BIBLIOGRAPHY TANACIO, JEMOR S....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012. Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation
on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet.
Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Prof. Jovita M. Sim, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the profile of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises, role of men and women as to management, production, decision making,
utilization of resources, and utilization of income, problems and possible solutions to the
problems.
The study was conducted in Poblacion, Mankayan, Benguet on November to
December 2011.
A total of 80 respondents composed of 20 entrepreneur under micro enterprise, 1
entrepreneur under medium enterprise and 60 employees were considered on the study.
Survey questionnaires and personal interview were used to gather data.
Both men and women business have high participation on business management
decision. The major decision maker is the owner of the business, thus if the owner is a
woman the she does all the decision making regarding management, production/operations
and marketing. On the access to technology, training resources and finance both have equal
access.
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Employees have high participatory the different activities on the
production/operation but not on the other aspects such as utilization of resources. The
result shows that employees work is more on labor.
The only problems identified by the business owners was access to capital
especially on the accessibility to formal credit, while the employees identified low salary
rate and benefits from the employer.
Thus, it is recommended that in planning a livelihood support program, gender
issues should be considered. The Department of Labor and Employment should inform
employers about the standard salary rate, the right of workers, and benefits that they should
receive.
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in
Poblacion, Mankayan, Benguet
Poblacion, Mankayan is an urbanized area in the municipality of Mankayan. It is
the major trading center of traders coming from Ilocos region. It is one of the operation
area of Lepanto mines before, now it is the Goldfield Corp that is operating its mining
activities providing employment to the residents in the area.
There were 302 enterprises registered with the Department of Trade and Industry
in Mankayan, out of these enterprises, 58 were operating in Poblacion, Mankayan,
Benguet. This 58 enterprises does not include public utility vehicles and ambulant vendors.
Ambulant vendors do not have business permit but pay only market fee (kurta-is) everyday
at P20/ticket for whole selling. Example of these are vegetable, fruit and fish vendors,
Though it is an urbanized area, there were only 13 registered (with business permit) food
enterprises and 31 registered non-food enterprise. Food enterprises include snack house or
snack bar, eateries, bakery and restaurants. Non-food businesses were the electrical shops,
parlor, lodging house/inn, school supplies, farm supply and others.
Classification of the Enterprise Respondent
This section presents the classification of the entrepreneur respondents as to micro,
small and medium enterprises. Most (95%) of the respondents were classified as micro
because the capital assets were 3 million and below and five percent were classified as
small enterprise with capital asset of 15 million and below. This implies that majority of
enterprises in Poblacion, Mankayan, Benguet were classified as micro enterprise. The
classification of respondents in this study was based on the number of workers employed.
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Some of the enterprises interviewed in this study were not registered with the business
licensing of the municipality and also with the DTI like the vegetable and fruit vendors,
food processors, food stand like the burger stand and some catering business.
Table 1. Classification of enterprises in Poblacion, Mankayan, Benguet
CATEGORIES
FOOD
NON-FOOD
Micro enterprise
13
33
( total assets from P3 million and below; 9 and
below workers)
Micro
Small enterprise
2
( total assets from P15 million and below; 99 and
below workers)
Medium enterprise
-
( total assets from P100 million and below; 199
and below workers)
TOTAL
13
45
Source: Business licensing office, Mankayan, Benguet and Department of Trade and
Industry
Table 2. Classification of enterprise respondents
Classification of enterprise
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Micro enterprise
19
95
Small enterprise
1
5
Medium enterprises
0
0
TOTAL
20
100
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Type of Business Where Respondents are Engaged
As to the type of business the managers operates, 4 (20%) were vending, 3 (15%)
were groceries, 2 (10%) were selling of garments, toys, giftware’s, sales of dry goods, food
processor, restaurants/ eateries/ snack house, bakery, parlor, auto shop and 1 (5%) on meat
retail/ wholesale, swine raising and sari-sari store.
Most (32%) of the respondents works as helper in bakery, 27% were selling of
garments, toys and giftware’s, 15 (25%) were helpers in groceries, 5 (8.3%) in sari-sari
store and restaurants.
Some of the businesses were combined like for example in grocery that they were
selling also toys and giftware.
Table 3.Type of business where the respondents are engaged or employed.
TYPE
ENTREPRENEUR
EMPLOYEE
F
%
F
%
Vending
4
20
2
100
Garments, toys, giftware’s
2
10
16
27
Grocery
3
15
15
25
Food processor
2
5
4
7
Sales of dry goods
2
5
0
0
Restaurants/ eateries/ snack
2
10
5
8.3
house
Bakery
2
10
19
32
Parlor/ auto shop
2
10
0
0
Meat retail/ wholesale
1
5
3
5
Swine raising
1
5
0
0
Sari- sari store
1
5
5
8.3
Farm supply
2
3.3
Selling of used clothes
1
1.67
TOTAL
22
110
72
120
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Profile of Respondents
Table 4 describes the profile of the respondents as to their age, gender, educational
attainment, number of years in business operation and number of years in working
employment who were operating the different enterprises in Poblacion, Mankayan,
Benguet.
Age. There are 5 (25%) were 10-20 years old, 3 (15 %) were 31-40 years old, 6
(30%) were 41-50 years old and 6 (30%) were from 51-60 years old business owners who
were operating the different enterprises in Poblacion, Mankayan, Benguet.
As to the employees, 19 (32%) were young adults 10- 20 years old, 36 (60%) were
21-30 years old and 5 (8%) were 41-60 years old who works on the different enterprises.
Gender. The managers of the different enterprises were predominantly male with a
total of 14 (70%) and 6 (30%) were females. This findings implies that earning a living for
the family is still vested on men who are considered the heads of their families, however,
this does not mean that women cannot engaged into business.
As to the employees, 25 (42%) of them were those males and 35 (58%) are females.
The choice of gender of employees depends on the nature of job. If it requires hauling of
heavy item or heavy work, then males are more preferred.
Educational attainment. The table further shows that majority 11 (55%) of the
managers were College level, 8 (40%) were High School level and 1 (5%) were vocational
level.
Forty six percent of the employees were high school levels, 25 (42%) were college
levels and 7 (12%) were vocational level. This finding imply that having higher educational
background is more advantages in managing or working into enterprise is more advantage
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
in managing or working into enterprise. Knowledge and skills learned in school such as
technical skill, management skills, and values could be applied in the industry, thereby,
resulting to better service and better products.
Number of years in operation. There were 11 (55%) managers who were in business
operation for 1-10 years, 5 (25%) of the managers were in the business operation for 11-
20 years and 4 (20%) of the managers were already in operation for 21 years or more.
Number of years in working. As to employment, majority 49 (82%) were already
employed for1-10 years, 13% were employed for 11-20 years and 5% were employed less
than a year.
Table 4. Profile of respondents
ENTREPRENEUR
EMPLOYEE
PARTICULAR
F
%
F
%
Number of respondents
20
100
60
100
Age
10-20
0
0
19
32
21-30
5
25
36
60
31-40
3
15
5
8
41-50
6
30
0
0
51-60
6
30
0
0
TOTAL
20
100
60
100
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Table 4. Continued…
ENTREPRENEUR
EMPLOYEE
PARTICULAR
F
%
F
%
Gender
Male
14
70
25
42
Female
6
30
35
58
TOTAL
20
100
60
100
Educational attainment
High school level
8
40
28
46
College level
11
55
25
42
Vocational
1
5
7
12
TOTAL
20
100
60
100
Number of years in operation
1-10 years
11
55
11-20 years
5
25
21-30 years
4
20
TOTAL
20
100
Number of years working
Less than 1 year
3
5
1-10 years
49
82
11-20 years
8
13
TOTAL
60
100
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Objective in Establishing a Business
The main objectives of the entrepreneurs in establishing their business were to gain
profit or source of livelihood or source of additional income . Two (10%) mentioned to
have a work and another 10% to provide quality services. These respondents were engaged
in providing services to customers like parlor/ auto shop.
Objectives in Working.
As to the employees, most (83.3%) of them mentioned that employment is a source
of additional income and most (98.3%) just to have a work, to practice their profession
(13.3%) and as their own interest and hobby (3.3%).
Table 5. Objectives of the managers in establishing business and objectives of employee
working in the enterprise.
ENTREPRENEUR
EMPLOYEE
PARTICULAR
F
%
F
%
Objectives in establishing a business
To gain profit/ source of livelihood
20
100
Source of additional income
20
100
To have a work
2
10
To give quality services
2
10
Objectives in working
Own interest/ hobby
2
3.3
Practice my profession
8
13.3
Source of additional income
50
83.3
To have a work
49
98.3
*Multiple response
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Gender Participation on Management
by Business Owners
In the decision making and planning process, organizing the plan decided and
directing the different activities both men and women have high participation with
weighted mean ranging from 4.3 to 5. It is dependent on who owns and manage the
enterprise. If the manager is a woman then she decides for the enterprise. She decides on
the planning process, organizing the plan and in-charge in directing the different activities
to achieve goal (Table6). On staffing process like recruitment, interviews and training,
men and women have equal participation (weighted mean of 3.2 and 2.9) either the men or
women can do the activity. On the allocation of resources for the business, the women
have higher participation (weighted mean 4.8) than men. This maybe attributed that among
Filipinos, it is the wife who allocates resources for family needs or she does the budgeting
for the household. Table 6 implies that majority of the entrepreneurs have high
participation in the decision of managing the business. The result implies that participation
of both men and women in management aspects of the business is high.
Gender Participation on Production/
Operation by Business Owners
Higher participation in most of the activities in food production and processing is
observed among women. Women have high participation in sourcing raw material while
men have moderately high participation. As to the men business owners, there was high
participation ( weighted mean 4.4%) on selling/retailing which is also the same with
women. If the business is food preparation like eatery and food processing, women have
high participation in washing and purchasing, peeling, slicing cooking, mixing, sealing,
labeling and designing while men have low to no participation. The result shows that in
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
the production operation of a business, especially those in food, the involvement of women
is more as compared with men. This maybe attributed to the characteristics of women with
patience, and more suited with delicate jobs in food preparation.
On bakery business, most of the bakers were men, however on the selling or
retailing it is more of a women work. Delivery is also mostly of men especially if they use
vehicle. Participation of men and women depends on the heaviness or difficulty of the work
to be done.
Table 6. Gender participation on management by business owners
ACTIVITIES
MEN
WOMEN
MANAGEMENT
N
Mean
Description
N
Mean
Description
Decision maker on
14
4.4
High
12
5
High
the planning process
Participation
Participation
Organizing the plan
17
4.4
High
12
5
High
decided
Participation
Participation
Directing the
18
4.4
High
13
4.3
High
different activities in
Participation
Participation
order to achieve goals
and objectives
Staffing process like
16
3.2
Equal
11
2.9
Equal
recruitment,
Participation
Participation
interviews and
trainings
Allocation of
15
3.6
Moderately
11
4.8
High
resources
High
Participation
Participation
Likert Scale:
1-1.8 No Participation
1.9-2.6 Low Participation
2.7-3.4 Equal Participation
3.5-4.2 Moderately High Participation
4.3-5 High Participation
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Table 7. Gender participation on production/operation by food business owners
PRODUCTION/
MEN
WOMEN
OPERATION
ACTIVITIES
N
MEAN DESCRIPTION N
MEAN DESCRIPTION
Sourcing of raw 12
4.0
Moderately
12
4.2
Moderately
materials
high
high
participation
participation
Sourcing
of 14
4
Moderately
12
2.9
Equal
equipment’s
High
participation
participation
Washing
14
1.75
No participation 12
2.17
Low
participation
Peeling
14
1
No participation 12
1.17
No participation
Slicing
12
1.67
No participation 12
1.25
No participation
Mixing
12
1.17
No participation 12
2
Low
participation
Weighing
13
2.5
Low
12
2.75
Equal
participation
participation
Cooking
14
1.17
No participation 12
2
Low
participation
Packaging
14
2.8
Equal
12
3
Equal
participation
participation
Sealing
13
1.29
No participation 12
1.3
No participation
Labeling
14
1.6
No participation 12
2
Low
participation
Designing
14
1.7
No participation 12
1.3
No
participation
Selling or retailing
14
4.3
High
12
4.4
High
participation
participation
Delivery
14
1.4
No participation 12
1.4
No participation
Purchasing
13
3.2
Equal
12
3.8
Moderately
participation
high
participation
Likert Scale:
1-1.8 No Participation
1.9-2.6 Low Participation
2.7-3.4 Equal Participation
3.5-4.2 Moderately High Participation
4.3-5 High Participation
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Gender Participation on Marketing
by Business Owners.
Table 8 presents the different activities in marketing by men and women. Results
shows that there is high participation of men in hauling and moderately high in delivery
(weighted mean of 4.6 and 3.5 respectively) by men business owners while for women
owners, moderately high in hauling and no participation in delivery ( weighted mean of
4.17 to 1.3 respectively). In labeling, both men and women owners have equal
participation (weighted mean of 2.92 and 3.2 respectively). In selling, both the men and
women business owners have no participation because this is assigned to the sales girl or
sales boy hired thus the role of the owner is as cashier and at the same time supervising all
the activities. The result implies that both men and women have equal participation in
marketing activities of the business.
Table 8. Gender participation on marketing by business owners
MARKETING
MEN
WOMEN
ACTIVITIES
N
MEAN DESCRIPTION
N
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Packaging
13
2.5
Low participation
12
1.83
No participation
Labeling
14
3.2
Equal
15
2.92
Equal participation
participation
Sealing
12
1.67
No participation
16
2
Low participation
Delivery
14
3.5
Moderately high
18
1.3
No participation
participation
Selling
10
1.67
No participation
12
1.36
No participation
Hauling
14
4.6
High
6
4.17
Moderately high
participation
participation
Likert Scale:
1-1.8 No Participation
1.9-2.6 Low Participation
2.7-3.4 Equal Participation
3.5-4.2 Moderately High Participation
4.3-5 High Participation
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Gender Participation on the Utilization
of Resources by Business Owners.
Table 9 shows that men and women business owners have high participation in the
utilization of resources such as the allocation of resources (weighted mean of 5) and on
the decision on the amount of resources to be purchased (weighted mean of 5 and 4.7
respectively).
Result implies that as managers they are responsible in the decisions on the
utilization of resources because these factors affect capital requirements.
Gender Participation on Utilization
of Income in their Household
Though business makes decision on the management decision, allocation and
utilization of resources in their own business, it does not mean that they are also the major
actors in the decision on the utilization of income from business. Both men and women
have high participation on budgeting of income and also investment in income with a
weighted mean of 4.5 to 4.8. On the decisions on amount of savings, the women have
higher participation than the men. In the decision on the amount of appliances to be
purchased, the men have moderate participation, while the women perceived that they have
equal participation (Table 10). Both men and women have moderately high participation
on the decisions on the kind and amount of grocery items to be purchased for family
consumption.
The result implies that in the decisions about family matters like in the kind and
amount of grocery item, appliances, savings and investment of income is a decision to be
done by both husband and wife. Both have participation in the decisions but they have to
take into consideration the needs and wants of the other family members.
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Table 9. Gender participation on the utilization of resources by business owners
UTILIZATION
MEN
WOMEN
OF
RESOURCES
N MEAN DESCRIPTION
N
MEAN DESCRIPTION
Allocation of
11
5
High
10
5
High
resources
Participation
Participation
Decision on the 14
5
High
6
4.7
High
amount of
Participation
Participation
resources to be
purchased
Likert Scale:
1 - 1.8 No Participation
1.9-2.6 Low Participation
2.7-3.4 Equal Participation
3.5-4.2 Moderately High Participation
4.3-5 High Participation
Table 10. Gender participation on utilization of income by business owners in their
household
UTILIZATION
MEN
WOMEN
OF INCOME
N
MEAN DESCRIPTION
N
MEAN DESCRIPTION
Budgeting
of 18
4.7
High
18
4.8
High
income
participation
participation
Investment of
6
4.7
High
6
4.5
High
income
participation
participation
Decision
on 14
4
Moderately
12
4.5
High
amount
of
high
participation
savings
participation
Decision
on 14
3.7
Moderately
6
3.23
Equal
amount
of
high
participation
appliance
participation
Decision
on 14
3.5
Moderately
12
4
Moderately
amount
of
high
high
grocery items
participation
participation
Likert Scale: 1-1.8 No participation 3.5-4.2 Moderately high participation
1.9 – 2.6 Low participation 4.3 -5 High participation
2.7 – 3.4 Equal participation
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Gender Issues by the Business Owners on
Accessibility to Resources and Policy
In this study, it shows that men and women do not have equal participation to
resources (Table 11). Men have high access to fixed assets/resources, market, formal credit,
social network, and finance (weighted mean ranges from 44.5 to 4.7). Men have high
access to formal finance like in the collateral most land ownership is in the name of the
men. On the other hand, women have high access to fixed resources (4.67 weighted mean),
market (4.3) and moderately high access to forma and informal credit. Both men and
women have moderately high access to trainings and equal access to technology. Women
have moderately high access to occupation, social network, finances and policy maker.
Result shows that both men and women have access to the different resources in
business management but the degree of accessibility varies.
Gender Participation on Production/
Operation by Employees
Table 12 shows the participation of employees to the different production/operation
activities of the enterprise they are employed. The table shows that the is no participation
of the employees (both men and women ) on the sourcing of resources and equipments. It
shows that in food business men employees have low participation to no participation of
men on the preparation of materials and cooking. Men’s participation is more on
weighting, packing and delivery. Woman have low participation in food business like
preparation of raw materials cooking, labeling, sealing and packaging but high
participation in selling/retailing. This implies that delicate part of food preparation is done
by the entrepreneur.
Table 11. Gender issues by the business owners
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
ACTIVITIES
MEN
WOMEN
N
Mean
Description
N
Mean
Description
Access to fixed 9
4.7
High access
13
4.67
High access
resources
(land,
house etc)
Access to market
14
4.67
High access
8
4.3
High access
Access to formal 14
4.7
High access
6
3.58
Moderately
credit
high access
Access to informal 18
2.67
Equal access
12
3.8
Moderately
credit
high access
Access to trainings 14
3.5
Moderately
14
3.67
Moderately
high access
high access
Access
to 15
3.33
Equal access
14
2.83
Equal access
technology
Access
to 12
3
Equal access
18
3.58
Moderately
occupation
high access
Access to social 14
4.67
High access
15
4.25
Moderately
network
high access
Access to finance
14
4.5
High access
16
4.13
Moderately
high access
Access to policy 14
3.33
Equal access
9
4.13
Moderately
maker
high access
Likert scale: 1-1.8 No access
1.9-2.6 Low access
2.7-3.4 Equal access
3.5-4.2 Moderately High access
4.3-5 High access
Table 12. Gender participation on production/ operation by employees
PRODUCTION/
YOUNG
YOUNG
OPERATION
MEN
WOMEN
ACTIVITIES
N
Mean
Description
N
Mean
Description
Sourcing of raw 58
1.6
No
80
1.65
No
materials
Participation
participation
Sourcing
of 60
1.35
No
80
1.45
No
equipment’s
Participation
participation
Washing
50
1.7
No
50
2.36
Low
participation
participation
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Table 12. Continued…
PRODUCTION/
YOUNG MEN
YOUNG WOMEN
OPERATION
ACTIVITIES
N
MEAN
DESCRIPTION N
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Peeling
80
1.65
No participation 20
1.96
Low
participation
Slicing
80
1.65
No participation 20
2
Low
participation
Mixing
80
1.45
No participation 20
1.84
No participation
Weighing
80
2.13
Low
30
1.84
No participation
participation
Cooking
25
1.8
No
20
1.96
Low
Participation
participation
Packaging
50
3.42
Equal
50
2.96
Equal
Participation
participation
Sealing
20
1.55
No participation 30
1.96
Low
participation
Labeling
20
1.9
Low
30
1.90
Low
participation
participation
Designing
20
1.35
No participation 20
1.72
No participation
Selling
or 35
2.54
Low
29
3.27
High
retailing
participation
participation
Delivery
22
3
Equal
30
1.87
No participation
participation
Purchasing
20
1.5
No participation 6
2
Low
participation
Likert Scale:
1-1.8 No Participation
1.9-2.6 Low Participation
2.7-3.4 Equal Participation
3.5-4.2 Moderately High Participation
4.3-5 High Participation
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Gender Participation of Employees on Marketing
Table 13 shows the participation of employees on the marketing activities of the
business. Both men and women employees have moderately high participation in selling
or retailing with weighted mean of 3.10 to 3.54. Both have equal participation on
packaging products for sale, and no participation on the purchase of products for sale. Men
employees have moderately high participation on hauling of merchandize with a weighted
mean of 3.7. Women employees have low participation on hauling of merchandize,
packaging and delivery. The result implies that participation of employees is more on the
labor work.
Problems Encountered by Business Owners
and Employees
There were only 13 (65%) among the business owners who mentioned problems in
their business. There were 2 (10%) who mentioned access to infrastructure as their
problems in business. This may refer to the location of the business, this were the problem
of ambulant vendors in the area. Eleven (55%) of the business owner have problem on the
access of capital. This means that the business owners have no access to formal credit,
thus, business owners resort to informal credit especially those individuals like those with
Indian nationality who are providing credit to entrepreneurs in the area.
On the part of the employees, most (83%) of the employees mentioned the low
salary rate, sometimes below the minimum rate and lack of benefit (17%). Lack of benefit
refers to the Christmas bonus which is supposed to be the 13th month pay. Some mentioned
the benefit of leave with pay, for them no work, no pay.
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Table 13. Gender participation on marketing by employees
ACTIVITIES
YOUNG
YOUNG
MEN
WOMEN
MARKETING
N
Mean
Description
N
Mean
Description
Packaging
14
3.3
Equal
33
3
Equal
participation
participation
Labeling
20
2
Low
33
1.2
No
participation
participation
Sealing
19
2
Low
33
1.6
No
participation
participation
Delivery
20
3.35
Equal
33
1.9
Low
participation
participation
Selling
19
3.10
Moderately
33
3.54
Moderately
high
high
participation
participation
Purchase
20
1.25
No
33
1.5
No
products for sale
participation
participation
Packaging
of
20
1.9
Low
33
1.9
Low
goods for sale
participation
participation
Hauling
of
20
3.7
Moderately
33
1.72
Low
merchandise
high
participation
participation
Selling of goods
20
1.9
Low
33
2.0
Low
participation
participation
Likert Scale:
1-1.8-No Participation
1.9-2.6 -Low Participation
2.7-3.4 -Equal Participation
3.5-4.2-Moderately High Participation
4.3-5 and above – high participation
Table 14. Problems encountered by business owners and employees
BUSINESS OWNERS
EMPLOYEES
PROBLEMS
F
%
F
%
Access to infrastructure
2
10
Access to capital/credit
11
55
Low salary rate
50
83
Lack of benefit
10
17
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Perceived Possible Solutions to the Problems
All the respondents mentioned the assistance or intervention of the government in
order for them to access formal credit which may give them a lower interest rate and maybe
easier payment terms not daily. The employees did not mention any possible solutions on
the problems they have identified. This means that increase in salary is the decision of the
business owners.
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted in Poblacion, Mankayan, Benguet to find out the role of
men and women in the management and operations of a micro, small and medium
enterprises. Twenty enterprise owners and 60 employees served as respondents of the
study. Most of the enterprises in Poblacion, Mankayan were categorized as micro to small
enterprises.
Most of the micro enterprises were not registered especially ambulant vendors, but
were paying a daily market fee (kurta-is). The entrepreneur’s main objective in establishing
a business was to gain profit and source of major and additional, while employee’s
objectives in working were to have work and practice their profession. The respondents
(business owners and employees) have attended formal education.
On the gender participation of business owners, result shows that the participation
of gender on the business management and decisions would depend on who is the manager
or owner of the business. If the owners is a women then she decides on all the management
aspects and decision, same is true if the owner is a man. However in activities where heavy
work is required, it is mostly done by man. The participation of business owners in selling
or retailing is low because this work is assigned to the sales girl or boy hired by the
business. On the access to resources, technology, finance and training, both men and
women business owners have equal access.
On the gender participation of employees, heavy work is usually assigned to men
employees, like hauling and delivery of merchandize, while lighter activities/work is
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
assigned to women. The result shows that the work assigned to employees are mostly labor
work and not on the management.
Conclusion
Based on the findings, the researcher arrived at the following conclusions:
1. Most enterprise in Poblacion, Mankayan, Benguet were categorized as micro
enterprise. Some micro enterprises were not registered like those in vending, but they pay
a regular daily market fee (Kurta-is).
2. Gender issues in not major problem in entrepreneurship, men and women are
equal in terms of participation in management, in making decisions, in the different
production/operations of the business and even in the access of resources, market, formal
and informal credit/finance, technology, social network and trainings.
3. Work assigned to employees is mostly labor work and not on management.
4. Lack or access to capital is the major problem of business owners while the
minimum wage rate not implemented or followed is still the problem of employees
including that of the benefits and other incentives due to them.
Recommendation
From the findings, it is recommended that trainings in business should also target
women participants especially in business related to agriculture, on the other livelihood
activities or programs, men especially those implemented by non-government
organizations should also include the participation of men. There are non-government
organizations who concentrate on the projects intended for women. Men and women now
have equal rights so both should also be empowered. The Department of Labor and
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
Employment (DOLE) should monitor and inform the business owners about the minimum
salary rate and the right of workers and benefits that they should receive.
Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012
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Diagnostic Study on the Gender Participation on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME’s) in Poblacion Mankayan, Benguet | TANACIO, JEMOR S. APRIL 2012