BIBLIOGRAPHY LAZA, LORRAINE M....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013. Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in
Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Rashid B. Lokines, BSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the preferred potato varieties and their
varietal characteristics, to identify the reasons for choosing the variety to be planted and
identify problems encountered/experienced by farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain
Province in procuring the preferred potato varieties.
There were 40 respondents who were randomly selected. The respondents were
interviewed using an interview schedule.
The potato varieties preferred by the farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province
were Granola, Igorota and Raniag. Majority of the farmers preferred Granola because it
had short maturation and higher marketability than Igorota and Raniag.
According to the farmers, the positive characteristics of Granola as claimed by the
farmers were high resistance to bacterial wilt infection and short maturity period while
negative attributes were; long dormancy period, medium resistance to leaf miner
infestation and medium resistance to late blight infection. The positive characteristic of
Igorota were short dormancy period, high resistance to leaf miner infestation and late blight
infection, high resistance to bacterial wilt infection and had high productivity potentials.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Negative characteristic was its long maturity period. The positive characteristics of Raniag
variety were the following; short dormancy period, high resistance to leaf miner infestation
and late blight infection and high production. The negative attribute was its long maturity
period.
According to the farmers they chose Igorota and Raniag varieties because they were
not susceptible to leaf miner, late blight and bacterial wilt; and for Granola because of its
marketability.
The problems encountered by farmers in procuring their preferred variety were the
following: high price of potato seed tubers from any source, distance of the source of seed
tubers to the farms, the condition of the farm to market roads and the availability of tools
and equipments to be used like storage facility for seed tubers.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important agricultural crop in terms of
nutritional and economic value. According to NPRCRTC (1998) potato ranks third among
the three national key commercial priority crops identified by the Department of
Agriculture. It ranks first in the Cordillera Administrative Region followed by coffee and
other temperate vegetables. Gonzales et al. (2004) reported that Benguet and Mountain
Province supplies 74% of the total production, the remaining 26% are sourced from the
Island of Mindanao. Bolaquer (2007) also added that there are number of processing and
table potato varieties are now available at BSU-NPRCRTC. Furthermore, personal
interview with Sim (2012) she mentioned that the varieties grown today are Granola,
Ganza, Solibao, Gloria and Igorota in Benguet and Mountain Province.
According to Gonzalez et al (2004), farmers do not have the right variety, cultural
practices are not appropriate and the art of production has become prohibitive. Thus, to
improve the situation, high yielding varieties must be selected and grown to increase yield
per unit area. Wag-e (2004) also added that one aspect to consider in selecting certain
potato variety is the season in which the variety is to be planted.
Production of the desired potatoes will also help the farmers market their produce,
the consumers and processors to avail of locally produced varieties, boost the potato
industry, and improve the quality of high land potato produce in the Philippines.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
With the forgoing statements, selecting the variety to be planted is crucial for the
improvement of the potato industry. Thus, the study aimed to identify preferred potato
varieties and varietal characteristics of these potatoes in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province.
Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What are the potato varieties preferred by farmers?
2. What are the varietal characteristics preferred by potato farmers?
3. What are the reasons of potato farmers for choosing potato varieties to be
planted?
4. What are the problems encountered/experienced by potato farmers in procuring
their preferred potato varieties?
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study were the following:
1. To identify the varieties preferred by the potato farmers;
2. To identify the varietal characteristics preferred by potato farmers;
3. To identify the reasons of potato farmers for choosing potato varieties to be
planted; and
4. To identify the problems experienced/encountered by potato farmers in
procuring their preferred potato varieties.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Importance of the Study
Technology like new varieties is one of the considerations in increasing
productivity. Knowing the varietal preference of potato farmers in certain areas will help
institutions like NPRCRTC, BSU and other institutions working on potato varietal
development in determining the varieties which they will enhance for a better performance
which will in turn help farmers in their production through better productivity, less
susceptibility to pests and diseases and short maturity. The results of this study would serve
as reference to students and other researches.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study focused on the potato varieties preferred by the farmers and the varietal
characteristics preferred by potato farmers, the reason for choosing the certain variety, and
the problems encountered by the potato farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province in
procuring their preferred variety.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Potato Variety
Botangen et al. (1998) claimed that there are various varieties being planted by
Benguet farmers. Granola is planted by 96% of potato farmers. Granola variety has two
type; short growing type and tall or longer-maturing type. Also grown is BSUPo4 popularly
known as LBR or Igorota, by 20% of the farmers .Sante or Smite, 5%; Famoso 46% and
BR 4% other varieties tried and still being grown by few farmers includes Atlantic, Agria,
Lemhi, Montanosa, Dalisay and Univita.
Ba-a (2002), noted that Granola, Igorota, and Raniag gave higher yield than other
varieties planted by the farmers of Abiang, Atok, Benguet. The good yielding performance
of the varieties varies from each other. Among the three varieties evaluated, Igorota has
the highest return on investment (ROI).
Preferred Potato Variety
During the 1980’s, potato farmers in Benguet and Mountain Province preferred the
old cultivars such as Chonchita and Greta because of their resistance to late blight and slow
degeneration rate. Other recommended varieties include Cosima, Granola, Fina, and Red
Pontiak because of their wide range of adaptability to the region condition (HARRDEC,
1982) as cited by (Bay-an 2004).
At present, the cultivar Granola is grown mostly by farmers in Benguet. This
cultivar is adapted to wet and dry cropping seasons under warm and cold conditions. This
variety as reported by Ayangdan (1998) has been with the farmers for 15 cropping seasons.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
However, new selections, I-1085 (PO4) and LBR I–5 (BSUPO3 or Igorota) are
recommended for the highlands. I-1085 is resistant to late blight and suitable for French
fries processing. The selection LBR 1-5 is the first highland potato variety entirely
developed through hybridization and selection in the Philippines. It was further stated that
it is resistant to late blight and of vigorous plant type, suitable for fresh consumption
(HARRDEC, 1996).
Balaodan (2004) observe that under Madaymen, Kibungan Benguet condition,
Igorota had a better performance in terms of the production of extra large and jumbo-sized
tubers than Granola. On the other hand, Granola produces greater volume of non-
marketable produce. However, Granola is still preferred in Benguet because of its
adaptability to wet and dry cropping season and its short maturity period (75-90 days).
Varietal Evaluation and Selection
Balaso (2001) stated that the first decision in planting potato is to know the best
variety to plant. For maximum production, the best variety that is adapted to the locality
should be selected. Excellent cultural management practices may not compensate for a
poor choice of variety. Using the right variety ensure high yield and better quality of
produce.
Using the right variety ensures high yield and better quality of produce. In planting
the first decision is to know the best variety that is adapted to the locality to have a
profitable production (HARRDEC, 1996).
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Bautista and Mabesa (1977) as cited by Balawen (2012) said that in selection, the
variety should be high yielding and pest and diseases resistance, and early maturity so that
production would entail less expense.
Characteristics of Potato Varieties
Botangen et al. (1998) pointed out that Granola has a positive characteristic such
as: heavy and large size tubers, early maturity (type A) Granola, marketable as seed tubers
and ware potatoes, slow degeneration and tolerance to drought. However, their negative
characteristic is susceptible to late blight. On the other hand, the positive characteristics of
Igorota are as follows; large sized tubers, late blight resistant and a processing variety.
However, it has also negative characteristics such as: short dormancy and long maturity
because it takes four months before harvesting. NPRCRTC (1998) claimed that farmers
prefer planting potatoes as their source of income because it is considered as their expertise.
The proof that farmers are expert in their own field is because of their long time experience
in growing potatoes. Most farmers in Benguet had more than 25 years of experiences in
cultivating potato. During their long time experience in cultivating potatoes they have
learned and compared the different attributes of various potato varieties. Consequently, it
serves as their basis in choosing appropriate potato variety to plant.
Seed Dormancy of Potato
Personal interview Kiswa (2013) states that Granola variety sprouts from 91 to 120
days, Igorota and Raniag sprout from 60 to 90 days. This implies that Granola variety
remains dormant longer than Igorota and Raniag. Thus, Raniag and Igorota can be planted
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
three times in a year, which is more efficient, as compared to Granola which is only
possible to be planted twice a year.
Resistance to Blight and Bacterial Wilt
Holman (2000) claimed that the potato late blight inhibit the growth of the potato
especially during the development of the tubers. Late blight is caused by Phythopthora
infestans. The disease can destroy potato field within few days when temperature is low
and humidity is high. It may occurs almost everywhere where potatoes are grown and
especially in the traditional potato growing areas.
Definition of Terms
Seed dormancy. It is the sprouting of leaves.
Varietal characteristics. It is the particular features of the varieties of crops like high
yield, storability, resistance to pest and disease, and others.
Varietal preferences. It is the variety of crops preferred by an individual farmer.
Variety. It is the differences in the same species.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province from October to
November 2012.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were potato farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain
Province. Forty potato farmers who were selected randomly served as respondents of the
study.
Data Gathering Procedure
The respondents were interviewed using an interview schedule.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the potato varieties preferred by the potato farmers, the
varietal characteristics of potato varieties preferred by the farmers, the reasons for choosing
potato varieties to be planted, and the problems encountered or experienced by potato
farmers in procuring their preferred variety.
Data Analysis
The data collected were analyzed using frequency and descriptive analysis.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 presents the profile of the respondent in terms of age, gender, educational
attainment, number of years in farming, tenurial status, major and other source of income.
Age. More of the respondents (37.5%) are adults with age ranging from 42 to 51
years old, 25% consist of 22 to 31 years old, another 25% consist of 32 to 41 years old,
10% for 42 to 51 years old and only 2.5% are above 62 years old. This shows that majority
of the respondents are matured.
Gender. Majority (55%) are male while 45% of them are female. This shows that
majority of those engaged in farming in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province are male.
Educational attainment. Thirty five percent of the respondents finished elementary
and high school. Some even finished college and vocational courses. This shows that all
the respondents attended formal education.
Number of years in farming. Forty five percent of the respondents have been
farming for less than ten years, 25% for 11 to 20 years, 22.5% for 21 to 30 years and only
7.5% have 31 to 40 years of experience in farming. This shows that majority of the potato
farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province have an experience in farming.
Tenurial status. The study reveals that majority (62%) of the respondents owned
the farm, and the rest are rented the farm they are cultivating. Even though they have
different tenurial status, it does not affect their varietal preference.
Source of income. The respondent’s main source of income is farming. Few of them
get income from sources like poultry and livestock raising and, “sari-sari store”.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Profile of the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Age
22 to 31
10
25.0
32 to 41
10
25.0
42 to 51
15
37.5
52 to 61
4
10.0
62 and above
1
2.5
TOTAL
40
100.0
Gender
Male
22
55
Female
18
45
TOTAL
40
100
Educational attainment
Elementary
14
35
High School
12
30
Vocational
5
12
College
9
22
TOTAL
40
100
Number of years in farming
1 to 10 years
18
45
11 to 20 years
10
25
21 to 30 years
9
22
31 to 40 years
3
7
TOTAL
40
100
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Tenurial Status
Full owner
25
62
Rented
15
38
TOTAL
40
100
Major source of income
Farming
40
100
Other source of income
Livestock/ Poultry
2
5
“Sari- sari store”
1
3
Farm Size/Area
Table 2 present the farm size/area cultivated by the respondents. Half of the
respondents claimed that they have 1 to 2 hectares of farm lot; 38% have less than 1 hectare
and 12% have 3 to 4 hectares. The respondents who owned more than 2 hectares are those
families considered rich in the community. The farms of the respondents are also planted
with crops like cabbage, carrot, radish, celery, beans, garden peas and bell pepper
sequentially according to seasonality and availability of these crops to be planted.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Table 2. Farm size/area
FARM SIZE/AREA
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
less than 1 ha
15
38
1ha to 2 ha
20
50
3ha to 4ha
5
12
TOTAL
40
100
Crops Grown According to Priority
Table 3 presents the crops grown according to priority. According to the
respondents, their priority crops in the area are the following: first, potatoes (38.10%)
followed cabbages (32.10%), carrots (17.86%) and Chinese cabbage (3.57%). These may
be planted interchangeably on any month of the year. The respondent also said that “the
demand for potatoes, cabbages and carrots is higher as compared to other vegetables; thus,
mass productions of these three commodities will not affect their prices that much which
will in turn give a higher return of investment and security of income.”This is what the
respondents claimed, that is why they consider potatoes, cabbages and carrots as their
priority crop.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Table 3. Crops grown according to priority crops
Crops
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Potato
32
38.10
Cabbage
27
32.14
Chinese cabbage
3
3.57
Carrot
15
17.86
Others
7
8.33
*Multiple responses
Previous Potato Varieties Planted by the Farmers
Table 4 presents the previous potato varieties planted by the farmers. The previous
varieties planted are: Granola which accounts for 38.40%, Raniag (27.66%), Igorota
(31.91%) and the least is Solibao which accounts for only 2.13%. According to the
respondents, Granola is susceptible to late blight during rainy season but farmers still prefer
this variety because it has a shorter harvesting period.
Table 4. Previous potato varieties planted by the farmers
VARIETIES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Granola
36
38.33
Raniag
26
27.16
Solibao
2
2.13
Igorota
30
32.10
*Multiple Responses
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Most Preferred Potato Varieties
Table 5 presents the most preferred potato varieties. The most preferred potato
variety of potato farmers is Granola which accounts for 78.05% followed by Igorota with
12.50% and Raniag with 7.5%. The choice of potato farmers in the variety is affected by
many factors which may be the seasonality, the resistance/susceptibility to diseases, the
yield, days of maturity and the days until maturity or the availability of seed tubers of the
preferred potato variety. According to the respondents, they have been planting Granola
variety for so many years and it is, so far, the quickest to harvest. One of the respondent
said that “even though Granola variety is a little more susceptible to pests and diseases
compared to Igorota and Raniag variety, its tubers develop more easily and harvest is a
little more secure than of that the Raniag and Igorota variety. In addition because it is early
maturing production cost would be lower.” This confirms to what Bautista and Mabesa
(1997) as cited by Balawen (2012) that in selection, the variety should be early maturing
so that production would entails less expense.
Table 5. Most preferred potato varieties
VARIETIES
FREQUENCY
PERCENT
Granola
32
78
Igorota
5
12
Raniag
3
7
TOTAL
40
100
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Prices of Potato Seed Tubers
Table 6 presents the prices of seed tubers of preferred potato varieties. During the
conduct of the study, Igorota variety is 30 to 35 pesos per kilo, Granola variety is 23 to 30
pesos per kilo, and Raniag variety is 20 to 25 pesos per kilo. Even though Granola variety
is more expensive than Raniag variety, more of them prefer it because of its positive
attribute that gives an assurance of having a good yield.
Table 6. Prices of most preferred potato varieties
PRICE
VARIETY
(per kilo)
Igorota
P30 to 35
Granola
P 23 to 30
Raniag
P 20 to 25
Characteristics of Potato Varieties According to Farmers.
Table 7 presents the different characteristics of three varieties in terms of seed
dormancy, resistance to late blight, resistance to leaf miner, resistance to bacterial wilt and
days of harvesting according to the farmers.
Seed dormancy. The potato varieties Raniag, Igorota and Granola are all different
in terms of seed dormancy or the length of time it takes for the tubers to sprout to be ready
for planting. The finding shows that the entire respondent who preferred Granola claimed
that this variety sprouts from 91 to 120 days. All of the farmers who plant Raniag claimed
that the variety sprout from 60 to 90 days. It is conforms to what Kiswa (2013) stated that
Granola variety sprouts from 90 to 120 days and for Raniag 60 to 90 days. On the other
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
hand, 66.7% of the farmers who plant Igorota variety claimed that the variety sprouts from
60 to 90 days; and 33.33% say that it sprouts from 91 to 120 days.
Resistance to late blight. In the interview conducted results shows that half of the
Granola farmers said that their variety has high resistance to late blight, 43.75% said that
it is medium resistance and 6.25% mentioned that it has a low resistance to late blight. The
claim of farmers is different with what NPRCRTC (1999) finding that Granola variety is
susceptible to late blight. Majority (58.3%) of the farmers who plant Igorota variety
mentioned that the variety has very high resistance to late blight and 41.7% mentioned that
it has high resistance. On the other hand, all of the farmers who plant Raniag variety
claimed that the variety has high resistance to late blight.
Resistance to leaf miner. Majority (56.25%) of the respondents claimed that
Granola has medium resistance to leaf miner infestation, 34.28% claimed that it is high
resistance and 9.38% low resistance. All of the farmers’ plant Raniag variety claimed that
it is highly resistance to leaf miner infestation. On the other hand, majority (66.7%) of the
farmers who plant Igorota varieties claimed that their variety also had a very high resistance
and (33.3 %) high resistance to leaf miner.
Resistance to bacterial wilt. According to NPRCRTC (1999), Granola is susceptible
to diseases like bacterial wilt and late blight. If the plants are infected at 55-65 days after
planting the farmer can still get harvest. Majority (68.75%) of the Granola farmers claimed
that it is high resistance to late blight despite of it, 25% claimed that it is medium resistance
and 6.25% low resistance while half of the farmers who plant Igorota variety claimed that
it is highly resistance, another half claimed that it is medium resistance to bacterial wilt.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
On the other hand all of the farmers who plant Raniag variety claimed that this variety had
high resistance to bacterial wilt.
Days of harvesting. The entire Granola farmer’s claimed that Granola could be
harvested if it reaches 75 to 90 days. All farmers who planted Igorota variety also claimed
that this variety can be harvested after 91 to 120 days, same with Raniag farmers, of them
also claimed that their variety could be harvested after 91 to 120 day.
Table 7. Characteristics of potato varieties according to farmers
GRANOLA
IGOROTA
RANIAG
PARTICULAR
F
%
F
%
F
%
Seed dormancy
60 to 90
0
0
4
66.7
2
100
91 to 120
32
100
2
33.3
TOTAL
32
100
6
100
2
100
Resistance to late blight
Very high
0
0
7
58.3
0
0
High
16
50.00
5
41.7
2
100
Medium
14
43.75
0
0
0
0
Low
2
6.25
0
0
0
0
TOTAL
32
100
12
100
2
100
Resistance to leaf miner
Very high
0
0
4
66.7
0
0
High
11
34.28
2
33.3
2
100
Medium
18
56.25
0
0
0
0
Low
3
9.38
0
0
0
0
TOTAL
32
100
6
100
2
100
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Table 7.Continued…
GRANOLA
IGOROTA
RANIAG
PARTICULAR
F
%
F
%
F
%
Resistance to bacterial wilt
Very high
0
0
0
0
0
0
High
22
68.75
1
50
2
100
Medium
8
25.00
1
50
0
0
Low
2
6.25
0
0
0
0
TOTAL
32
100
2
100
2
100
Days of harvesting
75 to 90
32
100
0
0
0
0
91 to 120
0
0
6
100
2
100
TOTAL
32
100
6
100
2
100
Reasons for Choosing Varieties to be Planted
Table 8 presents the reasons of farmers for choosing varieties to be planted.
Majority of the respondents consider the susceptibility of the variety to diseases as the main
reason affecting yield which in turn affects their preference. This is followed by the
seasonality, marketability of the variety, and the decrease of its productivity over time.
Granola, Raniag and Igorota varieties are different in terms of these reasons. In terms of
susceptibility to diseases, the farmers, ranked Granola variety as the most susceptible with
42.5%, followed by Raniag variety with 32.5%, and Igorota variety as the least susceptible
with 25% of the respondents who claimed it. In terms of seasonality, most farmers claimed
that Granola is the most seasonal with 37.5%, followed by Raniag variety with 35%, and
Igorota variety with 27.5%. In terms of the marketability of the variety, Granola variety
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
ranked first with 75%, followed by Igorota variety with 17.5%, and then Raniag variety
with 7.5 %. Another reason that the farmers mentioned is the decrease of productivity of
potato over time. One respondent says, “For many years of my farming experience, I
noticed that the productivity of potato decreases over time when we plant it in the same
area over and over again but it varies in different varieties I tried”. In the data collected in
terms of the decrease in productivity over time, majority (57%) of the respondents said that
the productivity of Raniag variety decreases productivity over time. This is followed by
Granola variety with 22.5%, and then Igorota variety with 20%. This preferred variety has
a unique characteristic wherein it has immunity against late blight or other disease because
of its early maturity before the onset of attack it has been harvested already.
Table 8.Reasons for choosing varieties to be planted
GRANOLA
IGOROTA
RANIAG
REASONS
F
%
F
%
F
%
Susceptible
to disease
17
42.5
10
25.0
13
32.5
Seasonality
15
37.5
11
27.5
14
35
Marketability
of variety
30
75.0
7
17.5
3
7.5
Decrease
productivity
9
22.5
8
20
23
57.5
*Multiple responses
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Sources of Seed Tubers
Table 9 presents the source of seed tubers. Majority (39.53%) said they buy it from
BSU, 37.21% of them said that they set aside seed tubers during their previous harvest for
their next crop and 23.26% said they buy it from their fellow farmers. This implies that the
seed tubers they are planting come from different sources which may be from their own
previous harvest or from fellow farmers who set aside seed tubers during their previous
harvests purposely for sale, and from the Benguet State University through NPRCRTC.
Table 9.Sources of seed tubers
SOURCES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
BSU
17
39.53
Owned by the farmers
16
37.21
From other farmers
10
23.26
*Multiple responses
Problems Encountered in Procuring Seed Tubers
Table 10 present the problems encountered in procuring their preferred potato
varieties. Majority (60%) of the respondents point out that the high price of seed tubers
from any source as one of the problems that they encounter in procuring the potato variety
that they prefer because it is an addition cost to them. Other factors they pointed out are;
the distance of the seller of seed tubers to the farm with 42.5%, their farm to market roads
is one way and bumpy with 40%, and the storage facility for seed tubers with 32.5%.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Table 10.Problems encountered in procuring their preferred potato varieties
PROBLEMS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
High price of seed tubers
24
60
Distance
17
42.5
Condition of the farm roads
16
40
Storage facility for seed tubers
13
32.5
*Multiple responses
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the varieties preferred by potato farmers the
varietal characteristics preferred by the potato farmers, the reasons for choosing potato
varieties to be planted, and the problems encountered by the farmers in procuring their
preferred variety.
Majority of the respondents are male aged 42 to 51 years old, all of them attended
formal education.
The potato varieties planted in the area are Granola, Igorota, Raniag. Majority of
the respondents preferred to plant Granola variety because according to the farmers it is
susceptible to pest (leaf miner) and disease (late blight and bacterial wilt) and shorter
maturity period.
With regards to the characteristics of Granola the farmer claimed that it is resistant
to late blight. For Igorota the farmers claimed that it is very high to resistance to late blight
and leaf miner. On the other hand Raniag farmers also claimed that it is high resistance to
late blight and leaf miner.
Majority of the farmers have the following reasons for choosing potato varieties
like susceptible to pest and disease followed by seasonality, marketability of the variety,
and the decrease of its productivity over time.
In terms of problem encountered in procuring seed tubers majority of the
respondent point out that high price of seed tubers is the main problem, followed by the
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
distance of the seller of seed tubers to the farm, the conditions of the farm to market road
and the storage facility for seeds.
Conclusions
1. The potato varieties preferred by the farmers are Granola, Igorota and Raniag.
Majority of the farmers preferred Granola because it is short maturation and higher
marketability than Igorota and Raniag.
2. According to the farmers, the positive characteristics of Granola as claimed by
the farmers are high resistance to bacterial wilt infection and short maturity period while
negative attributes are; long dormancy period, medium resistance to leaf miner infestation
and medium resistance to late blight infection. The positive characteristic of Igorota are
short dormancy period, high resistance to leaf miner infestation and late blight infection,
high resistance to bacterial wilt infection and has high productivity potentials. Negative
characteristic is its long maturity period. The positive characteristics of Raniag variety are
the following; short dormancy period, high resistance to leaf miner infestation and late
blight infection and also as high production and as long maturity period. The negative
attribute is its long maturity period.
3. According to the farmers they choose Granola because it is marketable. They
choose Igorota because it is not susceptible to pest (leaf miner) and disease (late blight and
bacterial wilt). Lastly they choose Raniag because it is not susceptible to pest and disease.
4. The problems encountered by farmers in procuring their preferred variety are the
following: high price of potato seed tubers from any source, distance of the seller of seed
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
tubers to the farms, the condition of the farm to market roads and the availability of tools
and equipments to be used like storage facility for seed tubers.
Recommendation
Based on the conclusion, the following recommendation was given:
1. Research institutions should continuously and develop potato varieties with high
resistance to pest and diseases; and,
2. Farmers, government, NGO and other organization should establish a trading
center for potato seed tubers that will serve as a market of seed tubers. In this way, farmers
who are willing to buy seed tubers would have easier accession the other hand, it would
make it possible for farmers who would like to sell their seed tubers.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
AYANGDAN, N. S 1998.Indexing of Virus Infections on BSU and Farmers PotatoCul-
tivars Using Stem Cutting. BS Thesis. BenguetState University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-4.
BA-A.O.L. 2002. Potato Production Using Rooted Stem Cutting and Seed Tubers of Three
Varieties in Abiang, Atok, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad,Benguet. Pp. 20-21.
BALAODAN, G. J. 2004. Comparison of Rooted StemCutting andSeed Tubers of
Three
Potato Varieties Under Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-2.
BALASO, A, J., 2001. Technology Synthesis of Farmers Practices on Potato Production
in Atok, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.
3-4.
BALAWEN, J.B. 2012.Growth and Yield of Ten Potato Entries under Bangao, Buguias,
Benguet Condition.P.3.
BAY-AN, J. D., 2004. Advance Yield Trial Potato Clones in England, Paoay,
Atok,Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad; Benguet P. 1.
BOTANGEN, A. T., J. G. DATI, B.T. GAYAO,.G.T. MENDOZA., J.M. SIM and G.
TABDI, JR. 1998.Potato Production Statistic in Seven Major Potato Growing
Municipalities in Northern Philippines. NPRCRTC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp 7-
9.
BOLAQUER, A. 2007.International Year of Potato. Increase Awareness of the Importance
of Potato and Base Farming. Retrieved from www.Potato 2007.Org/en/index/html.
HARRDEC. 1996. Highland Potato Technoquide. Benguet State University University,
La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp 1-20.
HOLMAN, J.B. 2000.Verification of the Effect of Seaweed Extract on the
Development of Potato Late Blight.
GONZALEZ, I,C., E.T. BADODO, D,K. SIMONGO, T.D MASAKAY, A.T.
BOTANGEN E.T.BOTANGEN and F.S. BALUG-AS. 2004. Potato Clone IP
84004. A Variety Release in the Philippine Highlands. Benguet State University
Research Journal. Vol. No. 42. P. 73.
KISWA, C. Personal Interview. March 7. 2013. Seed Dormancy of Potato Varieties.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
NPRCRTC. 1998. Potato Production Statistics in Seven Major Growing Municipalities in
NorthernPhilippines. Pp. 2-9.
NORTHERN PHILLIPINE ROOT CROPS RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER
(NPRCRTC). 1999. Potato Production Guide. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 2-6.
SIM, J. M. Personal Interview. October 4, 2012. Potato varieties planted by the farmers in
Mountain Province and Benguet.
WAG-E, J. 2004. Preferences of Potato Growers in Cada, Balili, MankayanBenguet. BS.
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 4.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013. Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in
Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Rashid B. Lokines, BSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the preferred potato varieties and their
varietal characteristics, to identify the reasons for choosing the variety to be planted and
identify problems encountered/experienced by farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain
Province in procuring the preferred potato varieties.
There were 40 respondents who were randomly selected. The respondents were
interviewed using an interview schedule.
The potato varieties preferred by the farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province
were Granola, Igorota and Raniag. Majority of the farmers preferred Granola because it
had short maturation and higher marketability than Igorota and Raniag.
According to the farmers, the positive characteristics of Granola as claimed by the
farmers were high resistance to bacterial wilt infection and short maturity period while
negative attributes were; long dormancy period, medium resistance to leaf miner
infestation and medium resistance to late blight infection. The positive characteristic of
Igorota were short dormancy period, high resistance to leaf miner infestation and late blight
infection, high resistance to bacterial wilt infection and had high productivity potentials.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Negative characteristic was its long maturity period. The positive characteristics of Raniag
variety were the following; short dormancy period, high resistance to leaf miner infestation
and late blight infection and high production. The negative attribute was its long maturity
period.
According to the farmers they chose Igorota and Raniag varieties because they were
not susceptible to leaf miner, late blight and bacterial wilt; and for Granola because of its
marketability.
The problems encountered by farmers in procuring their preferred variety were the
following: high price of potato seed tubers from any source, distance of the source of seed
tubers to the farms, the condition of the farm to market roads and the availability of tools
and equipments to be used like storage facility for seed tubers.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important agricultural crop in terms of
nutritional and economic value. According to NPRCRTC (1998) potato ranks third among
the three national key commercial priority crops identified by the Department of
Agriculture. It ranks first in the Cordillera Administrative Region followed by coffee and
other temperate vegetables. Gonzales et al. (2004) reported that Benguet and Mountain
Province supplies 74% of the total production, the remaining 26% are sourced from the
Island of Mindanao. Bolaquer (2007) also added that there are number of processing and
table potato varieties are now available at BSU-NPRCRTC. Furthermore, personal
interview with Sim (2012) she mentioned that the varieties grown today are Granola,
Ganza, Solibao, Gloria and Igorota in Benguet and Mountain Province.
According to Gonzalez et al (2004), farmers do not have the right variety, cultural
practices are not appropriate and the art of production has become prohibitive. Thus, to
improve the situation, high yielding varieties must be selected and grown to increase yield
per unit area. Wag-e (2004) also added that one aspect to consider in selecting certain
potato variety is the season in which the variety is to be planted.
Production of the desired potatoes will also help the farmers market their produce,
the consumers and processors to avail of locally produced varieties, boost the potato
industry, and improve the quality of high land potato produce in the Philippines.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
With the forgoing statements, selecting the variety to be planted is crucial for the
improvement of the potato industry. Thus, the study aimed to identify preferred potato
varieties and varietal characteristics of these potatoes in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province.
Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What are the potato varieties preferred by farmers?
2. What are the varietal characteristics preferred by potato farmers?
3. What are the reasons of potato farmers for choosing potato varieties to be
planted?
4. What are the problems encountered/experienced by potato farmers in procuring
their preferred potato varieties?
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study were the following:
1. To identify the varieties preferred by the potato farmers;
2. To identify the varietal characteristics preferred by potato farmers;
3. To identify the reasons of potato farmers for choosing potato varieties to be
planted; and
4. To identify the problems experienced/encountered by potato farmers in
procuring their preferred potato varieties.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Importance of the Study
Technology like new varieties is one of the considerations in increasing
productivity. Knowing the varietal preference of potato farmers in certain areas will help
institutions like NPRCRTC, BSU and other institutions working on potato varietal
development in determining the varieties which they will enhance for a better performance
which will in turn help farmers in their production through better productivity, less
susceptibility to pests and diseases and short maturity. The results of this study would serve
as reference to students and other researches.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study focused on the potato varieties preferred by the farmers and the varietal
characteristics preferred by potato farmers, the reason for choosing the certain variety, and
the problems encountered by the potato farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province in
procuring their preferred variety.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Potato Variety
Botangen et al. (1998) claimed that there are various varieties being planted by
Benguet farmers. Granola is planted by 96% of potato farmers. Granola variety has two
type; short growing type and tall or longer-maturing type. Also grown is BSUPo4 popularly
known as LBR or Igorota, by 20% of the farmers .Sante or Smite, 5%; Famoso 46% and
BR 4% other varieties tried and still being grown by few farmers includes Atlantic, Agria,
Lemhi, Montanosa, Dalisay and Univita.
Ba-a (2002), noted that Granola, Igorota, and Raniag gave higher yield than other
varieties planted by the farmers of Abiang, Atok, Benguet. The good yielding performance
of the varieties varies from each other. Among the three varieties evaluated, Igorota has
the highest return on investment (ROI).
Preferred Potato Variety
During the 1980’s, potato farmers in Benguet and Mountain Province preferred the
old cultivars such as Chonchita and Greta because of their resistance to late blight and slow
degeneration rate. Other recommended varieties include Cosima, Granola, Fina, and Red
Pontiak because of their wide range of adaptability to the region condition (HARRDEC,
1982) as cited by (Bay-an 2004).
At present, the cultivar Granola is grown mostly by farmers in Benguet. This
cultivar is adapted to wet and dry cropping seasons under warm and cold conditions. This
variety as reported by Ayangdan (1998) has been with the farmers for 15 cropping seasons.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
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However, new selections, I-1085 (PO4) and LBR I–5 (BSUPO3 or Igorota) are
recommended for the highlands. I-1085 is resistant to late blight and suitable for French
fries processing. The selection LBR 1-5 is the first highland potato variety entirely
developed through hybridization and selection in the Philippines. It was further stated that
it is resistant to late blight and of vigorous plant type, suitable for fresh consumption
(HARRDEC, 1996).
Balaodan (2004) observe that under Madaymen, Kibungan Benguet condition,
Igorota had a better performance in terms of the production of extra large and jumbo-sized
tubers than Granola. On the other hand, Granola produces greater volume of non-
marketable produce. However, Granola is still preferred in Benguet because of its
adaptability to wet and dry cropping season and its short maturity period (75-90 days).
Varietal Evaluation and Selection
Balaso (2001) stated that the first decision in planting potato is to know the best
variety to plant. For maximum production, the best variety that is adapted to the locality
should be selected. Excellent cultural management practices may not compensate for a
poor choice of variety. Using the right variety ensure high yield and better quality of
produce.
Using the right variety ensures high yield and better quality of produce. In planting
the first decision is to know the best variety that is adapted to the locality to have a
profitable production (HARRDEC, 1996).
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Bautista and Mabesa (1977) as cited by Balawen (2012) said that in selection, the
variety should be high yielding and pest and diseases resistance, and early maturity so that
production would entail less expense.
Characteristics of Potato Varieties
Botangen et al. (1998) pointed out that Granola has a positive characteristic such
as: heavy and large size tubers, early maturity (type A) Granola, marketable as seed tubers
and ware potatoes, slow degeneration and tolerance to drought. However, their negative
characteristic is susceptible to late blight. On the other hand, the positive characteristics of
Igorota are as follows; large sized tubers, late blight resistant and a processing variety.
However, it has also negative characteristics such as: short dormancy and long maturity
because it takes four months before harvesting. NPRCRTC (1998) claimed that farmers
prefer planting potatoes as their source of income because it is considered as their expertise.
The proof that farmers are expert in their own field is because of their long time experience
in growing potatoes. Most farmers in Benguet had more than 25 years of experiences in
cultivating potato. During their long time experience in cultivating potatoes they have
learned and compared the different attributes of various potato varieties. Consequently, it
serves as their basis in choosing appropriate potato variety to plant.
Seed Dormancy of Potato
Personal interview Kiswa (2013) states that Granola variety sprouts from 91 to 120
days, Igorota and Raniag sprout from 60 to 90 days. This implies that Granola variety
remains dormant longer than Igorota and Raniag. Thus, Raniag and Igorota can be planted
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
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three times in a year, which is more efficient, as compared to Granola which is only
possible to be planted twice a year.
Resistance to Blight and Bacterial Wilt
Holman (2000) claimed that the potato late blight inhibit the growth of the potato
especially during the development of the tubers. Late blight is caused by Phythopthora
infestans. The disease can destroy potato field within few days when temperature is low
and humidity is high. It may occurs almost everywhere where potatoes are grown and
especially in the traditional potato growing areas.
Definition of Terms
Seed dormancy. It is the sprouting of leaves.
Varietal characteristics. It is the particular features of the varieties of crops like high
yield, storability, resistance to pest and disease, and others.
Varietal preferences. It is the variety of crops preferred by an individual farmer.
Variety. It is the differences in the same species.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province from October to
November 2012.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were potato farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain
Province. Forty potato farmers who were selected randomly served as respondents of the
study.
Data Gathering Procedure
The respondents were interviewed using an interview schedule.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the potato varieties preferred by the potato farmers, the
varietal characteristics of potato varieties preferred by the farmers, the reasons for choosing
potato varieties to be planted, and the problems encountered or experienced by potato
farmers in procuring their preferred variety.
Data Analysis
The data collected were analyzed using frequency and descriptive analysis.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 presents the profile of the respondent in terms of age, gender, educational
attainment, number of years in farming, tenurial status, major and other source of income.
Age. More of the respondents (37.5%) are adults with age ranging from 42 to 51
years old, 25% consist of 22 to 31 years old, another 25% consist of 32 to 41 years old,
10% for 42 to 51 years old and only 2.5% are above 62 years old. This shows that majority
of the respondents are matured.
Gender. Majority (55%) are male while 45% of them are female. This shows that
majority of those engaged in farming in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province are male.
Educational attainment. Thirty five percent of the respondents finished elementary
and high school. Some even finished college and vocational courses. This shows that all
the respondents attended formal education.
Number of years in farming. Forty five percent of the respondents have been
farming for less than ten years, 25% for 11 to 20 years, 22.5% for 21 to 30 years and only
7.5% have 31 to 40 years of experience in farming. This shows that majority of the potato
farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province have an experience in farming.
Tenurial status. The study reveals that majority (62%) of the respondents owned
the farm, and the rest are rented the farm they are cultivating. Even though they have
different tenurial status, it does not affect their varietal preference.
Source of income. The respondent’s main source of income is farming. Few of them
get income from sources like poultry and livestock raising and, “sari-sari store”.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
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Table 1. Profile of the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Age
22 to 31
10
25.0
32 to 41
10
25.0
42 to 51
15
37.5
52 to 61
4
10.0
62 and above
1
2.5
TOTAL
40
100.0
Gender
Male
22
55
Female
18
45
TOTAL
40
100
Educational attainment
Elementary
14
35
High School
12
30
Vocational
5
12
College
9
22
TOTAL
40
100
Number of years in farming
1 to 10 years
18
45
11 to 20 years
10
25
21 to 30 years
9
22
31 to 40 years
3
7
TOTAL
40
100
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Tenurial Status
Full owner
25
62
Rented
15
38
TOTAL
40
100
Major source of income
Farming
40
100
Other source of income
Livestock/ Poultry
2
5
“Sari- sari store”
1
3
Farm Size/Area
Table 2 present the farm size/area cultivated by the respondents. Half of the
respondents claimed that they have 1 to 2 hectares of farm lot; 38% have less than 1 hectare
and 12% have 3 to 4 hectares. The respondents who owned more than 2 hectares are those
families considered rich in the community. The farms of the respondents are also planted
with crops like cabbage, carrot, radish, celery, beans, garden peas and bell pepper
sequentially according to seasonality and availability of these crops to be planted.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Table 2. Farm size/area
FARM SIZE/AREA
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
less than 1 ha
15
38
1ha to 2 ha
20
50
3ha to 4ha
5
12
TOTAL
40
100
Crops Grown According to Priority
Table 3 presents the crops grown according to priority. According to the
respondents, their priority crops in the area are the following: first, potatoes (38.10%)
followed cabbages (32.10%), carrots (17.86%) and Chinese cabbage (3.57%). These may
be planted interchangeably on any month of the year. The respondent also said that “the
demand for potatoes, cabbages and carrots is higher as compared to other vegetables; thus,
mass productions of these three commodities will not affect their prices that much which
will in turn give a higher return of investment and security of income.”This is what the
respondents claimed, that is why they consider potatoes, cabbages and carrots as their
priority crop.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Table 3. Crops grown according to priority crops
Crops
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Potato
32
38.10
Cabbage
27
32.14
Chinese cabbage
3
3.57
Carrot
15
17.86
Others
7
8.33
*Multiple responses
Previous Potato Varieties Planted by the Farmers
Table 4 presents the previous potato varieties planted by the farmers. The previous
varieties planted are: Granola which accounts for 38.40%, Raniag (27.66%), Igorota
(31.91%) and the least is Solibao which accounts for only 2.13%. According to the
respondents, Granola is susceptible to late blight during rainy season but farmers still prefer
this variety because it has a shorter harvesting period.
Table 4. Previous potato varieties planted by the farmers
VARIETIES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Granola
36
38.33
Raniag
26
27.16
Solibao
2
2.13
Igorota
30
32.10
*Multiple Responses
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Most Preferred Potato Varieties
Table 5 presents the most preferred potato varieties. The most preferred potato
variety of potato farmers is Granola which accounts for 78.05% followed by Igorota with
12.50% and Raniag with 7.5%. The choice of potato farmers in the variety is affected by
many factors which may be the seasonality, the resistance/susceptibility to diseases, the
yield, days of maturity and the days until maturity or the availability of seed tubers of the
preferred potato variety. According to the respondents, they have been planting Granola
variety for so many years and it is, so far, the quickest to harvest. One of the respondent
said that “even though Granola variety is a little more susceptible to pests and diseases
compared to Igorota and Raniag variety, its tubers develop more easily and harvest is a
little more secure than of that the Raniag and Igorota variety. In addition because it is early
maturing production cost would be lower.” This confirms to what Bautista and Mabesa
(1997) as cited by Balawen (2012) that in selection, the variety should be early maturing
so that production would entails less expense.
Table 5. Most preferred potato varieties
VARIETIES
FREQUENCY
PERCENT
Granola
32
78
Igorota
5
12
Raniag
3
7
TOTAL
40
100
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Prices of Potato Seed Tubers
Table 6 presents the prices of seed tubers of preferred potato varieties. During the
conduct of the study, Igorota variety is 30 to 35 pesos per kilo, Granola variety is 23 to 30
pesos per kilo, and Raniag variety is 20 to 25 pesos per kilo. Even though Granola variety
is more expensive than Raniag variety, more of them prefer it because of its positive
attribute that gives an assurance of having a good yield.
Table 6. Prices of most preferred potato varieties
PRICE
VARIETY
(per kilo)
Igorota
P30 to 35
Granola
P 23 to 30
Raniag
P 20 to 25
Characteristics of Potato Varieties According to Farmers.
Table 7 presents the different characteristics of three varieties in terms of seed
dormancy, resistance to late blight, resistance to leaf miner, resistance to bacterial wilt and
days of harvesting according to the farmers.
Seed dormancy. The potato varieties Raniag, Igorota and Granola are all different
in terms of seed dormancy or the length of time it takes for the tubers to sprout to be ready
for planting. The finding shows that the entire respondent who preferred Granola claimed
that this variety sprouts from 91 to 120 days. All of the farmers who plant Raniag claimed
that the variety sprout from 60 to 90 days. It is conforms to what Kiswa (2013) stated that
Granola variety sprouts from 90 to 120 days and for Raniag 60 to 90 days. On the other
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
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hand, 66.7% of the farmers who plant Igorota variety claimed that the variety sprouts from
60 to 90 days; and 33.33% say that it sprouts from 91 to 120 days.
Resistance to late blight. In the interview conducted results shows that half of the
Granola farmers said that their variety has high resistance to late blight, 43.75% said that
it is medium resistance and 6.25% mentioned that it has a low resistance to late blight. The
claim of farmers is different with what NPRCRTC (1999) finding that Granola variety is
susceptible to late blight. Majority (58.3%) of the farmers who plant Igorota variety
mentioned that the variety has very high resistance to late blight and 41.7% mentioned that
it has high resistance. On the other hand, all of the farmers who plant Raniag variety
claimed that the variety has high resistance to late blight.
Resistance to leaf miner. Majority (56.25%) of the respondents claimed that
Granola has medium resistance to leaf miner infestation, 34.28% claimed that it is high
resistance and 9.38% low resistance. All of the farmers’ plant Raniag variety claimed that
it is highly resistance to leaf miner infestation. On the other hand, majority (66.7%) of the
farmers who plant Igorota varieties claimed that their variety also had a very high resistance
and (33.3 %) high resistance to leaf miner.
Resistance to bacterial wilt. According to NPRCRTC (1999), Granola is susceptible
to diseases like bacterial wilt and late blight. If the plants are infected at 55-65 days after
planting the farmer can still get harvest. Majority (68.75%) of the Granola farmers claimed
that it is high resistance to late blight despite of it, 25% claimed that it is medium resistance
and 6.25% low resistance while half of the farmers who plant Igorota variety claimed that
it is highly resistance, another half claimed that it is medium resistance to bacterial wilt.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
On the other hand all of the farmers who plant Raniag variety claimed that this variety had
high resistance to bacterial wilt.
Days of harvesting. The entire Granola farmer’s claimed that Granola could be
harvested if it reaches 75 to 90 days. All farmers who planted Igorota variety also claimed
that this variety can be harvested after 91 to 120 days, same with Raniag farmers, of them
also claimed that their variety could be harvested after 91 to 120 day.
Table 7. Characteristics of potato varieties according to farmers
GRANOLA
IGOROTA
RANIAG
PARTICULAR
F
%
F
%
F
%
Seed dormancy
60 to 90
0
0
4
66.7
2
100
91 to 120
32
100
2
33.3
TOTAL
32
100
6
100
2
100
Resistance to late blight
Very high
0
0
7
58.3
0
0
High
16
50.00
5
41.7
2
100
Medium
14
43.75
0
0
0
0
Low
2
6.25
0
0
0
0
TOTAL
32
100
12
100
2
100
Resistance to leaf miner
Very high
0
0
4
66.7
0
0
High
11
34.28
2
33.3
2
100
Medium
18
56.25
0
0
0
0
Low
3
9.38
0
0
0
0
TOTAL
32
100
6
100
2
100
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Table 7.Continued…
GRANOLA
IGOROTA
RANIAG
PARTICULAR
F
%
F
%
F
%
Resistance to bacterial wilt
Very high
0
0
0
0
0
0
High
22
68.75
1
50
2
100
Medium
8
25.00
1
50
0
0
Low
2
6.25
0
0
0
0
TOTAL
32
100
2
100
2
100
Days of harvesting
75 to 90
32
100
0
0
0
0
91 to 120
0
0
6
100
2
100
TOTAL
32
100
6
100
2
100
Reasons for Choosing Varieties to be Planted
Table 8 presents the reasons of farmers for choosing varieties to be planted.
Majority of the respondents consider the susceptibility of the variety to diseases as the main
reason affecting yield which in turn affects their preference. This is followed by the
seasonality, marketability of the variety, and the decrease of its productivity over time.
Granola, Raniag and Igorota varieties are different in terms of these reasons. In terms of
susceptibility to diseases, the farmers, ranked Granola variety as the most susceptible with
42.5%, followed by Raniag variety with 32.5%, and Igorota variety as the least susceptible
with 25% of the respondents who claimed it. In terms of seasonality, most farmers claimed
that Granola is the most seasonal with 37.5%, followed by Raniag variety with 35%, and
Igorota variety with 27.5%. In terms of the marketability of the variety, Granola variety
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
ranked first with 75%, followed by Igorota variety with 17.5%, and then Raniag variety
with 7.5 %. Another reason that the farmers mentioned is the decrease of productivity of
potato over time. One respondent says, “For many years of my farming experience, I
noticed that the productivity of potato decreases over time when we plant it in the same
area over and over again but it varies in different varieties I tried”. In the data collected in
terms of the decrease in productivity over time, majority (57%) of the respondents said that
the productivity of Raniag variety decreases productivity over time. This is followed by
Granola variety with 22.5%, and then Igorota variety with 20%. This preferred variety has
a unique characteristic wherein it has immunity against late blight or other disease because
of its early maturity before the onset of attack it has been harvested already.
Table 8.Reasons for choosing varieties to be planted
GRANOLA
IGOROTA
RANIAG
REASONS
F
%
F
%
F
%
Susceptible
to disease
17
42.5
10
25.0
13
32.5
Seasonality
15
37.5
11
27.5
14
35
Marketability
of variety
30
75.0
7
17.5
3
7.5
Decrease
productivity
9
22.5
8
20
23
57.5
*Multiple responses
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Sources of Seed Tubers
Table 9 presents the source of seed tubers. Majority (39.53%) said they buy it from
BSU, 37.21% of them said that they set aside seed tubers during their previous harvest for
their next crop and 23.26% said they buy it from their fellow farmers. This implies that the
seed tubers they are planting come from different sources which may be from their own
previous harvest or from fellow farmers who set aside seed tubers during their previous
harvests purposely for sale, and from the Benguet State University through NPRCRTC.
Table 9.Sources of seed tubers
SOURCES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
BSU
17
39.53
Owned by the farmers
16
37.21
From other farmers
10
23.26
*Multiple responses
Problems Encountered in Procuring Seed Tubers
Table 10 present the problems encountered in procuring their preferred potato
varieties. Majority (60%) of the respondents point out that the high price of seed tubers
from any source as one of the problems that they encounter in procuring the potato variety
that they prefer because it is an addition cost to them. Other factors they pointed out are;
the distance of the seller of seed tubers to the farm with 42.5%, their farm to market roads
is one way and bumpy with 40%, and the storage facility for seed tubers with 32.5%.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
Table 10.Problems encountered in procuring their preferred potato varieties
PROBLEMS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
High price of seed tubers
24
60
Distance
17
42.5
Condition of the farm roads
16
40
Storage facility for seed tubers
13
32.5
*Multiple responses
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the varieties preferred by potato farmers the
varietal characteristics preferred by the potato farmers, the reasons for choosing potato
varieties to be planted, and the problems encountered by the farmers in procuring their
preferred variety.
Majority of the respondents are male aged 42 to 51 years old, all of them attended
formal education.
The potato varieties planted in the area are Granola, Igorota, Raniag. Majority of
the respondents preferred to plant Granola variety because according to the farmers it is
susceptible to pest (leaf miner) and disease (late blight and bacterial wilt) and shorter
maturity period.
With regards to the characteristics of Granola the farmer claimed that it is resistant
to late blight. For Igorota the farmers claimed that it is very high to resistance to late blight
and leaf miner. On the other hand Raniag farmers also claimed that it is high resistance to
late blight and leaf miner.
Majority of the farmers have the following reasons for choosing potato varieties
like susceptible to pest and disease followed by seasonality, marketability of the variety,
and the decrease of its productivity over time.
In terms of problem encountered in procuring seed tubers majority of the
respondent point out that high price of seed tubers is the main problem, followed by the
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
distance of the seller of seed tubers to the farm, the conditions of the farm to market road
and the storage facility for seeds.
Conclusions
1. The potato varieties preferred by the farmers are Granola, Igorota and Raniag.
Majority of the farmers preferred Granola because it is short maturation and higher
marketability than Igorota and Raniag.
2. According to the farmers, the positive characteristics of Granola as claimed by
the farmers are high resistance to bacterial wilt infection and short maturity period while
negative attributes are; long dormancy period, medium resistance to leaf miner infestation
and medium resistance to late blight infection. The positive characteristic of Igorota are
short dormancy period, high resistance to leaf miner infestation and late blight infection,
high resistance to bacterial wilt infection and has high productivity potentials. Negative
characteristic is its long maturity period. The positive characteristics of Raniag variety are
the following; short dormancy period, high resistance to leaf miner infestation and late
blight infection and also as high production and as long maturity period. The negative
attribute is its long maturity period.
3. According to the farmers they choose Granola because it is marketable. They
choose Igorota because it is not susceptible to pest (leaf miner) and disease (late blight and
bacterial wilt). Lastly they choose Raniag because it is not susceptible to pest and disease.
4. The problems encountered by farmers in procuring their preferred variety are the
following: high price of potato seed tubers from any source, distance of the seller of seed
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
tubers to the farms, the condition of the farm to market roads and the availability of tools
and equipments to be used like storage facility for seed tubers.
Recommendation
Based on the conclusion, the following recommendation was given:
1. Research institutions should continuously and develop potato varieties with high
resistance to pest and diseases; and,
2. Farmers, government, NGO and other organization should establish a trading
center for potato seed tubers that will serve as a market of seed tubers. In this way, farmers
who are willing to buy seed tubers would have easier accession the other hand, it would
make it possible for farmers who would like to sell their seed tubers.
Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013
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Varietal Preferences of Potato Farmers in Sinto, Bauko, Mountain Province |
LAZA, LORRAINE M. APRIL 2013