Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers in Mountain Province
BIBLIOGRAPHY
YAD-AN, MURNALISA M. APRIL 2009. Production and Marketing Practices
of Organic Citrus Growers in Mountain Province. Benguet State University. La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to find out the organic production and marketing
practices of citrus growers in Mountain Province. There were 12 respondents of the study
and was conducted in November 2008.
The survey was conducted in 7 citrus growing areas namely: Monamon Norte,
Abatan, Monamon Sur, Otucan Sur, Otucan Norte, Bagnen and Tapapan. Majority of the
respondents are males, married and have reached college. Farming is the major source of
income of the respondents where citrus is their major crop intercropped with bush beans
and sweetpotato which are also grown organically.
Citrus production is done in sloping areas and few in flat terraced. Flat terraced
areas were often used for palay production. The varieties of citrus grown by the
respondents include Meyer lemon, Mandarin, Hamlin, Valencia and Navel. All
respondent grow these five varieties in their farm.
Citrus production in Mountain Province started in 1988 through the RP-German
Fruit Tree Project (RP-GFTP) of the Bureau of Plant Industry in Baguio City. Areas
planted with citrus ranges from 200 to 800 sq meters.
Spot cleaning and kaingin system were practiced in land preparation. Pest and
diseases were controlled by keeping the farm and its surrounding clean. Majority of the
harvest are sold and an average of 810 kgs were sold per respondents per year.
Majority of the growers sell their produce outside the province specifically in
Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet. Growers sell through cash basis.
The respondents perceived that given the premium price for organic products and
the increasing awareness of consumers on safe and nutritious food, organic citrus
production has a potential in terms of source of income. However production is
constraint with technical support especially on organic production.
It is therefore recommended that further research and extension activities should
be done to increase organic citrus production in Mountain Province. Research activities
may include variety trials, cultural management and postharvest practices and other
related practices. Extension activities should also be strengthened. The need for other
support mechanism such as irrigation, credit facilities and marketing linkages should be
consider by government and non-government organizations supporting the organic citrus
industry.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . ….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Scope and Delimitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
History of Citrus Production in Mountain Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
The Prospect of Citrus Growing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Situational Realities of Citrus Growing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Marketing Defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Marketing Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Locale and Time of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Respondents of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Profile of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Demographic Profile of the Organic
Citrus Production Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Organic Citrus Production Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Production Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Marketing Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Perception of Farmers on the Potential of
Organic Citrus Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Support Mechanisms for the Success of
Organic Citrus Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
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INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Citrus is one of the most important commercial fruit crops grown in all continents
of the world and areas planted to citrus are continuously expanding while citrus fruits,
contribute to the nourishment of the people. Citrus products and by-products provide the
basis for local agricultural industries, generate employment and serve as source of foreign
revenue for developing and developed countries (Brader, 1991).
Citrus plantations in the country are few, but they maybe run on medium and
intensive technology to allow their produce to compare favorably with those of developed
countries.
Citrus production in Mountain Province has been promising considering the
climatic conditions prevailing such as tropical and sub-tropical climates which are
conducive to citrus growing. Citrus can be grown in four types of climate but areas with
well-distributed rainfall throughout the year are best. Those with distinct and long dry
day periods should bank heavily on irrigation to produce high quality citrus fruits.
Citrus growing that has become a lucrative enterprise for some farmers in
Mountain Province slowed down recently due to the expensive chemical inputs. The
inevitable problems on pest such as aphids, scale insects, fruit flies and diseases like
Huanglongbin or greening and tristeza has greatly affected the production of citrus fruits.
In spite of this, the area for citrus expanded from 71,000 hectares in 2000 to
105,000hectares in 2004 (Ochasan, 2005).
Today, citrus growing provides a rewarding enterprise for the fruit growers with
remarkably good prices of fresh fruits in the local markets. The availability of fresh fruits
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in the local market was made possible with the implementation of the RP-German Fruit
Tree Project of the Bureau of Plant Industry in 1992 and still existing to present. Various
varieties of citrus had been propagated and citrus mother gardens had been established
and benefited with more than 3000 fruit growers either backyard and/or citrus orchards.
The many importance and potentials of citrus farming in Mountain Province
prompted the Local Government Units (LGU) of Mountain Province to develop the
industry. Different varieties/types of citrus is widely adapted to the soil and climate of
the province, increasing market demand of citrus products from Mountain Province and
available lands for the industry (Wangdali, 2007).
Due to the tremendous increase in the price of farm inputs for citrus production,
the growers had tried to shift back to the traditional practice were farm inputs are organic
and cheaper and available in the area. Thus, this research will document the
traditional/organic practices of citrus production in Mountain Province.
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to:
1. Find out the production and marketing practices of organic citrus production
in Mountain Province;
2. Find out the production problems in organic citrus production;
3. Find out the marketing problems in organic citrus production ; and
4. Identify possible solutions to the problems encountered by the organic citrus
producers.
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Importance of the Study
The information gathered from the study will be the basis in planning programs or
projects in the improvement and sustainability of organic vegetable production especially
in Mountain Province. The study can also be used as basis/guide in the development of
technology, innovations and interventions. Furthermore, the research result can also be
used as reference to other research activity of the same interest.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study is limited on the documentation of production and marketing practices
of organic citrus in Mountain Province. The documentation will include identification of
production and marketing problems.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
History of Citrus Production in Mountain
Province
Tracing the migration and development of citrus in Mountain Province is like
having a course in world history. One of the well-known local citrus growers was the
Masfere family of Spanish descent who came to Mountain Province as a philanthropist
and popularized the highlands in photography (Mercado, 1991).
Existing citrus in the highlands is believed to have been introduced by the
American missionaries in the 1930’s. Bauko municipality in the western Mountain
Province had been called the “California of the North” because temperate fruits like
citrus and apples were being grown in commercial scale. The plantations was later
wiped-out by the devastating pink disease.
The RP-German Fruit Tree Program, had listed the general description of some
fruit crops that can be planted in the Cordillera Provinces. The varieties that have been
observed adopt and perform well under Baguio and similar conditions were also sound
suitable in Bauko, Mountain province. Bauko however has higher elevation and colder
climate than the other municipalities (Dizon, N.D.).
Hon. Socorro Acosta ( 1991) stated that the fruit industry is now receiving the
much needed attention and support from the government. House Bill No. 28002, which
she sites “seek to promote the seed industry and create a National Seed Council”. The
bill is envisioned to benefit agriculture and will complement another legislative measure
she is considering to introduce, that is, one that will set-up a fruit and vegetable
marketing authority. It was also noted that efforts to improve existing fruit strains and
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varieties as well as recent technological development are indications of a growing and
dynamic fruit industry in Region IV..
The Prospects of Citrus Growing
The RP-German Fruit Tree Program has introduced fruit tree growing as a
sustainable investment. Fruits are easier bought and transported and unlike vegetable
production and harvesting, these incur less hassle at harvest time (Delmar, 1989).
Citrus is one of the major fruits grown in Bauko have brought prospects. This is
also a help to farmers particularly in the mountainous terrain of the place, which they
have been desperately hopeless to cultivate. Areas that have not been previously
considered or used for farming could now be utilized for fruit growing. Even in the
rocky areas (Ochasan, 2005).
Citrus production in Mountain Province has come up with a recommendation to
alleviate poverty in the Cordillera by developing regions, hilly terrain into a fruit bowl.
Furthermore, there is money in fruit growing (Mercado, 1991).
Situational Realities of Citrus Growing
With regards to technology guides availed of by the fruit growers, it is not an easy
way out for these fruit growers who had several experiences in farming to accept
recommended technologies. Even so, the persistent assistance of the RP-GFTP has
considerably influenced the traditional farming mentalities of the fruit growers and now
gradually applies recommended technology (DA-CAR, 2003)
Adoption of a certain technology requires a favorable mental set and a successful
physical net. The first is internal and symbolic achieved through technical know-how
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and conviction of its values. The second is external and achieved through ready
availability of its requisite production inputs and services.
Marketing Defined
A large share of the buying peso goes for marketing. It is widely thought that
about 50 centavos of each consumer’s peso pays for the cost of marketing activities.
Marketing is all around, it affects man’s daily life. The product that people buy, the
stores where we shop, the sales people, the advertisements, people we see and hear are all
part of marketing. Even job resumes are a part of a marketing campaign to sell myself to
some employer.
Some people believe that marketing is just a fancy name for selling. The
difference between selling and marketing is that selling is concerned with disposing of
the product that has already been in stocks, whereas marketing takes a much wider view
which means planning ahead for profitable future. Marketing includes selling, but selling
alone is more than that. It embraces the whole concept of satisfying the needs of the
consumers at a profit.
As defined by Kohls and Downey (1982) marketing is the performance of all
business activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of initial
agricultural production until they are in the hands of ultimate consumers. Immediately
then, it is apparent that a group with different interest will view marketing differently.
Consumers are interested in getting what they want to the lowest possible cost. Farmers
are interested in obtaining the highest possible returns from the sale of their products.
The various forms engaged in doing the various marketing task are interested in the
profitability of their particular business operation. Conflicts of interest can and do arise
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among the various groups seeking these goals. The continual birth and solution of these
problems is what gives marketing an essential dynamic character. Change is the one
general rule of marketing. The status though was never permanent.
Kohls and Downey (1982) also claimed that the traditional concept of agricultural
marketing, buying and selling of farm product is no longer valid. He said that marketing
is now more than this. It is behavioral discipline and as much deal not only with buying
and selling goods but also with people and the flow of communication, though profit is
the key element. He believes that is a resource development will ultimately provide
stimulus for increase production. In these sense, marketing is a multiplier, in the process
of economic development. But in the planning process what is neglected is the role of
the agricultural market and the urgency for its improvement. It is not treated as a directly
productive sector though its role is vital to stimulate agricultural growth.
According to Mr. Norman C. Dida (personal communication -BSU plant
Pathology graduate engaged in wholesaling and retailing) the prices of citrus and other
commodity is disseminated by their fellow wholesaler-retailer. However, the wholesaler-
retailers are not the dictators of prices. He mentioned that the supply and demand is a
contributing factor in price change. If there is a large volume of supply then the usual
effect would be the decrease in price and when the demand is high and supply is low the
price increase. Furthermore, he mentioned that the qualities preferred by the buyers are
clean skin, appealing color (mostly green) and proportioned size and shape. This
contributes for a high price.
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The peak production of citrus is during the rainy season (May to October) and it
decreases during the dry season (November to April). Citrus even though has peak
season of harvest, it is a continuous production especially when the area is irrigated.
Marketing Problem
Faylon (1981) found out that the problem generally and commonly perceived by
both producers and traders is the low price. This results from the over supply of
perishable commodities, farmers felt handicapped by the lack of reliable price
information and in many cases take the price as dictated by their informal finances.
The farmers due to spoilage, transport losses that can occur along the way and
uncertainty fluctuating prices sometimes consider bringing the products to the market is
risky. According to Bangsoyao (1999), there are times also that the farmers do not know
whom to approach in the market in order to obtain the best price offered by the buyers.
Chenco (1981) also found out that the poor transportation facilities, lack of
grading and poor handling may cause high wastage resulting to poor quality of farm
produce. The consequence of these traditional marketing are high cost and low price for
the farmers and usually high price to the consumers. Another problem is the cost of
hauling the product to the roadside.
Hermano (1976) stated that the lack of knowledge especially in postharvest
handling technology may result to very low return to the farmers. One of such practice is
storage where losses were estimated to be as high as 30 to 40 percent.
The problems affecting the citrus industry as identified by farmers, traders,
processors and other stakeholders included low productivity, poor quality, susceptibility
of existing cultivar to disease like bunchy top, “bugtok” and “sigatoka”. The
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development and dissemination improved pre and postharvest technologies, inadequate
infrastructure support like roads, irrigation, etc, inaccessibility to market, lack of credit
facilities, high cost of transport and policy issue to support the growth of the industry
(The Philippine Fruit Network, 2003).
Packaging
The primary objective of packaging of fruits is to protect thee contents during
storage, transportation and distribution against deterioration, which may be physical,
chemical or biological. Packaging is hence provided at the point of production,
processing or at distribution centers. Though packaging forms the last link in the chain of
production, storage, marketing and distribution, it still play an important role in
delivering the contents safe from “farm gate to the consumer plate”. Increase in
production can have an impact on the consumer only when the food is wholesome,
unadulterated and available under hygienic conditions at an economical price as
mentioned by about 25% to 40% of fruits are spoiled or become substandard during
storage and distribution. The enormous wastage which results in product scarcity and
higher prices, is attributed mainly to poor packaging, improper handling methods, and
inadequate transportation facilities (Yehoshua, 1989).
Robertson (1992) defines packaging as “ the enclosure of products items or
packages in a wrapped pouch, bag, box, cup, tray, can, tube, bottle or other container to
perform the following functions: containment, protection and/or preservation,
communication and utility or performance. “ Since the 1970s, there has been tremendous
growth in new food processing/packaging technologies. The growth of these new
packaging/processing technologies, for both short and long term preservation of food, is
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due to interrelated factors: a) development of new polymeric barrier packaging materials,
b) increased urbanization, c) market needs and consumer demands for convenience, and
d) increasing energy costs. As a result of these interrelated factors, food packaging
technology has gone through a tremendous transformation. Packaging now provides
increased consumer information is used very effectively as a marketing tool and has
clearly evolved from its primary and previously single role of protection to be a more
multifaceted tool. There are a multitude of packaging materials in today’s market place,
each designed with specific properties. The correct choice of packaging is dependent not
only on a knowledge of the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of
fruits, but also on the functional properties of the packaging materials available for a
particular product or preservation technology.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in the citrus production area of Bauko, Mountain
Province from October and December 2008.
Bauko, Mountain is 135 kms from the City of Baguio and 555 kms from Manila.
Respondents of the Study
Respondents of the study were the organic citrus growers in Bauko, Mountain
Province.
Data Collection
The respondents were interviewed personally by the researcher. A structured
interview schedule served as a guide during the interview.
Data Analysis
Data gathered were analyzed according to the objective of the study. Descriptive
and simple statistical tools such as frequency counts, percentages and others were
employed.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Study Area
Table 1 shows that 3 or 25% of the respondents who are producing citrus are from
barangay Monamon Norte, 3 or 25% from barangay Abatan, 2 or 16.67% from barangay
Monamon Sur, 1 or 8.33% from barangay Otucan Sur , 1 or 8.33% from barangay
Bagnen, and/or 8.33% from barangay Tapapan.
Majority of the respondents are from barangay Monamon Norte and barangay
Abatan.
Profile of the Respondents
The demographic profile of the respondents is presented in table 2. these includes
the sex, age, civil status, educational attainments and number of years in farming of the
citrus growers.
Table 1. Distribution of respondents according to barangay
BARANGAY
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Monamon Norte
3
25.00
Abatan
3
25.00
Monamom Sur
2
16.67
Otucan Sur
1
8.33
Otucan Norte
1
8.33
Bagnen
1
8.33
Tapapan
1
8.33
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Sex. Most (91.67%) of the citrus growers interviewed are males while only one
was a female.
Age. The average age of the respondents is 55.38 years. One half (50%) of the
respondents is in the age bracket of 45-55 years. There were 33.33%within the age
bracket of 56-65 years, while 16.67% were within 66-75 years. The mean age and the age
bracket indicate that the citrus growers were mostly in middle age.
Civil status. Most (83.33%) of the farmers were married. Only two (16.67%) were
single.
Educational attainment. There weree four (33.33%) respondents who finished
collage, four (33.33%) of the respondents went to or finish elementary education, three
(25%) of the respondents stepped high school while (8.33%) indicated that he is illiterate.
Number of years in farming. Four (33.33%) of the respondents have been in
farming within 25-30 years. Four (33.33%) have been farming about 15-19 years, and
four (33.33%) have been farming for 20-24 years.
Table 2. Profile of respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Sex
Male
11
91.67
Female
1
8.33
TOTAL
12
100
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Table 2. Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Age
45 – 55
6
50.00
56 – 65
4
33.33
66 – 75
2
16.67
TOTAL
12
100
Civil status
Single
2
16.67
Married
10
83.33
TOTAL
12
100
Educational attainment
College
4
33.33
High school
3
25.00
Elementary
4
33.33
No formal education
1
8.33
TOTAL
12
100
Number of years in farming
15 – 19
4
33.33
20 – 24
4
33.33
25 – 30
4
33.33
TOTAL
12
100
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Demographic Profile of Organic Citrus
Production Area
The demographic profile of organic citrus production area presented in Table 3
includes information on the topography of the area, varieties planted, number of plants
grown per farmer per variety, source of planting materials, area devoted for organic citrus
production and cropping system.
Topography of the farm used for organic citrus production. Mountain Province is
generally hilly area, thus, majority (75%) of the respondents grow citrus in sloping areas,
16.67% grow in hilly areas and 8.33% grow in terraced flat area. Usually, it is a practice
in the area that sloping areas are utilized for citrus production and the flat terraced areas
are utilized for other crops such as palay or vegetables.
Year the when the area started in citrus production. Citrus production in Bauko,
Mountain Province started in 1988 by two farmers (16.67%). Four (33.33%) of the
respondents started in 1990, 2 (16.67%) started in 1992, and 4 (33.33%) started in 1998.
Results implies that production of citrus in Mountain Province been introduced 2 years
ago. This was the time when the Bureau of Plant Industry in Baguio City through the
RP-German Fruit Tree project was implemented in Mountain Province. The project had
been instrumental in the expansion and success of the fruit tree production especially for
citrus in the study area.
Varieties planted. Organic citrus growers in Mountain Province planted five
varieties of citrus which includes the Meyer lemon, Mandarin variety, Hamlin, Navel and
Valencia. All the respondents grow the Meyer lemon variety.
Number of citrus plants planted per farmer per variety. Six (50%) of the 13
farmers who grew the Meyer lemon variety, have 1-50 plants, five (41.67%) have 51-100
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plants, while one (8.33%) have 101-150 plants. Out of the five farmers who planted the
Mandarin variety, 2 (40%) have 30-45 plants, two (40%) have 55-100 plants and 1 (20%)
had 1- 80 plants. Out of the four farmers who planted Hamlin variety, 2 ((50%) have 1-80
plants and 2 (50%) have 81-100 plants. Of the eight farmers who planted Navel variety, 4
(50%) have 1-20 plants, 2 (25%) have 14-80 plants and 2 (25%) have 81-120 plants. Of
the three farmers who planted Valencia variety, 2 (66.66%) have 1-25 plants and 1
(33.33%) had 26-50 plants. Result implies that farmers have several varieties of citrus
grown in their farms.
Area planted to organic citrus. Majority (75%) of the respondents had an area of
200 – 400 sq. m. for organic citrus, Two (16.67%) had 401 – 600 sq. m. area and 1
(8.33%) with 601-800 sq. m. devoted for organic citrus production.
Source/origin of planting materials. Two of agriculturist of the Municipal
Agriculturist Office obtained the seedlings from the Bureau of Plant Industry in Guisad,
Baguio City (through the RP- German Fruit Tree Project) and distributed these to eleven
growers in Bauko, Mountain Province. The Municipal Agriculture Office also did the
propagation/multiplication in the open nurseries and distributed to other areas of the
municipality. Kinds of planting materials used are grafted seedlings.
Cropping system. Most (75.00%) of the respondents said that multiple cropping
is practiced where the different varieties of citrus are planted together in the farm and
under the citrus are other crops such as bush beans and sweetpotato. The intercrops are
also organically grown. Three (25%) practiced monocropping.
Source of irrigation. All the areas for citrus were rainfed. Thus, planting season
and propagation is done during the rainy season.
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17
Table 3. Demographic profile of the farm area
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Topography of the farm
Flat
1
8.33
Hilly
2
16.67
Sloping
9
75.00
TOTAL
12
100
Year the area started in citrus production
1988
2
16.67
1990
4
33.33
1992
2
16.67
1995
4
33.33
TOTAL
12
100
Varieties planted
Meyer lemon
12
100
Hamlen
4
33.33
Navel
7
58.33
Mandarin
4
33.33
Valencia
2
16.67
No. of citrus plants planted per farmer per
variety
Meyer lemon
1-50
6
50.00
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
18
Table 3. Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
51-100
5
41.67
101-150
1
8.33
TOTAL
12
100
Mandarin
1 - 50
2
40
51 - 100
2
40
101 - 150
1
20
TOTAL
5
100
Hamlin
1 - 80
2
50
81 - 160
2
50
TOTAL
4
100
Navel
1 – 40
4
50.00
41 – 80
2
25.00
81 - 120
2
25.00
TOTAL
8
100
Valencia
1 - 25
2
66.67
26 - 50
1
33.33
TOTAL
3
100
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
19
Table 3. Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Valencia
1 - 25
2
66.67
26 - 50
1
33.33
TOTAL
3
100
Area planted to organic citrus (sq. m.)
100 – 400
9
75.00
401 – 600
2
16.67
601 – 800
1
8.33
TOTAL
12
100
Cropping system
Mono cropping
3
25.00
Multi cropping
9
75.00
TOTAL
12
100
Organic Citrus Production Practices
Land preparation practices. Since the area used for citrus production is wide, spot
cleaning and kaingin system/method of land preparation is practiced. Spot cleaning is
cleaning around the tree/ plot and the kaingin system is the slash and burn method of
cleaning the area. Nine (75%) of the respondents practiced the spot cleaning and 3
(25%) practiced the kaingin system. As mentioned by the respondents, spot cleaning is
more applicable if the area is small and for wide/larger area the slash and burn method is
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
20
more convenient, however, has bad effect to the environment such as the greenhouse
effect thus, it is not advisable.
Pest and Disease management practices. More than half (58.33%) of the
respondents control pest and diseases by cleaning the surroundings of the farm to remove
host plants of pest and diseases and 41.67% control by watering / sprinkling the citrus
plants.
Production Data
Table 5 presents the quantity of citrus harvested and sold per year. Ten (83.33%)
of the respondents harvested around 800-1,000 kgs and 2 (16.67%) can harvest 1,100 –
1,300 kgs.
As to quantity sold, 10 (83.33%) of the respondents were able to sell 700 to 850
kgs in a year while 2 (16.67%) were able to sell 900 to 1,000 kgs as shown in table 5.
Result implies that most of the citrus harvested were sold. On the average the quantity of
citrus sold per farmer is 810 kgs per year.
Table 4. Organic citrus production practices
PRACTICES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Method of land preparation practices
Spot cleaning
9
75.00
Kaingin
3
25.00
TOTAL
12
100
Pest and disease management
Cleaning the surrounding
7
58.33
Water sprinkling
5
41.67
TOTAL
12
100
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
21
Table 5. Production volume and quantity sold per year.
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Quantity produced (kgs)
800 – 1,000
10
83.33
1,100 – 1,300
2
16.67
TOTAL
12
100
Quantity sold (kgs)
700 – 850
10
83.33
800 – 1,000
2
16.67
TOTAL
12
100
MEAN = 810 kgs
Marketing Practices
The marketing practices of organic citrus growers in Mountain Province are
presented in Table 6.
Market outlet and channels. Majority (83.33%) of the organic citrus growers sold
their produce outside the province, while 2 (16.67%) are sold in the local markets in the
area of production. Most of the produce were sold in Baguio City. The better/higher
price of the product if brought outside the locality inspires them to market the product in
that market. All the producers sell directly their produce to the retailers who go directly
to the farm or the producers bring their product to Baguio and bring to the retailers who
are their regular buyers “suki”the retalers specifically the ambulant vendors and or sell
in stores selling fruits in the locality including that of sari-sari stores.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
22
Method of sale. Majority (66.67%) of the respondents sell their citrus on cash
basis while 33.33% sell on credit. Producers only sell on credit to their regular buyers
whom they have known for long and are trusted. All the products are sold on a per
kilogram basis.
Source of price information. The information on the prevailing prices of citrus
were obtained from neighbors (by 50% of the respondents), from buyers outside the
locality (25%) and from local retailers (25%).
Transportation facilities. All the farmers used public vehicles plying the Baguio –
Bontoc route in transporting their products to Baguio City.
Packaging materials. All the respondents used sacks or bamboo baskets as
packaging material of citrus. The citrus are packed directly in these packaging materials
at harvest.
Table 6. Marketing practices of organic citrus growers in Mountain Province
PRACTICES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Market outlets
Within Mountain Province
2
16.67
Outside Mountain Province
10
83.33
TOTAL
12
100
Marketing channels
Wholesalers
0
0
Retailers
12
100
TOTAL
12
100
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
23
Table 6. Continued
PRACTICES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Method of sale
Cash
8
66.67
Credit
4
33.33
TOTAL
12
100
Source of price information
Neighbors
6
50.00
Buyers outside the locality
3
25.00
Local retailers
3
25.00
TOTAL
12
100
Packaging materials
Sacks
12
100
Bamboo basket
12
100
Perception of Farmers on the Potential of Organic
Citrus Production
All the respondents perceived the potential of organic citrus as a major source of
cash income given the premium price of organic products. The demand of organic
products is also increasing with the evident promotion of organic products by the
Department of Agriculture and the Benguet State University. Evidences on the
promotion are the several Cordillera Organic Congress being conducted by advocates in
organic farming. The increasing awareness of consumers on safe and nutritious food is
also a plus factor.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
24
Support Mechanisms for the Success of Organic
Citrus Production
The respondents identified one support they need for the success of the organic
citrus production in Mountain Province. The growers needs technical support from the
government agencies like the Department of Agriculture and even the state colleges and
universities providing research and development and extension services especially to
organic producers.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the production and marketing practices of
organic citrus growers in Mountain Province.
Twelve organic citrus producers from the seven barangays of Bauko, Mountain
Province, namely; Monamon Norte, Monamon Sur, Otucan Norte, Otucan Sur, Abatan,
Bagnen, and Tapapan served as respondents of the study. Data gathering was done
through personal interview with the farmer guided by a questionnaire.
Most of the citrus farmers were from barangays Monamon Norte and Abatan.
Average age of the respondents were 55.38 years old. Majority (91.67%) of the growers
were male. Four of the respondents have been in citrus farming for 25-30 years.
Organic citrus farmers grow/maintain several varieties of citrus in their farm.
There were four varieties grown in the area namely; Hamlin, Meyer lemon, Mandarin,
Valencia and Navel. These varieties were distributed by the Bureau of Plant Industry in
Baguio City in mid 80’s through the RP-German Fruit Tree Project. Ninety three percent
of the respondents started to citrus production in 1988. Citrus are grown in hilly and
sloping areas and grow them in flat terraced areas.
Organic citrus growers practice multiple or intercropping, where they grow other
crops under the trees such as legumes and sweetpotato. Control of pest and diseases is
done through maintaining the cleanliness of the farm and its surrounding removing weeds
that are host of pest and diseases or sprinkling the citrus plants with water.
The growers sell their produce directly to the retailers in the local market and in
Baguio City.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
26
All the respondents perceived organic citrus as a potential commercial crop and a
major source of income because it is saleable and commands a higher price.
Conclusion
The following conclusions were drawn based on the findings.
1. Organic citrus production in Mountain Province is a potential crop to be
commercialized because of the increasing demand for organic products especially the
demand in Baguio City.
2. The market outlets for the organic citrus are the retailers within Mountain
Province, Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet.
3. There are still less market intermediaries involved in the marketing of organic
citrus.
4. There is an inadequate existing support mechanism for the development of
organic citrus production in Mountain Province.
Recommendation
Based on the conclusions of this study, it is recommended that further research
and extension activities should be done to increase organic citrus production in Mountain
province.
Research activities may include variety trials, cultural management and
postharvest practices and other related practices.
Extension activities should also be strengthened. The need for other support
mechanism such as irrigation, credit facilities and marketing linkages should be consider
by government and non-government organizations supporting the organic citrus industry.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
BANGSOYAO, S.B. 1999. Marketing activities and strategies of vegetable wholesaler-.
farmers in La Trinidad, Benguet: An assessment. BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, la Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 18 – 19.
BRADER, I. 1991. Handbook for detection and diagnosis. Plant Production and
Protection Division. L.O. C.V. Food Agriculture Organization of the United
Nation, Rome. P. 4.
CHENCO, L.P. 1981. Marketing Practices and Problems of Vegetables in the
Philippines. Agric. Econ and Dev. 24: (1) P 48-49.
DA-CAR, 2003. “Have Fruit and Save the Forest” DA-CAR Newsletter. Vol. 3. P. 10.
DELMAR, L.B. 1989. “Plant Industry Production Guide” Bureau of Plant Industry.
Guisad, Baguio City.
DIZON, G. E. ND. Upgrading Fruit Production in the Cordillera. Fruit Review. Pp. 1-5.
FAYLON, L.P. 1981. Marketing Practices and Problems of Vegetables in the
Philippines. Agric. Econ and Dev. 24: (1) P 48-49.
HERMANO. F.G. 1976. Postharvest Technology, Past, Present, Future Efforts and Need
of Northern Luzon. PCARRD, Los Baňos, Laguna. P. 45.
KOHLS, R.L. and W.D. DOWNEY. 1982. Marketing of Agricultural Products. 4th Ed.
New York. Mc Millan Co. Pp. 3-12.
MERCADO, M.B. 1991. “Mountain Province: Its Agricultural Profile and Potentials.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-18.
OCHASAN, J. 2005. Citrus Production Guide. RP-German Fruit Tree Program.
Magsasakang Siyentista Interview. P. 185.
ROBERTSON, G..L. 1992. Food Packaging Principles and Practice. Marcel Dekker.
New York. P. 44.
THE PHILIPPINE FRUIT NETWORK, 2003. Retrieved February 28, 2009, from
http.//www.bar.gov.ph/fruits/crpsitual.htm.
WANGDALI, C. 2007. Citrus technology Update. BNCRDC. MP. Fits, OPAG-Bontoc,
Mountain Province. P 95.
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in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
28
YEHOSHUA, S.B. 1989. Individual Seal Packaging of Fruit and Vegetable in Plastic
Film. In Controlled/Modified Atmosphere/Vacuum Packaging of Foods (ed.A.L.
Brady) Food and Nutrition Press, Trumbella, C.T. Pp. 101-118.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
YAD-AN, MURNALISA M. APRIL 2009. Production and Marketing Practices
of Organic Citrus Growers in Mountain Province. Benguet State University. La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to find out the organic production and marketing
practices of citrus growers in Mountain Province. There were 12 respondents of the study
and was conducted in November 2008.
The survey was conducted in 7 citrus growing areas namely: Monamon Norte,
Abatan, Monamon Sur, Otucan Sur, Otucan Norte, Bagnen and Tapapan. Majority of the
respondents are males, married and have reached college. Farming is the major source of
income of the respondents where citrus is their major crop intercropped with bush beans
and sweetpotato which are also grown organically.
Citrus production is done in sloping areas and few in flat terraced. Flat terraced
areas were often used for palay production. The varieties of citrus grown by the
respondents include Meyer lemon, Mandarin, Hamlin, Valencia and Navel. All
respondent grow these five varieties in their farm.
Citrus production in Mountain Province started in 1988 through the RP-German
Fruit Tree Project (RP-GFTP) of the Bureau of Plant Industry in Baguio City. Areas
planted with citrus ranges from 200 to 800 sq meters.
Spot cleaning and kaingin system were practiced in land preparation. Pest and
diseases were controlled by keeping the farm and its surrounding clean. Majority of the
harvest are sold and an average of 810 kgs were sold per respondents per year.
Majority of the growers sell their produce outside the province specifically in
Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet. Growers sell through cash basis.
The respondents perceived that given the premium price for organic products and
the increasing awareness of consumers on safe and nutritious food, organic citrus
production has a potential in terms of source of income. However production is
constraint with technical support especially on organic production.
It is therefore recommended that further research and extension activities should
be done to increase organic citrus production in Mountain Province. Research activities
may include variety trials, cultural management and postharvest practices and other
related practices. Extension activities should also be strengthened. The need for other
support mechanism such as irrigation, credit facilities and marketing linkages should be
consider by government and non-government organizations supporting the organic citrus
industry.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . ….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Scope and Delimitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
History of Citrus Production in Mountain Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
The Prospect of Citrus Growing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Situational Realities of Citrus Growing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Marketing Defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Marketing Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Locale and Time of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Respondents of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
iii
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Profile of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Demographic Profile of the Organic
Citrus Production Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Organic Citrus Production Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Production Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Marketing Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Perception of Farmers on the Potential of
Organic Citrus Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Support Mechanisms for the Success of
Organic Citrus Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
iv
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Citrus is one of the most important commercial fruit crops grown in all continents
of the world and areas planted to citrus are continuously expanding while citrus fruits,
contribute to the nourishment of the people. Citrus products and by-products provide the
basis for local agricultural industries, generate employment and serve as source of foreign
revenue for developing and developed countries (Brader, 1991).
Citrus plantations in the country are few, but they maybe run on medium and
intensive technology to allow their produce to compare favorably with those of developed
countries.
Citrus production in Mountain Province has been promising considering the
climatic conditions prevailing such as tropical and sub-tropical climates which are
conducive to citrus growing. Citrus can be grown in four types of climate but areas with
well-distributed rainfall throughout the year are best. Those with distinct and long dry
day periods should bank heavily on irrigation to produce high quality citrus fruits.
Citrus growing that has become a lucrative enterprise for some farmers in
Mountain Province slowed down recently due to the expensive chemical inputs. The
inevitable problems on pest such as aphids, scale insects, fruit flies and diseases like
Huanglongbin or greening and tristeza has greatly affected the production of citrus fruits.
In spite of this, the area for citrus expanded from 71,000 hectares in 2000 to
105,000hectares in 2004 (Ochasan, 2005).
Today, citrus growing provides a rewarding enterprise for the fruit growers with
remarkably good prices of fresh fruits in the local markets. The availability of fresh fruits
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
2
in the local market was made possible with the implementation of the RP-German Fruit
Tree Project of the Bureau of Plant Industry in 1992 and still existing to present. Various
varieties of citrus had been propagated and citrus mother gardens had been established
and benefited with more than 3000 fruit growers either backyard and/or citrus orchards.
The many importance and potentials of citrus farming in Mountain Province
prompted the Local Government Units (LGU) of Mountain Province to develop the
industry. Different varieties/types of citrus is widely adapted to the soil and climate of
the province, increasing market demand of citrus products from Mountain Province and
available lands for the industry (Wangdali, 2007).
Due to the tremendous increase in the price of farm inputs for citrus production,
the growers had tried to shift back to the traditional practice were farm inputs are organic
and cheaper and available in the area. Thus, this research will document the
traditional/organic practices of citrus production in Mountain Province.
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to:
1. Find out the production and marketing practices of organic citrus production
in Mountain Province;
2. Find out the production problems in organic citrus production;
3. Find out the marketing problems in organic citrus production ; and
4. Identify possible solutions to the problems encountered by the organic citrus
producers.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
3
Importance of the Study
The information gathered from the study will be the basis in planning programs or
projects in the improvement and sustainability of organic vegetable production especially
in Mountain Province. The study can also be used as basis/guide in the development of
technology, innovations and interventions. Furthermore, the research result can also be
used as reference to other research activity of the same interest.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study is limited on the documentation of production and marketing practices
of organic citrus in Mountain Province. The documentation will include identification of
production and marketing problems.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
History of Citrus Production in Mountain
Province
Tracing the migration and development of citrus in Mountain Province is like
having a course in world history. One of the well-known local citrus growers was the
Masfere family of Spanish descent who came to Mountain Province as a philanthropist
and popularized the highlands in photography (Mercado, 1991).
Existing citrus in the highlands is believed to have been introduced by the
American missionaries in the 1930’s. Bauko municipality in the western Mountain
Province had been called the “California of the North” because temperate fruits like
citrus and apples were being grown in commercial scale. The plantations was later
wiped-out by the devastating pink disease.
The RP-German Fruit Tree Program, had listed the general description of some
fruit crops that can be planted in the Cordillera Provinces. The varieties that have been
observed adopt and perform well under Baguio and similar conditions were also sound
suitable in Bauko, Mountain province. Bauko however has higher elevation and colder
climate than the other municipalities (Dizon, N.D.).
Hon. Socorro Acosta ( 1991) stated that the fruit industry is now receiving the
much needed attention and support from the government. House Bill No. 28002, which
she sites “seek to promote the seed industry and create a National Seed Council”. The
bill is envisioned to benefit agriculture and will complement another legislative measure
she is considering to introduce, that is, one that will set-up a fruit and vegetable
marketing authority. It was also noted that efforts to improve existing fruit strains and
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
5
varieties as well as recent technological development are indications of a growing and
dynamic fruit industry in Region IV..
The Prospects of Citrus Growing
The RP-German Fruit Tree Program has introduced fruit tree growing as a
sustainable investment. Fruits are easier bought and transported and unlike vegetable
production and harvesting, these incur less hassle at harvest time (Delmar, 1989).
Citrus is one of the major fruits grown in Bauko have brought prospects. This is
also a help to farmers particularly in the mountainous terrain of the place, which they
have been desperately hopeless to cultivate. Areas that have not been previously
considered or used for farming could now be utilized for fruit growing. Even in the
rocky areas (Ochasan, 2005).
Citrus production in Mountain Province has come up with a recommendation to
alleviate poverty in the Cordillera by developing regions, hilly terrain into a fruit bowl.
Furthermore, there is money in fruit growing (Mercado, 1991).
Situational Realities of Citrus Growing
With regards to technology guides availed of by the fruit growers, it is not an easy
way out for these fruit growers who had several experiences in farming to accept
recommended technologies. Even so, the persistent assistance of the RP-GFTP has
considerably influenced the traditional farming mentalities of the fruit growers and now
gradually applies recommended technology (DA-CAR, 2003)
Adoption of a certain technology requires a favorable mental set and a successful
physical net. The first is internal and symbolic achieved through technical know-how
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
6
and conviction of its values. The second is external and achieved through ready
availability of its requisite production inputs and services.
Marketing Defined
A large share of the buying peso goes for marketing. It is widely thought that
about 50 centavos of each consumer’s peso pays for the cost of marketing activities.
Marketing is all around, it affects man’s daily life. The product that people buy, the
stores where we shop, the sales people, the advertisements, people we see and hear are all
part of marketing. Even job resumes are a part of a marketing campaign to sell myself to
some employer.
Some people believe that marketing is just a fancy name for selling. The
difference between selling and marketing is that selling is concerned with disposing of
the product that has already been in stocks, whereas marketing takes a much wider view
which means planning ahead for profitable future. Marketing includes selling, but selling
alone is more than that. It embraces the whole concept of satisfying the needs of the
consumers at a profit.
As defined by Kohls and Downey (1982) marketing is the performance of all
business activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of initial
agricultural production until they are in the hands of ultimate consumers. Immediately
then, it is apparent that a group with different interest will view marketing differently.
Consumers are interested in getting what they want to the lowest possible cost. Farmers
are interested in obtaining the highest possible returns from the sale of their products.
The various forms engaged in doing the various marketing task are interested in the
profitability of their particular business operation. Conflicts of interest can and do arise
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
7
among the various groups seeking these goals. The continual birth and solution of these
problems is what gives marketing an essential dynamic character. Change is the one
general rule of marketing. The status though was never permanent.
Kohls and Downey (1982) also claimed that the traditional concept of agricultural
marketing, buying and selling of farm product is no longer valid. He said that marketing
is now more than this. It is behavioral discipline and as much deal not only with buying
and selling goods but also with people and the flow of communication, though profit is
the key element. He believes that is a resource development will ultimately provide
stimulus for increase production. In these sense, marketing is a multiplier, in the process
of economic development. But in the planning process what is neglected is the role of
the agricultural market and the urgency for its improvement. It is not treated as a directly
productive sector though its role is vital to stimulate agricultural growth.
According to Mr. Norman C. Dida (personal communication -BSU plant
Pathology graduate engaged in wholesaling and retailing) the prices of citrus and other
commodity is disseminated by their fellow wholesaler-retailer. However, the wholesaler-
retailers are not the dictators of prices. He mentioned that the supply and demand is a
contributing factor in price change. If there is a large volume of supply then the usual
effect would be the decrease in price and when the demand is high and supply is low the
price increase. Furthermore, he mentioned that the qualities preferred by the buyers are
clean skin, appealing color (mostly green) and proportioned size and shape. This
contributes for a high price.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
8
The peak production of citrus is during the rainy season (May to October) and it
decreases during the dry season (November to April). Citrus even though has peak
season of harvest, it is a continuous production especially when the area is irrigated.
Marketing Problem
Faylon (1981) found out that the problem generally and commonly perceived by
both producers and traders is the low price. This results from the over supply of
perishable commodities, farmers felt handicapped by the lack of reliable price
information and in many cases take the price as dictated by their informal finances.
The farmers due to spoilage, transport losses that can occur along the way and
uncertainty fluctuating prices sometimes consider bringing the products to the market is
risky. According to Bangsoyao (1999), there are times also that the farmers do not know
whom to approach in the market in order to obtain the best price offered by the buyers.
Chenco (1981) also found out that the poor transportation facilities, lack of
grading and poor handling may cause high wastage resulting to poor quality of farm
produce. The consequence of these traditional marketing are high cost and low price for
the farmers and usually high price to the consumers. Another problem is the cost of
hauling the product to the roadside.
Hermano (1976) stated that the lack of knowledge especially in postharvest
handling technology may result to very low return to the farmers. One of such practice is
storage where losses were estimated to be as high as 30 to 40 percent.
The problems affecting the citrus industry as identified by farmers, traders,
processors and other stakeholders included low productivity, poor quality, susceptibility
of existing cultivar to disease like bunchy top, “bugtok” and “sigatoka”. The
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
9
development and dissemination improved pre and postharvest technologies, inadequate
infrastructure support like roads, irrigation, etc, inaccessibility to market, lack of credit
facilities, high cost of transport and policy issue to support the growth of the industry
(The Philippine Fruit Network, 2003).
Packaging
The primary objective of packaging of fruits is to protect thee contents during
storage, transportation and distribution against deterioration, which may be physical,
chemical or biological. Packaging is hence provided at the point of production,
processing or at distribution centers. Though packaging forms the last link in the chain of
production, storage, marketing and distribution, it still play an important role in
delivering the contents safe from “farm gate to the consumer plate”. Increase in
production can have an impact on the consumer only when the food is wholesome,
unadulterated and available under hygienic conditions at an economical price as
mentioned by about 25% to 40% of fruits are spoiled or become substandard during
storage and distribution. The enormous wastage which results in product scarcity and
higher prices, is attributed mainly to poor packaging, improper handling methods, and
inadequate transportation facilities (Yehoshua, 1989).
Robertson (1992) defines packaging as “ the enclosure of products items or
packages in a wrapped pouch, bag, box, cup, tray, can, tube, bottle or other container to
perform the following functions: containment, protection and/or preservation,
communication and utility or performance. “ Since the 1970s, there has been tremendous
growth in new food processing/packaging technologies. The growth of these new
packaging/processing technologies, for both short and long term preservation of food, is
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
10
due to interrelated factors: a) development of new polymeric barrier packaging materials,
b) increased urbanization, c) market needs and consumer demands for convenience, and
d) increasing energy costs. As a result of these interrelated factors, food packaging
technology has gone through a tremendous transformation. Packaging now provides
increased consumer information is used very effectively as a marketing tool and has
clearly evolved from its primary and previously single role of protection to be a more
multifaceted tool. There are a multitude of packaging materials in today’s market place,
each designed with specific properties. The correct choice of packaging is dependent not
only on a knowledge of the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of
fruits, but also on the functional properties of the packaging materials available for a
particular product or preservation technology.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in the citrus production area of Bauko, Mountain
Province from October and December 2008.
Bauko, Mountain is 135 kms from the City of Baguio and 555 kms from Manila.
Respondents of the Study
Respondents of the study were the organic citrus growers in Bauko, Mountain
Province.
Data Collection
The respondents were interviewed personally by the researcher. A structured
interview schedule served as a guide during the interview.
Data Analysis
Data gathered were analyzed according to the objective of the study. Descriptive
and simple statistical tools such as frequency counts, percentages and others were
employed.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Study Area
Table 1 shows that 3 or 25% of the respondents who are producing citrus are from
barangay Monamon Norte, 3 or 25% from barangay Abatan, 2 or 16.67% from barangay
Monamon Sur, 1 or 8.33% from barangay Otucan Sur , 1 or 8.33% from barangay
Bagnen, and/or 8.33% from barangay Tapapan.
Majority of the respondents are from barangay Monamon Norte and barangay
Abatan.
Profile of the Respondents
The demographic profile of the respondents is presented in table 2. these includes
the sex, age, civil status, educational attainments and number of years in farming of the
citrus growers.
Table 1. Distribution of respondents according to barangay
BARANGAY
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Monamon Norte
3
25.00
Abatan
3
25.00
Monamom Sur
2
16.67
Otucan Sur
1
8.33
Otucan Norte
1
8.33
Bagnen
1
8.33
Tapapan
1
8.33
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
13
Sex. Most (91.67%) of the citrus growers interviewed are males while only one
was a female.
Age. The average age of the respondents is 55.38 years. One half (50%) of the
respondents is in the age bracket of 45-55 years. There were 33.33%within the age
bracket of 56-65 years, while 16.67% were within 66-75 years. The mean age and the age
bracket indicate that the citrus growers were mostly in middle age.
Civil status. Most (83.33%) of the farmers were married. Only two (16.67%) were
single.
Educational attainment. There weree four (33.33%) respondents who finished
collage, four (33.33%) of the respondents went to or finish elementary education, three
(25%) of the respondents stepped high school while (8.33%) indicated that he is illiterate.
Number of years in farming. Four (33.33%) of the respondents have been in
farming within 25-30 years. Four (33.33%) have been farming about 15-19 years, and
four (33.33%) have been farming for 20-24 years.
Table 2. Profile of respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Sex
Male
11
91.67
Female
1
8.33
TOTAL
12
100
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
14
Table 2. Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Age
45 – 55
6
50.00
56 – 65
4
33.33
66 – 75
2
16.67
TOTAL
12
100
Civil status
Single
2
16.67
Married
10
83.33
TOTAL
12
100
Educational attainment
College
4
33.33
High school
3
25.00
Elementary
4
33.33
No formal education
1
8.33
TOTAL
12
100
Number of years in farming
15 – 19
4
33.33
20 – 24
4
33.33
25 – 30
4
33.33
TOTAL
12
100
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
15
Demographic Profile of Organic Citrus
Production Area
The demographic profile of organic citrus production area presented in Table 3
includes information on the topography of the area, varieties planted, number of plants
grown per farmer per variety, source of planting materials, area devoted for organic citrus
production and cropping system.
Topography of the farm used for organic citrus production. Mountain Province is
generally hilly area, thus, majority (75%) of the respondents grow citrus in sloping areas,
16.67% grow in hilly areas and 8.33% grow in terraced flat area. Usually, it is a practice
in the area that sloping areas are utilized for citrus production and the flat terraced areas
are utilized for other crops such as palay or vegetables.
Year the when the area started in citrus production. Citrus production in Bauko,
Mountain Province started in 1988 by two farmers (16.67%). Four (33.33%) of the
respondents started in 1990, 2 (16.67%) started in 1992, and 4 (33.33%) started in 1998.
Results implies that production of citrus in Mountain Province been introduced 2 years
ago. This was the time when the Bureau of Plant Industry in Baguio City through the
RP-German Fruit Tree project was implemented in Mountain Province. The project had
been instrumental in the expansion and success of the fruit tree production especially for
citrus in the study area.
Varieties planted. Organic citrus growers in Mountain Province planted five
varieties of citrus which includes the Meyer lemon, Mandarin variety, Hamlin, Navel and
Valencia. All the respondents grow the Meyer lemon variety.
Number of citrus plants planted per farmer per variety. Six (50%) of the 13
farmers who grew the Meyer lemon variety, have 1-50 plants, five (41.67%) have 51-100
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
16
plants, while one (8.33%) have 101-150 plants. Out of the five farmers who planted the
Mandarin variety, 2 (40%) have 30-45 plants, two (40%) have 55-100 plants and 1 (20%)
had 1- 80 plants. Out of the four farmers who planted Hamlin variety, 2 ((50%) have 1-80
plants and 2 (50%) have 81-100 plants. Of the eight farmers who planted Navel variety, 4
(50%) have 1-20 plants, 2 (25%) have 14-80 plants and 2 (25%) have 81-120 plants. Of
the three farmers who planted Valencia variety, 2 (66.66%) have 1-25 plants and 1
(33.33%) had 26-50 plants. Result implies that farmers have several varieties of citrus
grown in their farms.
Area planted to organic citrus. Majority (75%) of the respondents had an area of
200 – 400 sq. m. for organic citrus, Two (16.67%) had 401 – 600 sq. m. area and 1
(8.33%) with 601-800 sq. m. devoted for organic citrus production.
Source/origin of planting materials. Two of agriculturist of the Municipal
Agriculturist Office obtained the seedlings from the Bureau of Plant Industry in Guisad,
Baguio City (through the RP- German Fruit Tree Project) and distributed these to eleven
growers in Bauko, Mountain Province. The Municipal Agriculture Office also did the
propagation/multiplication in the open nurseries and distributed to other areas of the
municipality. Kinds of planting materials used are grafted seedlings.
Cropping system. Most (75.00%) of the respondents said that multiple cropping
is practiced where the different varieties of citrus are planted together in the farm and
under the citrus are other crops such as bush beans and sweetpotato. The intercrops are
also organically grown. Three (25%) practiced monocropping.
Source of irrigation. All the areas for citrus were rainfed. Thus, planting season
and propagation is done during the rainy season.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
17
Table 3. Demographic profile of the farm area
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Topography of the farm
Flat
1
8.33
Hilly
2
16.67
Sloping
9
75.00
TOTAL
12
100
Year the area started in citrus production
1988
2
16.67
1990
4
33.33
1992
2
16.67
1995
4
33.33
TOTAL
12
100
Varieties planted
Meyer lemon
12
100
Hamlen
4
33.33
Navel
7
58.33
Mandarin
4
33.33
Valencia
2
16.67
No. of citrus plants planted per farmer per
variety
Meyer lemon
1-50
6
50.00
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
18
Table 3. Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
51-100
5
41.67
101-150
1
8.33
TOTAL
12
100
Mandarin
1 - 50
2
40
51 - 100
2
40
101 - 150
1
20
TOTAL
5
100
Hamlin
1 - 80
2
50
81 - 160
2
50
TOTAL
4
100
Navel
1 – 40
4
50.00
41 – 80
2
25.00
81 - 120
2
25.00
TOTAL
8
100
Valencia
1 - 25
2
66.67
26 - 50
1
33.33
TOTAL
3
100
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
19
Table 3. Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Valencia
1 - 25
2
66.67
26 - 50
1
33.33
TOTAL
3
100
Area planted to organic citrus (sq. m.)
100 – 400
9
75.00
401 – 600
2
16.67
601 – 800
1
8.33
TOTAL
12
100
Cropping system
Mono cropping
3
25.00
Multi cropping
9
75.00
TOTAL
12
100
Organic Citrus Production Practices
Land preparation practices. Since the area used for citrus production is wide, spot
cleaning and kaingin system/method of land preparation is practiced. Spot cleaning is
cleaning around the tree/ plot and the kaingin system is the slash and burn method of
cleaning the area. Nine (75%) of the respondents practiced the spot cleaning and 3
(25%) practiced the kaingin system. As mentioned by the respondents, spot cleaning is
more applicable if the area is small and for wide/larger area the slash and burn method is
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
20
more convenient, however, has bad effect to the environment such as the greenhouse
effect thus, it is not advisable.
Pest and Disease management practices. More than half (58.33%) of the
respondents control pest and diseases by cleaning the surroundings of the farm to remove
host plants of pest and diseases and 41.67% control by watering / sprinkling the citrus
plants.
Production Data
Table 5 presents the quantity of citrus harvested and sold per year. Ten (83.33%)
of the respondents harvested around 800-1,000 kgs and 2 (16.67%) can harvest 1,100 –
1,300 kgs.
As to quantity sold, 10 (83.33%) of the respondents were able to sell 700 to 850
kgs in a year while 2 (16.67%) were able to sell 900 to 1,000 kgs as shown in table 5.
Result implies that most of the citrus harvested were sold. On the average the quantity of
citrus sold per farmer is 810 kgs per year.
Table 4. Organic citrus production practices
PRACTICES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Method of land preparation practices
Spot cleaning
9
75.00
Kaingin
3
25.00
TOTAL
12
100
Pest and disease management
Cleaning the surrounding
7
58.33
Water sprinkling
5
41.67
TOTAL
12
100
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
21
Table 5. Production volume and quantity sold per year.
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Quantity produced (kgs)
800 – 1,000
10
83.33
1,100 – 1,300
2
16.67
TOTAL
12
100
Quantity sold (kgs)
700 – 850
10
83.33
800 – 1,000
2
16.67
TOTAL
12
100
MEAN = 810 kgs
Marketing Practices
The marketing practices of organic citrus growers in Mountain Province are
presented in Table 6.
Market outlet and channels. Majority (83.33%) of the organic citrus growers sold
their produce outside the province, while 2 (16.67%) are sold in the local markets in the
area of production. Most of the produce were sold in Baguio City. The better/higher
price of the product if brought outside the locality inspires them to market the product in
that market. All the producers sell directly their produce to the retailers who go directly
to the farm or the producers bring their product to Baguio and bring to the retailers who
are their regular buyers “suki”the retalers specifically the ambulant vendors and or sell
in stores selling fruits in the locality including that of sari-sari stores.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
22
Method of sale. Majority (66.67%) of the respondents sell their citrus on cash
basis while 33.33% sell on credit. Producers only sell on credit to their regular buyers
whom they have known for long and are trusted. All the products are sold on a per
kilogram basis.
Source of price information. The information on the prevailing prices of citrus
were obtained from neighbors (by 50% of the respondents), from buyers outside the
locality (25%) and from local retailers (25%).
Transportation facilities. All the farmers used public vehicles plying the Baguio –
Bontoc route in transporting their products to Baguio City.
Packaging materials. All the respondents used sacks or bamboo baskets as
packaging material of citrus. The citrus are packed directly in these packaging materials
at harvest.
Table 6. Marketing practices of organic citrus growers in Mountain Province
PRACTICES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Market outlets
Within Mountain Province
2
16.67
Outside Mountain Province
10
83.33
TOTAL
12
100
Marketing channels
Wholesalers
0
0
Retailers
12
100
TOTAL
12
100
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
23
Table 6. Continued
PRACTICES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Method of sale
Cash
8
66.67
Credit
4
33.33
TOTAL
12
100
Source of price information
Neighbors
6
50.00
Buyers outside the locality
3
25.00
Local retailers
3
25.00
TOTAL
12
100
Packaging materials
Sacks
12
100
Bamboo basket
12
100
Perception of Farmers on the Potential of Organic
Citrus Production
All the respondents perceived the potential of organic citrus as a major source of
cash income given the premium price of organic products. The demand of organic
products is also increasing with the evident promotion of organic products by the
Department of Agriculture and the Benguet State University. Evidences on the
promotion are the several Cordillera Organic Congress being conducted by advocates in
organic farming. The increasing awareness of consumers on safe and nutritious food is
also a plus factor.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
24
Support Mechanisms for the Success of Organic
Citrus Production
The respondents identified one support they need for the success of the organic
citrus production in Mountain Province. The growers needs technical support from the
government agencies like the Department of Agriculture and even the state colleges and
universities providing research and development and extension services especially to
organic producers.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the production and marketing practices of
organic citrus growers in Mountain Province.
Twelve organic citrus producers from the seven barangays of Bauko, Mountain
Province, namely; Monamon Norte, Monamon Sur, Otucan Norte, Otucan Sur, Abatan,
Bagnen, and Tapapan served as respondents of the study. Data gathering was done
through personal interview with the farmer guided by a questionnaire.
Most of the citrus farmers were from barangays Monamon Norte and Abatan.
Average age of the respondents were 55.38 years old. Majority (91.67%) of the growers
were male. Four of the respondents have been in citrus farming for 25-30 years.
Organic citrus farmers grow/maintain several varieties of citrus in their farm.
There were four varieties grown in the area namely; Hamlin, Meyer lemon, Mandarin,
Valencia and Navel. These varieties were distributed by the Bureau of Plant Industry in
Baguio City in mid 80’s through the RP-German Fruit Tree Project. Ninety three percent
of the respondents started to citrus production in 1988. Citrus are grown in hilly and
sloping areas and grow them in flat terraced areas.
Organic citrus growers practice multiple or intercropping, where they grow other
crops under the trees such as legumes and sweetpotato. Control of pest and diseases is
done through maintaining the cleanliness of the farm and its surrounding removing weeds
that are host of pest and diseases or sprinkling the citrus plants with water.
The growers sell their produce directly to the retailers in the local market and in
Baguio City.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
26
All the respondents perceived organic citrus as a potential commercial crop and a
major source of income because it is saleable and commands a higher price.
Conclusion
The following conclusions were drawn based on the findings.
1. Organic citrus production in Mountain Province is a potential crop to be
commercialized because of the increasing demand for organic products especially the
demand in Baguio City.
2. The market outlets for the organic citrus are the retailers within Mountain
Province, Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet.
3. There are still less market intermediaries involved in the marketing of organic
citrus.
4. There is an inadequate existing support mechanism for the development of
organic citrus production in Mountain Province.
Recommendation
Based on the conclusions of this study, it is recommended that further research
and extension activities should be done to increase organic citrus production in Mountain
province.
Research activities may include variety trials, cultural management and
postharvest practices and other related practices.
Extension activities should also be strengthened. The need for other support
mechanism such as irrigation, credit facilities and marketing linkages should be consider
by government and non-government organizations supporting the organic citrus industry.
Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
BANGSOYAO, S.B. 1999. Marketing activities and strategies of vegetable wholesaler-.
farmers in La Trinidad, Benguet: An assessment. BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, la Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 18 – 19.
BRADER, I. 1991. Handbook for detection and diagnosis. Plant Production and
Protection Division. L.O. C.V. Food Agriculture Organization of the United
Nation, Rome. P. 4.
CHENCO, L.P. 1981. Marketing Practices and Problems of Vegetables in the
Philippines. Agric. Econ and Dev. 24: (1) P 48-49.
DA-CAR, 2003. “Have Fruit and Save the Forest” DA-CAR Newsletter. Vol. 3. P. 10.
DELMAR, L.B. 1989. “Plant Industry Production Guide” Bureau of Plant Industry.
Guisad, Baguio City.
DIZON, G. E. ND. Upgrading Fruit Production in the Cordillera. Fruit Review. Pp. 1-5.
FAYLON, L.P. 1981. Marketing Practices and Problems of Vegetables in the
Philippines. Agric. Econ and Dev. 24: (1) P 48-49.
HERMANO. F.G. 1976. Postharvest Technology, Past, Present, Future Efforts and Need
of Northern Luzon. PCARRD, Los Baňos, Laguna. P. 45.
KOHLS, R.L. and W.D. DOWNEY. 1982. Marketing of Agricultural Products. 4th Ed.
New York. Mc Millan Co. Pp. 3-12.
MERCADO, M.B. 1991. “Mountain Province: Its Agricultural Profile and Potentials.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-18.
OCHASAN, J. 2005. Citrus Production Guide. RP-German Fruit Tree Program.
Magsasakang Siyentista Interview. P. 185.
ROBERTSON, G..L. 1992. Food Packaging Principles and Practice. Marcel Dekker.
New York. P. 44.
THE PHILIPPINE FRUIT NETWORK, 2003. Retrieved February 28, 2009, from
http.//www.bar.gov.ph/fruits/crpsitual.htm.
WANGDALI, C. 2007. Citrus technology Update. BNCRDC. MP. Fits, OPAG-Bontoc,
Mountain Province. P 95.
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YEHOSHUA, S.B. 1989. Individual Seal Packaging of Fruit and Vegetable in Plastic
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Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers
in Mountain Province / Murnalisa M. Yad-An. 2009
Document Outline
- Production and Marketing Practices of Organic Citrus Growers in Mountain Province
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Rationale
- Objectives of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Scope and Delimitation of the Study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- History of Citrus Production in Mountain Province
- The Prospects of Citrus Growing
- Situational Realities of Citrus Growing
- Marketing Defined
- Marketing Problem
- Packaging
- METHODOLOGY
- Locale and Time of the Study
- Respondents of the Study
- Data Collection
- Data Analysis
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Study Area
- Profile of the Respondents
- Demographic Profile of Organic CitrusProduction Area
- Organic Citrus Production Practices
- Production Data
- Marketing Practices
- Perception of Farmers on the Potential of Organic Citrus Production
- Support Mechanisms for the Success of OrganicCitrus Production
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED