BIBLIOGRAPHY BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013. Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree
Charcoal in Vitro. Benguet State Universty, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Antalia V. Castrence, DVM, DiP, PCCP
Co-Adviser; Loretta C. Romero, DVM, MVSt
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial property of pine tree
charcoal using Kirby Bauer Technique against Escherechia coli, Enterococcus aerugenes,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Streptococcus faecalis. Pine tree charcoal
(T1), and activated charcoal (T0) is used as treatment against the said organisms. All
treatments showed negative results.
Results showed that pine tree charcoal has no antimicrobial activity against
Escherechia coli, Enterococcus aerugenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi,
and Streptococcus faecalis.
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Using Kirby Bauer Technique the antimicrobial activity of of pine tree charcoal was
tested against Enterococcus aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Streptococcus faecalis, and Salmonella typhi. The following tables show the results of the
conduced experiment.
Table no.1a Mean Zone of Inhibition of pine tree charcoal against Escherechia coli,
n=15
Treatment Mean Zone of Inhibition
0
0
1
0
Plate No. 3. Zone of Inhibition of Escherichia coli (T0, T1) showing negative result.
Table no.1b Mean Zone of Inhibition of pine tree charcoal against Enterococcus
aerogenes, n=15
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
Treatment Mean Zone of Inhibition(mm)
0
0
1
0.4
Plate No. 4. Zone of Inhibition of Enterococcus aerogenes (T0, T1) showing
negative result.
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
Table no.1c Mean Zone of Inhibition of pine tree charcoal against Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
n=15
Treatment Mean Zone of Inhibition(mm)
0
0
1
0.4
Plate No.5 Zone of Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (T0, T1) showing
negative results.
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
Table no.1d Mean Zone of Inhibition of pine tree charcoal against Salmonella typhi,
n =15.
Treatment Mean Zone of Inhibition(mm)
0
0
1
0.2
Plate N o 6. Zone of
Inhibition of Salmonella typhi ( T 0 , T 1 ) showing negative
result.
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
Table no.1e Mean Zone of Inhibition of pine tree charcoal against Streptococcus
faecalis, n=15.
Treatment Mean Zone of Inhibition
0
0
1
0
Plate no. 7. Zone of Inhibition of Streptococcus faecalis (T0, T1) showing negative
result.
Results show that that all treatments in table no.1a have no zone of inhibition
against Escherichia coli. Table no.1b shows that there is 0.4mm zone of inhibition against
Enterococcus aerogenes in treatment one but according to the interpretation based on the
description of Lirio et al., as cited by Aurelio, 2002 the result was negative. Table no.1c
shows that there is no anti microbial property of pine tree charcoal against
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Treatment one has 0.4mm zone of inhibition but still the
degree of antimicrobial activity is negative according to the description of Lirio et al., 1998
as cited by Aurelio, 2002. In table no.1d results showed that treatment one has 0.2mm zone
of inhibition against Salmonella typhi which is negative according to the description of
Lirio et al., 1998 as cited by Aurelio, 2002. Table no.1e shows no mean zone of inhibition
against Streptococcus faecalis.
The result showed that there is no antimicrobial property of pine tree charcoal
against Escherechia coli, E. aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and
Streptococcus faecalis.
There are several factors that may contribute to the possibility of having the
negative results on the experiment; the ability of the organism to develop resistance, the
function of the charcoal as medicine and the proper performance of the test.
Most organisms are resistant to antibiotic because of their innate characteristics like
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is resistant to
antibiotic because of their characteristics. It is intrinsically resistant to antimicrobial agents
due to low permeability of its cell wall. It has the genetic capacity to express a wide
repertoire of resistance mechanisms. It can become resistant through mutation in
chromosomal genes which regulate resistance genes. It can acquire additional resistance
genes from other organisms via plasmids, transposons and bacteriophages as mentioned by
Lambert, 2002.
Charcoal is used as medicine because of its amazing ability to attract other
substances to its surface and hold them there. This is called adsorption. Charcoal can adsorb
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
thousands of times its own weight in gases, heavy metals, poisons, and other chemicals,
thus making them ineffective or harmless as cited by Anonymous, 2008.
Charcoal has physiological action when used as treatment against diarrhoea it will absorb
digestive contents and secretions not allowing any toxins to be absorbed by the body.
Because charcoal is not "digested," it stays inside the GI tract and eliminates the toxin when
the there is a bowel movement (Cunha, 2013). Therefore, pine tree charcoal as used as
treatment against diarrhea, has no antimicrobial property against agents which causes
diarrhea but it function as an adsorbent. These results dispels the traditional beliefs of some
people that regard charcoal as antimicrobial agent as treatment against diarrhea.
Further, the interpretation of the results is greatly affected by the
performance of the test. The age of the turbidity of the bacterial inoculums, the
way inoculums are spread on the plate, the preparation of the Mueller Hinton
Agar (source, depth, pH, cat ion content, supplements), the temperature, and
duration of incubation of the plate, the antimicrobial content of the disk and the
methods of reading the results are things which may influence the results as cited
by Baron et al, 1994.
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The charcoal sample which come from the pine tree (Pinus kesiya), activated
charcoal, were tested against Gram negative Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus aerogenes, and Gram positive Streptococcus
faecalis.
The result showed that pine tree charcoal has an inhibition zone when tested against
Enterococcus aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi but its degree of
antimicrobial property is negative. The zone of inhibition must reach at least 6.1mm to
7.3mm to be considered as a weakly positive as based on the description of Lirio et al. as
cited by Aurelio, 2002. The result showed that the mean zone of inhibition of pine tree
charcoal against Enterococcus aerogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 0.4mm and
0.2mm on Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus faecalis has zero mean
zone of inhibition.
Further all the treatments activated charcoal and pine tree charcoal have no
antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Streptococcus faecalis.
Conclusion
The test sample has no antimicrobial property against the test organisms (Gram
negative Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus
aerogenes, and Gram positive Streptococcus faecalis).
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
Recommendation
According to the data gathered other laboratory methods or technique will be used
to further study the test sample. It is further recommended that other bacteria will be used
to test the anti-microbial activity of the pine tree charcoal.
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
LITERATURE CITED
ALVES, R., and I. ROSA, 2007. Animals in Traditional Folk Medicine: Implications
for Conservation. Springer Inc.
BARROW, P.A., 2012. Merks Veterinary Manual. http://www.merckmanuals.com/
vet/index.html
DAVID HENDRIKS BERGEY.1994. Bergey`s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology,
9TH Ed. Lippincot Williams and Wilkins, pg. 528
CIOTTONE, R. G., 2006. Disaster Medicine 3rd Ed. Mosby Inc.
KEYNE, S., 2007. Traditonal Maedicine: A Global Perspective. Pharmaceutical Press.
Pp. 4
MANNING, S. Deadly diseases and epidemics .Escherichia Coli Infections, 2nd Ed.
InfoBase Publishing. Pp. 16-26
QUINN, P.J., B.K MARKEY, M.E. CARTER, W.J. DONELLY and F.C.
LEAONARD. 2002. Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease.
Blackwell Science Ltd., Pp 106 -113.
QUINN, P.J, CARTER, M.E., MARKEY, B.K., CATER, G.R. Clinical Veterinary
Microbiology. Pp 224.
STEDMAN`S CONCISE MEDICAL DICTIONARY OR THE HEALTH
PROFESSIONS. 4th Ed. 2001. USA; Lippincot Williams and Wilkins, p. 813
KENNETH TODAR, 2012. http://textbookofbacteriology.net/pseudomonas.html
PILE, S. and T. NIGEL., 2000. City A-Z: Urban Fragments. Routledge Inc. Pp. 83-88
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 2008. http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/
factsheets/fs134/en/
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013. Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree
Charcoal in Vitro. Benguet State Universty, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Antalia V. Castrence, DVM, DiP, PCCP
Co-Adviser; Loretta C. Romero, DVM, MVSt
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial property of pine tree
charcoal using Kirby Bauer Technique against Escherechia coli, Enterococcus aerugenes,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Streptococcus faecalis. Pine tree charcoal
(T1), and activated charcoal (T0) is used as treatment against the said organisms. All
treatments showed negative results.
Results showed that pine tree charcoal has no antimicrobial activity against
Escherechia coli, Enterococcus aerugenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi,
and Streptococcus faecalis.
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Using Kirby Bauer Technique the antimicrobial activity of of pine tree charcoal was
tested against Enterococcus aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Streptococcus faecalis, and Salmonella typhi. The following tables show the results of the
conduced experiment.
Table no.1a Mean Zone of Inhibition of pine tree charcoal against Escherechia coli,
n=15
Treatment Mean Zone of Inhibition
0
0
1
0
Plate No. 3. Zone of Inhibition of Escherichia coli (T0, T1) showing negative result.
Table no.1b Mean Zone of Inhibition of pine tree charcoal against Enterococcus
aerogenes, n=15
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
Treatment Mean Zone of Inhibition(mm)
0
0
1
0.4
Plate No. 4. Zone of Inhibition of Enterococcus aerogenes (T0, T1) showing
negative result.
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
Table no.1c Mean Zone of Inhibition of pine tree charcoal against Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
n=15
Treatment Mean Zone of Inhibition(mm)
0
0
1
0.4
Plate No.5 Zone of Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (T0, T1) showing
negative results.
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
Table no.1d Mean Zone of Inhibition of pine tree charcoal against Salmonella typhi,
n =15.
Treatment Mean Zone of Inhibition(mm)
0
0
1
0.2
Plate N o 6. Zone of
Inhibition of Salmonella typhi ( T 0 , T 1 ) showing negative
result.
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
Table no.1e Mean Zone of Inhibition of pine tree charcoal against Streptococcus
faecalis, n=15.
Treatment Mean Zone of Inhibition
0
0
1
0
Plate no. 7. Zone of Inhibition of Streptococcus faecalis (T0, T1) showing negative
result.
Results show that that all treatments in table no.1a have no zone of inhibition
against Escherichia coli. Table no.1b shows that there is 0.4mm zone of inhibition against
Enterococcus aerogenes in treatment one but according to the interpretation based on the
description of Lirio et al., as cited by Aurelio, 2002 the result was negative. Table no.1c
shows that there is no anti microbial property of pine tree charcoal against
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Treatment one has 0.4mm zone of inhibition but still the
degree of antimicrobial activity is negative according to the description of Lirio et al., 1998
as cited by Aurelio, 2002. In table no.1d results showed that treatment one has 0.2mm zone
of inhibition against Salmonella typhi which is negative according to the description of
Lirio et al., 1998 as cited by Aurelio, 2002. Table no.1e shows no mean zone of inhibition
against Streptococcus faecalis.
The result showed that there is no antimicrobial property of pine tree charcoal
against Escherechia coli, E. aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and
Streptococcus faecalis.
There are several factors that may contribute to the possibility of having the
negative results on the experiment; the ability of the organism to develop resistance, the
function of the charcoal as medicine and the proper performance of the test.
Most organisms are resistant to antibiotic because of their innate characteristics like
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is resistant to
antibiotic because of their characteristics. It is intrinsically resistant to antimicrobial agents
due to low permeability of its cell wall. It has the genetic capacity to express a wide
repertoire of resistance mechanisms. It can become resistant through mutation in
chromosomal genes which regulate resistance genes. It can acquire additional resistance
genes from other organisms via plasmids, transposons and bacteriophages as mentioned by
Lambert, 2002.
Charcoal is used as medicine because of its amazing ability to attract other
substances to its surface and hold them there. This is called adsorption. Charcoal can adsorb
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
thousands of times its own weight in gases, heavy metals, poisons, and other chemicals,
thus making them ineffective or harmless as cited by Anonymous, 2008.
Charcoal has physiological action when used as treatment against diarrhoea it will absorb
digestive contents and secretions not allowing any toxins to be absorbed by the body.
Because charcoal is not "digested," it stays inside the GI tract and eliminates the toxin when
the there is a bowel movement (Cunha, 2013). Therefore, pine tree charcoal as used as
treatment against diarrhea, has no antimicrobial property against agents which causes
diarrhea but it function as an adsorbent. These results dispels the traditional beliefs of some
people that regard charcoal as antimicrobial agent as treatment against diarrhea.
Further, the interpretation of the results is greatly affected by the
performance of the test. The age of the turbidity of the bacterial inoculums, the
way inoculums are spread on the plate, the preparation of the Mueller Hinton
Agar (source, depth, pH, cat ion content, supplements), the temperature, and
duration of incubation of the plate, the antimicrobial content of the disk and the
methods of reading the results are things which may influence the results as cited
by Baron et al, 1994.
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The charcoal sample which come from the pine tree (Pinus kesiya), activated
charcoal, were tested against Gram negative Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus aerogenes, and Gram positive Streptococcus
faecalis.
The result showed that pine tree charcoal has an inhibition zone when tested against
Enterococcus aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi but its degree of
antimicrobial property is negative. The zone of inhibition must reach at least 6.1mm to
7.3mm to be considered as a weakly positive as based on the description of Lirio et al. as
cited by Aurelio, 2002. The result showed that the mean zone of inhibition of pine tree
charcoal against Enterococcus aerogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 0.4mm and
0.2mm on Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus faecalis has zero mean
zone of inhibition.
Further all the treatments activated charcoal and pine tree charcoal have no
antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Streptococcus faecalis.
Conclusion
The test sample has no antimicrobial property against the test organisms (Gram
negative Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus
aerogenes, and Gram positive Streptococcus faecalis).
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
Recommendation
According to the data gathered other laboratory methods or technique will be used
to further study the test sample. It is further recommended that other bacteria will be used
to test the anti-microbial activity of the pine tree charcoal.
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013
LITERATURE CITED
ALVES, R., and I. ROSA, 2007. Animals in Traditional Folk Medicine: Implications
for Conservation. Springer Inc.
BARROW, P.A., 2012. Merks Veterinary Manual. http://www.merckmanuals.com/
vet/index.html
DAVID HENDRIKS BERGEY.1994. Bergey`s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology,
9TH Ed. Lippincot Williams and Wilkins, pg. 528
CIOTTONE, R. G., 2006. Disaster Medicine 3rd Ed. Mosby Inc.
KEYNE, S., 2007. Traditonal Maedicine: A Global Perspective. Pharmaceutical Press.
Pp. 4
MANNING, S. Deadly diseases and epidemics .Escherichia Coli Infections, 2nd Ed.
InfoBase Publishing. Pp. 16-26
QUINN, P.J., B.K MARKEY, M.E. CARTER, W.J. DONELLY and F.C.
LEAONARD. 2002. Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease.
Blackwell Science Ltd., Pp 106 -113.
QUINN, P.J, CARTER, M.E., MARKEY, B.K., CATER, G.R. Clinical Veterinary
Microbiology. Pp 224.
STEDMAN`S CONCISE MEDICAL DICTIONARY OR THE HEALTH
PROFESSIONS. 4th Ed. 2001. USA; Lippincot Williams and Wilkins, p. 813
KENNETH TODAR, 2012. http://textbookofbacteriology.net/pseudomonas.html
PILE, S. and T. NIGEL., 2000. City A-Z: Urban Fragments. Routledge Inc. Pp. 83-88
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 2008. http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/
factsheets/fs134/en/
Antimicrobial Property of Pine Tree Charcoal in Vitro |
BALONG, JEREMIAS B. MARCH 2013