BIBLIOGRAPHY MANUEL, ARNEL T....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MANUEL, ARNEL T. April 2011. Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural
Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae) Attractant. Benguet State University La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Gemma S. Das-ilen, MSc.,
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of guava fruit extract as
adult fruit fly attractant, to determine the guava variety that attracts adult fruit fly, to
determine the guava parts that attract adult fruit fly, to determine the ratio of the traps that
attract adult fruit fly, to determine the duration of natural trap in attracting adult fruit fly
and to identify other arthropods that were attracted to the guava fruit extract.
The natural guava trap was proven to be effective since it was able to trap adult
fruit flies. Majority of the trapped fruit fly were female. Seven fruit fly species were
trapped including Strauzia longipennis, Tephritis formosa, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt),
Bactrocera invadens and three other Bactrocera species that was not identified.
Both the guava variety and the parts were able to attract male and female adult
fruit fly. In the treatments, the pure fermented plant juice shows the highest number of
adult fruit fly trapped.
The natural trap lasted for eight days and observed to trap the highest number of
insects and other arthropods at day two and three but decreases at the following days.
A total of 60 families of insects and three other arthropods were attracted to the
natural trap. The natural trap is capable of attracting any insect that has the ability to fly.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………….
iii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………......
3
METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………... 11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total Number of Fruit fly Trapped………………………………………...
20
Fruit fly Trapped…………………………………………………………...
21
Total Number of Fruit fly Trapped
in each Guava Variety,
Parts and Treatments……………………………………………………….
25
Family of Other Arthropods Trapped……………………………………...
27
Duration of Consumption
of the Natural Trap…………………………………………………………
39
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary…………………………………………………………………...
42
Conclusions………………………………………………………………...
43
Recommendations………………………………………………………….
43
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….…...
44
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………. 46
1
INTRODUCTION
Fruit flies belong to the family Tephritidae in the order Diptera. The flies are
widespread from sea level to mountainous areas over 7,000 feet and are one of the major
pests of fruit crops all throughout the world. The fruit fly larva is the most damaging. The
damage usually consists of breakdown of tissues and internal rotting due to the larval
infestation. Infested young fruit becomes distorted, callused and usually drop while
mature attacked fruits develop water soaked appearance. The larval tunnels provide entry
points for bacteria and fungi that cause the fruit to rot. When only a few larvae develop,
damage consists of an unsightly appearance and reduced marketability because of the egg
laying punctures or tissue break down due to the decay (Russel, n.d).
Some techniques employed today require high cost of input such as fertilizers and
pesticides. In addition, it causes environment degradation due to the excessive use of
these inputs. For this, natural farming can be of major impact in helping reduce
environment damage.
Insect traps baited with fruit extracts are essential for the natural control of fruit
fly infestation without major loss of profit. It is safe environment friendly control method
that follows a simple method of control.
The information that was gathered in the study will serve as a future reference for
natural farming and as a potential substitute for the excessive use of chemicals.
The objectives of the study were to determine the effectiveness of guava fruit
extract as adult fruit fly attractant, to determine the guava variety that attracts adult fruit
fly, to determine the guava parts that attract adult fruit fly, to determine the ratio of the
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
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traps that attract adult fruit fly, to identify other arthropods that were attracted to the
guava fruit extract and to determine the duration of natural trap in attracting adult fruit fly
The study was conducted at Balili Experimental Station, La Trinidad, Benguet
from October 2010 to April 2011.
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Biology and Behavior of Fruit Fly
(Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)
The Oriental fruit fly's development is temperature dependent, developing faster
in warm weather and slower in cooler weather. The Oriental fruit fly goes through a four-
stage life cycle: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Breeding is continuous, with several annual
generations. Adults live 90 days on average (Hungry Pests, 2010).
Egg. Female flies insert eggs under the skin of fruit in clusters of 10 to 50 about
1/25 to 1/8 inch below the fruit surface. The eggs measure about 1/25 by 1/250 inch and
are white, elongate (Mau and Matin, 2007 and Dagdag, 2008) and elliptical (Mau and
Matin, 2007). They hatch in 1-1/2 days. Development from egg to adult under summer
conditions requires about 16 days (Mau and Matin, 2007). Likewise, Dagdag (2008)
mentioned that eggs could sometimes easily be seen at the oviposition site of the female.
The eggs measure from 0.9 to 1.1 mm in length with a mean of 1.06 and a width that
measure about 1.0 mm and takes about two to four days to hatch.
Larvae. The white larva is legless, and resembles an elongated cone. The mouth is
at the pointed end of the body (Mau and Matin, 2007). There are 3 larval stages, or
instars. Mau and Matin (2007) stated that the entire larval stage lasts for 11-15 days but
Dagdag (2008) mentioned that larvae will take about three to four days before turning
into pupa. Just before pupating, the larvae often pop and flip to leave the fruit. The
mature larva emerges from the fruit, drops to the ground, and forms a tan to dark brown
puparium (Mau and Matin, 2007).
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Dagdag (2008) found out that the newly hatched larva is transparent white in
color and become yellowish when older. B. dorsalis larva is elongated and cylindrical
with white anterior mouth hooks. Dagdag (2008) observed that during the third instar
larva, a typical maggot like appearance that is yellowish in color is capable and keeps on
jumping whenever outside of its host. In addition, upon hatching, the newly hatched
larvae bores a tunnel inside its host, the tunneling process was done by waving its
mouthparts towards the tissue of their host plants. The 2nd and the 3rd instar larvae were
seen to be the most active feeders (Dagdag, 2008).
Pupa. The puparium is yellowish-brown (Mau and Matin, 2007 and Dagdag,
2008) and seed-like (Mau and Matin, 2007). Pupation normally occurs 1-2 inches under
the soil (Dekker and Messing, n.d) and about nine days are required for attainment of
sexual maturity after the adult fly emerges.
The pupa of B. dorsalis had its delicate integument covered with in a globular to
oblong puparium. This is usually formed from the hardened skin of the last instar larvae.
The newly pupated larvae measures about 4.4 to 5.2 mm in length and with a mean that
ranges from 1.9 to 2.2 mm in width. The color of the pupa is dependent on the color of
the soil where it pupated. The adult will emerge from the pupa within 15 to 17 days
(Dagdag, 2008).
Adult. In the research of Dagdag in 2008, newly emerged adults had its abdomen
flattened with a light color and a balance mixture of dark brown to black and yellow that
becomes darker after a few hours. The adult B. dorsalis has a clavate antennae with a
dorsal ocelli present on its head. It has a yellow colorings on its head and back, the back
abdomen has stripes of black and yellow with a vertical black lining from the mid to the
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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tip. The female has its ovipositor very slender and pointed. The female measures from
about 7.4 to 8.9 mm in length and 2.2 to 2.8 mm in width. The male measures about 6.0
to 7.1 mm in length and a width that ranges from 1.8 to 2.4 mm. The wings of B. dorsalis
are transparent that had a wingspan of about 12.8 to 15.2 mm for female and 12.0 to 15.1
mm for the male. For the female, it takes 39 to 61 days to live and the male has a shorter
lifespan as an adult with 37 to 54 days.
The adults usually rest in shady locations feeding, mating or laying eggs. Most
feed at dawn and mate at dusk. They are easily recognized with their inconsistent wing
pattern (Mau and Matin, 2007).
Feeding behavior of adult. The female will insert its sharply pointed ovipositor on
the fruit for the juice to come out where in they feed on it (Dagdag, 2008). According to
Mau and Matin in 2007, most flies emerge between 7:00 and 10:00 in the morning and
emerging adults crawl up through the soil, usually at an angle. Adult flies primarily feed
during the morning hours. The fruit flies search for food in all types of vegetation,
including low cover plants and shrubs, and may travel to areas where host plants do not
occur. Without food, flies die within three days at an average temperature of 80 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Mating
behavior. According to Dagdag (2008), mating took place 7 to 15 days
after the adult emergence. Males usually move closer to the female, it spreads its wings
laterally and vibrates and waves it backwards and forward or courtship. Mating was
usually done between 10:00 in the morning and 3:00 in the afternoon but sometimes done
earlier in the morning or later in the afternoon when temperature is high. Mating period
was from 10 to 60 seconds.
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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Oviposition
behavior. Oviposition occurs one day after copulation. The female
searches a site on the surface of the fruit and inserts its sharply pointed ovipositor and
lays its egg within the tissue but sometimes, the eggs were laid freely inside. The site of
oviposition can be easily recognized by a small pin hole that becomes brown to black
within the skin of the fruit (Dagdag, 2008).
Like other fruit fly species, the oriental fruit fly prefers to deposits its eggs in old
egg deposition lesions and in ripened fruit (Mau and Matin, 2007).
Reproduction and Percent Damage
of Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)
The Oriental fruit fly can multiply and spread rapidly (Hungry Pests, 2010).
Under optimum conditions, a female can lay more than 3,000 eggs during her lifetime,
but under field conditions approximately 1,200 to 1,500 eggs per female is considered to
be the usual production. Ripe fruit are preferred for egg laying but immature ones may be
also attacked (Mau and Matin, 2007). The adult is a strong flier, recorded to travel 30
miles in search of food and sites to lay eggs. Females lay eggs in groups of three to 30
under the skin of host fruits; the female can lay more than 1,000 eggs in her lifetime
(Hungry Pests, 2010). Due to the phytophagous habits of their larvae, many species of
Tephritidae inflict heavy losses on fruit and vegetable crops. Economic effects of pest
species include not only direct loss of yield and increased control costs, but also the loss
of export markets and the cost of constructing and maintaining fruit treatment and
eradication facilities (Norrbom, 2004).
In Hawaii, larvae have been found in more than 125 kinds of hosts. Infestations of
50 to 80% have been recorded in pear, peach, apricot, fig, and other fruits in West
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Pakistan. It is the principal pest of mangoes in the Philippines. It was a serious pest of
citrus and other subtropical fruits in Japan, Okinawa, and the Japanese islands of Amami,
Miyako, and Bonin (Weems et al., 2010).
Distribution and Population Build up
of Fruitflies (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)
According to Weems et al. (2010), the oriental fruit fly is widespread throughout
much of Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Sikkim, Myanmar, Indonesia (Celebes, Borneo,
Sumatra, Java), Malaya, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, southern China, Taiwan,
Philippine Islands, Micronesia, and Mariana Islands (Guam, Rota, Saipan, Tinian).
In the Philippines, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel is distributed throughout Luzon,
Panay, Negros, Cebu, and Mindanao (Drew and Hancock, 2009).
Kudan (2007) monitored the population of fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)
within La Trinidad and observed highest population in January with a mean of 115.53. In
February, it decreased to 90.40 and 40.20 in March. The population increased to 67.85 in
April, 78.15 in May and 82.65 in June. The population rapidly decreased 2.25 in July and
2.10 in August. There was a slight increase to 4.65 in September. In October, the
population further increased to 14.35, 50.25 in November and 78.05 in December.
According to Kudan (2007), the correlation of fruit fly population with the host
crops that the decrease from January to March was affected by the harvesting and
marketing of crops every December. The increase in April to June was due to the
favorable temperature and the abrupt reduction in July to September was caused by
rainfall. In the correlation of fruit fly population with weather, it was discussed that
increase of fruit fly population in October to December was caused by the rise of total
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bright sunshine and constant low amount of rainfall. Kudan (2007) also concluded that
when the temperature is high the fruit fly population increases but when relative
humidity, total bright sunshine, rainfall or low temperature is high, the fruit fly
population decreases.
The study of Kudan (2007) proved that fruit fly (Bactrocera doralis Hendel) is
available throughout the year. Within La Trinidad, fruit fly population increases during
the month of October and has a peak on January however it decreases in the months of
July to September.
Natural Trap Against Fruit Fly
In 1999, Swicegood found that fragrant fruit attract fruit flies and other Dipterans.
Swicegood added that 1 part molasses mixed with 2 parts vinegar placed in a yellow
container attracts moths. The corporation Eartheasy in 2001 experimented on mixing ¼
cup syrup; 1 tbsp. granulated sugar and 1 tbsp. brown sugar in a small bowl and found
attractive against Dipterans.
In 2003, Bashir et al. made a study to evaluate the fruits of guava (Psidium
guajava L.), sidir/nabag (Zizyphus spina-christi L.) and mango (Mangifera indica L.) as
food-base attractants for fruit flies capture in mango orchards. A protein hydrolyzate
attractant, named ICIPE Yeast was used as standard and the control was treated with
water. The results showed that all fruits proved effective for Ceratitis cosyra trapping.
Guava and sidir showed superiority (7.4 and 3.8 adults /trap/week, respectively) over the
ICIPE Yeast attractant (1.0 adult /trap/week). It was then concluded that the use of guava,
sidir and mango as fruit fly base attractants could provide a cheap, safe and a low-tech
alternative for the emerging problems of fruit flies.
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Sumingwa (2004) mentioned that formulated attractant with a ratio of 1000 ml
Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) added with 4000 ml decocted vinegar is most effective in
attracting insects. Nigg et al. (2005) mentioned that extracts of cattle guava was equal in
attractiveness to males and females especially with Carribean fruit fly, Anastrepha
suspense Loew. It was also suggested that host chemicals serve as attractants and the
female and male specific attractant and traps could be developed from host kairomone
data.
Pedigo and Rice stated in 2006 that traditional baits or food lures are considered
under attract- and- kill programs. They added that wheat bran mixed with additives like
molasses, chopped fruits, amyl acetate, sugar, and honey were effective for attraction of
insects belonging to the order Hymenoptera: Formicidae.
In 2007, Prasad stated that traps baited with some attractive material namely
fermented sugar, molasses etc. and poisoned with chemicals have also been found
effective in capturing fruit fly adults. In Hawaii, Dekker and Messing (n.d) reported that
homemade mixes of vinegar and water and yeast have attracted both males and females
of Dipteran species.
Components of Guava Fruit
Hwang
et al. (2002) identified the volatile organic components of ripe guava fruit
through solid phase microextraction (SPME) and subsequently analyzed and identified by
GC and GC-MS to develop attractant formulations for female adults of Oriental fruit fly,
Bactorcera dorsalis (Hendel). There were 24 volatile components from guava fruits and
according to bioassay results in the net house, the single component of either ethyl
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Nat
ural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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acetate or £]-caryophyllene more effectively attracted female and male adults of the
Oriental fruit fly than any other single component.
Effect of Different Guava Cultivars
in Attracting Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)
According to Prasad in 2007, the role played by shape of the guava fruit in the
ovipositional behavior of B. correcta revealed that round big cultivars was the most
resistant cultivar. Smooth skinned cultivar was found the most susceptible and fruits bell
shaped and oblong were intermediate in reaction.
Prasad (2007) categorized guava cultivars on the basis of their fruit characters and
percentage attack of fruit fly, B. dorsalis. Fruits of red flesh and seedless guava with
rough and wrinkled skin had very low fruiting infestation whereas pink flesh and
strawberry cultivars with rough and gritty skin respectively, exhibit low infestation.
Mellow skin varieties had moderate infestation while smooth skinned and apple colored
were severely infested. Significant variations were recorded among 32 different
accessions for their reaction to B. dorsalis. Fruit morphological characters like skin
surface and flesh and rough skin had less damage compared to those with white flesh and
smooth skin. However, fruit shape did not show any effect on the incidence.
High levels of Vitamin C, total soluble solids and total phenols in the fruits of
different guava cultivars were found to contribute the resistance to B. correcta. The
percentage infestation of B. dorsalis was positively correlated to total sugars, TSS and
total proteins but was negatively correlated to total phenols orthodohydroxy phenols and
flavonols (Prasad, 2007).
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METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials that was used were six kilograms of unpeeled apple guava, six
kilograms of peeled apple guava, two kilograms of apple guava peelings, six kilograms of
unpeeled native guava, six kilograms of peeled native guava and two kilograms of native
guava peelings, six trunks of banana (cardaba variety) about three meters in height, 20
kilograms of muscovado sugar, eight earthen jars, 240 pieces of 1.5 capacity softdrink
plastic containers, clean sheet of manila paper, rubber band, cheese cloth, fifteen gallons
of crude vinegar, wire mesh, wire, digital camera, microscope, reference books, pen and
notebook.
Methods
Natural
Trap. The fermented plant juice (FPJ) was prepared by cutting a trunk of
banana (cardaba variety) early in the morning to ensure high quantity of water from the
trunk. Likewise, the guava fruit that were used were the following and was arranged in
factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two guava varieties namely apple
guava and native guava as factor A and six kilograms of each different guava fruit parts
except the peelings (two kilograms was used) as factor B.
Factor A = Guava Variety
Factor B = Parts of the Guava Fruit
V1 – Apple guava
P1 – Peelings of the Guava Fruit
V2 – Native guava P2 – Peeled Guava Fruit
P3 – Unpeeled Guava Fruit
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The banana trunk and the two varieties of guava fruit (peelings, peeled and
unpeeled) was finely chopped into 1 cm2 in size (Figure 1a). For every one kilogram of
chopped banana trunk (Figure 1b), one kilogram of chopped guava fruit was added
(Figure 1c). Also, for every two kilograms of mixed chopped banana trunk and chopped
guava fruit, one kilogram of fine grinded muscovado sugar was mixed (Figure 1d);
separate for each of the factors stated. The ingredients were then mixed (Figure 1e). It
was covered with clean manila paper and was tied with a rubber band (Figure 2a). The
earthen was placed in a dry shaded place away from direct sunlight (Figure 2b).
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Figure 1. Preparation of FPJ. a. Chopping the banana trunk and guava into
appropriate sizes, b. Chopped banana trunk poured into the earthen
jar, c. Chopped guava poured into the earthen jar, d. Adding the muscovado
sugar, e. Mixing of the chopped banana trunk, guava and muscovado
sugar, f. native guava after mixing, g. apple guava after mixing.
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After two weeks (Figures 2c and 2d), it was extracted. The liquid was sieved in a
clean cheese cloth (Figure 2e).
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
Figure 2. Fermentation and extraction of FPJ. a. Covering the earthen jar containing the
mixture with manila paper fixed with rubber band, b. The mixture stored in an
area away from direct sunlight, c. Native guava mixture after 14 days, d. Apple
guava mixture after 14 days, e. Extracting the FPJ, f-h. The native guava
extract, i-k. The apple guava extract
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The vinegar juice (VJ) was prepared by mixing a total of 500 grams of
muscovado sugar for every gallon of sugarcane crude vinegar (Figures 3a and 3b). It was
heated for about 30 minutes and was set aside to cool (Figure 3c).
The vinegar juice was used to increase the potency of the fermented plant juice in
attracting insects. In addition, it is believed to prevent beneficial Hymenopterans from
being attracted and trapped.
The fermented FPJ was mixed with the prepared VJ (Figure 4a and 4b) following
the proportion:
T0 – 200 ml water (control)
T1
–
200
ml
VJ
T2 – 200 ml FPJ
T3 – 20 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
T4 – 40 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
T5 – 60 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
T6 – 80 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
T7 – 100 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
a
b
c
Figure 3. Preparation of vinegar juice (VJ). a. Boiling of crude vinegar, b. Addition of
muscovado sugar, c. The vinegar juice
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In making the trapping material, the softdrink plastic container with 1.5 liter
capacity was used for all the different treatments as trapping container. Two window
structures were cut from each side leaving atleast 10 cm from the bottom and atleast one
inch gap from the two windows. The upper part was left uncut. The windows were lifted
at an angle to make an opening. A circular Styrofoam plate was placed on top of the
plastic container to avoid rain from contaminating the trap formulation. A wire was
attached to the cap of the container for hanging purposes (4c). The different treatments
were poured into the trapping container and hanged atleast two feet high from the ground
in the five different locations (4d).
a
b
c
d
Figure 4. Preparation of the natural trap. a. Mixing the VJ with the FPJ, b. The trapping
material, c. Pouring the natural trap into the trapping material.
The treatments were done separately with the native guava and the apple guava to
have a total of 16 treatments. The peelings, peeled and unpeeled native guava and the
apple guava was separated to have a total of 48. Each of the treatment was replicated five
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times to come up with 240 traps. The replication one was placed in guava trees located at
the BSU pomology (Figure 5a), replication two was placed in the chayote plantation
(Figure 5b), replication three was placed in a strawberry plantation (Figure 5c),
replication four was at cape gooseberry (Figure 5d) plants and replication five was at the
guava tree located at BSU Mites Predatory Rearing House (MPRH) (Figure 5e).
a
b
c
d
e
Figure 5. The trapping sites. a. Trapping site at guava (Pomology), b.Trapping site at
chayote, c. Trapping site at strawberry, d. Trapping site at cape
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gooseberry, e. Trapping site at guava (MPRH)
Collection and Identification
of Trapped Fruit Fly
The trapped fruit fly was scooped with a wire mesh, transferred in a plastic
container (Figure 6) and was counted visually for every treatment. One representative for
each fruit fly trapped was collected and was identified with the use of microscope (Figure
7). The identification of male and female was based on its ovipositor. For the species, the
wing venation and the thorax banding was the primary basis. It was compared to
reference books and was documented with the use of a digital camera. The number of
fruit fly trapped for each species was the basis for its efficiency.
Figure 6. Collecting the trapped insects and other arthropods with the use of a scoop
Figure 7. Identification of the trapped insects and
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other arthropods
Comparing the Two Guava Varieties
(Apple Guava and Native Guava)
in Trapping Fruit Fly and Other
Arthropods
The trapped insects for the different varieties of guava were counted separately.
The effectiveness was compared in terms of the number of arthropods and fruit fly
trapped and its longevity.
Comparing the Effectiveness of the Unpeeled, Peeled
and Peelings of Guava in Trapping Fruit Fly
and Other Arthropods
The trapped insects for the unpeeled, peeled and peeling of native guava and
apple guava was determined based on the number of counted insects trapped.
Comparing the Different Proportion
of the Natural Trap (VJ and FPJ)
in Trapping Fruit Fly and Other Arthropods
For each treatment, the trapped fruit fly and other arthropods were counted. The
effectiveness was compared in terms of the number of fruit fly species trapped and the
family of arthropods trapped.
Collection and Identification
of Other Trapped Arthropods
Other insects or arthropods trapped was collected and brought to the laboratory
for identification up to family using microscope.
Determining the Duration of Consumption
of the Natural Trap
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The natural trap was observed daily from the time it attracts fruit fly and other
arthropods until it was totally consumed. The date of observations was noted.
Data Gathered
1. Total number of fruit fly trapped. The population count of fruit fly and other
arthropods trapped on the different treatments everyday.
2. Total number of trapped male and female fruit fly. The ratio of male and
female fruit fly.
3. Species of fruit fly trapped. The identification of fruit fly trapped is up to the
species.
4. Number of family of other arthropods attracted. Identification of trapped
arthropods up to family.
5. Duration of consumption. The time until the trap is totally consumed.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total Number of Fruit fly Trapped
There were less number of fruit flies trapped due to the decline in population of
fruit fly in months of February and March and trapping was done in this months. This
statement corroborates with the study of Kudan (2007) that population density of fruit fly
decreased during the months of February and March in La Trinidad.
The total number of trapped male and female fruit fly is presented in table 1.
There was more female fruit fly trapped as compared with the male. This is because the
female fruit fly requires more food to support its egg development and searches for
oviposition site on ripened fruits. This corroborated with the study of Dagdag in 2008
that female searches a site on the surface of the fruit and inserts its sharply pointed
ovipositor and lays its egg within the tissue. Due to this behavior of female fruit fly,
mated female are more attracted to the fermented fruit juice. Results have also shown that
the fermented guava fruit extract is capable of attracting both male and female fruit fly.
The result corroborated with the study of Nigg et al. in 2005 that extracts of cattle guava
was equal in attractiveness to males and females of Caribbean fruit fly. The result
supported the study of Hwang et al. (2007) that a volatile component of guava fruits
attracted male and female adults of oriental fruit fly. It also corroborate with the report of
Dekker and Messing (n.d) that mixes of vinegar, water and yeast have attracted both
males and females of Dipteran species which includes fruit fly.
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
21
Table 1. Total number of trapped male and female fruit fly
SEX OF FRUIT FLY
TOTAL
FRUIT FLY SPECIES
MALE FEMALE
Strauzia longipennis
0 2
2
Tephritis formosa
1 0
1
Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)
3
9
12
Bactrocera invadens
0
1
1
Bactrocera sp. 1
1
5
6
Bactrocera sp. 2
1
4
5
Bactrocera sp. 3
1
0
1
Fruit fly Trapped
There were a total of seven fruit fly species trapped from the formulated guava
attractants. These were Strauzia longipennis (Figure 8a), Tephritis formosa (Figure 8b),
Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Figure 8c-d), Bactrocera invadens (Figure 8e) and three
other Bactrocera species (Figure 8f-j) that were not identified. Fruit fly trapped is shown
in the figures below:
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
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a1
a2
Figure 8. Fruit fly Species. a1. adult female of Strauzia longipennis, a2. Thorax banding
b1
b2
c1
c2
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
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d1
d2
Figure 8a. b1. Adult male of Tephritis formosa, b2. Thorax banding of Tephritis formosa,
c1. Adult male of Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), c2. Thorax banding of
Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), d1. Adult female Bactrocera tryoni
(Froggatt), d2. Thorax banding of Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)
e1
e2
f1
f2
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
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g1
g2
Figure 8b. e1. Adult female of Bactrocera invadens, e2. Thorax banding of
Baactrocera invadens, f1. Adult female of Bactrocera sp. 2, f2. Thorax
baanding of Bactrocera sp. 2, g1. Adult male of Bactrocera sp. 2,
g2 . thorax banding of Bactrocera sp. 2
h1
h2
i1
i2
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
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j1
j2
Figure 8c. h1. Adult female Bactrocera sp 3, h2. Thorax banding of Bactrocera sp. 3
i1. Adult male of Bactrocera sp. 3, i2. Thorax banding of Bactrocera sp. 2,
j1. Adult male Bactrocera sp .2, j2. Thorax banding of Bactrocera sp. 3
Total Number of Fruit fly Trapped
in each Guava Variety,
Parts and Treatments
The mean of fruit fly trapped in the two guava variety, the apple guava and native
guava is presented in Table 2. Apple guava attracted the most number of fruit fly but was
not significantly different from native guava through analysis of variance. This implies
that in trapping fruit flies, either apple guava or native guava can be used. The result
corroborated with the study of Bashir in 2003 that guava (Psidium guajava L.) as
attractant has proved to be effective in trapping fruit fly.
The mean of fruit fly trapped in each guava fruit parts is presented in Table 3.
Results have shown that there is no statistical difference on the different guava fruit parts
in attracting fruit fly.
Either the peelings, peeled or unpeeled guava fruit can be used for fermentation in
making the natural trap. The result corroborated with the study of Swicegood in 1999 that
fragrant fruit attracts fruit flies.
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
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Table 2. The mean of fruit fly trapped in each guava variety
GUAVA VARIETY
MEAN
V1 – Apple Guava
0.17a
V2 – Native Guava
0.07a
*Mean with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
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The mean of fruit fly trapped in each treatment is presented on Table 4. The
treatments have shown no significant differences but the pure FPJ trapped the highest
number of fruit fly. Fruit flies were known to feed on the juice released from fruits
(Dagdag, 2008) which implies that the fruit flies have favored the pure FPJ. Prasad in
2007 also stated that traps baited with attractive material fermented sugar and molasses is
effective in trapping fruit fly.
Table 3. The mean of fruit fly trapped in each guava fruit parts
GUAVA FRUIT PARTS
MEAN
P1 – Peelings
0.13a
P2 – Peeled
0.11a
P3 – Unpeeled
0.11a
* Mean with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Table 4. The mean of fruit fly trapped in each treatment
TREATMENTS MEAN
T0 - Water
0.00c
T1 - 200 ml VJ
0.03bc
T2 - 200 ml FPJ
0.37a
T3 - 20 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
0.13bc
T4 - 40 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
0.23ab
T5 - 60 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
0.00c
T6 - 80 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
0.10bc
T7 - 100 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
0.07bc
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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* Mean with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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Family of Other Arthropods Trapped
There were 59 families of insects that were identified and three other arthropods.
Bruchidae (Figure 9a), Cerambycidae (Figure 9b), Chrysomelidae (Figure 9c-f),
Curculionidae (Figure 9g-i), Elateridae (Figure 9j), Meloidae (Figure 9k-l), Nitidulidae
(Figure 9m-o), Scarabaedae (Figure 9p), Anthicidae (Figure 10a), Carabidae (Figure
10b), Coccinellidae (Figure 10c-h), Staphilinidae (Figure 10i-l), Calliphoridae (Figure
11a-b), Chironomidae (Figure 11c), Culicidae (Figure 11d), Drosophilidae (Figure 11e-f),
Muscidae (Figure 11g), Psychodidae (Figure 11h), Sarcophagidae (Figure 11i),
Tabanidae (Figure 11j), Tipulidae (Figure 11k-l), Micropezidae (Figure 12a-b),
Dolichopodidae (Figure 12c-d), Scatopsidae (Figure 12e), Sepsidae (Figure 12f-h),
Syrphidae (Figure 12i), Alydidae (Figure 13a), Aleyrodidae (Figure 13b), Aphididae
(Figure 13c), Cercopidae (Figure 13d-e), Cicadellidae (Figure 13f-g), Membracidae
(Figure 13h), Pentatomidae (Figure 13i), Geocoridae (Figure 14a), Microphysidae
(Figure 14b), Apidae (Figure 15a-b), Braconidae (Figure 15c-g), Chalcididae (Figure 15
h-i), Ichneumonidae (Figure 15j-o), Pompilidae (Figure 15p), Vespidae (Figure 15q-r),
Formicidae (Figure 16a-b), Hemerobiidae (Figure 17a), Chrysopidae (Figure 17b),
Acrididae (Figure 18a), Gryllidae (Figure 18b), Tettigoniidae (Figure 18c-d), Psocidae
(Figure 19a), Termitidae (Figure 20a) Forficulidae (Figure 21a), Arctiidae (Figure 22a),
Noctuidae (Figure 22b-c), Nymphalidae (Figure 22d), Pterophoridae (Figure 22e),
Plutellidae (Figure 22f), Sesiidae (Figure 22g), Sphingidae (Figure 22h-i), Papilionidae
(Figure 23a), Blatellidae (Figure 24a), and three other arthropods namely mite (Figure
25a), pill bug (Figure 25b) and spider (Figure 25c).
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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Order Coleoptera
Non-beneficial Coleoptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
Figure 9. Non-beneficial Coleopterans. a. Bruchidae, b. Cerambycidae,
c-f. Chrysomelidae, g-i. Curculionidae, j . Elateridae, k-l. Meloidae,
m-o. Nitidulidae, p. Scarabaedae
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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Beneficial Coleoptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
Figure 10. Beneficial Coleopterans. a. Anthicidae, b. Carabidae, c-h. Coccinellidae,
i-l. Staphilinidae
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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32
Order Diptera
Non- beneficial Diptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
Figure 11. Non-beneficial Dipterans. a-b. Calliphoridae, c. Chironomidae, d. Culicidae,
e-f. Drosophilidae, g. Muscidae, h. Psychodidae, i. Sarcophagidae,
j. Tabanidae, k-l. Tipulidae
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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Beneficial Diptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Figure 12. Beneficial Dipterans. a-b. Micropezidae, c-d. Dolichopodidae, e.Scatopsidae,
f-h. Sepsidae, i. Syrphidae
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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Order Hemiptera
Non- beneficial Hemiptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Figure 13. Non-beneficial Hemipterans. a. Alydidae, b. Aleyrodiae, c. Aphididae,
d-e. Cercopidae, f-g. Cicadellidae, h. Membracidae, i. Pentatomidae.
Beneficial Hemiptera
a
b
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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Figure 14. Beneficial Hemipterans. a. Geocoridae, b. Microphysidae
Order Hymenoptera
Beneficial Hymenoptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
Figure 15. Beneficial Hymenopterans. a-b. Apidae, c-g. Braconidae, h-i. Chalcididae,
j-o. Ichneumonidae, p. Pompilidae, q-r. Vespidae
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
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Non-beneficial Hymenoptera
a
b
Figure 16. Non Beneficial Hymenopterans. a-b. Formicidae
Order Neuroptera
Beneficial Neuroptera
a
b
Figure 17. Beneficial Neuropterans. a. Hemerobiidae, b. Chrysopidae
Order Orthoptera
Non-beneficial Orthoptera
a
b
c
d
Figure 18. Non Beneficial Orthopterans. a. Acrididae, b. Gryllidae, c-d. Tettigoniidae
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
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Order Psocoptera
Non-beneficial Psocoptera
a
Figure 19. Non Beneficial Psocoptera. a. Psocidae
Order Isoptera
Non-beneficial Isoptera
a
Figure 20. Non Beneficial Isoptera. a. Termitidae
Order Dermaptera
Beneficial Dermaptera
a
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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Figure 21. Beneficial Dermaptera. a. Forficulidae
Order Lepidoptera
Non-beneficial Lepidoptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Figure 22. Non Beneficial Lepidoptera. a. Arctiidae, b-c. Noctuidae, d. Nymphalidae,
e. Pterophoridae, f. Plutellidae, g. Sesiidae, h-i. Sphingidae
Beneficial Lepidoptera
a
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
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Figure 23.Beneficial Lepidoptera. a. Papilionidae
Order Blattodea
Non-beneficial Blattodea
Figure 24. Non Beneficial Blattodea. a. Blatellidae
Other arthropods
a
b
c
Figure 25. Other arthropods. a. mite, b. pill bug, c. spider
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
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The total population of trapped arthropods from each factors and treatments is
presented in Figure 26. The graph shows that water has low population of arthropods
trapped as compared to the treatments showing a high population of trapped insects and
other arthropods.
The result implies that the natural trap was effective in trapping arthropods. The
fume released by the trap has proven to be attractive to arthropods.
1200
1000
800
V1P1
V2P1
600
V1P2
V2P2
400
V1P3
V2P3
200
0
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
V1 – Apple guava
P1 – Peeling
P3 – Unpeeled
V2 – Native guava
P2 – Peeled
Figure 26. The total population of trapped arthropods from each factor and treatments.
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
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Duration of Consumption of the Natural Trap
The natural trap was consumed after eight days of exposure to the environment.
The vinegar juice was observed to evaporate leaving the muscovado sugar settled below
the trapping material and has solidified. Although solidified, it was still capable of
attracting insects and other arthropods.
The total number of insect population trapped in native guava and apple guava
fruit parts daily is presented at Figures 27 and 28 respectively. In native guava, the peeled
guava trapped the highest number of trapped insects and other arthropods from day one to
day five followed by the unpeeled and the peelings. At day six, the peelings attracted the
most number of insects and other arthropods followed by the unpeeled and peeled. At day
seven and day eight, the peeled again trapped the most number of insects trapped
followed by peelings and unpeeled respectively.
In apple guava, it reached the highest number of total insects and other arthropods
at day three except for the unpeeled which reached its peak at day six.
The results implies that the natural trap increases its effectiveness as it is exposed
to the environment due to the effect of heat which makes the trap release its fume. As it
was exposed to the environment, the fume from the natural trap is spread in the area
allowing insect and other arthropods to track the scent. The decrease in total number of
insects and other arthropods on the following days was due to the decrease in the amount
of trap as it was consumed by the trapped insects and other arthropods. The heat is also a
factor since it makes the trap evaporate thus, reducing the amount of trap.
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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900
800
700
600
500
Peeled
400
Unpeeled
300
Peelings
200
100
0
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8
Figure 27. Total number of insect population on different native guava fruit parts daily
1000
900
800
700
600
Peeled
500
Unpeeled
400
Peelings
300
200
100
0
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8
Figure 28. Total number of insect population on different apple guava fruit parts daily
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
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The comparison on the total number of trapped insect in the two guava varieties
daily is presented in Figure 29. The native guava attracted more insects and other
arthropods as compared to apple guava. During the fermentation process, the native
guava was known to have stronger scent than the apple guava that is a reason why there
were more population of insect and other arthropods trapped in the fermented native
guava.
3000
2500
2000
1500
Native Guava
Apple Guava
1000
500
0
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8
Figure 29. Comparison of total number of trapped insect in the two guava varieties daily
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
44
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at Balili Experimental Station, La Trinidad, Benguet
from October 2010 to April 2011. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of
guava fruit extract as adult fruit fly attractant, determine the guava variety and the parts
of guava fruit that attract adult fruit fly, determine the duration and the best proportion of
natural trap that is capable of attracting adult fruit fly and other arthropods, identify the
species of fruit fly caught in the trap and identify insects and other arthropods that are
attracted to the guava fruit extract.
The natural guava trap was proven to be effective since it was able to trap a total
of 28 adult fruit fly. It was found out that the cause of low population of fruit fly trapped
was due to the decrease of fruit fly population during the conduction of the study. Both
the variety and the guava parts were able to attract male and female adult fruit fly
however, the pure fermented plant juice shows the highest number of adult fruit fly
trapped. The natural trap lasted for eight days and observed to trap the highest number
arthropods at day two and three but decreases at the following days. The sudden increase
and decrease of trapped arthropods population was affected by the exposure of the natural
trap to the environment and decrease in its amount as it was consumed by the trapped
arthropods.
There were a total of seven fruit fly species trapped from the formulated guava
attractant namely Strauzia longipennis, Tephritis formosa, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt),
Bactrocera invadens and three other Bactrocera species that was not identified. A total of
60 families of insects were also identified and three other arthropods in the study.
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
45
Conclusions
Regardless of guava variety, part or proportions, the natural guava trap is effective
in attracting adult fruit fly whether it is a male or a female. The natural trap is also
capable of attracting any insect that has the ability to fly.
Recommendations
It is recommended to use guava as a natural attractant against fruit fly. For better
results, use the natural guava trap on months of high fruit fly population. The natural trap
can also be used for monitoring insect population and diversity in an area.
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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LITERATURE CITED
BASHIR, Y.G, N.H BASHIR, E.M ELTOUM and Y.O HUSSEIN. 2003. Evaluation of
some plant materials as food-base attractants for the
mango
fruit
fly,
Ceratitis cosyra Walker (Diptera: Tephritidae). Retrieved July 23, 2010
from
http://www.arcsudan.sd/sudanjournal/v11.
DAGDAG, T.K. 2008. Life cycle of Fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) associated on
bell pepper (Capsicum anuum Linnaeus). BS Thesis Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 11-21.
DEKKER, L. and R. MESSING. n.d. Introduction to managing fruitflies in Hawaii.
Retrieved August 1, 2010 from www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/IP
DREW and HANCOCK. 2009. Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae. Retrieved August 10,
2010 from http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPest.aspx?id=47
EARTHEASY. 2001. Natural pest control. Retrieved August 1, 2010 from
http://www.eartheasy.com/live_natpest_control.htm
HUNGRY PESTS. 2010. Oriental Fruit fly. Retrieved August 2, 2010 from
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/hungrypests/orientalFruitFly.shtml
HWANG, J.S, Y.P YEN, M.C CHANG, and C.Y LIU. 2002. Extraction and
identification of volatile components of guava
fruits and their attraction to
Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel).
Retrieved July 29, 2010 from
http://www.pps.org.tw/46awaii46/ppb44-4-3e.htm.
KUDAN, S.B. 2007. Monitoring of Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) population in
La Trinidad Benguet. BS Thesis Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp.
9-19.
MAU, R.L and J.L MATIN. 2007. Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Retrieved August
2, 2010 from http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/bactro_d.htm
NIGG H.N, L. L. MALLORY, S. E. SIMPSON, S. B. CALLAHAM, J. P. TOTH, S.
FRASER M. KLIM, S. NAGY, J. L. NATION and J. A. ATTAWAY. 2005.
Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspense Loew, attraction to host fruit and host
kairomones. Retrieved July 29, 2010 from
http://www.springerlink.com/content/uv74474j2864p8w3.
NORRBOM, A.L. 2004. Fruit Fly ( Diptera: T ephritidae) Economic Importance.
Retrieved August 4, 2010 from
http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/diptera/tephriti/TephEcIm.htm
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Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
47
PEDIGO, L.P and RICE, M.E. 2006. Entomology and Pest Management (5th Edition).
New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. P. 495.
PRASAD, D. (Ed.). 2007. Sustainable Pests Management. India: Daya Publishing House.
Pp.
140-145.
RUSSEL. n.d. Bactrocera (Dacus) dorsalis. Retrieved July 23,2010 from
http://www.russellipm-agriculture.com/insect.php?insect_id=187&lang=en
SUMINGWA, S.B. 2004. Evaluation of formulated attractant against insects associated
with white potato and cabbage. BS Thesis: Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 12-22.
SWICEGOOD, C. 1999. Safe and natural pest control. Retrieved July 29, 2010 from
http://www.landofvos.com/articles/wingtips/safepest.html
WEEMS, H.V, J.B HEPPNER, J.L NATION and T.R FASCULO. 2010.
Oriental
Fruitfly. Retreived August 8, 2010 from
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/oriental_fruit_fly.htm
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
48
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Total number of trapped fruit fly from each factor and treatments
Native Guava
TREATMENTS PEELED
UNPEELED PEELINGS
REPLICATION REPLICATION REPLICATION
1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2
0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 1 0 0 0 0 1 .2
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 2 .4
5
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 .2
7
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Apple Guava
TREATMENTS PEELED
UNPEELED PEELINGS
REPLICATION REPLICATION REPLICATION
1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 1 0 0 0 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2
0 1 0 0 4 5
1 0 2 0 0 1 3 .6 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
3
0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 1 0 0 0 0 1 .2 0 1 0 0 0 1 .2
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 2 1 0 1 4 .8
5
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6
0 1 0 0 1 2 .4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
7
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 .4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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49
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
VALUE
.05 .01
FREEDOM
Treatment
47 10.7333
Combination
Variety (V)
1
0.6000
0.6000
3.84ns 3.89 6.76
Part 2
0.0083
0.0042
0.03ns 3.04 4.71
Trap 7
3.4000
0.4857
3.11**
2.05
2.73
V x P
2
0.3250
0.1625
1.04ns 3.04 4.71
V x T
7
0.7333
0.1048
0.67ns 2.05 2.73
P x T
14
3.9250
0.2804
1.79*
1.74
2.17
V x P x T
14
1.7417
0.1244
0.80ns 1.74 2.17
Error 192
30.0000
0.1563
TOTAL 239 40.7333
** - Highly significant
cv – 338.82 %
*
-
Significant
Sx
(V)
–
0.044
ns – Not significant
Sx (P) – 0.044
Sx
(T)
–
0.072
Sx
(V
x
P)
–
0.063
Sx
(V
x
T)
–
0.102
Sx
(P
x
T)
–
0.125
Sx
(V
x
P
x
T)
–
0.177
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
50
Appendix Table 2. Total number of trapped female fruit fly from each factor and
treatments
Native Guava
TREATMENTS PEELED
UNPEELED PEELINGS
REPLICATION REPLICATION REPLICATION
1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2
0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 .2
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 2 .4
5
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 .2
7
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Apple Guava
TREATMENTS PEELED
UNPEELED PEELINGS
REPLICATION REPLICATION REPLICATION
1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 1 0 0 0 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2
0 1 0 0 4 5
1 0 1 0 0 1 2 .4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
3
0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 1 0 0 0 0 1 .2 0 1 0 0 0 1 .2
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 2 0 0 0 2 .8
5
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6
0 1 0 0 1 2 .4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
7
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
51
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
VALUE
.05 .01
FREEDOM
Treatment
47 7.9625
Combination
Variety (V)
1
0.5042
0.5042
3.84ns 3.89 6.76
Part 2 0.2250
0.1125
0.86ns 3.04 4.71
Trap 7 2.3292
0.3327
2.54*
2.05
2.73
V x P
2
0.5083
0.2542
1.94ns 3.04 4.71
V x T
7
0.7292
0.1042
0.79ns 2.05 2.73
P x T
14
2.3083
0.1649
1.26ns 1.74 2.17
V x P x T
14
1.3583
0.0970
0.74ns 1.74 2.17
Error 192 25.2000
0.1313
TOTAL 239 33.1625
*
-
Significant
cv
–
414.04
%
ns – Not significant
Sx (V) – 0.033
Sx
(P)
–
0.041
Sx
(T)
–
0.066
Sx
(V
x
P)
–
0.057
Sx
(V
x
T)
–
0.094
Sx
(P
x
T)
–
0.115
Sx
(V
x
P
x
T)
–
0.162
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
52
Appendix Table 3. Total number of trapped male fruit fly from each factor and treatments
Native Guava
TREATMENTS PEELED
UNPEELED PEELINGS
REPLICATION REPLICATION REPLICATION
1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 .2
5
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
7
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Apple Guava
TREATMENTS PEELED
UNPEELED PEELINGS
REPLICATION REPLICATION REPLICATION
1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2
0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2
5
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
7
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
53
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
VALUE
.05 .01
FREEDOM
Treatment
47 1.1958
Combination
Variety (V)
1
0.0042
0.0042
0.14ns 3.89 6.76
Part 2 0.0583
0.0292
1.00ns 3.04 4.71
Trap 7 0.1625
0.0232
0.80ns 2.05 2.73
V x P
2
0.0583
0.0292
1.00ns 3.04 4.71
V x T
7
0.2292
0.0327
1.12ns 2.05 2.73
P x T
14
0.2750
0.0196
0.67ns 1.74 2.17
V x P x T
14
0.4083
0.0292
1.00ns 1.74 2.17
Error 192 5.6000
0.0292
TOTAL 239 6.7958
ns – Not significant
cv – 585.54 %
Sx
(V)
–
0.016
Sx
(P)
–
0.019
Sx
(T)
–
0.031
Sx
(V
x
P)
–
0.027
Sx
(V
x
T)
–
0.044
Sx
(P
x
T)
–
0.054
Sx
(V
x
P
x
T)
–
0.076
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
MANUEL, ARNEL T. April 2011. Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural
Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae) Attractant. Benguet State University La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Gemma S. Das-ilen, MSc.,
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of guava fruit extract as
adult fruit fly attractant, to determine the guava variety that attracts adult fruit fly, to
determine the guava parts that attract adult fruit fly, to determine the ratio of the traps that
attract adult fruit fly, to determine the duration of natural trap in attracting adult fruit fly
and to identify other arthropods that were attracted to the guava fruit extract.
The natural guava trap was proven to be effective since it was able to trap adult
fruit flies. Majority of the trapped fruit fly were female. Seven fruit fly species were
trapped including Strauzia longipennis, Tephritis formosa, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt),
Bactrocera invadens and three other Bactrocera species that was not identified.
Both the guava variety and the parts were able to attract male and female adult
fruit fly. In the treatments, the pure fermented plant juice shows the highest number of
adult fruit fly trapped.
The natural trap lasted for eight days and observed to trap the highest number of
insects and other arthropods at day two and three but decreases at the following days.
A total of 60 families of insects and three other arthropods were attracted to the
natural trap. The natural trap is capable of attracting any insect that has the ability to fly.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………….
iii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………......
3
METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………... 11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total Number of Fruit fly Trapped………………………………………...
20
Fruit fly Trapped…………………………………………………………...
21
Total Number of Fruit fly Trapped
in each Guava Variety,
Parts and Treatments……………………………………………………….
25
Family of Other Arthropods Trapped……………………………………...
27
Duration of Consumption
of the Natural Trap…………………………………………………………
39
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary…………………………………………………………………...
42
Conclusions………………………………………………………………...
43
Recommendations………………………………………………………….
43
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….…...
44
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………. 46
1
INTRODUCTION
Fruit flies belong to the family Tephritidae in the order Diptera. The flies are
widespread from sea level to mountainous areas over 7,000 feet and are one of the major
pests of fruit crops all throughout the world. The fruit fly larva is the most damaging. The
damage usually consists of breakdown of tissues and internal rotting due to the larval
infestation. Infested young fruit becomes distorted, callused and usually drop while
mature attacked fruits develop water soaked appearance. The larval tunnels provide entry
points for bacteria and fungi that cause the fruit to rot. When only a few larvae develop,
damage consists of an unsightly appearance and reduced marketability because of the egg
laying punctures or tissue break down due to the decay (Russel, n.d).
Some techniques employed today require high cost of input such as fertilizers and
pesticides. In addition, it causes environment degradation due to the excessive use of
these inputs. For this, natural farming can be of major impact in helping reduce
environment damage.
Insect traps baited with fruit extracts are essential for the natural control of fruit
fly infestation without major loss of profit. It is safe environment friendly control method
that follows a simple method of control.
The information that was gathered in the study will serve as a future reference for
natural farming and as a potential substitute for the excessive use of chemicals.
The objectives of the study were to determine the effectiveness of guava fruit
extract as adult fruit fly attractant, to determine the guava variety that attracts adult fruit
fly, to determine the guava parts that attract adult fruit fly, to determine the ratio of the
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
2
traps that attract adult fruit fly, to identify other arthropods that were attracted to the
guava fruit extract and to determine the duration of natural trap in attracting adult fruit fly
The study was conducted at Balili Experimental Station, La Trinidad, Benguet
from October 2010 to April 2011.
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Biology and Behavior of Fruit Fly
(Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)
The Oriental fruit fly's development is temperature dependent, developing faster
in warm weather and slower in cooler weather. The Oriental fruit fly goes through a four-
stage life cycle: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Breeding is continuous, with several annual
generations. Adults live 90 days on average (Hungry Pests, 2010).
Egg. Female flies insert eggs under the skin of fruit in clusters of 10 to 50 about
1/25 to 1/8 inch below the fruit surface. The eggs measure about 1/25 by 1/250 inch and
are white, elongate (Mau and Matin, 2007 and Dagdag, 2008) and elliptical (Mau and
Matin, 2007). They hatch in 1-1/2 days. Development from egg to adult under summer
conditions requires about 16 days (Mau and Matin, 2007). Likewise, Dagdag (2008)
mentioned that eggs could sometimes easily be seen at the oviposition site of the female.
The eggs measure from 0.9 to 1.1 mm in length with a mean of 1.06 and a width that
measure about 1.0 mm and takes about two to four days to hatch.
Larvae. The white larva is legless, and resembles an elongated cone. The mouth is
at the pointed end of the body (Mau and Matin, 2007). There are 3 larval stages, or
instars. Mau and Matin (2007) stated that the entire larval stage lasts for 11-15 days but
Dagdag (2008) mentioned that larvae will take about three to four days before turning
into pupa. Just before pupating, the larvae often pop and flip to leave the fruit. The
mature larva emerges from the fruit, drops to the ground, and forms a tan to dark brown
puparium (Mau and Matin, 2007).
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
4
Dagdag (2008) found out that the newly hatched larva is transparent white in
color and become yellowish when older. B. dorsalis larva is elongated and cylindrical
with white anterior mouth hooks. Dagdag (2008) observed that during the third instar
larva, a typical maggot like appearance that is yellowish in color is capable and keeps on
jumping whenever outside of its host. In addition, upon hatching, the newly hatched
larvae bores a tunnel inside its host, the tunneling process was done by waving its
mouthparts towards the tissue of their host plants. The 2nd and the 3rd instar larvae were
seen to be the most active feeders (Dagdag, 2008).
Pupa. The puparium is yellowish-brown (Mau and Matin, 2007 and Dagdag,
2008) and seed-like (Mau and Matin, 2007). Pupation normally occurs 1-2 inches under
the soil (Dekker and Messing, n.d) and about nine days are required for attainment of
sexual maturity after the adult fly emerges.
The pupa of B. dorsalis had its delicate integument covered with in a globular to
oblong puparium. This is usually formed from the hardened skin of the last instar larvae.
The newly pupated larvae measures about 4.4 to 5.2 mm in length and with a mean that
ranges from 1.9 to 2.2 mm in width. The color of the pupa is dependent on the color of
the soil where it pupated. The adult will emerge from the pupa within 15 to 17 days
(Dagdag, 2008).
Adult. In the research of Dagdag in 2008, newly emerged adults had its abdomen
flattened with a light color and a balance mixture of dark brown to black and yellow that
becomes darker after a few hours. The adult B. dorsalis has a clavate antennae with a
dorsal ocelli present on its head. It has a yellow colorings on its head and back, the back
abdomen has stripes of black and yellow with a vertical black lining from the mid to the
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
5
tip. The female has its ovipositor very slender and pointed. The female measures from
about 7.4 to 8.9 mm in length and 2.2 to 2.8 mm in width. The male measures about 6.0
to 7.1 mm in length and a width that ranges from 1.8 to 2.4 mm. The wings of B. dorsalis
are transparent that had a wingspan of about 12.8 to 15.2 mm for female and 12.0 to 15.1
mm for the male. For the female, it takes 39 to 61 days to live and the male has a shorter
lifespan as an adult with 37 to 54 days.
The adults usually rest in shady locations feeding, mating or laying eggs. Most
feed at dawn and mate at dusk. They are easily recognized with their inconsistent wing
pattern (Mau and Matin, 2007).
Feeding behavior of adult. The female will insert its sharply pointed ovipositor on
the fruit for the juice to come out where in they feed on it (Dagdag, 2008). According to
Mau and Matin in 2007, most flies emerge between 7:00 and 10:00 in the morning and
emerging adults crawl up through the soil, usually at an angle. Adult flies primarily feed
during the morning hours. The fruit flies search for food in all types of vegetation,
including low cover plants and shrubs, and may travel to areas where host plants do not
occur. Without food, flies die within three days at an average temperature of 80 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Mating
behavior. According to Dagdag (2008), mating took place 7 to 15 days
after the adult emergence. Males usually move closer to the female, it spreads its wings
laterally and vibrates and waves it backwards and forward or courtship. Mating was
usually done between 10:00 in the morning and 3:00 in the afternoon but sometimes done
earlier in the morning or later in the afternoon when temperature is high. Mating period
was from 10 to 60 seconds.
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
6
Oviposition
behavior. Oviposition occurs one day after copulation. The female
searches a site on the surface of the fruit and inserts its sharply pointed ovipositor and
lays its egg within the tissue but sometimes, the eggs were laid freely inside. The site of
oviposition can be easily recognized by a small pin hole that becomes brown to black
within the skin of the fruit (Dagdag, 2008).
Like other fruit fly species, the oriental fruit fly prefers to deposits its eggs in old
egg deposition lesions and in ripened fruit (Mau and Matin, 2007).
Reproduction and Percent Damage
of Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)
The Oriental fruit fly can multiply and spread rapidly (Hungry Pests, 2010).
Under optimum conditions, a female can lay more than 3,000 eggs during her lifetime,
but under field conditions approximately 1,200 to 1,500 eggs per female is considered to
be the usual production. Ripe fruit are preferred for egg laying but immature ones may be
also attacked (Mau and Matin, 2007). The adult is a strong flier, recorded to travel 30
miles in search of food and sites to lay eggs. Females lay eggs in groups of three to 30
under the skin of host fruits; the female can lay more than 1,000 eggs in her lifetime
(Hungry Pests, 2010). Due to the phytophagous habits of their larvae, many species of
Tephritidae inflict heavy losses on fruit and vegetable crops. Economic effects of pest
species include not only direct loss of yield and increased control costs, but also the loss
of export markets and the cost of constructing and maintaining fruit treatment and
eradication facilities (Norrbom, 2004).
In Hawaii, larvae have been found in more than 125 kinds of hosts. Infestations of
50 to 80% have been recorded in pear, peach, apricot, fig, and other fruits in West
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
7
Pakistan. It is the principal pest of mangoes in the Philippines. It was a serious pest of
citrus and other subtropical fruits in Japan, Okinawa, and the Japanese islands of Amami,
Miyako, and Bonin (Weems et al., 2010).
Distribution and Population Build up
of Fruitflies (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)
According to Weems et al. (2010), the oriental fruit fly is widespread throughout
much of Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Sikkim, Myanmar, Indonesia (Celebes, Borneo,
Sumatra, Java), Malaya, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, southern China, Taiwan,
Philippine Islands, Micronesia, and Mariana Islands (Guam, Rota, Saipan, Tinian).
In the Philippines, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel is distributed throughout Luzon,
Panay, Negros, Cebu, and Mindanao (Drew and Hancock, 2009).
Kudan (2007) monitored the population of fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)
within La Trinidad and observed highest population in January with a mean of 115.53. In
February, it decreased to 90.40 and 40.20 in March. The population increased to 67.85 in
April, 78.15 in May and 82.65 in June. The population rapidly decreased 2.25 in July and
2.10 in August. There was a slight increase to 4.65 in September. In October, the
population further increased to 14.35, 50.25 in November and 78.05 in December.
According to Kudan (2007), the correlation of fruit fly population with the host
crops that the decrease from January to March was affected by the harvesting and
marketing of crops every December. The increase in April to June was due to the
favorable temperature and the abrupt reduction in July to September was caused by
rainfall. In the correlation of fruit fly population with weather, it was discussed that
increase of fruit fly population in October to December was caused by the rise of total
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
8
bright sunshine and constant low amount of rainfall. Kudan (2007) also concluded that
when the temperature is high the fruit fly population increases but when relative
humidity, total bright sunshine, rainfall or low temperature is high, the fruit fly
population decreases.
The study of Kudan (2007) proved that fruit fly (Bactrocera doralis Hendel) is
available throughout the year. Within La Trinidad, fruit fly population increases during
the month of October and has a peak on January however it decreases in the months of
July to September.
Natural Trap Against Fruit Fly
In 1999, Swicegood found that fragrant fruit attract fruit flies and other Dipterans.
Swicegood added that 1 part molasses mixed with 2 parts vinegar placed in a yellow
container attracts moths. The corporation Eartheasy in 2001 experimented on mixing ¼
cup syrup; 1 tbsp. granulated sugar and 1 tbsp. brown sugar in a small bowl and found
attractive against Dipterans.
In 2003, Bashir et al. made a study to evaluate the fruits of guava (Psidium
guajava L.), sidir/nabag (Zizyphus spina-christi L.) and mango (Mangifera indica L.) as
food-base attractants for fruit flies capture in mango orchards. A protein hydrolyzate
attractant, named ICIPE Yeast was used as standard and the control was treated with
water. The results showed that all fruits proved effective for Ceratitis cosyra trapping.
Guava and sidir showed superiority (7.4 and 3.8 adults /trap/week, respectively) over the
ICIPE Yeast attractant (1.0 adult /trap/week). It was then concluded that the use of guava,
sidir and mango as fruit fly base attractants could provide a cheap, safe and a low-tech
alternative for the emerging problems of fruit flies.
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
9
Sumingwa (2004) mentioned that formulated attractant with a ratio of 1000 ml
Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) added with 4000 ml decocted vinegar is most effective in
attracting insects. Nigg et al. (2005) mentioned that extracts of cattle guava was equal in
attractiveness to males and females especially with Carribean fruit fly, Anastrepha
suspense Loew. It was also suggested that host chemicals serve as attractants and the
female and male specific attractant and traps could be developed from host kairomone
data.
Pedigo and Rice stated in 2006 that traditional baits or food lures are considered
under attract- and- kill programs. They added that wheat bran mixed with additives like
molasses, chopped fruits, amyl acetate, sugar, and honey were effective for attraction of
insects belonging to the order Hymenoptera: Formicidae.
In 2007, Prasad stated that traps baited with some attractive material namely
fermented sugar, molasses etc. and poisoned with chemicals have also been found
effective in capturing fruit fly adults. In Hawaii, Dekker and Messing (n.d) reported that
homemade mixes of vinegar and water and yeast have attracted both males and females
of Dipteran species.
Components of Guava Fruit
Hwang
et al. (2002) identified the volatile organic components of ripe guava fruit
through solid phase microextraction (SPME) and subsequently analyzed and identified by
GC and GC-MS to develop attractant formulations for female adults of Oriental fruit fly,
Bactorcera dorsalis (Hendel). There were 24 volatile components from guava fruits and
according to bioassay results in the net house, the single component of either ethyl
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Nat
ural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
10
acetate or £]-caryophyllene more effectively attracted female and male adults of the
Oriental fruit fly than any other single component.
Effect of Different Guava Cultivars
in Attracting Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)
According to Prasad in 2007, the role played by shape of the guava fruit in the
ovipositional behavior of B. correcta revealed that round big cultivars was the most
resistant cultivar. Smooth skinned cultivar was found the most susceptible and fruits bell
shaped and oblong were intermediate in reaction.
Prasad (2007) categorized guava cultivars on the basis of their fruit characters and
percentage attack of fruit fly, B. dorsalis. Fruits of red flesh and seedless guava with
rough and wrinkled skin had very low fruiting infestation whereas pink flesh and
strawberry cultivars with rough and gritty skin respectively, exhibit low infestation.
Mellow skin varieties had moderate infestation while smooth skinned and apple colored
were severely infested. Significant variations were recorded among 32 different
accessions for their reaction to B. dorsalis. Fruit morphological characters like skin
surface and flesh and rough skin had less damage compared to those with white flesh and
smooth skin. However, fruit shape did not show any effect on the incidence.
High levels of Vitamin C, total soluble solids and total phenols in the fruits of
different guava cultivars were found to contribute the resistance to B. correcta. The
percentage infestation of B. dorsalis was positively correlated to total sugars, TSS and
total proteins but was negatively correlated to total phenols orthodohydroxy phenols and
flavonols (Prasad, 2007).
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
11
METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials that was used were six kilograms of unpeeled apple guava, six
kilograms of peeled apple guava, two kilograms of apple guava peelings, six kilograms of
unpeeled native guava, six kilograms of peeled native guava and two kilograms of native
guava peelings, six trunks of banana (cardaba variety) about three meters in height, 20
kilograms of muscovado sugar, eight earthen jars, 240 pieces of 1.5 capacity softdrink
plastic containers, clean sheet of manila paper, rubber band, cheese cloth, fifteen gallons
of crude vinegar, wire mesh, wire, digital camera, microscope, reference books, pen and
notebook.
Methods
Natural
Trap. The fermented plant juice (FPJ) was prepared by cutting a trunk of
banana (cardaba variety) early in the morning to ensure high quantity of water from the
trunk. Likewise, the guava fruit that were used were the following and was arranged in
factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two guava varieties namely apple
guava and native guava as factor A and six kilograms of each different guava fruit parts
except the peelings (two kilograms was used) as factor B.
Factor A = Guava Variety
Factor B = Parts of the Guava Fruit
V1 – Apple guava
P1 – Peelings of the Guava Fruit
V2 – Native guava P2 – Peeled Guava Fruit
P3 – Unpeeled Guava Fruit
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
12
The banana trunk and the two varieties of guava fruit (peelings, peeled and
unpeeled) was finely chopped into 1 cm2 in size (Figure 1a). For every one kilogram of
chopped banana trunk (Figure 1b), one kilogram of chopped guava fruit was added
(Figure 1c). Also, for every two kilograms of mixed chopped banana trunk and chopped
guava fruit, one kilogram of fine grinded muscovado sugar was mixed (Figure 1d);
separate for each of the factors stated. The ingredients were then mixed (Figure 1e). It
was covered with clean manila paper and was tied with a rubber band (Figure 2a). The
earthen was placed in a dry shaded place away from direct sunlight (Figure 2b).
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Figure 1. Preparation of FPJ. a. Chopping the banana trunk and guava into
appropriate sizes, b. Chopped banana trunk poured into the earthen
jar, c. Chopped guava poured into the earthen jar, d. Adding the muscovado
sugar, e. Mixing of the chopped banana trunk, guava and muscovado
sugar, f. native guava after mixing, g. apple guava after mixing.
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
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After two weeks (Figures 2c and 2d), it was extracted. The liquid was sieved in a
clean cheese cloth (Figure 2e).
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
Figure 2. Fermentation and extraction of FPJ. a. Covering the earthen jar containing the
mixture with manila paper fixed with rubber band, b. The mixture stored in an
area away from direct sunlight, c. Native guava mixture after 14 days, d. Apple
guava mixture after 14 days, e. Extracting the FPJ, f-h. The native guava
extract, i-k. The apple guava extract
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The vinegar juice (VJ) was prepared by mixing a total of 500 grams of
muscovado sugar for every gallon of sugarcane crude vinegar (Figures 3a and 3b). It was
heated for about 30 minutes and was set aside to cool (Figure 3c).
The vinegar juice was used to increase the potency of the fermented plant juice in
attracting insects. In addition, it is believed to prevent beneficial Hymenopterans from
being attracted and trapped.
The fermented FPJ was mixed with the prepared VJ (Figure 4a and 4b) following
the proportion:
T0 – 200 ml water (control)
T1
–
200
ml
VJ
T2 – 200 ml FPJ
T3 – 20 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
T4 – 40 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
T5 – 60 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
T6 – 80 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
T7 – 100 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
a
b
c
Figure 3. Preparation of vinegar juice (VJ). a. Boiling of crude vinegar, b. Addition of
muscovado sugar, c. The vinegar juice
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In making the trapping material, the softdrink plastic container with 1.5 liter
capacity was used for all the different treatments as trapping container. Two window
structures were cut from each side leaving atleast 10 cm from the bottom and atleast one
inch gap from the two windows. The upper part was left uncut. The windows were lifted
at an angle to make an opening. A circular Styrofoam plate was placed on top of the
plastic container to avoid rain from contaminating the trap formulation. A wire was
attached to the cap of the container for hanging purposes (4c). The different treatments
were poured into the trapping container and hanged atleast two feet high from the ground
in the five different locations (4d).
a
b
c
d
Figure 4. Preparation of the natural trap. a. Mixing the VJ with the FPJ, b. The trapping
material, c. Pouring the natural trap into the trapping material.
The treatments were done separately with the native guava and the apple guava to
have a total of 16 treatments. The peelings, peeled and unpeeled native guava and the
apple guava was separated to have a total of 48. Each of the treatment was replicated five
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times to come up with 240 traps. The replication one was placed in guava trees located at
the BSU pomology (Figure 5a), replication two was placed in the chayote plantation
(Figure 5b), replication three was placed in a strawberry plantation (Figure 5c),
replication four was at cape gooseberry (Figure 5d) plants and replication five was at the
guava tree located at BSU Mites Predatory Rearing House (MPRH) (Figure 5e).
a
b
c
d
e
Figure 5. The trapping sites. a. Trapping site at guava (Pomology), b.Trapping site at
chayote, c. Trapping site at strawberry, d. Trapping site at cape
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gooseberry, e. Trapping site at guava (MPRH)
Collection and Identification
of Trapped Fruit Fly
The trapped fruit fly was scooped with a wire mesh, transferred in a plastic
container (Figure 6) and was counted visually for every treatment. One representative for
each fruit fly trapped was collected and was identified with the use of microscope (Figure
7). The identification of male and female was based on its ovipositor. For the species, the
wing venation and the thorax banding was the primary basis. It was compared to
reference books and was documented with the use of a digital camera. The number of
fruit fly trapped for each species was the basis for its efficiency.
Figure 6. Collecting the trapped insects and other arthropods with the use of a scoop
Figure 7. Identification of the trapped insects and
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other arthropods
Comparing the Two Guava Varieties
(Apple Guava and Native Guava)
in Trapping Fruit Fly and Other
Arthropods
The trapped insects for the different varieties of guava were counted separately.
The effectiveness was compared in terms of the number of arthropods and fruit fly
trapped and its longevity.
Comparing the Effectiveness of the Unpeeled, Peeled
and Peelings of Guava in Trapping Fruit Fly
and Other Arthropods
The trapped insects for the unpeeled, peeled and peeling of native guava and
apple guava was determined based on the number of counted insects trapped.
Comparing the Different Proportion
of the Natural Trap (VJ and FPJ)
in Trapping Fruit Fly and Other Arthropods
For each treatment, the trapped fruit fly and other arthropods were counted. The
effectiveness was compared in terms of the number of fruit fly species trapped and the
family of arthropods trapped.
Collection and Identification
of Other Trapped Arthropods
Other insects or arthropods trapped was collected and brought to the laboratory
for identification up to family using microscope.
Determining the Duration of Consumption
of the Natural Trap
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The natural trap was observed daily from the time it attracts fruit fly and other
arthropods until it was totally consumed. The date of observations was noted.
Data Gathered
1. Total number of fruit fly trapped. The population count of fruit fly and other
arthropods trapped on the different treatments everyday.
2. Total number of trapped male and female fruit fly. The ratio of male and
female fruit fly.
3. Species of fruit fly trapped. The identification of fruit fly trapped is up to the
species.
4. Number of family of other arthropods attracted. Identification of trapped
arthropods up to family.
5. Duration of consumption. The time until the trap is totally consumed.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total Number of Fruit fly Trapped
There were less number of fruit flies trapped due to the decline in population of
fruit fly in months of February and March and trapping was done in this months. This
statement corroborates with the study of Kudan (2007) that population density of fruit fly
decreased during the months of February and March in La Trinidad.
The total number of trapped male and female fruit fly is presented in table 1.
There was more female fruit fly trapped as compared with the male. This is because the
female fruit fly requires more food to support its egg development and searches for
oviposition site on ripened fruits. This corroborated with the study of Dagdag in 2008
that female searches a site on the surface of the fruit and inserts its sharply pointed
ovipositor and lays its egg within the tissue. Due to this behavior of female fruit fly,
mated female are more attracted to the fermented fruit juice. Results have also shown that
the fermented guava fruit extract is capable of attracting both male and female fruit fly.
The result corroborated with the study of Nigg et al. in 2005 that extracts of cattle guava
was equal in attractiveness to males and females of Caribbean fruit fly. The result
supported the study of Hwang et al. (2007) that a volatile component of guava fruits
attracted male and female adults of oriental fruit fly. It also corroborate with the report of
Dekker and Messing (n.d) that mixes of vinegar, water and yeast have attracted both
males and females of Dipteran species which includes fruit fly.
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Table 1. Total number of trapped male and female fruit fly
SEX OF FRUIT FLY
TOTAL
FRUIT FLY SPECIES
MALE FEMALE
Strauzia longipennis
0 2
2
Tephritis formosa
1 0
1
Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)
3
9
12
Bactrocera invadens
0
1
1
Bactrocera sp. 1
1
5
6
Bactrocera sp. 2
1
4
5
Bactrocera sp. 3
1
0
1
Fruit fly Trapped
There were a total of seven fruit fly species trapped from the formulated guava
attractants. These were Strauzia longipennis (Figure 8a), Tephritis formosa (Figure 8b),
Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Figure 8c-d), Bactrocera invadens (Figure 8e) and three
other Bactrocera species (Figure 8f-j) that were not identified. Fruit fly trapped is shown
in the figures below:
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a1
a2
Figure 8. Fruit fly Species. a1. adult female of Strauzia longipennis, a2. Thorax banding
b1
b2
c1
c2
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d1
d2
Figure 8a. b1. Adult male of Tephritis formosa, b2. Thorax banding of Tephritis formosa,
c1. Adult male of Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), c2. Thorax banding of
Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), d1. Adult female Bactrocera tryoni
(Froggatt), d2. Thorax banding of Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)
e1
e2
f1
f2
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g1
g2
Figure 8b. e1. Adult female of Bactrocera invadens, e2. Thorax banding of
Baactrocera invadens, f1. Adult female of Bactrocera sp. 2, f2. Thorax
baanding of Bactrocera sp. 2, g1. Adult male of Bactrocera sp. 2,
g2 . thorax banding of Bactrocera sp. 2
h1
h2
i1
i2
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j1
j2
Figure 8c. h1. Adult female Bactrocera sp 3, h2. Thorax banding of Bactrocera sp. 3
i1. Adult male of Bactrocera sp. 3, i2. Thorax banding of Bactrocera sp. 2,
j1. Adult male Bactrocera sp .2, j2. Thorax banding of Bactrocera sp. 3
Total Number of Fruit fly Trapped
in each Guava Variety,
Parts and Treatments
The mean of fruit fly trapped in the two guava variety, the apple guava and native
guava is presented in Table 2. Apple guava attracted the most number of fruit fly but was
not significantly different from native guava through analysis of variance. This implies
that in trapping fruit flies, either apple guava or native guava can be used. The result
corroborated with the study of Bashir in 2003 that guava (Psidium guajava L.) as
attractant has proved to be effective in trapping fruit fly.
The mean of fruit fly trapped in each guava fruit parts is presented in Table 3.
Results have shown that there is no statistical difference on the different guava fruit parts
in attracting fruit fly.
Either the peelings, peeled or unpeeled guava fruit can be used for fermentation in
making the natural trap. The result corroborated with the study of Swicegood in 1999 that
fragrant fruit attracts fruit flies.
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Table 2. The mean of fruit fly trapped in each guava variety
GUAVA VARIETY
MEAN
V1 – Apple Guava
0.17a
V2 – Native Guava
0.07a
*Mean with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
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The mean of fruit fly trapped in each treatment is presented on Table 4. The
treatments have shown no significant differences but the pure FPJ trapped the highest
number of fruit fly. Fruit flies were known to feed on the juice released from fruits
(Dagdag, 2008) which implies that the fruit flies have favored the pure FPJ. Prasad in
2007 also stated that traps baited with attractive material fermented sugar and molasses is
effective in trapping fruit fly.
Table 3. The mean of fruit fly trapped in each guava fruit parts
GUAVA FRUIT PARTS
MEAN
P1 – Peelings
0.13a
P2 – Peeled
0.11a
P3 – Unpeeled
0.11a
* Mean with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Table 4. The mean of fruit fly trapped in each treatment
TREATMENTS MEAN
T0 - Water
0.00c
T1 - 200 ml VJ
0.03bc
T2 - 200 ml FPJ
0.37a
T3 - 20 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
0.13bc
T4 - 40 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
0.23ab
T5 - 60 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
0.00c
T6 - 80 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
0.10bc
T7 - 100 ml FPJ + 200 ml VJ
0.07bc
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* Mean with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
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Family of Other Arthropods Trapped
There were 59 families of insects that were identified and three other arthropods.
Bruchidae (Figure 9a), Cerambycidae (Figure 9b), Chrysomelidae (Figure 9c-f),
Curculionidae (Figure 9g-i), Elateridae (Figure 9j), Meloidae (Figure 9k-l), Nitidulidae
(Figure 9m-o), Scarabaedae (Figure 9p), Anthicidae (Figure 10a), Carabidae (Figure
10b), Coccinellidae (Figure 10c-h), Staphilinidae (Figure 10i-l), Calliphoridae (Figure
11a-b), Chironomidae (Figure 11c), Culicidae (Figure 11d), Drosophilidae (Figure 11e-f),
Muscidae (Figure 11g), Psychodidae (Figure 11h), Sarcophagidae (Figure 11i),
Tabanidae (Figure 11j), Tipulidae (Figure 11k-l), Micropezidae (Figure 12a-b),
Dolichopodidae (Figure 12c-d), Scatopsidae (Figure 12e), Sepsidae (Figure 12f-h),
Syrphidae (Figure 12i), Alydidae (Figure 13a), Aleyrodidae (Figure 13b), Aphididae
(Figure 13c), Cercopidae (Figure 13d-e), Cicadellidae (Figure 13f-g), Membracidae
(Figure 13h), Pentatomidae (Figure 13i), Geocoridae (Figure 14a), Microphysidae
(Figure 14b), Apidae (Figure 15a-b), Braconidae (Figure 15c-g), Chalcididae (Figure 15
h-i), Ichneumonidae (Figure 15j-o), Pompilidae (Figure 15p), Vespidae (Figure 15q-r),
Formicidae (Figure 16a-b), Hemerobiidae (Figure 17a), Chrysopidae (Figure 17b),
Acrididae (Figure 18a), Gryllidae (Figure 18b), Tettigoniidae (Figure 18c-d), Psocidae
(Figure 19a), Termitidae (Figure 20a) Forficulidae (Figure 21a), Arctiidae (Figure 22a),
Noctuidae (Figure 22b-c), Nymphalidae (Figure 22d), Pterophoridae (Figure 22e),
Plutellidae (Figure 22f), Sesiidae (Figure 22g), Sphingidae (Figure 22h-i), Papilionidae
(Figure 23a), Blatellidae (Figure 24a), and three other arthropods namely mite (Figure
25a), pill bug (Figure 25b) and spider (Figure 25c).
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Order Coleoptera
Non-beneficial Coleoptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
Figure 9. Non-beneficial Coleopterans. a. Bruchidae, b. Cerambycidae,
c-f. Chrysomelidae, g-i. Curculionidae, j . Elateridae, k-l. Meloidae,
m-o. Nitidulidae, p. Scarabaedae
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Beneficial Coleoptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
Figure 10. Beneficial Coleopterans. a. Anthicidae, b. Carabidae, c-h. Coccinellidae,
i-l. Staphilinidae
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Order Diptera
Non- beneficial Diptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
Figure 11. Non-beneficial Dipterans. a-b. Calliphoridae, c. Chironomidae, d. Culicidae,
e-f. Drosophilidae, g. Muscidae, h. Psychodidae, i. Sarcophagidae,
j. Tabanidae, k-l. Tipulidae
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Beneficial Diptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Figure 12. Beneficial Dipterans. a-b. Micropezidae, c-d. Dolichopodidae, e.Scatopsidae,
f-h. Sepsidae, i. Syrphidae
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Order Hemiptera
Non- beneficial Hemiptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Figure 13. Non-beneficial Hemipterans. a. Alydidae, b. Aleyrodiae, c. Aphididae,
d-e. Cercopidae, f-g. Cicadellidae, h. Membracidae, i. Pentatomidae.
Beneficial Hemiptera
a
b
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Figure 14. Beneficial Hemipterans. a. Geocoridae, b. Microphysidae
Order Hymenoptera
Beneficial Hymenoptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
Figure 15. Beneficial Hymenopterans. a-b. Apidae, c-g. Braconidae, h-i. Chalcididae,
j-o. Ichneumonidae, p. Pompilidae, q-r. Vespidae
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Non-beneficial Hymenoptera
a
b
Figure 16. Non Beneficial Hymenopterans. a-b. Formicidae
Order Neuroptera
Beneficial Neuroptera
a
b
Figure 17. Beneficial Neuropterans. a. Hemerobiidae, b. Chrysopidae
Order Orthoptera
Non-beneficial Orthoptera
a
b
c
d
Figure 18. Non Beneficial Orthopterans. a. Acrididae, b. Gryllidae, c-d. Tettigoniidae
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Order Psocoptera
Non-beneficial Psocoptera
a
Figure 19. Non Beneficial Psocoptera. a. Psocidae
Order Isoptera
Non-beneficial Isoptera
a
Figure 20. Non Beneficial Isoptera. a. Termitidae
Order Dermaptera
Beneficial Dermaptera
a
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Figure 21. Beneficial Dermaptera. a. Forficulidae
Order Lepidoptera
Non-beneficial Lepidoptera
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Figure 22. Non Beneficial Lepidoptera. a. Arctiidae, b-c. Noctuidae, d. Nymphalidae,
e. Pterophoridae, f. Plutellidae, g. Sesiidae, h-i. Sphingidae
Beneficial Lepidoptera
a
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Figure 23.Beneficial Lepidoptera. a. Papilionidae
Order Blattodea
Non-beneficial Blattodea
Figure 24. Non Beneficial Blattodea. a. Blatellidae
Other arthropods
a
b
c
Figure 25. Other arthropods. a. mite, b. pill bug, c. spider
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The total population of trapped arthropods from each factors and treatments is
presented in Figure 26. The graph shows that water has low population of arthropods
trapped as compared to the treatments showing a high population of trapped insects and
other arthropods.
The result implies that the natural trap was effective in trapping arthropods. The
fume released by the trap has proven to be attractive to arthropods.
1200
1000
800
V1P1
V2P1
600
V1P2
V2P2
400
V1P3
V2P3
200
0
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
V1 – Apple guava
P1 – Peeling
P3 – Unpeeled
V2 – Native guava
P2 – Peeled
Figure 26. The total population of trapped arthropods from each factor and treatments.
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Duration of Consumption of the Natural Trap
The natural trap was consumed after eight days of exposure to the environment.
The vinegar juice was observed to evaporate leaving the muscovado sugar settled below
the trapping material and has solidified. Although solidified, it was still capable of
attracting insects and other arthropods.
The total number of insect population trapped in native guava and apple guava
fruit parts daily is presented at Figures 27 and 28 respectively. In native guava, the peeled
guava trapped the highest number of trapped insects and other arthropods from day one to
day five followed by the unpeeled and the peelings. At day six, the peelings attracted the
most number of insects and other arthropods followed by the unpeeled and peeled. At day
seven and day eight, the peeled again trapped the most number of insects trapped
followed by peelings and unpeeled respectively.
In apple guava, it reached the highest number of total insects and other arthropods
at day three except for the unpeeled which reached its peak at day six.
The results implies that the natural trap increases its effectiveness as it is exposed
to the environment due to the effect of heat which makes the trap release its fume. As it
was exposed to the environment, the fume from the natural trap is spread in the area
allowing insect and other arthropods to track the scent. The decrease in total number of
insects and other arthropods on the following days was due to the decrease in the amount
of trap as it was consumed by the trapped insects and other arthropods. The heat is also a
factor since it makes the trap evaporate thus, reducing the amount of trap.
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900
800
700
600
500
Peeled
400
Unpeeled
300
Peelings
200
100
0
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8
Figure 27. Total number of insect population on different native guava fruit parts daily
1000
900
800
700
600
Peeled
500
Unpeeled
400
Peelings
300
200
100
0
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8
Figure 28. Total number of insect population on different apple guava fruit parts daily
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The comparison on the total number of trapped insect in the two guava varieties
daily is presented in Figure 29. The native guava attracted more insects and other
arthropods as compared to apple guava. During the fermentation process, the native
guava was known to have stronger scent than the apple guava that is a reason why there
were more population of insect and other arthropods trapped in the fermented native
guava.
3000
2500
2000
1500
Native Guava
Apple Guava
1000
500
0
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8
Figure 29. Comparison of total number of trapped insect in the two guava varieties daily
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at Balili Experimental Station, La Trinidad, Benguet
from October 2010 to April 2011. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of
guava fruit extract as adult fruit fly attractant, determine the guava variety and the parts
of guava fruit that attract adult fruit fly, determine the duration and the best proportion of
natural trap that is capable of attracting adult fruit fly and other arthropods, identify the
species of fruit fly caught in the trap and identify insects and other arthropods that are
attracted to the guava fruit extract.
The natural guava trap was proven to be effective since it was able to trap a total
of 28 adult fruit fly. It was found out that the cause of low population of fruit fly trapped
was due to the decrease of fruit fly population during the conduction of the study. Both
the variety and the guava parts were able to attract male and female adult fruit fly
however, the pure fermented plant juice shows the highest number of adult fruit fly
trapped. The natural trap lasted for eight days and observed to trap the highest number
arthropods at day two and three but decreases at the following days. The sudden increase
and decrease of trapped arthropods population was affected by the exposure of the natural
trap to the environment and decrease in its amount as it was consumed by the trapped
arthropods.
There were a total of seven fruit fly species trapped from the formulated guava
attractant namely Strauzia longipennis, Tephritis formosa, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt),
Bactrocera invadens and three other Bactrocera species that was not identified. A total of
60 families of insects were also identified and three other arthropods in the study.
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Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
45
Conclusions
Regardless of guava variety, part or proportions, the natural guava trap is effective
in attracting adult fruit fly whether it is a male or a female. The natural trap is also
capable of attracting any insect that has the ability to fly.
Recommendations
It is recommended to use guava as a natural attractant against fruit fly. For better
results, use the natural guava trap on months of high fruit fly population. The natural trap
can also be used for monitoring insect population and diversity in an area.
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
46
LITERATURE CITED
BASHIR, Y.G, N.H BASHIR, E.M ELTOUM and Y.O HUSSEIN. 2003. Evaluation of
some plant materials as food-base attractants for the
mango
fruit
fly,
Ceratitis cosyra Walker (Diptera: Tephritidae). Retrieved July 23, 2010
from
http://www.arcsudan.sd/sudanjournal/v11.
DAGDAG, T.K. 2008. Life cycle of Fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) associated on
bell pepper (Capsicum anuum Linnaeus). BS Thesis Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 11-21.
DEKKER, L. and R. MESSING. n.d. Introduction to managing fruitflies in Hawaii.
Retrieved August 1, 2010 from www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/IP
DREW and HANCOCK. 2009. Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae. Retrieved August 10,
2010 from http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPest.aspx?id=47
EARTHEASY. 2001. Natural pest control. Retrieved August 1, 2010 from
http://www.eartheasy.com/live_natpest_control.htm
HUNGRY PESTS. 2010. Oriental Fruit fly. Retrieved August 2, 2010 from
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/hungrypests/orientalFruitFly.shtml
HWANG, J.S, Y.P YEN, M.C CHANG, and C.Y LIU. 2002. Extraction and
identification of volatile components of guava
fruits and their attraction to
Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel).
Retrieved July 29, 2010 from
http://www.pps.org.tw/46awaii46/ppb44-4-3e.htm.
KUDAN, S.B. 2007. Monitoring of Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) population in
La Trinidad Benguet. BS Thesis Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp.
9-19.
MAU, R.L and J.L MATIN. 2007. Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Retrieved August
2, 2010 from http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/bactro_d.htm
NIGG H.N, L. L. MALLORY, S. E. SIMPSON, S. B. CALLAHAM, J. P. TOTH, S.
FRASER M. KLIM, S. NAGY, J. L. NATION and J. A. ATTAWAY. 2005.
Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspense Loew, attraction to host fruit and host
kairomones. Retrieved July 29, 2010 from
http://www.springerlink.com/content/uv74474j2864p8w3.
NORRBOM, A.L. 2004. Fruit Fly ( Diptera: T ephritidae) Economic Importance.
Retrieved August 4, 2010 from
http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/diptera/tephriti/TephEcIm.htm
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
47
PEDIGO, L.P and RICE, M.E. 2006. Entomology and Pest Management (5th Edition).
New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. P. 495.
PRASAD, D. (Ed.). 2007. Sustainable Pests Management. India: Daya Publishing House.
Pp.
140-145.
RUSSEL. n.d. Bactrocera (Dacus) dorsalis. Retrieved July 23,2010 from
http://www.russellipm-agriculture.com/insect.php?insect_id=187&lang=en
SUMINGWA, S.B. 2004. Evaluation of formulated attractant against insects associated
with white potato and cabbage. BS Thesis: Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 12-22.
SWICEGOOD, C. 1999. Safe and natural pest control. Retrieved July 29, 2010 from
http://www.landofvos.com/articles/wingtips/safepest.html
WEEMS, H.V, J.B HEPPNER, J.L NATION and T.R FASCULO. 2010.
Oriental
Fruitfly. Retreived August 8, 2010 from
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/oriental_fruit_fly.htm
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
48
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Total number of trapped fruit fly from each factor and treatments
Native Guava
TREATMENTS PEELED
UNPEELED PEELINGS
REPLICATION REPLICATION REPLICATION
1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2
0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 1 0 0 0 0 1 .2
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 2 .4
5
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 .2
7
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Apple Guava
TREATMENTS PEELED
UNPEELED PEELINGS
REPLICATION REPLICATION REPLICATION
1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 1 0 0 0 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2
0 1 0 0 4 5
1 0 2 0 0 1 3 .6 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
3
0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 1 0 0 0 0 1 .2 0 1 0 0 0 1 .2
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 2 1 0 1 4 .8
5
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6
0 1 0 0 1 2 .4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
7
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 .4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
49
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
VALUE
.05 .01
FREEDOM
Treatment
47 10.7333
Combination
Variety (V)
1
0.6000
0.6000
3.84ns 3.89 6.76
Part 2
0.0083
0.0042
0.03ns 3.04 4.71
Trap 7
3.4000
0.4857
3.11**
2.05
2.73
V x P
2
0.3250
0.1625
1.04ns 3.04 4.71
V x T
7
0.7333
0.1048
0.67ns 2.05 2.73
P x T
14
3.9250
0.2804
1.79*
1.74
2.17
V x P x T
14
1.7417
0.1244
0.80ns 1.74 2.17
Error 192
30.0000
0.1563
TOTAL 239 40.7333
** - Highly significant
cv – 338.82 %
*
-
Significant
Sx
(V)
–
0.044
ns – Not significant
Sx (P) – 0.044
Sx
(T)
–
0.072
Sx
(V
x
P)
–
0.063
Sx
(V
x
T)
–
0.102
Sx
(P
x
T)
–
0.125
Sx
(V
x
P
x
T)
–
0.177
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
50
Appendix Table 2. Total number of trapped female fruit fly from each factor and
treatments
Native Guava
TREATMENTS PEELED
UNPEELED PEELINGS
REPLICATION REPLICATION REPLICATION
1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2
0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 .2
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 2 .4
5
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 .2
7
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Apple Guava
TREATMENTS PEELED
UNPEELED PEELINGS
REPLICATION REPLICATION REPLICATION
1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 1 0 0 0 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2
0 1 0 0 4 5
1 0 1 0 0 1 2 .4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
3
0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 1 0 0 0 0 1 .2 0 1 0 0 0 1 .2
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 2 0 0 0 2 .8
5
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6
0 1 0 0 1 2 .4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
7
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
51
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
VALUE
.05 .01
FREEDOM
Treatment
47 7.9625
Combination
Variety (V)
1
0.5042
0.5042
3.84ns 3.89 6.76
Part 2 0.2250
0.1125
0.86ns 3.04 4.71
Trap 7 2.3292
0.3327
2.54*
2.05
2.73
V x P
2
0.5083
0.2542
1.94ns 3.04 4.71
V x T
7
0.7292
0.1042
0.79ns 2.05 2.73
P x T
14
2.3083
0.1649
1.26ns 1.74 2.17
V x P x T
14
1.3583
0.0970
0.74ns 1.74 2.17
Error 192 25.2000
0.1313
TOTAL 239 33.1625
*
-
Significant
cv
–
414.04
%
ns – Not significant
Sx (V) – 0.033
Sx
(P)
–
0.041
Sx
(T)
–
0.066
Sx
(V
x
P)
–
0.057
Sx
(V
x
T)
–
0.094
Sx
(P
x
T)
–
0.115
Sx
(V
x
P
x
T)
–
0.162
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
52
Appendix Table 3. Total number of trapped male fruit fly from each factor and treatments
Native Guava
TREATMENTS PEELED
UNPEELED PEELINGS
REPLICATION REPLICATION REPLICATION
1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 .2
5
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
7
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Apple Guava
TREATMENTS PEELED
UNPEELED PEELINGS
REPLICATION REPLICATION REPLICATION
1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M 1 2 3 4 5 T M
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2
0 0 0 0 1 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .2
5
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
7
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
53
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
VALUE
.05 .01
FREEDOM
Treatment
47 1.1958
Combination
Variety (V)
1
0.0042
0.0042
0.14ns 3.89 6.76
Part 2 0.0583
0.0292
1.00ns 3.04 4.71
Trap 7 0.1625
0.0232
0.80ns 2.05 2.73
V x P
2
0.0583
0.0292
1.00ns 3.04 4.71
V x T
7
0.2292
0.0327
1.12ns 2.05 2.73
P x T
14
0.2750
0.0196
0.67ns 1.74 2.17
V x P x T
14
0.4083
0.0292
1.00ns 1.74 2.17
Error 192 5.6000
0.0292
TOTAL 239 6.7958
ns – Not significant
cv – 585.54 %
Sx
(V)
–
0.016
Sx
(P)
–
0.019
Sx
(T)
–
0.031
Sx
(V
x
P)
–
0.027
Sx
(V
x
T)
–
0.044
Sx
(P
x
T)
–
0.054
Sx
(V
x
P
x
T)
–
0.076
Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as Natural Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae)
Attractant / ARNEL T. MANUEL. 2011
Document Outline
- Fermented Guava Fruit Extract as NaturalFruit Fly (Diptera: Tephtitidae) Attractant
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES