BIBLIOGRAPHY NANGLEGAN, LORENZA...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013. Documentation on the production
and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Evangeline B. Cungihan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
This study generally aimed to document the production and marketing of the
traditional native rice Tinawon of Ifugao. It was conducted in Hingyon, Ifugao from the
month of December 2012 to January 2013 to gather the necessary desired informations.
Specifically, this study aimed to determine the production and marketing practices in the
production of Tinawon rice; know the perception of the farmers about the exportation of
Tinawon rice; determine the supports received by the farmers from concerned
organizations and know the problems faced by the rice growers.
The data was acquired through interview of 30 Tinawon rice producers regarding
the production and marketing of the Tinawon rice, with a help of interview questionnaire.
Data obtained were tabulated and subjected to frequency analysis.
Results revealed that production and marketing of Tinawon rice in Hingyon, Ifugao
still follow the traditional method except for the rituals. As to perception on the exportation
of Tinawon rice; the farmers were not willing to export their rice because they prefer to use
it for family consumption. To improve rice production the farmers are in need of seminars
and training that would upgrade their knowledge, skills as well as involving in bayanihan
activities. Problems encountered are usually environment related.
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Rice is among the most versatile food around –they can be cooked in countless
ways. They are also energy giving foods that have become popular throughout the world.
It is well loved not only by Filipinos and their Asian neighbours, but also by foodies in
many parts of the globe (Lee, 2006).
As a crop contributing to the food security, rice is the staple food of more than half
of the world’s population, most of the people who live in less developed countries. In terms
of global security requirements, it has been argued that rice production must be increased
by 70% to support the needs of the world’s population by 2025 (Riveros, 1999).
Filipinos are highly dependent on rice (Oryza sativa) since it is the staple food of
the people and the lifeblood of the nation. It provides the calories in the daily diet of many
people in of the world population and as a good source of energy as well as protein and
some minerals and vitamins.
Since 83% of the total Philippine population depends on the rice for subsistence,
almost 50% of the cultivated area in the Philippines is devoted to rice production.
Indications are that future demand will surely accelerate to keep pace with the rapid
population growth. The increasing demand can be met by an expansion in land area planted
to rice and an increase in yield per unit area. But since the availability of the land has
become a constraint, emphasis should be on the technology to increase the yield per
hectare. Since the introduction of the modern technology in 1966, the switch from
traditional varieties to modern rice varieties was rapid. However, in spite of the use of
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
modern varieties, rice production in the past years had not been increasing to match the
increase in population.
Traditional rice is still preferred by most of the tribal folks in the Cordillera Region.
This is supported by the growing of these varieties up to the present times. The continuous
growing is because these varieties are already adapted in the locality and can survive given
minimal inputs. However, due to the introduction of modern varieties, some of these
traditional varieties are in danger of extinction.
Tinawon rice is heritage rice grown in the rice terraces of Ifugao. It is known how
old the variety is but its cultivation has always been part of the terraces and the culture of
Ifugao people. Each of these heirloom varieties has its own distinctive flavor and aroma,
with extraordinary taste and texture. Tinawon rice is highly aromatic, unusually delicious,
and visually beautiful. It is the only rice variety that can grow in the field without
commercial fertilizer or pesticides. Tinawon, the rice variety that the Ifugaos old folks
believed that was handed by their god “Kabunyan”.
The Ifugao rice called Tinawon is now being packaged locally and exported
abroad for a premium price. Identified as the One Town One Product (OTOP) of the
municipalities of Hingyon and Banaue, the Tinawon variety is a high value crop which is
grown in high elevation terraced areas of Ifugao. Local officials of these two towns are
assisting their respective farmers to intensify production to be able to meet the demands of
the market. Records from the provincial government showed that a total of 27,851 hectares
are planted with Tinawon in the irrigated rice paddies in Banaue and other municipalities
(Bulayungan, 2011).
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Heritage Preservation
Tinawon, an indigenous rice variety grown in this province, is experiencing a
production slowdown with many rice farmers shifting to other varieties that produce a
higher yield. Tinawon literally means “yearly”. The rice variety was called such because it
is produced only once annually. Agoot (2011) quoted the statement of Provincial
Agriculturist Raymundo Bahatan who said that due to the high cost of producing Tinawon
rice, many farmers are shifting to other high-yielding varieties which are more reliable
when it comes to income generation. Tinawon rice, as Bahatan said requires a high-
maintenance cost that starts from land preparation until it is milled as rice ready for
cooking. It is also attractive to rats, thus the need to regularly clean the surrounding of
grasses, to prevent rats from entering the paddies.
Bahatan added that if before, Tinawon was grown in all parts of the province, such
is no longer the case today, with many of those who previously grew the rice shifted to
other varieties, which are less labor intensive and produces more yield. In a 2,500-square
meter area, he explained, about 500 bundles of Tinawon palay is produced. When milled,
it can be sold at P60 a kilo, which is at break even in terms of expenses incurred in
production as well as the labor input used in producing it.
Tinawon needs seven months from the time the palay is placed to the seedbed until
it is harvested for drying and milling. Tinawon Fancy, locally known as Imbuucan, is the
treasured variety of high-elevations farmers in the municipalities of Banaue and Hingyon,
Ifugao. The Imbuucan variety has been designated to the Slow Food Foundation’s
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
international “Ark of Taste.”Inclusion in the Ark means that the rice has met the
foundation’s standards for taste quality, environmental sustainability and respect for the
cultural identity of the producers. With a slight pink or brown hue when cooked, the grains
of this rice are large and puffy. The taste is delightful, rich, and deep, with a very clean,
mild sweet after taste. Bahatan explained that many of those who continue to plant Tinawon
do so because “they love the culture, which is associated with rice planting. He further said
that aside from converting to other rice varieties, the majority of the farmers’ children are
not interested in rice planting, more so, planting of Tinawon, which explains the low and
continuously decreasing production of the variety. He added that as far as the market is
concerned, there are buyers, but the problem remains to be in the production side.
Annually, Ifugao produces an average of 2 to 3 tons of Tinawon rice, which is only half of
the demand, especially with the market established on export to the United States (Agoot,
2011).
Assistant Secretary Dante Delima, DA National Rice and Corn coordinator,
claimed that traditional rice varieties particularly those coming from Ifugao may be the
most climate change resilient variety in the country, if not the world. Delima said this is
why DA Secretary Proceso Alcala visited the Ifugao rice terraces, a UNESCO World
Heritage Site, to assess infrastructure, technical and production support the agency can
extend to farmers producing heirloom rice varieties. Based on the agency’s assessment,
the Batad rice terraces have been badly eroded by heavy rains brought by Typhoons
Pedring and Quiel (Agreda, 2011).
Delima said there is a need for the immediate rehabilitation of the area before
future rice production is affected. Alcala said in a famers’ forum held at Venus Parkview
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
Hotel, DA allocated P20 million for the immediate repair of critical and vulnerable areas
in the rice terraces and additional P30 million for other production support for other crops
grown in the province such as coffee and corn. Next year, with an expected 60 percent
increase in the budget of the agency based on 2012 appropriations, Alcala said the province
will be given additional P105 millions as funding for the development of the rice terraces
and the improvement of provincial crops output for coffee and corn. Delima added
rehabilitation of the terraces needs the support of local governments through training of
people planting heirloom rice in the terraces and the creation of a task force who will
manage the terraces. DA is also planning to put up an heirloom rice museum and processing
center to improve genetic diversity of rice varieties planted in the terraces, as the imminent
threat of extinction of these varieties are already being felt (Agreda, 2011).
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Ifugao, home of the world famous Banaue Rice Terraces, is located at the heart of
the Cordillera mountain ranges. The province is bounded by different provinces. At the
southern and eastern part, it is flanked by Nueva Viscaya and Isabela, on the north by
Mountain Province, and on the high peaked mountains of Benguet. Of the total provincial
land area of 2,517.78 square kilometres, agriculture dominates the land use occupying
830.50 square kilometres. The rest is either categorized as forest lands, alienable and
remote areas, built-up areas and other purposes.
The study was conducted in Hingyon, Ifugao. Topographically, the area is
characterized by extensive mountain ranges. It has also streams, gullies, creeks, and rivers
draining into adjacent municipality and finally to the lowlands. Basically, the locality has
two pronounce seasons: dry from January to April and wet for the rest of the year. The
temperature and climate of the locality can be attributed to its forest cover as well as its
geographic location.
In order to obtain the desired information this study was conducted from December
2012 to February 2013 in the municipality of Hingyon in the province of Ifugao.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study are primarily concerned with the selected 30 farmers
of Tinawon Rice from the municipality of Hingyon, Ifugao
Research Instrument
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
A survey questionnaire regarding on the documentation of the production and
marketing of Tinawon rice was employed in the study supplemented with interview. The
respondents answer the questionnaires based on their marketing and production
experiences.
Data Gathered
The data gathered included the demographic profile of Tinawon rice producers,
farm profile, practices of the farmers in production and marketing of Tinawon rice,
perceptions of the farmers about the export of Tinawon rice, supports received and
problems encountered by the farmers.
Data Analysis
The data collected was categorized, tabulated and interpreted according to the
objectives using frequency analysis.
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Demographic Profile of the Tinawon Rice Producers
Table 1 shows the profile of the producers as to gender, age, civil status, household
members, educational attainment, occupation and number of years in farming.
Gender. The Table shows that there were more male respondents (87%) than female
(13%). This implies that Tinawon rice production in Hingyon, Ifugao is managed mostly
by the head of the family.
Age. About 34% of the producers belonged to the age range 31-40 years old. This
is followed by (23%) 41-50 years old and (13%) 61-70 years old. Ten percent each had
aged range of 27-30, 51-60 and 71-80 years old. This finding shows that most of the
producers are in their middle ages.
Civil status. The distribution of the respondents as to civil status is as follows: most
are married with 84%, 13% single and 3% widow.
Household members. The finding shows that 50% of the respondents had 6-10
household members, (40%) 1-5 members, and (10%) 11-15 members.
Educational attainment. As to educational attainment, 60% were elementary level,
27% were secondary level and 13% were college level. The finding shows that most of the
Tinawon rice growers did not reach college level.
Occupation. The table shows that one hundred percent (100%) were engaged in
farming. Some producers were also (14%) carpenters, (3%) office worker, (3%) foreman
while at the same time engaged in farming.
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
Numbers of years in farming. Most (47%) of the producers have engaged in the
range of 2-20 years of farming, followed by twenty seven percent (27%) by the range of
21-40 and twenty three percent (23%) by the range of 41-60 and three percent (3%) is in
the range of 61-80 years of farming.
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study documented informations regarding the Tinawon rice production.
Specifically, this study gathered information along the following aspects: demographic
profile of the Tinawon rice producers as to; gender, age, civil status, numbers of household
members, educational attainment and occupation, farm profile as to; land tenure, land area
and source of irrigation, farm production profile as to; quantity harvested, kilogram of rice
per bundle, price per bundle, varieties planted, planting month and harvesting month.
The study documented also the traditional practices followed by the Tinawon rice
producers in the production from planting to harvesting period which includes the drying
and storage. The finding shows that the producers follow a production cycle in cultivating
Tinawon rice. The use of agricultural tools gave a very significant role in the continuous
production. Basically, all of these agricultural systems are interrelated.
The respondents are not interested in engaging on the export of the produced
traditional rice since this is just enough for home consumption and sometimes not, in
addition the traditional rice is a nutritious and delicious for their family for everyday living
and the passion for maintaining the culture of having part of their everyday life.
Finding shows that given the activities perform as a support in the improvement of
the rice production, the local government unit have the great role in coordination with the
concerned entities in the improvement of the production.
The problems encountered by the respondents in the production are mostly
environment-related like climate, drought, landslide, storm damages, irrigation, distance of
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
the production area and pest. Other problems include labor scarcity, long maturity that may
caused crop failure. All of these problems encountered by the producers are all interrelated.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, conclusions are derived that the production of Tinawon rice
production are mostly headed by the head of the family, most of the producers are in their
middle age and married, most of the producers did not reach college level and they engaged
in farming for 2 years and beyond, most producers are tenants and their land area are
ranging in 500-1000 square meters. Most of the rice field are rainfed.
For an average family household of about six members the average harvest of 472
bundles is not enough for family consumption for the whole year, thus some of the farmer
in the study area shifted to planting the high yielding varieties which are produced twice a
year.
The traditional patterns in cultivating Tinawon rice are still followed by the farmers
nowadays however some of the traditional beliefs and practices are no longer followed.
Most of the palay are stored in the granary and the source for drying is the sun.
The producers are not willing to export their rice produced because they prefer to
have it for family consumption.
Tinawon producers in Hingyon Ifugao are in dire need of technical assistance as
well as financial assistance to help cope with the effect of climate change, and the scarcity
of labor that hinders them to cultivate some of the abandoned fields.
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
Recommendations
Based on the major findings and conclusions of the study, some recommendations
are derived. Concerned entities should further exert more effort to encourage the farmers
who need more assistance in their production for more fruitful result. Conduct more
researches on these traditional agricultural practices to improve them. Through the study,
innovators would be able to understand more clearly the complexity of the agricultural
practices. With regards to problems encountered in the production and marketing area the
proper and continuous techniques supervision on the rice fields are highly needed to avoid
crop failure.
To prevent farmers from shifting to the production of the high yielding variety,
price of Tinawon rice, especially the export should be high enough to enable the farmers
to receive higher income which they can use to buy more commercial rice for their
consumption.
The Local Government should assist the farmers in terms of provision of simple
machines like the tiller to lessen the manual labor requirement; link the farmers to better
market for their Tinawon rice to increase their income. In this way they would be encourage
to increase their production.
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
LITERATURE CITED
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September 23, 2012 from http://www.baguiomidlandcourier.com.ph.
AGREDA, J. 2011. Ifugao heirloom rice most adaptable to climate change.
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DOMOGUEN, R. L. 2007. Uplifting the multi functional roles of the rice terraces.
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NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
DUMALIGAN, E. 1981. Farming system of Balbalan, Kalinga ,Apayao. Undergraduate
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GATCHALIAN, M. M. 1989. Sensory evaluation methods for qualifying assessment and
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KOTLER, P. 1991. Marketing Management (Analysis, Planning, Implementation and
Control). P. 5.
LEE, C. 2006. Pagkaing Pinoy. The most Popular Recipes of the Philippines. P. 48.
MIRANDA, G. S. 1983. Basic Marketing. L & G Business House, Philippines. Pp. 2-5.
LIWONGAN, O. D. 1999. Implementation Strategies on the Rehabilitation project of the
Ifugao Terraces Commission: Ann Appraisal. BS Thesis. Benguet State University.
La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 6-7.
PHILRICE. 2001. Varieties and Seeds. Department- Philippines Rice Institute. P. 5.
RIVEROS, F. 1999. Proceeding of the 18th Session of the International Rice Commission.
International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna. P. 43.
ROBBINS, S. P. 1988. Management: Concepts and Application. Prentice-Hall
International, Inc. 2nd Edition, P. 22.
ROC, B. V. 2012. Bureau pushes organic farming in Ifugao. Retrieved September 23, 2012
from http:/www.bworldonline.com.
SALBINO, V. B. 2006. Marketing Practices of flower shop owners in selected areas in
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University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 7-8.
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013. Documentation on the production
and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Evangeline B. Cungihan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
This study generally aimed to document the production and marketing of the
traditional native rice Tinawon of Ifugao. It was conducted in Hingyon, Ifugao from the
month of December 2012 to January 2013 to gather the necessary desired informations.
Specifically, this study aimed to determine the production and marketing practices in the
production of Tinawon rice; know the perception of the farmers about the exportation of
Tinawon rice; determine the supports received by the farmers from concerned
organizations and know the problems faced by the rice growers.
The data was acquired through interview of 30 Tinawon rice producers regarding
the production and marketing of the Tinawon rice, with a help of interview questionnaire.
Data obtained were tabulated and subjected to frequency analysis.
Results revealed that production and marketing of Tinawon rice in Hingyon, Ifugao
still follow the traditional method except for the rituals. As to perception on the exportation
of Tinawon rice; the farmers were not willing to export their rice because they prefer to use
it for family consumption. To improve rice production the farmers are in need of seminars
and training that would upgrade their knowledge, skills as well as involving in bayanihan
activities. Problems encountered are usually environment related.
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Rice is among the most versatile food around –they can be cooked in countless
ways. They are also energy giving foods that have become popular throughout the world.
It is well loved not only by Filipinos and their Asian neighbours, but also by foodies in
many parts of the globe (Lee, 2006).
As a crop contributing to the food security, rice is the staple food of more than half
of the world’s population, most of the people who live in less developed countries. In terms
of global security requirements, it has been argued that rice production must be increased
by 70% to support the needs of the world’s population by 2025 (Riveros, 1999).
Filipinos are highly dependent on rice (Oryza sativa) since it is the staple food of
the people and the lifeblood of the nation. It provides the calories in the daily diet of many
people in of the world population and as a good source of energy as well as protein and
some minerals and vitamins.
Since 83% of the total Philippine population depends on the rice for subsistence,
almost 50% of the cultivated area in the Philippines is devoted to rice production.
Indications are that future demand will surely accelerate to keep pace with the rapid
population growth. The increasing demand can be met by an expansion in land area planted
to rice and an increase in yield per unit area. But since the availability of the land has
become a constraint, emphasis should be on the technology to increase the yield per
hectare. Since the introduction of the modern technology in 1966, the switch from
traditional varieties to modern rice varieties was rapid. However, in spite of the use of
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
modern varieties, rice production in the past years had not been increasing to match the
increase in population.
Traditional rice is still preferred by most of the tribal folks in the Cordillera Region.
This is supported by the growing of these varieties up to the present times. The continuous
growing is because these varieties are already adapted in the locality and can survive given
minimal inputs. However, due to the introduction of modern varieties, some of these
traditional varieties are in danger of extinction.
Tinawon rice is heritage rice grown in the rice terraces of Ifugao. It is known how
old the variety is but its cultivation has always been part of the terraces and the culture of
Ifugao people. Each of these heirloom varieties has its own distinctive flavor and aroma,
with extraordinary taste and texture. Tinawon rice is highly aromatic, unusually delicious,
and visually beautiful. It is the only rice variety that can grow in the field without
commercial fertilizer or pesticides. Tinawon, the rice variety that the Ifugaos old folks
believed that was handed by their god “Kabunyan”.
The Ifugao rice called Tinawon is now being packaged locally and exported
abroad for a premium price. Identified as the One Town One Product (OTOP) of the
municipalities of Hingyon and Banaue, the Tinawon variety is a high value crop which is
grown in high elevation terraced areas of Ifugao. Local officials of these two towns are
assisting their respective farmers to intensify production to be able to meet the demands of
the market. Records from the provincial government showed that a total of 27,851 hectares
are planted with Tinawon in the irrigated rice paddies in Banaue and other municipalities
(Bulayungan, 2011).
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Heritage Preservation
Tinawon, an indigenous rice variety grown in this province, is experiencing a
production slowdown with many rice farmers shifting to other varieties that produce a
higher yield. Tinawon literally means “yearly”. The rice variety was called such because it
is produced only once annually. Agoot (2011) quoted the statement of Provincial
Agriculturist Raymundo Bahatan who said that due to the high cost of producing Tinawon
rice, many farmers are shifting to other high-yielding varieties which are more reliable
when it comes to income generation. Tinawon rice, as Bahatan said requires a high-
maintenance cost that starts from land preparation until it is milled as rice ready for
cooking. It is also attractive to rats, thus the need to regularly clean the surrounding of
grasses, to prevent rats from entering the paddies.
Bahatan added that if before, Tinawon was grown in all parts of the province, such
is no longer the case today, with many of those who previously grew the rice shifted to
other varieties, which are less labor intensive and produces more yield. In a 2,500-square
meter area, he explained, about 500 bundles of Tinawon palay is produced. When milled,
it can be sold at P60 a kilo, which is at break even in terms of expenses incurred in
production as well as the labor input used in producing it.
Tinawon needs seven months from the time the palay is placed to the seedbed until
it is harvested for drying and milling. Tinawon Fancy, locally known as Imbuucan, is the
treasured variety of high-elevations farmers in the municipalities of Banaue and Hingyon,
Ifugao. The Imbuucan variety has been designated to the Slow Food Foundation’s
Documentation on the production and marketing of Tinawon rice of Hingyon, Ifugao
NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
international “Ark of Taste.”Inclusion in the Ark means that the rice has met the
foundation’s standards for taste quality, environmental sustainability and respect for the
cultural identity of the producers. With a slight pink or brown hue when cooked, the grains
of this rice are large and puffy. The taste is delightful, rich, and deep, with a very clean,
mild sweet after taste. Bahatan explained that many of those who continue to plant Tinawon
do so because “they love the culture, which is associated with rice planting. He further said
that aside from converting to other rice varieties, the majority of the farmers’ children are
not interested in rice planting, more so, planting of Tinawon, which explains the low and
continuously decreasing production of the variety. He added that as far as the market is
concerned, there are buyers, but the problem remains to be in the production side.
Annually, Ifugao produces an average of 2 to 3 tons of Tinawon rice, which is only half of
the demand, especially with the market established on export to the United States (Agoot,
2011).
Assistant Secretary Dante Delima, DA National Rice and Corn coordinator,
claimed that traditional rice varieties particularly those coming from Ifugao may be the
most climate change resilient variety in the country, if not the world. Delima said this is
why DA Secretary Proceso Alcala visited the Ifugao rice terraces, a UNESCO World
Heritage Site, to assess infrastructure, technical and production support the agency can
extend to farmers producing heirloom rice varieties. Based on the agency’s assessment,
the Batad rice terraces have been badly eroded by heavy rains brought by Typhoons
Pedring and Quiel (Agreda, 2011).
Delima said there is a need for the immediate rehabilitation of the area before
future rice production is affected. Alcala said in a famers’ forum held at Venus Parkview
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Hotel, DA allocated P20 million for the immediate repair of critical and vulnerable areas
in the rice terraces and additional P30 million for other production support for other crops
grown in the province such as coffee and corn. Next year, with an expected 60 percent
increase in the budget of the agency based on 2012 appropriations, Alcala said the province
will be given additional P105 millions as funding for the development of the rice terraces
and the improvement of provincial crops output for coffee and corn. Delima added
rehabilitation of the terraces needs the support of local governments through training of
people planting heirloom rice in the terraces and the creation of a task force who will
manage the terraces. DA is also planning to put up an heirloom rice museum and processing
center to improve genetic diversity of rice varieties planted in the terraces, as the imminent
threat of extinction of these varieties are already being felt (Agreda, 2011).
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Ifugao, home of the world famous Banaue Rice Terraces, is located at the heart of
the Cordillera mountain ranges. The province is bounded by different provinces. At the
southern and eastern part, it is flanked by Nueva Viscaya and Isabela, on the north by
Mountain Province, and on the high peaked mountains of Benguet. Of the total provincial
land area of 2,517.78 square kilometres, agriculture dominates the land use occupying
830.50 square kilometres. The rest is either categorized as forest lands, alienable and
remote areas, built-up areas and other purposes.
The study was conducted in Hingyon, Ifugao. Topographically, the area is
characterized by extensive mountain ranges. It has also streams, gullies, creeks, and rivers
draining into adjacent municipality and finally to the lowlands. Basically, the locality has
two pronounce seasons: dry from January to April and wet for the rest of the year. The
temperature and climate of the locality can be attributed to its forest cover as well as its
geographic location.
In order to obtain the desired information this study was conducted from December
2012 to February 2013 in the municipality of Hingyon in the province of Ifugao.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study are primarily concerned with the selected 30 farmers
of Tinawon Rice from the municipality of Hingyon, Ifugao
Research Instrument
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A survey questionnaire regarding on the documentation of the production and
marketing of Tinawon rice was employed in the study supplemented with interview. The
respondents answer the questionnaires based on their marketing and production
experiences.
Data Gathered
The data gathered included the demographic profile of Tinawon rice producers,
farm profile, practices of the farmers in production and marketing of Tinawon rice,
perceptions of the farmers about the export of Tinawon rice, supports received and
problems encountered by the farmers.
Data Analysis
The data collected was categorized, tabulated and interpreted according to the
objectives using frequency analysis.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Demographic Profile of the Tinawon Rice Producers
Table 1 shows the profile of the producers as to gender, age, civil status, household
members, educational attainment, occupation and number of years in farming.
Gender. The Table shows that there were more male respondents (87%) than female
(13%). This implies that Tinawon rice production in Hingyon, Ifugao is managed mostly
by the head of the family.
Age. About 34% of the producers belonged to the age range 31-40 years old. This
is followed by (23%) 41-50 years old and (13%) 61-70 years old. Ten percent each had
aged range of 27-30, 51-60 and 71-80 years old. This finding shows that most of the
producers are in their middle ages.
Civil status. The distribution of the respondents as to civil status is as follows: most
are married with 84%, 13% single and 3% widow.
Household members. The finding shows that 50% of the respondents had 6-10
household members, (40%) 1-5 members, and (10%) 11-15 members.
Educational attainment. As to educational attainment, 60% were elementary level,
27% were secondary level and 13% were college level. The finding shows that most of the
Tinawon rice growers did not reach college level.
Occupation. The table shows that one hundred percent (100%) were engaged in
farming. Some producers were also (14%) carpenters, (3%) office worker, (3%) foreman
while at the same time engaged in farming.
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Numbers of years in farming. Most (47%) of the producers have engaged in the
range of 2-20 years of farming, followed by twenty seven percent (27%) by the range of
21-40 and twenty three percent (23%) by the range of 41-60 and three percent (3%) is in
the range of 61-80 years of farming.
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NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study documented informations regarding the Tinawon rice production.
Specifically, this study gathered information along the following aspects: demographic
profile of the Tinawon rice producers as to; gender, age, civil status, numbers of household
members, educational attainment and occupation, farm profile as to; land tenure, land area
and source of irrigation, farm production profile as to; quantity harvested, kilogram of rice
per bundle, price per bundle, varieties planted, planting month and harvesting month.
The study documented also the traditional practices followed by the Tinawon rice
producers in the production from planting to harvesting period which includes the drying
and storage. The finding shows that the producers follow a production cycle in cultivating
Tinawon rice. The use of agricultural tools gave a very significant role in the continuous
production. Basically, all of these agricultural systems are interrelated.
The respondents are not interested in engaging on the export of the produced
traditional rice since this is just enough for home consumption and sometimes not, in
addition the traditional rice is a nutritious and delicious for their family for everyday living
and the passion for maintaining the culture of having part of their everyday life.
Finding shows that given the activities perform as a support in the improvement of
the rice production, the local government unit have the great role in coordination with the
concerned entities in the improvement of the production.
The problems encountered by the respondents in the production are mostly
environment-related like climate, drought, landslide, storm damages, irrigation, distance of
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the production area and pest. Other problems include labor scarcity, long maturity that may
caused crop failure. All of these problems encountered by the producers are all interrelated.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, conclusions are derived that the production of Tinawon rice
production are mostly headed by the head of the family, most of the producers are in their
middle age and married, most of the producers did not reach college level and they engaged
in farming for 2 years and beyond, most producers are tenants and their land area are
ranging in 500-1000 square meters. Most of the rice field are rainfed.
For an average family household of about six members the average harvest of 472
bundles is not enough for family consumption for the whole year, thus some of the farmer
in the study area shifted to planting the high yielding varieties which are produced twice a
year.
The traditional patterns in cultivating Tinawon rice are still followed by the farmers
nowadays however some of the traditional beliefs and practices are no longer followed.
Most of the palay are stored in the granary and the source for drying is the sun.
The producers are not willing to export their rice produced because they prefer to
have it for family consumption.
Tinawon producers in Hingyon Ifugao are in dire need of technical assistance as
well as financial assistance to help cope with the effect of climate change, and the scarcity
of labor that hinders them to cultivate some of the abandoned fields.
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NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
Recommendations
Based on the major findings and conclusions of the study, some recommendations
are derived. Concerned entities should further exert more effort to encourage the farmers
who need more assistance in their production for more fruitful result. Conduct more
researches on these traditional agricultural practices to improve them. Through the study,
innovators would be able to understand more clearly the complexity of the agricultural
practices. With regards to problems encountered in the production and marketing area the
proper and continuous techniques supervision on the rice fields are highly needed to avoid
crop failure.
To prevent farmers from shifting to the production of the high yielding variety,
price of Tinawon rice, especially the export should be high enough to enable the farmers
to receive higher income which they can use to buy more commercial rice for their
consumption.
The Local Government should assist the farmers in terms of provision of simple
machines like the tiller to lessen the manual labor requirement; link the farmers to better
market for their Tinawon rice to increase their income. In this way they would be encourage
to increase their production.
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NANGLEGAN, LORENZA P. APRIL, 2013
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