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
INTRODUCTION
Livestock and poultry raising is common among farming-household communities
in Nueva Vizcaya. This small-scale business is a gainful self-employment endeavor and
most people depend on it to sustain family income. Besides, livestock and poultry raising
is an important aspect in the socio-economic life of the people in the Cagayan Valley.
Just like other households in other regions like the Cordillera, livestock and poultry
raising is a part of their culture and a hobby. Some even treat their animals as pets. They
raise livestock and poultry not only for the purpose of selling them to the market but
sometimes use them for personal needs if they celebrate special occasions like: baptisms,
weddings, birthdays/anniversaries and other rituals called by their cultural traditions.
Currently, livestock and poultry production under small holder farming system
with no deliberate breeding program is still based on native and indigenous stocks which
are often non-descript mongrels with low performance potential. While imported
temperate breeds are generally shown to adapt poorly to our tropical environment,
improvement of the native stocks through crossbreeding and imported purebred offers a
quick and convenient way of intensifying their competitiveness in production and
marketing (Bondoc et al., 1997). However, success in livestock and poultry production is
greatly influenced by several factors and among them are: stocks, feeds and feeding,
housing, disease control and management. Each of these factors must be fully considered
in order to meet profitability.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
2
The study was aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What is the socio-economic profile of the livestock and poultry raisers of
Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya?
2. What are their management practices in terms of housing, feeding, breeding,
herd health management and herd care management?
3. What are their marketing and consumption practices?
4. What are the support systems that they avail of?
5. What are the problems/constraints the raisers usually encountered?
Objectives of the Study
The study aims to determine the:
1. Socio-economic profile of the respondents;
2. Management practices in terms of: a. housing; b. feeding; c. breeding; d. herd
health management; e. herd care management;
3. Marketing and consumption practices;
4. Support systems they avail of; and
5. Problems/constraints that the respondents encountered.
The result of the study would benefit researchers as well as backyard farm animal
raisers. Further, the information generated from the respondents increased their
knowledge and improve their skills in livestock and poultry production thereby
increasing their income and additional food sources.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
3
Furthermore, the results of the study served as reference material to students, and
a guide to concerned agencies in addressing the problems encountered by the backyard
farm raisers.
The scope of the study was limited to the top 11 barangays of Kasibu, Nueva
Vizcaya having the highest number of animal raisers.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Swine
Swine production can be a means of providing employment. Unemployed
persons can engage in swine raising either backyard or for commercial purposes; it can
also serve as an additional source of income to those who are employed. Pork like other
kinds of meat is a very good source of protein which is needed in human nutrition
(Supnet and Gatmaitan, 1980).
According to PCARRD (1981), there are many problems encountered by swine
raisers such as inadequate supply and high cost of feeds, high losses due to occurrence of
major diseases and parasites, slow transfer of technology and its adoption by end-users,
poor feeding, improper management practices, difficulty in obtaining loans for medium
to large terms, and for medium to large swine projects. According to the Bureau of
Agricultural Statistics (1993), the low productivity of swine industry is due to disease
outbreaks and improper management practices. Statistical data shows that in 1993, the
swine production in the Philippines increased from 3.43% as compared to the previous
years due to the increased in number of consumers.
Cattle
The Philippine native cattle are predominantly descendants of those cattle brought
into the country by the Chinese and Spaniards. The most prominent type of Philippine
cattle, the Batangas, is believed to have originated from the yellow cattle of Southern
China which is presumed to have evolved from the wild cattle (India Zebu) in Java and
Brahmin archipelago (Payne, 1970).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
5
Cattle of Chinese origin are still found in Mindoro, Central and Southern Luzon
while cattle introduced by the Spaniards are found in Northern Luzon (Parker, 1987).
Other identifiable Philippine cattle strains are: the Large Ilocos found in Northwest
Luzon, and Iloilo cattle found in Panay Island. A local analysis of blood transferrin
genes suggested that cattle form Southern Tagalog, Western Visayas and Northern and
Eastern Mindanao have genetic affinities with most Asiatic and African cattle; while
those in Ilocos, Cagayan Valley, Eastern Visayas and Central Luzon are related to most
cattle of temperate breeds (Parker et al., 1971).
The Philippine native cattle are small in size, about 280 to 380 kg adult
bodyweight, with color patterns and shade mainly of red to yellow, black or sometimes a
combination of these colors. It is not a dairy type stock and produces only enough milk
for its young. The total milk yield is about 190 liters only (4.56% butterfat) in 144 days
of lactation (Villegas, 1958). The birth weight averaged 19.1 kg only, with mean
yearling and 2-year old weights of 139 kg and 258 kg, respectively (Arboleda et al.,
1985). Philippine cattle can easily obtain a daily gain of 0.3 to 0.7 kg feed efficiency of 8
to 16 % on rations with varying levels of low-quality roughage, ipil-ipil leaves and by-
product concentrates (Perez, 1962).
Carabao
Carabaos weigh an average of 31.2 kg, 112.1 kg, 174.9 kg, and 361.0 kg at birth,
6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 of age, respectively (Shrestha and Parker, 1994). The
average lactation yield of carabaos is 535.0 only, with an average lactation length of
208.2 days (i.ei 2.57 kg per day). The first calving of a carabao is 5.36 years (Shrestha,
1992).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
6
Most carabaos used for draft are males (about 63.0%; De Guzman and Perez,
1982). Small carabulls are castrated at a mean age of 3.3 years, with a range of 1.8 to 4.8
years. Small carabulls which are selected for draft are left to mate the female carabaos,
and hence could have resulted into declining size and weight of the carabaos over the
years. Farmers are not enthusiastic to have their animals impregnant. They believe that
once caracow is mated it is no longer fit for work; otherwise it will abort. The usual
practice is thus to wait in six to 10 months after calving before the caracow is allowed to
mate again (Shrestha, 1992).
Goat
Goats are indigenous to this country and believed to have originated from the wild
goats of Western Asia which were introduced by Arab and Chinese traders in the 7th and
9th century B.C. (Devendra and Burns, 1985).
Several exotic stocks were also introduced into the Philippines even before the
Second World War, but their number was insignificant to make any contribution to the
improvement of the local herds. Most of the foreign breeds used to improve the milk and
meat performance of native goat belong to dairy type goat breeds such as Anglo-Nubian,
French Alpine, La Mancha, Saanen, and Toggenburg. Meat type breeds such as Jumna
pari from India and Boer goats were also used in local upgrading programs. Analysis of
goat performance data showed that imported breeds of goats are generally superior to the
natives in terms of the body weight and milk production but poorer in reproductive
performance (Arboleda et al., 1985).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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7
Chicken
The native chickens in the Philippines are believed to have descended from the
domesticated red jungle fowl (Gallus bankiva; Arboleda, 1980).
The adult size is usually small, with the male weighing an average of 1.3 kg and
the female 1 kg. they are nervous and fighty, but the females are broody and have strong
maternal instincts. They are hardy and can reproduce and survive with care and
management. Hens lay an average of 30 to 50 eggs in 3 to 4 clutches a year. The eggs
are small and brown in color (Arboleda, 1987).
Native chickens have always been part of rural setting, often turned loose to
scavenge. They provide additional source of income for many rural farmers. They also
serve as cheap source of animal protein through their meat and eggs. They are commonly
sold in the wet market as live chickens or ‘dressed’ with the head and feet on. Although
native chickens grow at a slower rate and produce lesser number of eggs than improved
commercial breeds, meat from native chickens are preferred by many Filipinos because
the taste, leanness, pigmentation and their suitability for special dishes (Lambio, 1990).
Other unique attributes of native chicken include adaptability to harsh environment,
ability to utilize farm by-products and resistance to diseases and parasites (Bondoc et al.,
1997).
Duck
The feet are orange, and the bill of male is bright green, while that of the female is
less brightly colored. The head feathers of the drake are iridescent green color, and
glitter in the sun. the drake has raspy low voice similar to that of the wild duck, and is
very attentive to the females (Palad, 1994).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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8
The male Pateros has a coarser head than the female. The average weight of an
adult drake is 1.75 kg, while the adult female is 1.50 kg. one male Pateros can serve 15
to 20 females, normally registering a high fertility of 80 to 85%. Under the traditional
management practices, a duck can lay 200 eggs in 365 days of laying, with eggs
relatively large in size. However, these ducks are non-sitters. As experienced by local
raisers, their adaptability to local environment conditions and management practices is far
better than other stocks. Moreover, their products have unique attributes that consumers
generally prefer (PCARRD, 1981).
The plumage color and pattern of the Philippine Mallards are dominantly of the
mallard (wild) pattern (54%), followed by the dusky pattern (20%), runner pattern (12%),
magpie pattern (9%), and the restricted pattern (5%). The average breast depth, breast
width, keel length, and shank length in the Philippine Mallard is 6.8 cm, 7.3 cm, 10.3,
and 4.4 cm, respectively. Drakes are generally found to be heavier and have longer
anatomical body than the female ducks (Afable, 1997).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya from January to February
2007 (Figure 1).
Purposive sampling was done to gather information from the respondents. The
top barangays raising animals were chosen as source of respondents.
Table 1. Livestock and poultry population in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
BARANGAYS
A N I M A L S R A I S E D
CARABAO
SWINE
CHICKEN TOTAL
CATTLE
GOAT
DUCK
________________________________________________________________________
Antutot
55
10
100 30 2850 600
3645
Cordon
10
2
89 2 344 23
470
Macalong
50
1
250 40 4200 980
5521
Kongkong
60
10
200 40 326 600
1236
Watwat
8
10
120 40 1910 336
2424
Poblacion
70
15
900 20 4046 520
5571
Pudi
65
10
200 20 3400 40
3735
Lupa
45
5
80 5 2210 162
2507
Bua
9
7
77 3 449 35
580
Siguem
75
20
8 10 1755 150
2018
Muta
16
30
160 10 3400 8
3624
Paquet
90
45
150 15 3694 100
4094
Dine
9
8
68 3 470 190
748
Pao
19
4
78 7 336 26
470
Biyoy
10
6
66 5 230 30
347
Alloy
70
5
100 40 2385 210
2810
Nantawakan
23
2
77 6 600 33
741
Katawaran
12
7
65 3 400 34
521
Papay
13
6
56 5 367 19
466
Malabing
23
4
88 4 222 16
357
Tadji
20
9
65 3 349 11
457
Binogawan
16
5
89 5 320 15
450
Wangal
21
4
190 6 250 34
505
Capisan
24
9
169 4 219 22
447
Tokod
21
5
55 3 398 66
548
Didipyo
33
6
44 2 249 12
346
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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10
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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11
Figure 1. Map of Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
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12
Table 1. continued…
BARANGAYS
A N I M A L S R A I S E D
CARABAO
SWINE
CHICKEN TOTAL
CATTLE
GOAT
DUCK
________________________________________________________________________
Belet
33
3
33 5 450 21
545
Camamasi
20 11
23 5 267 20
346
Alimit
23 16
76 3 342 23
483
TOTAL
946 275 3676 344 36438 4336 46012
Source: Office of the Municipal Agriculture, Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya (2006)
Table 2. The sample barangays and number of respondents from Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
BARANGAY
NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF
HOUSEHOLDS
RESPONDENTS
Antutot
85
13
Macalong
95
19
Kongkong
127
20
Watwat
71
20
Alloy
79
11
Poblacion
143
23
Pudi
59
24
Lupa
57
14
Siguem
60
20
Muta
138
29
Paquet
66
20
TOTAL
980
213
Source: Office of the Municipal Agriculture, Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya (2006)
The study considered information from an average of 21.73% of the households
from the Municipality of Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya who were found to be raising animals.
Personal interview with the use of prepared questionnaire on the pre-scheduled
time as well as photo documentation were done.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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13
Data Gathered
1. General information. This covered the respondent’s personal profile.
2. Number of years in raising animals. The number of years the respondents had
been raising animals.
3. Classification and number of animals being raised. This includes the class, age
or weight of the animals, breeds or strain, purpose and number.
4. Source of stock. This includes the source of initial and replacement stocks and
breeding animals.
5. Source of capital. States how the operation is financed.
6. Kind of housing or rearing management. This is a comprehensive description
of the type of housing materials, roof structure and stocking density.
7. Facilities. This includes all the equipment being used in the farm.
8. Types and sources of feeds. Describes the source and the types of
conventional and non-conventional feedstuff fed to the different species of animals.
9. Feed preparation method. Describes the method of processing or preparation
of feeds (both conventional and non-conventional).
10. Use of additives/supplements. It includes kind, purpose and frequency of
feeding.
11. System of feeding. It covers pertinent data on system and frequency of
feeding.
12. Breeding system. It includes the breeding and mating system.
13. Terms of payment for breeding services. This shows how the respondents
pay for their breeding services.
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14
14. Age at breeding, birth rate, length of lactation and frequency of breeding to
conception.
15. Reproductive performance. This includes litter size at birth and at weaning or
number of eggs/clutch and number of eggs hatched.
16. Sanitation practices. This reflects the batching/cleaning schedules of the
disinfectant used, frequency/amount spent.
17. Vaccination practices. Shows if the respondents vaccinate their animals
against common diseases, frequency, source, and amount spent.
18. Care of sick animals. This describes how the respondents care for morbid
animals such as veterinarian services, cost, and medication.
19. Management of parasites. This describes the routine prevention, cure or
remedies both conventional and non-conventional.
20. Non-conventional remedies. These are the indigenous remedies being
adopted by the farmers.
21. Herd management. This reflects the management scheme of the respondents
which includes care for all classes of animals.
22. Products and market outlet. This description of products and marketing
strategies as well as pricing schemes of the respondents.
23. Support system. This shows if technical services have ever been extended to
farmers as those from the LGU, private entities, and non-government organizations.
24. Problems/constraints. The problems the respondents encounter on animal
raising.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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15
Data Analyses
The data and information gathered from the respondents were tabulated,
consolidated, and interpreted by ranking and percentage.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of Respondents
Based on the survey conducted among the top 11 barangays raising animals in
Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya, the parameters: age, sex civil status, educational attainment as
well as occupation of the respondents did not limit them to engage in animal raising.
Age. It was found that most of the respondents belonged to age bracket 31-40
years old with 24.41%. Further, there were 3.76% who were septuagenarians.
Sex. There were more female (131) than male (82) animal raisers. The figure
show that animal raising in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya is not constrained by sex.
Civil status. Of the 213 respondents, there were 96 who were married, 70 single
and 82 widow/er. The reason behind why there were more married respondents engaged
in animal raising was because they have to augment their family income.
Educational attainment. Attending formal education was found not to hinder
animal raising. There were 87 respondents who were not able to attend school. The
other respondents (126) attended formal education from elementary (80), high school
(19), and college level (27).
Occupation. Farming as well as animal raising were the major occupation of the
respondents (92). Those employed (26), those engaged in vending (33), and housewives
(62) raise animals to supplement their income.
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16
Table 3. Personal profile of the respondents
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Age Bracket
21 – 30
49
22.00
31 – 40
52
24.41
41 – 50
43
20.19
51 – 60
39
18.31
61 – 70
22
10.33
70 – 80
8
3.76
TOTAL
213
100.00
Sex
Female
131
61.50
Male
82
38.50
TOTAL
213
Civil Status
Married
96
45.07
Single
70
32.86
Widow/er
47
22.07
TOTAL
213
100.00
Educational Attainment
No formal education
87
40.85
Elementary
80
40.85
High school
19
8.92
College level
27
12.67
TOTAL
213
100.00
Occupation
Government employee
26
12.21
Farming/Animal raising
92
43.19
Housekeeping
62
29.11
Vending
33
15.49
TOTAL
213
100.00
Animals Raised
The respondents raise chicken (126), swine (112), duck (97), carabao (81), goat
(33), and cattle (21) (Table 4). Chicken and swine topped the list of animals raised
because these are easier to manage and produce.
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17
Table 4. Animals raised and number of respondents raising each kind
KIND OF ANIMAL
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Swine
112
52.58
Cattle
21
9.86
Carabao
81
38.03
Goat
33
15.49
Chicken
126
59.15
Duck
97
45.54
TOTAL
470* (n = 213)
* - multiple responses
Swine
Years in Swine Raising
The length of time (years) the respondents had been raising swine is shown in
Table 5. Out of the 213 respondents, there were 12 who raise swine. Most of the
respondents (36) claimed to raise swine as short as 1-5 years while 23 raised swine for 21
years or more.
Number of Heads
The number of swine heads the respondents raise in a single time ranged from one
to more than 10. Those involved in raising 1-3 and 4-6 heads at a given time were those
who find ways to augment their income and have them for special occasions but for those
raising 7 and more were having farming alongside with swine raising hence, their main
source of income.
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18
Table 5. Number of years in swine raising
NUMBER OF YEARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 5
36
31.42
6 – 10
21
18.75
11 – 15
18
16.07
16 – 20
14
12.50
21 – above
23
20.54
TOTAL
112
100.00
Table 6. Number of swine raised by the respondents in a single time
NUMBER OF HEADS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 3
57
50.89
4 – 6
24
21.43
7 – 9
21
18.75
10 – above
10
8.93
TOTAL
112
100.00
Purpose in Swine Raising
Since the survey was conducted in the farming communities, animal production is
done to implement their meager income especially to those who are employed. Few of
the respondents found tending 1-3 and 4-6 heads were caring swine for special planned
purpose while other than this, the respondents will not raise swine (Table 7).
Stock and Capital
Stock. The neighbors within their respective barangays were the main source of
stocks. Others procure their animals from other barangays within the municipality and
from nearby municipalities for upgrading purposes (Table 8).
Cash capital. Majority of the respondents (59.82%) use their own money to
provide the necessary needs is raising swine. others avail loans from cooperatives.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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19
Table 7. Purpose of raising swine
PURPOSE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Main source of income
28
25.00
Supplementary source of income
66
58.93
For special occasion
18
16.07
TOTAL
112
100.00
Table 8. Source of stock and cash capital
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Stock
Neighbor (same barangay) 73
65.18
Near municipality
28
25.00
Other barangays within
the municipality
11
9.82
TOTAL
112
100.00
Capital Own money
67
59.82
Loan from cooperative
45
40.18
TOTAL
112
100.00
Breeds\\Strain
The breeds\\strains of swine raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya is shown in Table 9.
The ‘native’ pig, as claimed by the respondents is the most raised breed followed by
‘upgrade’ breeds like, landrace, hypor, large white, and duroc in descending order.
Though the ‘native’ breed is much smaller than the other breeds but still preferred
by the respondents due to their endurance to harsh weather condition, more resistant
against diseases and parasites, and better meat quality among others.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
20
Figure 2. The native swine being raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Figure 3. Landrace breed of swine raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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21
Table 9. Breed/strain of swine raised by the respondents
BREED/STRAIN
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Native
32
28.57
Grade
22
19.64
Large White
14
12.50
Landrace
17
15.19
Hypor
15
13.39
Duroc
12
10.71
TOTAL
112
100.00
Breeding System
Age at first breeding. Most of the respondents claim they breed their swine at 8-9
months old, recommended to them by hearsays. But for others, they breed their swine at
6-7, 10-11, and 12-13 months old (15.18%, 19.64%, 25.55%, respectively).
Type of breeding. There were 43.75% of the respondents that followed
crossbreed to any available boar of good traits. Those who wanted to perpetuate their
present stocks, inbreeding (37.50%) is being done while upgrading their stock is done by
18.75% of the respondents.
Nature of breeding. Natural mating is the only way followed by swine raisers to
perpetuate the species’ character traits found in the areas where the survey was
conducted.
Source of boar. Breeding boars in rural communities are neither owned (15.18%),
borrowed (84.82%) or rented.
Number of services before conception. Fifty percent of the respondents reiterated
their sow is served twice before conception; 45.54% had their sow serviced only once
and 4.46% even have them served three times when finally going to conception.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
22
Table 10. System of breeding
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Age at First Breeding (months)
6 – 7
17
15.18
8 – 9
45
40.18
10 -11
22
19.64
12 – 13
28
25.00
Type of Breeding
Grading
21
18.75
Inbreeding
42
37.50
Crossbreeding
49
43.75
Nature of Breeding
Natural mating
112
100.00
Source of Boar
Owned
17
15.18
Borrowed
95
84.82
Number of Service\\s Before Conception
Once
51
45.54
Twice
56
50.00
Thrice
5
4.46
Terms of Payment for Mating Service\\s
Cash
21
18.75
Piglets
83
74.11
None (Owned)
8
7.14
Length of Gestation
The gestation period of swine in the areas of concern ranges from 110 to 114 days
but there were those (16.96%) claiming to have observed gestation for about 115 days or
more (Table 11).
Litter Size
Litter size at birth. The number of piglets at birth ranges from a low 7 to more
than 15 regardless of swine breed. Forty four out of 112 respondents mentioned the
average litter size was 11-12. Only four were lucky enough to have produced 15 or more
litters per farrowing period (Table 12).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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23
Table 11. Length of gestation in swine
LENGTH OF GESTATION NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
(DAYS)
110
3
2.68
112
16
14.29
113
40
35.71
114
34
30.36
115 – above
19
16.96
TOTAL
112
100.00
Table 12. Litter size at birth and at weaning
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
LITTER SIZE
AT BIRTH
AT WEANING
F
%
F
%
7 – 8
22
19.64
25
22.32
9 – 10
31
27.68
38
33.93
11 – 12
44
39.29
36
32.14
13 – 14
11
9.82
9
8.04
15 and above
4
3.57
4
3.57
TOTAL
112 100.00
112
100.00
Litter size at weaning. Mortality rate was highest at 11-12 litter size and lowest at
13-14 piglets. All the respondents who had litter size of 15 or more at birth had 100%
survival at weaning (Table 12). Considering the production system of swine in the
surveyed areas which is more conventional, the mortality in piglet production is quite
low.
Farrowing
Shown in Table 13 is the number of farrowing per year as observed by the
respondents. The different swine breeds\\strains being raised farrow twice a year.
Native breed. Thirteen of 20 respondents observed the native breed to farrow
only once a year while 7 commented also to farrow at most two times a year.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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24
Upgrade breed. This breed commonly farrow once a year as claimed by 78.57%
of the respondents.
Large white. There were 17 of the 25 respondents who mentioned that this breed
farrow twice a year, very rare farrow once a year.
Landrace. Of the 23 respondents raising this breed, majority (56.52%) observed
to farrow twice a year.
Hypor. There were 17 out of the 112 respondents who raise this breed of swine,
64.71% observed this to farrow at most twice a year but could also farrow five times in
two years.
Duroc. This breed commonly farrow once a year as claimed by 54.55% of the
respondents. Three or 27.27% observed farrowing twice a year when given proper
nutrition.
Feeds and Feeding
Kinds of feed. Indigenous feeds or non-conventional feeds was the most common
feedstuff given to swine (68.75%). Some of the respondents (17.86%) combine
commercial feed preparation with indigenous feeds for their produce. Few (15 or
13.39%) give 100% pure commercial feeds (Table 14).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
25
Table 13. Number of farrowing per year
BIRTH RATE
NATIVE
UPGRADE LARGE WHITE LANDRACE
HYPOR
DUROC
F
% F % F %
F % F
% F %
Once a year 13 65.00 2 14.29 1 4.00 4 17.39 1 5.88 2 18.18
1-2 times/year
7 35.00 11 78.57 17 68.00 13 56.52 11 64.71 6 54.55
2 times/year 0 0.00 1 7.14 7 28.00 6 26.09 5 29.41 3 27.27
TOTAL
20 100.00 14 100.00 25 100.00 23 100.00 17 100.00 11 100.00
Table 14. Preparation of indigenous feeds for swine
METHOD OF PREPARATION
KITCHEN REFUSE
SQUASH
GABI
F
%
F
%
F %
Mixed with rice bran
19 28.36
0 0
0 0
Pure kitchen refuse
48 71.64
0 0
0 0
Chopped-cooked
0 0.00 2 16.67 33 100.00
Chopped-raw
0 0.00 10 83.33 33 100.00
TOTAL
67 100.00 12 100.00 66 100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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26
Preparation of indigenous feeds. The indigenous feeds given to swine varied and
prepared in a number of ways as mentioned by the respondents. However, majority
(71.64%) offered pure kitchen refuse as feeds. Gabi and squash are either chopped and
cooked or chopped only before given to swine. Rice bran is being mixed with kitchen
refuse as feedstuff (Table 15.)
Frequency of feeding. The frequency of feeding swine is done once to three times
a day depending on the growth stage of the animal. All respondents provide feeds to
their sucklings twice a day. At weanling stage, 102 (91.07%) of the respondents continue
to provide feedstuff twice a day while 10 reduced feeding to once a day, only one client
give feedstuff thrice a day. During the growing stage, there were 105 of the respondents
that give feedstuff twice a day while five or 4.46% feed their growers once a day, and
only two of them at three times a day. Towards the finishing stage, once a day feeding
was claimed by 32 respondents while 77 still feed their hogs twice a day, and three or
2.68% provide feedstuffs thrice a day.
System of feeding. There were two feeding systems employed by swine raisers of
Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya, namely: the wet-group and the dry-group feeding. Based on the
result of the survey, there were more raisers who prefer wet-group feeding in any
growing stage over the dry-group feeding (Table 17). The main reason for this kind is
the nature of feedstuffs given to their swine.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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27
Table 15. Frequency of feeding for swine
FREQUENCY
SUCKLING
WEANLING
GROWER
FINISHER
SOW/BOAR
F
%
F
%
F
% F
%
F
%
Once a day
10
8.93
5
4.46 32
28.57
24
21.43
Twice a day
112 100.00 101
90.18 105
93.75 77
68.75 88
78.57
Thrice a day
1
0.89 2
1.79 3
2.68
TOTAL
112 100.00 112
100.00 112
100.00 112 100.00 112 100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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28
Table 16. Kinds of feed provided to swine
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Commercial feeds
15
13.39
Indigenous feeds (Non-conventional)
77
68.75
Combination
20
17.86
TOTAL
112
100.00
Table 17. System of feeding for swine
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
FEEDING SYSTEM
WET-GROUP DRY-GROUP
F
%
F
%
Weanling
65
58.04
47
41.96
Grower
59
52.68
53
47.32
Finisher
72
64.29
40
35.71
Boar/Sow
81
72.32
31
27.68
Figure 4. Feeding system of swine in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
29
Preventing and Controlling Swine
Diseases and Parasites
Isolation. Majority of the respondents in the surveyed area are not isolating
diseased or infested swine, thereby, prevention as well as the spread of any infection or
infestation to their animals is not being checked.
Culling of sick animals. Of the 112 respondents, 99 practice the disposal of their
sick or infested swine from the healthy group. However, culling is done at the late stage
of disease infection or parasite infestation.
Deworming. This practice of health care is not being followed by all respondents
in their swine production.
Vaccination. Vaccinating and immunization so as to prevent disease infection or
parasite infestation is practiced by only 8 respondents while majority of the raisers do not
as well follow herd health vaccination.
Cleaning of pens. Pens are cleaned when necessary by 99 of the 112 respondents
who were found to confine their animals.
Table 18. Methods of preventing and controlling swine diseases and parasites
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PARTICULARS
Yes
No .
F
%
F %
Isolation
29
25.89
83 74.11
Culling of sick animals
99
88.39
13 11.61
Deworming
55
49.11
57 50.89
Vaccination
8
7.14 104 92.86
Cleaning of pens
99
88.39
13 11.61
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
30
Housing Management
Management practices. Complete confinement of swine is practiced by 58.04%
of the respondents, 37.50% tether them and 4.46% make use of the so called semi-
confine pigsty (Table 18).
Housing material. Nipa/cogon were the most common roofing material used, but
others made use of galvanized iron (GI sheet). Walls of pig pens were usually bamboo,
and wood. Only one of the respondents was found to have used old steel walls. Concrete
or cemented flooring was also noted on most of the pig pens. There were 39 of the
respondents who do not provide floorings on their pig pens.
Table 19. Housing management practices
KIND OF HOUSING
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Complete confinement
65
58.04
Semi-confinement
5
4.46
Tethering
42
37.50
TOTAL
112
100.00
Table 20. Type of housing materials in swine raising
TYPE OF MATERIAL
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
USED
Nipa\\cogon + bamboo walls +
cemented floor
20
17.86
Nipa/cogon + wood walls +
cemented floor
19
16.96
GI roofing + bamboo walls +
concrete floor
17
15.18
GI roofing + wood walls +
concrete floor
16
14.29
Nipa/cogon + bamboo walls
20
17.86
Nipa/cogon + wood walls
19
16.96
GI roofing + steel walls +
cemented floor
1
0.89
TOTAL
112
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
31
Roof structure. The type of roofing is either the shed-type (72.32%) which is the
most common and the A-type (27.68%). The former is much preferred considering the
area of study being located in a mid-elevation with predominantly warm climate.
Pens or corrals. The number of pens\\corrals ranged from single to four-in-one
housing. Most (83) of the respondents had 1 – 2 pens in a single house and 29 had 3 – 4
pens.
Heads per pen. The number of heads in one pen ranged from 1 to 4 hogs. During
the weanling and grower\\finisher stages, two animals occupy one pen at most (Table 22).
Table 21. Housing
STRUCTURE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Type of Roof
A-type
31
27.68
Shed-type
81
72.32
Number of Pen\\s in One House
1 – 2
83
74.11
3 – 4
29
25.89
Number of Heads in One Pen
Weanling
1 – 2
94
83.93
3 – 4
8
16.07
Grower\\Finisher
1 – 2
91
3 – 4
21
18.75
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
32
Figure 5. The A-type rural swine housing in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Figure 6. The shed-type urban swine housing in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
33
Herd Management
The removal of transplacental membrane upon expulsion of piglets, cutting of the
navel cord, weaning of piglets, and the gradual change of feeds are the management
practices which are not followed by majority of the respondents.
Providing brooder to piglets, feeding the piglets on the fifth day, and providing
rail guards to protect piglets from crushing are the management practices being employed
by the swine raisers (Table 23).
These management practices which are measures to improve and enhance swine
production by the raisers but they are not yet aware of its importance.
Table 22. Herd management practices
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PARTICULARS
Yes No .
F
% F %
Removal of transplacental
membrane upon expulsion
45
40.18
67 59.82
Cutting of the navel cord
37
33.04
75 66.96
Provide brooder
93
83.04
19 16.96
Allow piglets to suck
collustrum
107
95.54
5 4.46
Feeding the piglets
on their fifth day 106
94.64
6 5.36
Weaning of piglets
32 28.57
80 71.43
Gradual change of feeds
3
2.68 109
97.32
Provide guard rails to
protect piglets
87
77.68
25 22.32
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
34
Marketing
Disposal. Swine produced by the respondents are either sold directly to
consumers (83.93%) and to middlemen or ‘partidor’ (16.07%) (Table 24). These are
disposed on basis of either liveweight or dressweight (retail) (Table 25) basis.
Table 23. System of swine disposal
MARKETING SYSTEM
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Direct to consumers
94
83.93
Producer to middlemen to consumer
18
16.07
TOTAL
112
100.00
Table 24. Method of marketing
MARKETING METHOD
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Per kilogram (liveweight)
23
20.54
Per kilogram (dressed)
89
79.46
TOTAL
112
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
35
Cattle
Years in Cattle Raising
Cattle raising in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya is not as old as swine raising. Based on
the result of the survey two (2) of the respondents were found to have tended cattle for
almost 13 years or more while ten had been raising cattle for 9 – 12 years, six for 5 – 8
years, and 1 – 4 years (Table 26).
Number of Cattle Raised
Shown in Table 27 is the number of heads each of the respondents had been
tending. Majority of the respondents (52.38%) had 1 – 2 cattle/s, 8 had 3 – 5 heads, and
2 had 5 and above.
Purpose in Raising Cattle
Cattle are being raised as supplementary source of income by 76.19% of the
respondents, 19.05% claimed that raising cattle is their main source of income while a
lone farmer raise cattle for special occasion only for his family (Table 28).
Source of Stock
Cattle raisers in the area procured their initial stock from their neighbors and
nearby barangays within the municipality. One claimed his stock was purchased from
adjacent municipality for the purpose of upgrading his existing livestock. There were
eight who acquired their stock from their parents as an heir (Table 29).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
36
Table 25. Number of years in raising cattle
NUMBER OF YEARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 – 4
3
14.29
5 – 8
6
28.57
9 – 12
10
47.62
13 – above
2
9.52
TOTAL
21
100.00
Table 26. Number of cattle raised by the respondents
NUMBER OF CATTLE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 2
11
52.38
3 – 5
8
38.10
5 – above
2
9.52
TOTAL
21
100.00
Table 27. Purpose of raising cattle
PURPOSE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Main source of income
4
19.05
Supplementary source of income
16
76.19
For special occasion
1
4.76
TOTAL
21
100.00
Table 28. Source of stock
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Neighbor (within barangay)
10
47.62
Barangay within municipality
2
9.52
As an heir
8
38.10
Adjacent municipality
1
4.76
TOTAL
21
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
37
Breeding
Breeds of cattle raised. The native breed is the major cattle being raised with
71.43% while the upgraded breed are grown by six of the 21 respondents (Table 30). The
preference for the native breed over those other animals are given more attention because
they are better tolerant to adverse weather condition. Much more to this, docile ones
usually grow faster and fatten easily.
Breeding system. To perpetuate selected and raised cattle specie, inbreeding and
upgrading are the means of breeding employed (Table 30).
Mating. Due to lack of technical knowledge on the system of breeding cattle, the
respondents do not resort to artificial insemination. Thus, natural mating is the only
method being practiced.
Source of breeding bull and payment,. The breeding bull used in mating are
either hired (85.71%) or owned (14.29%). The hired bulls are paid in cash.
Table 29. Breeding
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
F
%
Breed
Native
15
71.43
Grade
6
28.57
System of Breeding
Inbreeding
15
71.43
Grading
6
28.57
Method of Mating
Natural
21
100.00
Source of Bull
Hired
18
85.71
Owned
3
14.29
Terms of Payment
Cash
18
85.71
Free (Owned)
3
14.29
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
38
Figure 7. Breeds of cattle (Front – upgrade; background – native)
and free range system of feeding in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Figure 8. Upgrade cattle and tether system of feeding in
Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
39
Age at first breeding. The earliest age of breeding cattle observed by the
respondents is at 2-3 years old and the latest at 3-4 years of age (Table 31).
Gestation
The gestation period of cattle ranged from 260-296 days. Seven of the 21
respondents observed gestation period to be from 279-287 days, six for 270-278 days,
five for 277-280 days, and three observed it to be 288-296 days (Table 32). The
difference lies in the different feed intake of their animals.
Birth Rate
Based on the survey, all the respondents observed that cattle calved only once a
year.
Table 30. Age at first breeding of cattle
AGE (Years)
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
2 – 3
20
95.24
3 – 4
1
4.96
TOTAL
21
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
40
Table 31. Length of gestation period in cattle
LENGTH OF GESTATION
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
(Days)
260 – 269
5
23.81
270 – 278
6
28.57
279 – 287
7
33.33
288 – 296
3
14.29
TOTAL
21
100.00
Carabao
There were only 81 of the 212 respondents who have carabaos under their care.
The reason why only few care carabaos is that Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya is a mountainous
place and few farm fields wide enough to be plowed with the use of said animals.
Years in Raising Carabao
The number of years in raising carabao ranged from one year up to 21 years and
above (Table 34). More respondents had been caring carabaos for almost 11-15 years,
but only two have cared carabaos for 21 years or more.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
41
Number of Carabao Raised
The number of heads of carabao cared by the respondents ranged from one head
to more than 5 animals. Majority (77.78%) of which had 1-2 heads while six claimed to
have 5 or more draft animals (Table 34).
Purpose of Raising Carabao
The main reason why respondents raise carabao is for supplementary source of
income (83.95%), 12.35% claimed as their main livelihood while three raise carabao
intended for special occasions only (Table 35).
Source of Stock
The main source of carabao stock is from neighboring barangays in their
municipality (54), within their barangay (15), as an heir (7), and from adjacent
municipalities (5) (Table 36).
Table 32. Number of years in raising carabao
NUMBER OF YEARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 – 5
13
16.05
6 – 10
24
29.63
11– 15
33
40.74
16 – 20
9
11.11
21 – above
2
2.47
TOTAL
81
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
42
Table 33. Number of carabao raised by the respondents
NUMBER OF CARABAO
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 – 2
63
77.78
3 – 4
12
14.81
5 – above
6
7.41
TOTAL
81
100.00
Table 34. Purpose of raising carabao
PURPOSE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Main source of income
10
12.35
Supplementary source of income
68
83.95
For special occasion
3
3.70
TOTAL
81
100.00
Table 35. Source of stock
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Neighbor (within barangay)
15
18.52
Barangay within municipality
54
66.67
As an heir
7
8.64
Adjacent municipality
5
6.17
TOTAL
81
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
43
Breeds and Breeding
Breeds of carabao. There were two breeds of carabao raised by the respondents,
namely; the native and the upgrade. The native breed was preferred more by the
respondents because of its endurance to any adverse weather conditions. The upgraded
carabao are usually the product of the native breed crossed with an introduced breed
usually from the neighboring barangays or municipalities.
Breeding system. Inbreeding and grading were the only breeding system
practiced by the respondents in the improvement of their existing breed.
Mating. Natural mating is the means and ways respondents have their carabaos
impregnated.
Figure 9. Upgrade tethered carabao raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
44
Source of breeding bull. The breeding bulls used to impregnate their carabaos are
either hired (90.12%) while the rest have their own breeding bull.
Terms of payment. Those who hire breeding bulls pay services in terms of cash
(Table 36 ).
Table 36. Breeds and breeding of carabao
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Breeds
Native
75
92.59
Grade
6
7.41
System of breeding
Inbreeding
70
86.42
Grading
11
13.58
Method of mating
Natural
81
100.00
Source of bull
Hired
73
90.12
Owned
8
9.88
Terms of payment
Cash
73
90.12
Owned
8
9.88
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
45
Gestation
The gestation of carabao is shown in Table 38. The number of days from
impregnation to delivery of young carabao varies from 295 to 339 days. There were
more respondents who observed that gestation period of their carabao fall under range
295 – 303 days which was the shortest period. Only nine of the respondents claimed that
their carabao gestate from 331 – 339 days which was the longest period observed.
Age at First Breeding
It was noted from the respondents that two to three years old was the majority age
of carabao at first breeding. There were only two who mentioned that the first breeding
of their carabo was about 3 to 4 years old.
Birth Rate
The birth rate of carabao is only once a year as claimed by the respondents.
Table 37. Length of gestation in carabao
LENGTH OF GESTATION NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
(Days)
295 – 303
32
39.51
304 – 312
16
19.75
313 – 321
11
13.58
312 – 330
13
16.05
331– 339
9
11.11
TOTAL
81
100.00
Table 38. Age at first breeding of carabao
AGE (YEARS)
NUMBER OF RESPONDNETS
PERCENTAGE
2 – 3
79
97.53
3 – 4
2
2.47
TOTAL
81
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
46
Goat
There were 33 out of the 212 respondents who were found raising goat.
Years in Goat Raising
The number of years in goat raising ranged one up to more than nine years.
Majority of the respondents were new in this venture as proven by the number of years
they had tended raising goat. There were three out of the 33 respondents who claimed
goat raising for nine years and above.
Number of Heads Raised
The number of goats raised ranged from one to five or more. There were 25 with
one to two heads, five with 3 – 4 heads, and three with five and above (Table 41).
Purpose in Goat Raising
The main reason the respondents raise goat was to supplement their income as
claimed by 19 raisers, 12 have them in preparation for special occasions, and only two
are engaged in goat raising as their major source of income (Table 42).
Goat raising seemed as a pass time to farmer-respondents as evidenced by the
number of years they had been raising, the number of heads they maintain, and the
purpose for which they raise.
Source of Stock
The major source of their initial stock come from their neighbors (57.58%),
27.27% have their initial stock from neighboring barangays, and five had their initial
stock as an heir.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
47
Cash capital. The respondents claimed that their invested cash capital are their
personal money.
Table 39. Number of years in raising goat
NUMBER OF YEARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 – 4
23
69.70
5 – 8
7
21.21
9 – above
3
9.09
TOTAL
33
100.00
Table 40. Number of goats raised by the respondents
NUMBER OF GOAT
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 – 2
25
75.76
3 – 4
5
15.15
5 – above
3
9.09
TOTAL
33
100.00
Table 41. Purpose of raising goat
PURPOSE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Main source of income
2
6.06
Supplementary source of income
19
57.58
For special occasion
12
36.36
TOTAL
33
100.00
Table 42. Source of initial stock and capital
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Stock Neighbor (within barangay)
19
57.58
Barangay within municipality
9
27.27
As an heir
5
15.15
Capital
Own money
33
100.00
TOTAL
33
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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48
Breeds and Breeding
Breed/s. There were only two (2) breeds of goat being raised, the Native and the
Upgraded breed. These upgraded breed came from a cross between their existing goat
with that of the other strains they selected. The selection of buck depends on the
preference of raisers.
Breeding system. To improve their existing strain of goat, crossbreeding is
employed with those available buck, however, inbreeding is also practiced due to
unavailability of hybrid goat strain.
Mating. Artificial insemination on goat is never heard in the locality, thus, they
are compelled on natural mating as the only means of improving their stock as well as to
impregnate their animals.
Source of buck. When goat raisers do not own bucks to mate their does, they
have to hire bucks for that purpose.
Payment. The hired buck for breeding purposes are paid in cash basis for an
amount of Php200-250.
Gestation
The gestation period of goat ranged from 145 to 149 days. The shortest time for
native breed to gestate occur 145 days while the longest period claimed by the
respondents go beyond 149 days. The upgraded breed had a day shorter than the native
breed.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
49
Figure 10. Upgrade goat and system of feeding in goat of Kasibu, Nueva
Vizcaya
Figure 10. Upgrade goat and system of feeding in goat of Kasibu, Nueva
Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
50
Age at First Breeding
The youngest doe mated about 8-9 months old while others claimed their doe
were bred at 12-13 months. However, most of the respondents mentioned the earliest
time their doe mated from 10-11 months of age.
Table 43. Source of initial stock and capital
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Breed Native
28
84.85
Grade
5
15.15
Breeding System
Inbreeding
25
75.76
Grading
8
24.24
Mating
Natural
33
100.00
Source of breeding buck
Hired
22
66.67
Owned
11
33.33
Terms of payment for breeding
services Cash
22
66.66
Owned
11
33.33
Table 44. Length of gestation in goat
LENGTH OF GESTATION
NATIVE
UPGRADE
(Days)
F
%
F
%
145
13
92.86
146
7
36.84
1
7.14
147
6
31.58
148
4
21.05
149 – above
2
10.53
TOTAL
19 100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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Table 45. Age at first breeding of goat
AGE (Months)
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
8 - 9
12
36.36
10 – 11
19
57.58
12 – 13
2
6.06
TOTAL
19
100.00
Table 46. Number of kids per birth
NUMBER OF KIDS
NATIVE
UPGRADE
F
%
F %
1
17
51.51
14
42.42
2
2
6.06
TOTAL
19
57.67
14 42.42
Birth Rate
All the respondents mentioned that their does kid once a year.
Number of Kids
Of the 19 respondents who had the native breed, 17 claimed that their does kid to
only one per gestation while two noted their does to have delivered two. However, the 14
respondents who had the upgraded breed noted the does to produce only one kid per
gestation.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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52
Indigenous Feeds and
Feeding of Ruminants
Grasses. Listed in Table 49 are the indigenous weeds provided to their ruminants.
These different grasses are readily available in the locality though at times these are
scarce during dry season.
The napier grass is the most common among the grasses fed to cattle, carabao,
and goat followed by carabao grass, rice straw, and para grass. Some grasses which were
not identified though fed to ruminants account for a very low percentage which are least
liked by these animals.
Source. The grasses fed are abundantly found along river banks while rice straw
are gathered from rice fields after the harvest season which are usually stored and given
during dry season or during typhoons.
Season of abundance. During the wet season, grasses for ruminants can be found
abundantly in the locality but during the dry season these grasses can still be found but
not as abundant as during the rainy days.
System of Feeding in
Ruminants
There are only two systems of feeding ruminants, the “cut-and-carry” and
grazing. The former is locally termed as ‘sakate’. Grazing is done as free range or
animals are tethered in some areas where abundant grasses are to be found and after
sometime animals are moved to another pasture area.
Based on the result of the survey, grazing animals is much preferred over the
“cut-and-carry” system (Table 51).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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53
Table 47. Indigenous feeds provided to ruminants
INDIGENOUS
CATTLE
CARABAO
GOAT
FEEDS
F
%
F
%
F
%
Carabao grass
6
28.57
29
35.80
9
27.27
Napier grass
9
42.86
35
43.21
11
33.33
Para grass
2
9.52
8
9.88
4
12.12
Rice straw
3
14.29
9
11.11
2
6.09
Others
1
4.76
0
0
7
21.21
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
21
100.00 81 100.00 33 100.00
* multiple response
Table 48. Source of greater abundance of indigenous feeds for ruminants
SOURCE OF
CATTLE
CARABAO
GOAT
ABUNDANCE
F
%
F
% F %
River bank
11
52.38
41
50.62
9
27.27
Rice fields
8
38.10
27
33.33
19
57.58
Others
2
9.52
13
16.05
5
15.15
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
21
100.00 81 100.00 33 100.00
* multiple response
Table 49. Season of abundance of indigenous weeds for ruminants
SEASON OF
CATTLE
CARABAO GOAT
ABUNDANCE
F
% F
% F
%
Wet season
15
76.19
70
86.42
28
84.85
Dry season
5
23.81
11
13.58
5
15.15
* multiple response
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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54
Table 50. System of feeding in ruminants
SYSTEM OF FEEDING
ANIMAL
“Cut and carry”
Grazing
F
%
F %
Cattle
4
19.05
17 80.95
Carabao
32
39.51
49 60.49
Goat
2
6.06
31 93.94
* multiple response
Parasite and Disease Management
The method of parasite and disease management of ruminants is shown in Table
52. Ruminants are rarely vaccinated. The main reason why raisers seldom do this is
either they do not notice any disorder or they are not aware of any signs and symptoms
caused by parasites and disease causing organisms.
System of Animal Raising
Tethering. This system of raising animals was noted on ruminants. This system
is most commonly employed because it eases the burden of cutting grasses and bringing
them to where the animals are located.
Range. This system is least being employed on ruminants because of limited
pasture areas available thus, very few let loose animals to openly roam and graze.
Semi-confinement. Goat is the only ruminant where this system of raising is
being followed. One probable season could be the size of the animals.
Marketing
Marketing system. All the respondents who raise cattle sell directly to buyers
acted as middlemen. Majority of the carabao (54.32%) and goat raisers (63.64%) dispose
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
55
directly to middlemen while direct selling to consumers is done by 37% and 36.36% of
their carabao and goat, respectively.
Marketing method. Cattle and carabao are sold on per head basis (‘bultuhan’),
per kilogram (liveweight), and per kilogram (dressedweight). Goats are also sold per
kilogram either liveweight or butchered.
Table 51. Methods of preventing and controlling disease and parasites
METHOD
ANIMAL
VACCINATION
D.A. ASSISTANCE
Yes No
Yes No .
F % F % F % F
%
Cattle
1 4.76 20 95.24 10 47.62 11
52.38
Carabao
4 4.94 77 95.06 17 20.99 79.01
Goat
1 3.03 32 96.97 5 15.15 84.85
Table 52. System of animal raising
SYSTEM
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Cattle
Tethering
17
80.95
Range
4
19.05
TOTAL
21
100.00
Carabao
Tethering
79
97.53
Range
2
2.47
TOTAL
81
100.00
Goat
Tethering
26
78.79
Semi-confinement
7
21.21
TOTAL
33
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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56
Table 53. Marketing system
MARKETING METHOD
CATTLE
CARABAO
GOAT
F
%
F
% F
%
Direct to buyers (middlemen) 21 100.00 44
54.32
21
63.64
Direct to consumers
0 0
37
45.68
12
36.36
TOTAL
21 100.00 81
100.00
33 100.00
Table 54. Method of marketing
MARKETING METHOD CATTLE
CARABAO
GOAT
F
%
F
% F
%
Per head (“bultuhan”)
3
14.29
7
8.64
0
0
Per kilogram (liveweight)
12
57.14
35
43.21
19
57.58
Per kilogram (butchered)
6
28.57
39
48.15
14
42.42
TOTAL
21
100.00
81
100.00 33
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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57
Chicken
Chicken Raising
Number of respondents in chicken raising. Of the 126 respondents, there were
33.33% who claimed chicken raising 4-6 years; 29.37% 1-3 years; 20.63% and 16.67%
10 years and above, and 7-9 years, respectively (Table 59).
Number of heads raised. The number of heads raised is shown in Table 78.
There were 59.79% of the respondents who have 1-3 roosters and 40.21% with four or
more. One half of the respondents maintain an average of 4-6 hens/pullets while 40.48%
with 1-3 only, and 9.52% tend to have 7 or more. Majority of the respondents have 1-5
chicks; 30.16% had 6-10; and only 13.49% had 11 and above chicks.
Purpose. The main reason of the respondents in raising chicken was for home
consumption (50.00%); 26.98% claimed they raise chicken as supplementary source of
cash income; and 23.02% raise chicken specifically for any special occasions.
Table 55. Number of years in raising chicken
NUMBER OF YEARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 3
37
29.37
4 – 6
42
33.33
7 – 9
21
16.67
10 – above
26
20.63
TOTAL
126
100.00
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58
Source of Stock and Capital
Stock. The birds raised by the respondents were mainly acquired from their
neighbors (45.24%); 21.43% of the chicken raisers bought their initial stock from
neighboring barangays; and there were those who bought outside their municipality.
Cash capital. Nearly all 126 respondents utilized their own money as initial
source of cash capital while 22 raisers are funded by contract growers.
Breeds and Breeding
Breed/strain. The only breed or strain of chicken being raised in the area of study
is the native breed.
System of breeding. Inbreeding is the only method done in the locality thus, the
breed of chicken they raise in terms of productivity does not improve as evidenced by the
number of day-old chicks being cared.
Source of breeding rooster. There were 76.98% of the respondents who make use
of their own rooster to mate hens; 23.02% borrow them from their neighbors/friends.
Terms of payment. The services rendered by the roosters to their pullets/hens are
free which are owned by their neighbors/friends.
Age at first breeding. As observed by the respondents, pullets are usually
copulated 5 to 9 months old and the age of pullets copulated most was at seven and eight
months old.
Number of eggs laid per clutch. Based from the result of the survey, their
chickens were low producers. Majority (52.38%) of the respondents noted that their hens
lay 5-7 eggs per clutch; 30.95% had 8-10; and only 16.67% observed their chickens lay
11 or more eggs.
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59
Feeds and Feeding
Types of feeds. The feeds given to their chicken are ‘palay’ which is the main
feed given (36.51%), followed by cooked rice, rice bran, and rice bran mixed with
cooked rice, in descending order (32.54%, 17.46%, 13.49%, respectively) (Table 67).
Feeding system. The dry and the wet feeding systems are being employed in
chicken raising. These systems are done either individually or group feeding. The most
common system was the dry group feeding with 42.06% of the respondents, wet group
feeding is being done by 36.51%. Individual feeding wet or dry feeding is not a common
practice (15.87% and 5.56%, respectively) by the respondents.
Frequency of feeding. Majority (58.73%) of the respondents feed their chicken
twice a day, usually early morning and late afternoon. Feeding the chickens once a day is
being observed by 34.92% while there were only 6.35% who feed their chicken three
times a day. The chickens fed thrice a day are those that are confined.
Table 56. Number of chickens raised by the respondents
NUMBER
ROOSTER
HEN/PULLETS CHICKS
F %
F
% F
%
1 – 3
58 59.79
51 40.48
4 – above
39 40.21
4 – 6
63 50.00
7 – above
12 9.52
1 – 5
71
56.35
6 – 10
38
30.16
11 – above
17
13.49
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60
Table 57. Purpose of raising chicken
PURPOSE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Home consumption
63
50.00
Supplementary source of income
34
26.98
For special occasion
29
23.02
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 58. Source of stock and capital
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Stock
Neighbor (same barangay)
57
45.24
Raisers within locality
27
21.43
Outside the municipality
42
33.33
Capital
Own money
104
82.54
Contract grower
22
17.46
Table 59. Source of breeding rooster
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
97
76.98
Borrowed
29
23.02
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 60. Terms of payment for breeding services
TERMS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
97
76.98
Free
29
23.02
TOTAL
126
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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61
Figure 12. The native chicken being raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Figure 13. Dry-group feeding employed to chicken and Muscovy duck in
Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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62
Table 61. Age of chicken at first breeding
AGE (Month)
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
6
28
22.22
7
38
30.16
8
47
37.30
9
13
10.32
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 62. Number of eggs laid per clutch
NUMBER OF EGGS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
LAID PER CLUTCH
5 – 7
66
52.38
8 – 10
39
30.95
11 – above
21
16.67
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 63. Types of feeds provided to chicken
TYPES OF FEED
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Rice bran
22
17.46
Rice bran mixed with cooked rice
17
13.49
Cooked rice
41
32.54
‘Palay’
46
36.51
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 64. System of feeding chicken
FEEDING SYSTEM
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Dry feeding
53
42.06
Dry individual feeding
20
15.87
Wet group feeding
46
36.51
Wet individual feeding
7
5.56
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 65. Frequency of feeding
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63
FREQUENCY
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Once a day
44
34.92
Twice a day
74
58.73
Thrice a day
8
6.35
TOTAL
126
100.00
Disease and Parasite Management
Cleaning of pens. Majority (51.35%) of the respondents clean their pens once a
week while the rest clean their chicken pens as the need arises.
Deworming. There were only five out of the 126 respondents who were surveyed
are deworming their chicken.
Isolation. When the respondents observe any signs and symptoms of morbidity
on their chicken, these are being isolated so as not to infect and or infest other birds in the
brood.
Medication. Morbid chicken are seldom given medication and it was found that
only 23 of the respondents medicate their stricken chickens.
D.A. assistance. The respondents rarely avail of the services of the Department of
Agriculture in their area. Out of the 126 respondents, there were only 19 who sought the
assistance of the D.A. Technical Group.
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64
Table 66. Preventive and control measures against disease and parasites
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Cleaning of pens
Once a week
19
51.35
As needed
18
48.65
Deworming
No
121
34.92
Yes
5
3.97
Isolation
No
44
34.92
Yes
82
65.08
Medication
No
103
81.75
Yes
23
18.25
D.A. Assistance
No
107
84.92
Yes
19
15.08
Housing
Kind of housing. The chickens are free to roam in the locality as claimed by 89 of
the respondents, 35 claimed their chicken are ranged during good weather but confined
them during bad weather condition and at night time. There were only two of the
respondents who completely confine their birds.
Housing materials. The roofing materials used are either G.I. sheet or cogon. The
flooring materials are either bamboo slats or wood and at times the soil. The
wallings/fence are either made of bamboo, wood or wire screen.
Roof structure. The A-type of roofing was the most common (61.11%) and the
shed-type was employed by 38.89% of the respondents.
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65
Table 67. Kind of housing in chicken
KIND OF HOUSING
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Free range
89
70.63
Semi-confinement
35
27.78
Complete confinement
2
1.59
TOTAL
126
100.00
Table 68. Housing materials in chicken
TYPE OF MATERIALS
NUMBER OF
PERCENTAGE
USED
RESPONDENTS
Roofing
G.I. sheet
15
40.54
Cogon
22
59.46
Flooring
Soil
17
45.95
Bamboo
11
29.73
Wood
9
24.32
Walling/fencing
Bamboo
12
32.43
Wood
17
49.95
Screen
8
21.62
Table 69. Roof structure of chicken house
STRUCTURE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Shed-type
49
38.89
A-type
77
61.11
TOTAL
126
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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66
Figure 14. The A-type of chicken house in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Figure 15. The shed-type o f housing in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
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67
Marketing
The only method of selling chicken is through direct buyer-consumers. Chickens
are priced according to live-weight on a per kilogram basis.
Duck
Years in Duck Raising
Most of the respondents ventured into duck raising from 1-3 years (45.36%), 4-6
years (32.99%), and 7 or more years (21.65%).
Heads Raised
Drake. Based on the survey, there were 44 respondents who had 1-3 drakes and
10 had 3 or more. The reason why very few had drakes was that the service of a male
duck during the mating period is rendered free by the drake of their neighbors.
Hen. Of the 97 duck raisers, there were 37 who had 1-3 hens, 41 with 3-6, and 19
with 7 or more hens.
Chicks. The ducks in the locality are likewise poor producers as proven by the
number of chicks found, 32 with only 1-3 chicks and 65 with 6-9 chicks.
Purpose of Raising Duck
The major purpose in raising duck was for home consumption. Others raise duck
as additional source of income, but few for special occasions.
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ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
68
Breeds/Strains and Breeding
Breeds/strains. There were only two breeds/strains of duck being raised, namely;
Muscovy (58.76%), and Mallard or native duck (41.24%).
System of breeding. Crossbreeding of ducks was practiced by 59.79% of the
respondents. This was so to improve the present breeds being raised. Inbreeding was
also employed by 40.21%. This cannot be avoided because at times ducks are free to
roam and even during the mating season
Source of breeding drake. Majority (60.82%) of the respondents had their own
drake and 39.18% with no available drake only borrowing, from their neighbors. The
services of the breeding drake are for free.
Source of stock and capital. The major source of stocks are from their neighbors
within their barangays (47.42%), other duck raisers within the locality (29.90%), and
from outside of their municipality (22.68%).
Table 70. Number of years in raising duck
YEARS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1 – 3
44
45.36
4 – 6
32
32.99
7 – above
21
21.65
TOTAL
97
100.00
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ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
69
Table 71. Number of ducks raised by the respondents
NUMBER
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Drake
1 – 2
49
83.05
3 – above
10
16.95
Hen
1 – 3
37
38.14
3 – 6
41
42.27
7 – above
19
19.59
Chicks
1 – 3
32
32.99
6 – above
65
67.01
Table 72. Purpose of raising ducks
PURPOSE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Home consumption
40
41.24
Supplementary source of income
21
21.65
For special occasion
36
37.11
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 73. Breed/strain of duck raised by the respondents
BREED/STRAIN
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Muscovy
57
58.76
Mallard
40
41.24
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 74. Source of stock and capital
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Neighbors (within barangay)
46
47.42
Raisers (within locality)
29
29.90
Outside the municipality
22
22.68
TOTAL
97
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
70
Figure 15. Muscovy ducks being raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Figure 16. Muscovy ducks and type of housing in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
71
Table 75. System of breeding in ducks
SYSTEM
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Inbreeding
39
40.21
Crossbreeding
58
59.79
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 76. Source of breeding drake
SOURCE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
59
60.82
Borrowed
38
39.18
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 77. Terms of payment for breeding drake
TERMS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
59
60.82
Free
38
39.18
TOTAL
97
100.00
Egg laying
Age at first egg laying. The respondents claimed that ducks lay their first eggs as
early as 6 months old and as late as 9 months old. However, most of the respondents
noted that most ducks lay their first eggs at 8-9 months old (Table 82).
Eggs per clutch. The ducks raised were low egg producers (Table 83). The
reason for this could be attributed to many factors such as the breeding system employed,
the feeds and feeding system, and the care and management practices.
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ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
72
Feeds and Feeding
Type of feeds. There were variety of feeds given to ducks, individually or mixed.
Cooked rice was the most common feed given to ducks and commercial feeds mixed with
cooked rice the least feed given them.
Feeding system. There were only two feeding system given to ducks, the dry
group and the wet group feeding. The former is being employed by majority over the
latter system.
Frequency of feeding. Ducks are fed twice a day though others claimed that they
feed their ducks once and even thrice a day.
Disease and Parasite Management
The preventive measures done against diseases and parasites were cleaning of
pens as needed, deworming, isolation of sick ducks, medication of morbid animals, and
seldom assistance from the Department of Agriculture Technical Group.
Table 78. Age of duck at first egg laying
AGE (Months)
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
6
19
19.59
7
39
40.21
8
37
38.14
9
2
2.06
TOTAL
97
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
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73
Table 79. Number of eggs laid per clutch
NUMBER OF EGGS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
LAID PER CLUTCH
1 – 5
58
59.79
6 – 10
21
21.65
11 – above
18
18.56
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 80. Types of feeds provided to duck
TYPE OF FEEDS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Commercial feeds mixed with
cooked rice
10
10.31
Rice bran mixed with
cooked rice
20
20.62
Cooked rice
41
42.27
‘Palay’
26
26.80
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 81. System of feeding duck
FEEDING SYSTEM
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Dry group feeding
55
56.70
Wet group feeding
42
43.30
TOTAL
97
100.00
Table 82. Frequency of feeding
FEEDING SYSTEM
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Once a day
25
25.77
Twice a day
66
68.04
Thrice a day
6
6.19
TOTAL
97
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
74
Table 83. Preventive and control measures against disease and parasites
PARTICULARS
NUMBER OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Cleaning of pens
Once a week
7
7.22
As needed
90
92.78
Deworming
No
53
54.64
Yes
44
45.36
Isolation
No
36
31.11
Yes
61
62.89
Medication
No
78
80.41
Yes
19
19.59
D.A. Assistance
No
39
40.21
Yes
58
59.79
Housing
Kind of housing. Based on the result of the survey, majority of the respondents
completely confine their ducks, and semi-confinement as well as free range are also done
but on a smaller scale.
Housing materials. The roofing materials commonly used is the cogon grass and
flooring are either made of bamboo slats or wood but often times no flooring provided.
The walling\\fencing are either made of bamboo slats, wood, or screen\\net.
Roof structure. The shed-type was much preferred over that of the A-type.
Marketing system
Ducks are sold directly to buyer-consumers on per head basis or per kilogram
basis. Though some of these buyers collect from different households and bring it to the
local market.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
75
Table 84. Kind of housing in duck raising in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
STRUCTURE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Shed-type
45
59.21
A-type
31
40.79
TOTAL
76
100.00
===============================================================
Table 85. Housing materials in duck raising in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
TYPE OF MATERIALS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
USED
Roofing
Cogon
74
97.37
G.I. Sheet
2
2.63
Flooring
Soil
37
48.68
Bamboo
24
31.58
Wood
15
19.74
Walling\\fencing
Bamboo
39
51.32
Wood
21
27.63
Screen\\Net
16
21.05
Table 86. Roof structure of duck house
STRUCTURE
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Shed-type
45
59.21
A-type
31
40.79
TOTAL
76
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
76
Table 87. Methods of marketing
MARKETING
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Per head
19
33.33
Per kilogram (live weight)
38
66.67
TOTAL
57
100.00
Problems/Constraints of
Animal Raising
Based on the survey, animal raisers in the 11 identified barangays of Kasibu,
Nueva Vizcaya enumerated the problems they encountered is shown in Table 88.
The major problem presented were the absence of market outlet followed by lack
of capital, least technical knowledge on animal raising, and limited grazing area for
ruminants.
Solutions
The suggested possible solutions from the respondents were: alongside with a
market outlet there should be government support in terms of cash capital as well as
initial stock of good breeds/strains which are adaptable to the conditions of the locality;
also, the responsible government agency/ies on the dissemination of technical know-how
on animal raising assessing the area so that assistance could be rendered based on their
needs.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
77
Table 88. Problems encountered in animal raising
PROBLEMS
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Swine
Lack of capital
48
42.86
Lack of market outlet
51
45.54
Lack of technical knowledge
13
11.61
Cattle\\Carabao\\Goat
Lack of capital
41
30.37
Lack of technical knowledge
32
23.70
Lack of market outlet
60
44.44
Limited grazing area
2
1.48
Poultry
Lack of market outlet
159
71.30
Lack of technical knowledge
64
28.70
* multiple responses
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The result showed that the respondents were distributed almost evenly to age 21 –
60 years old to 70 – 80 years of age.
Females outnumber male respondents; mostly married; had no formal education,
and engaged in farming/animal raising as their major livelihood activity.
Respondents had been raising swine with the purpose of augmenting their meager
income. Their neighbors are the sources of their initial stock but majority utilize their
own money to finance swine production.
The ‘native’ pig is the most breed/strain raised in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
Breeding of swine was from 8 to 9 months old but then most respondents borrow boar to
impregnate their sows. Piglets are the means of paying the services of boars. Litter size
at birth was 11-12 piglets and the litter size at weaning was 9-10 piglets.
Indigenous feeds or non-conventional feeds are the most common feedstuff given
and prepared in varied ways. Pure kitchen refuse was the over-all feeds offered to swine.
Complete confinement of swine in a nipa/cogon shed-type with 1-2 pens in a
single house is the most practiced by the farmers.
The management practices employed were providing brooder to piglets, feeding
piglets on the fifth day, and providing guard rails to protect the piglets while marketing
swine are directly disposed to consumers.
Cattle raisers were found to have been raising cattle for 9-12 years. The main
purpose of raising cattle is to supplement their income. Procurement came from their
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
79
neighbors. The native breed of cattle is the most common in the surveyed area. The
bulls used for breeding are mostly hired and paid in cash aged 2-3 years old.
There were more respondents found raising carabao for 11-15 years with 1-2
heads with native carabao for supplementing their income. Inbreeding is the method
employed to perpetuate the specie through natural mating; bulls used for mating are hired
which are paid in cash.
Goat raising in the surveyed area with respondents venturing 1-4 years with 1-5
heads; increasing their income. The native breed is the most common and crossbreeding
to improve their existing strain. Bucks for mating are usually owned while hired bucks
are paid PhP200-250.
Napier and carabao grasses are the most common feeds given to ruminants which
are abundantly found in riverbanks during the wet season.
The systems of animals raising in the surveyed area are: tethering, range, and
semi-confinement.
Disposal of live animals is direct selling to middlemen while ruminants are sold
on per head basis or ‘bulto’.
At Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya, respondents were found raising chicken 4-6 years
with varied number of hens, roosters, and chicks; for home consumption so that cash
investment are their personal money; pullets are bred mostly at 8 months old; majority
had 5-7 eggs per clutch. ‘Palay’ is the major feed given to chicken. Chickens are free to
range; the A-type housing made of cogon roofing with walls made of wood and no
flooring. Chicken are sold to buyer-consumers on a live-weight per kilogram basis for
pricing.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
80
Duck raising ranged 1-3 years with varied number of drakes, hens, and chicks;
home consumption is the main purpose of raising ducks; Muscovy is the most common
breed; drake for breeding are owned; initial stock came from neighbors; cooked rice is
the main feed offered through the dry-group feeding method; preventive and control
measures such as cleaning pens, deworming, isolation, and medication are not commonly
observed. Ducks are sold directly to buyer-consumers.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the survey conducted the following were derived:
1. The majority of the respondents had no formal education; female; married;
belonged to age bracket 41-50 years old; and were farmers/animal raisers.
2. The respondents raise animals to supplement their meager income for those
who are employed and as major source of income for the non-salaried farmers.
3. The problems encountered in animal raising are absence of market outlet; lack
of cash capital, limited technical knowledge, and limited grazing area for ruminants.
Recommendations
The solutions suggested which arose from the respondents were: alongside with a
market outlet there should be government intervention in terms of providing loans for
cash capital, and technical assistance from concerned agencies.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
LITERATURE CITED
AFABLE, T.A. 1997. Morphometric varieties, blood protein and isozyme
polymorphisms in the Philippine mallard (Anas paltrrynchos L.) and in muscovy
ducks (Cairina moschata L.) of the Philippines and Thailand. PhD Thesis.
UPLB, College, Laguna. 141 Pp.
ARBOLEDA, C.R. 1987. Animal genetics resources conservation and development in
the Philippines. Anim. Prod. Techn. J. 3(2):2-7.
ARBOLEDA, C.R. 1980. Current development, trends, and strategies for improving
poultry production in the tropics. Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. Pp. 59-64.
ARBOLEDA, C.R., V.G. ARGANOSA, B.B. PARKER, A.L. LAMBIO, O.A. PALAD,
E.F. PENALBA, O.L. BOMDOC and N.A. CARIGMA. 1985. Improvement of
Philippine livestock productivity through breeding. Some policy issues. J. Agric.
Econ. Dev. 15(1-2):141-158.
BONDOC, O.L., E.F. PENALBA, A.L. LAMBIO, M.D. PALAD, P.S. FAYLON, E.C.
VILLAR, and J.P. SUSBILLA. 1997. Report on the Animal Genetic Resource
Survey. Colloquium on the Philippine Genetic Resources Improvement Program
(Phil-GRIP) for Farm Animals. 13 pp.
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 1993. 130 pp.
DEVERDRA and BURNS. 1985. Goat Production in the Tropics. Commonwealth
Agricultural Bureaux. Farmham House, U.K. Pp. 135-137.
LAMBIO, A.L. 1990. Studies on poultry breeding in the Philippines. Anim. Prod.
Techn. J. 5:18-23.
PALAD, M.D. 1994 Cytogenetics of Pekin (Anas platyrhynchos L.), Philippine Mallard
(Anas platyrhynchos L.), Muscovy (Carina muschata) ducks and their crosses.
MSc. Thesis. UPLB, Los Banos, Laguna. 108 pp.
PARKER, B.A. 1987. Philippine Cattle: a breed to conserve and develop. Anim. Prod.
Techn. J. 3(2):8-14.
PARKER, B.A. and V.G. MOMONGAN. 1971. Bolld transferin genotypes in
Philippine cattle. Phil. J. Anim. Sci. 8(1):17-22
PAYNE, W.J.A. 1970. Cattle production in the tropics. Longman Corp. Ltd., London.
336 pp.
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ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
82
PEREZ, E.F. 1962. The growth fattening performance of Philippine cattle and goats: a
review. Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 8(3 and 4):83-99.
PHILIPPINE
COUNCIL
FOR
AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT. 1981. Philippine Recommends for Pork Production. Los
Banos, Laguna. Pp. 220-221.
SHRESTHA, N.P. and B.A. PARKER. 1994. Heterosis of growth and milk production
in Philippine Murrah F1 hybrids. Phil. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 20(1 and 2):26-32.
SHRESTHA, N.P. 1992. Genetic evaluation of Philippine carabao (PC), Murrah
carabao (MB) and the F1 hybrids (MB x PC Nili-Ravi). PhD. Thesis. UPLB,
Laguna. 327 pp.
SUPNET, M. and GATMAITAN. 1980. Swine Farming Manual. Phil. Squibb and
Sons, Corp. Pp. 29-59.
VILLEGAS, V.E. and E.C. CRUZ. 1958. Dairy qualities of Philippine cows. Phil.
Agric. 41(9):495-498.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya.
ALUPIAS, RENE C. MARCH 2008
APPENDIX
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Name: __________________________________
Gender: ___________
Address: ________________________________
Age: ______________
Civil Status: _____________
Occupation: _______________________
Highest Educational Attainment: ____________________________________________
Years in raising animals
Farm Animal
Number of years
Swine
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Duck
Others (specify)
Classification and number of animals being raised
Animal
Class/Age/Weight
Breed/Strain
Purpose
No. of Animals
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
84
Stock Animal
Class/Age/Weight
Source of
Source of replacement
initial stock
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
Source of capital
How is the project financed?
_____ own money
_____ contract grower
_____ loan from cooperative
_____ other sources (specify)
_____ loan from private individuals
______________________________
II. Housing
A. Kind of housing or rearing
_____ free range
_____ tethering
_____ complete confinement _____ ranching
_____ semi-confinement
_____ other types of rearing (specify) _________________
B. Type of housing materials used
Please describe in detail the materials used
_____ nipa/cogon + bamboo walls
_____ nipa/cogon + walls made of stick
_____ galvanized roof + cemented walls and floor
_____ galvanized roofing + wood walls + cemented floor
85
_____ other types of housing (describe completely)
Roof structure
_____ Gable type
_____ Semi-monitor type
_____ A-type
_____ Broken type
_____ Monitor type
Classification and number of animals being raised
Animal
Class/Age/Weight
Breed/Strain
Purpose
No. of Animals
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
86
Number of animals per house/pen
Animal
Number of
Area of one
Number of animals per pen
pens/house
pen
Swine
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Others
Facilities. Identify all fixtures and equipment (include improvised equipment) being used
87
III. Feeding
Type and source of feeds and frequency of feeding
Animal
Class/Age/Weight
Type of
Source of
Type of
Conventional
Conventional Feeds
Conventional
Feeds
Feeds
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
Identification and processing of indigenous/non-conventional feeds
Type of non-
Source of greater
Season of
Source of information on the
conventional feeds
abundance
abundance
use of non-conventional feeds
88
Preparation of non-conventional feeds
Type of non-conventional
Method of preparation/processing
Amount in ration
feed
Use of supplements/additives
Are they using feed supplements or additives of any kind?
Animal Class/Age/ Feed Supplement
Feed Additive
Source of
Weight
Recommendation
Amt
Freq
Amt
Freq
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
System of feeding
(1) wet group feeding
(4) dry individual feeding
(2) wet individual feeding
(5) free range/choice feeding
(3) dry group feeding
(6) others (specify)
89
Type and source of feeds and frequency of feeding
Animal
Class/Age/Weight
System of Feeding
Frequency of Feeding
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
IV. Breeding
Breeding system
Animal
Breeding System
Mating System
Age at First Breeding
Swine
Native
Grade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Duck
Others (Specify)
90
Source of male breeding animals
(1) owned
(3) hired
(3) borrowed
(4) other arrangements (specify) _______________
Animal
Source of Breeding
Terms of payment for Breeding Service
Animal
Swine
Native
Grade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Duck
Others (Specify)
Farrowing rate, length of lactation and frequency of breeding to conception
Animal
Farrowing rate
Length of lactation Interval of breeding to
or age at weaning
conception
Swine
Native
Grade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Duck
Others (Specify)
91
Other reproductive data
Animal
Litter Size
Litter Size
No. of
No. of Eggs
No. of
at Birth
at
Eggs/
Hatched
Unhatched
Weaning
Clutch
Eggs
Swine
Alive Dead
Alive
Dead
Native
Grade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Duck
Others
(Specify)
V. Herd health management
Sanitation practices: Frequency of bathing/cleaning
(1) everyday
(4) once a month
(2) twice a day
(5) no definite schedule
(3) once a week
(6) do not clean or bath animals
Animal
Bathing
Cleaning Pens
Deworming*
Disinfection*
Waste
Disposal
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Swine
Native
Grade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Duck
Others
(Specify)
* - if YES, please specify dewormer and disinfectant used
92
Vaccination practices
Animal
Class/Age/
Vaccination
Source of Vaccine
Weight
Yes
No
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
93
Care of sick animals
Animal Class/Age/ Isolation Medication Culling of Sick
Source of
Weight
or Remedies
Animals
Information
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Carabao
Calf
Buffalo
Caraballa
Goat
Bucks
Doe
Kid
Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
Others
VI. Herd management
Care for young pigs
Standard Practice
Yes
No
Removal of transplacental membrane upon expulsion of
piglet
Cutting of the navel cord
Cutting of the needle teeth
Ear notching or tail docking
Provide warm brooder box
Allow pigs to suckle collostrum as soon as possible
Fostering for orphaned pigs
Iron injection*
Feeding piglets starting on the fifth day
Castration of young male pigs**
Weaning***
Gradual change of feed
Provide guard rails to protect piglets
94
* - when and what they inject
** - what they put in the wound after castration
*** - how many days after
VII. Market outlet and consumption
Products and market outlet
Product Frequency
No. of
Marketing Manner of
Price
Market
of Selling
Products
Age
Selling
Outlet
Sold
VIII. Support System
Are there technical services or financial support being extended to the farmers
from any agency be it private or government? How often do they avail of these services?
IX. Problems/constraints
- What are the most common problems encountered in raising animals?
- What possible solutions could they suggest to solve these constraints?
Document Outline
- Status of Livestock and Poultry Productionin Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDIX