BIBLIOGRAPHY SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013. Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and Commercial Feeds. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Mary Arnel D. Garcia, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the BSU Poultry Experimental Area, Balili, La
Trinidad, Benguet, from October 29, 2012 to January 18, 2013 to determine the growth
performance of native chicken given watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and commercial
feeds.
Thirty-two (32) native chickens with varying ages were used. The birds were
distributed, using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)into two treatments
which are T0 – commercial feeds and T1 commercial feeds + watercress and the birds were
grouped into three blocks, as follows: block 1 = 4 weeks old, block 2 = 6 weeks old, and
block 3 = 8 weeks old, respectively.Treatment 0 had a total of 15 birds and treatment 1 had
a total of 17 birds. Data gathered were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance and means
were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the treatment in
terms of in all parameters evaluated specifically on the final weight, total gain in weight,
average daily gain in weight, total feed consumption and the feed conversion ratio. The
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
birds had an overall mean initial weight of .258 kg and had an overall mean final weight
of 1.436 kg. The overall mean average daily gain in weight and total gain in weight of the
birds were 0.013 kg and 1.147 kg,respectively. In terms of TFC and FCR on dry matter
basis, the birds overall mean were 7.525 kg and 5 .066 kg, respectively. On the other hand,
the overall mean return on investment was 8.67 %.
Based on the results of the study, giving restricted commercial feeds and watercress
on a restricted basis to native chickens will result to the same growth performance as the
native chickens given ad libitum commercial feeds.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Raising native chickens is an integral part of the farming systems of the Filipino
farmers because they are the main source of eggs and meat for farmers (PCARRD, 2000).
In the Cordillera, native chicken is not just a source of eggs and meat for the family,
but they play an important role in the culture of the people. Elders prefer native chickens
together with native pigs as sacrificial animals for rituals. Moreover, native chickens are
usually cooked into “pinikpikan”, an indigenous well known menu in the Cordillera. This
is often served to visitors and guests, and on family gatherings (Garcia, 2006).
Despite these mentioned importance, native chicken production is still considered
low as revealed by the data from the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS, 2012). One
evident reason is the lack of proper management from the owners especially on the aspect
of nutrition. Most raisers do not invest on their nutrition since it is not for commercial
purpose. The chickens are only fed with available left-over and are let loose during the day
to scavenge for food.
With the increasing demand of consumers for a healthier, tastier and leaner source
of meat, there is a need to explore on ways to improve native chicken production. One way
is to improve feeding management by giving concentrate feeds in combination with locally
available feedstuff.
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), locally known as “tunsoy”, is one of the
potential feedstuffs that can be used as a supplement to native chickens. This edible water
plant is a cheap yet nutritious source of green supplement for native chickens.
This study would provide additional information on improving the feeding
management of native chicken particularly on the use of locally available feedstuff.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Moreover, it also provides data on the performance of native chickens when given
commercial feeds with green supplement.
This experiment generally aimed to determine the effect of giving watercress with
commercial feeds on the growth performance of native chicken.
Specifically, it aimed to determine the gain in weight, feed consumption and feed
efficiency of native chicken; determine the morbidity and mortality of native chicken; and
determine the profitability of raising native chicken given watercress and commercial
feeds.
This study was conducted at the BSU Experimental Area, Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from October, 2012 to January, 2013.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Characteristics of the Philippine
Native Chicken
The domestic native chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is small, active, sensitive
and capable of great flight when frightened. The hens have excellent mothering ability and
excellent sitters. Under normal backyard production, the native hen produces 30 to 60 eggs
per year. However, when properly managed, it may reach up to 120 to 200 eggs per year
PCARRD-UPLB (1987) as cited by Molitas (1999).
The Philippine native chicken is found in the backyards of most rural households.
It is a mixture of different breeds and believed to have descended from the domesticated red
jungle fowl. It is estimated that 54.7% of the total chicken population of the country are
native chicken distributed as follows: Western Visayas, 13.32%; Southern Mindanao,
10.63%; 10.63% Southern Tagalog, 9.51%; Central Visayas, 10.36%; Cagayan Valley
9.29%. Under free-range system of management, the chickens are allowed to forage and
look for their own food. They are well known for their adaptability to local agro-climatic
conditions, hardiness, ability to utilize farm by-products and resistance to diseases.
Moreover, they require minimal care, management and inputs. Meat and eggs of native
chickens are preferred by many Filipinos over commercial poultry because of their taste,
leanness, pigmentation and suitability to Filipino special dishes. Moreover, native chicken
meat and eggs are priced higher than those coming from commercial poultry (PCARRD,
2000).
According to Arboleda (1987) as cited by Bondoc (1998), the adult size of native
chicken is usually small. Generally, the male weighs an average of 1.3 kg and the female
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
weighs 1 kg. They are nervous and flighty. The female are broody and have strong maternal
instincts. A chicken lays only about 40 to 60 eggs per year. This is because they are allowed
to incubate their eggs and their natural broodiness is allowed to set in. but, with improved
management and a better nutrition, native hens can lay 130 to 200 eggs a year weighing 50
grams.
Under traditional system of management, native chicken attain 1 kilogram of body
weight at 18 to 20 weeks of age. But under the improved management, native chickens can
reach 1 kilogram body weight as early as 12 weeks (PCARRD, 2000).
Garcia (2006) stated that native chicken have the ability to survive in adverse
conditions like inadequate shelter, sudden changes of weather and poor and scanty feeds.
They require very minimal input and care while providing nutritious meat and eggs for the
family. Some farmers who manage to raise more heads sell it to the market.
Attfield (1990) cited that if we confine chickens in pens or cages with clean feeders
and waterers, we will have the following advantages like better control of diseases, fewer
losses of chickens to theft or predatory animals, less disturbance to vegetable gardens and
neighbor’s property by free-ranging hens, easy collection of eggs, easy access to chickens
for routine inspection and easy collection of manure for use in the garden over the free-
ranging birds.
Native Chicken Inventory
Based on the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS) in 2012, the inventory of
native chicken (heads) in the Philippines is 315,957,240 in 2009; 309,708,390 in 2010 and
305,310,167 in 2011. Cordillera Administrative Region contributes to the said inventory
with 5,366,048; 5,542,169; and 5,849,952 in 2009, 2010, and 2011, respectively.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Feeding Native Chicken
Nutrition is the paramount issue to be dealt with this era of human history. Human
nutrition is intricately dependent on livestock and poultry production. Here, feed constitute
65 to 75 percent of the total economic inputs. Therefore we have to improve the quality of
feed by conventional or nonconventional sources without an attendant increase in its
production cost (Reddy and Dwivedi, 1992).
Proper nutrition is essential in keeping the birds healthy and productive. Let the
birds loose in the range to allow them access to the natural feeds like worms, grains, seeds,
insects, greens and other sources. Give supplement feeds to the birds during summer
months when feeds in the range is scarce, and also during increment weather. Practice
supplementation with high-energy feedstuffs like corn, palay and grated coconut or farm-
mixed formulations during these times. This will give the chickens the energy source that
they rarely find in the field. The supplement feedstuffs can be made available in the house
early morning, before the birds are allowed to scavenge and in the afternoon to develop
their homing instinct. Commercial feeds can be given, if local feeds are scarce and not
available, however, this is not economical because the native birds are not as efficient as
commercial poultry. Provide clean and fresh water to the bird. Bamboo poles split in half
can be used as feeders and waterers. Commercially available feeders and waterers can also
be adapted. Keep in mind the proper design and size of feeders to minimize feed wastage
(PCARRD, 2000).
Lazo (1992) said that native chicken also require unsophisticated management
because they can be sustained by kitchen left-over, rotten fruits and vegetables and small
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
insects. Moreover, they are usually resistant to diseases hence they were the ideal to be
raised in the farm.
According to Guinyang (2005), plants as feed supplement make the animal healthy
and resistant to diseases due to its large quantities of vitamins, minerals and a biotic
content. They are of the highest efficiency when feeds are in proper mixture.
Yadav (2010) said that poultry differ from other animals in that their sense of taste
and smell is poorly developed and to them the palatability of feed largely depends upon its
appearance and feel. Light-colored material with a smooth surface appeals to them, and
feeds with irregular, rough surfaces which cause discomfort when being swallowed.
Watercress
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) is an aquatic plant renowned for its vivid green
and unique peppery flavor. Fortified with more than 15 essential vitamins and minerals
even since ancient times its health giving properties have been highly valued. In modern
times it is increasingly seen as a powerful cancer fighting super food. A famous Persian
chronicler advised Persians to feed cress to their children to improve bodily growth. The
herbalist John Gerard extolled watercress as an anti-scorbutic (remedy for scurvy) as early
as 1636 (Burgoon and Weaver, 2010).
Watercress owes its name to its preferred growing conditions, clean streams and
ponds. It also has high water content. One cup of watercress weighs 34 g and contains 32
g of water. This serving has only 16 calories. The protein content is 0.78 g. It has 0.03 g of
fat, but no cholesterol. The total carbohydrate content is less than 1 percent of the daily
value in a 2,000-calorie diet, or 0.44 g. The fiber content is 1 percent of the DV at 0.2 g,
with a sugar content of 0.07 g. This serving provides 22 percent of the DV of vitamin A,
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
or 1,085 international units, which helps your eyesight and skin. The 15 mg of vitamin C
equals 24 percent of the DV.Watercress has trace amounts of the B-complex vitamins and
vitamin E. A 1-cup serving of watercress contains no minerals that provide at least 5
percent the DV. The calcium and manganese content are 4 percent each, at 0.41 mg and
0.8 mg, respectively. The potassium content is 3 percent, at 112 mg. It also contains trace
amounts of copper, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc. Watercress is a source of valuable
antioxidants. The main antioxidants in watercress are 615 mcg of beta-carotene and 1,961
mcg of lutein. It also contains trace amounts of vitamin E and selenium (Myers, 2011).
Watercress as Feed for Poultry
A comparative study conducted by Guinyang (2005) on the growth performance of
broiler given pure commercial feeds, supplemented with 10% watercress, 20% watercress
and 30% watercress, revealed that there were no significant differences among treatment
means in terms of initial weight, total gain in weight and feed conversion ratio.Significant
differences were observed in the final weight, feed consumption, feed cost of feed to
produce a kilogram gain in weight, it was observed that T0 – pure commercial feeds,
registeredthe highest mean of feed cost of feed to produce a kilogram gain in weight. It was
observed that the birds fed 10% watercress + commercial feeds, 20%watercrees +
commercial feed and pure commercial feeds, registered higher final weight as compared to
T3 (30% watercress + commercial feeds). For the feed consumption, T1 (10% watercress +
commercial feeds), registered the lowest mean. It was observed also that birds given 20%
chopped watercress supplement gave the highest net return on investment.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The experimental animals used in the study were thirty-two (32) native chickens
taken from different brood. Their ages ranged from 4 weeks to 8 weeks. Experimental
chickens include those non-descript breeds of colored chicken raised in the backyards.
Commercial feeds and watercress were used as treatment diets. Other materials used were
weighing scale, cages, feeding troughs, waterers, disinfectants, leg bands and recording
materials.
Methods
Preparation of cages, feeders and waterers. A week before the chicks arrived, the
cages as well as other important facilities such as feeding troughs, waterers were cleaned
and disinfected.
Experimental design and treatment. Due to the varying ages of the birds, the lay-
out for Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was followed. The birds were
grouped into three, as follows: block 1= 4 weeks old; block 2= 6 weeks old; and block 3=
8 weeks old. Each group was distributed at random into the two treatments with five to six
birds per block making a total of 15 birds in treatment 0 and 17 birds in treatment 1.
The diet to be given for each treatment was introduced a week before the actual
start of the study. After this adjustment period, the birds were weighed for their initial
weights.
T0 - commercial feeds
T1 - commercial feeds + watercress
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Preparation of watercress. The watercress (Figure 1) was bought from the vendors
of watercress in La Trinidad. These were washed thoroughly with clean water to remove
the unnecessary particles and set aside for two hours to be air dried. After that, it was
chopped into pieces approximately 0.5 cm, conducive for the native chicken.
Feeding management. The birds in the control treatment were given commercial
feeds. For treatment 1, the commercial feeds and the chopped watercress were given
separately. The time of giving commercial feeds was restricted. It was given twice a day
from 6 am to 8 am in the morning and 4 pm to 6 pm in the afternoon. After the specified
time, any left-over was withdrawn and measured.
On the other hand, the watercress was given ad libitum from 9 am to 3 pm. After
the specified time, any left-over was withdrawn.This feeding scheme was followed all
throughout the study.
Figure 1. Watercress used in the study
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Care and Management
All the experimental animals were cared and managed equally. Feeds were offered
exactly at the specified time and adequate drinking water was always available for the
chickens. Cleaning of cages was done regularly to protect the chickens from illness.
Data Gathered
1. Initial weight (kg). This was obtained by weighing the birds individually at the
start of the study where the birds were four to eight weeks old.
2. Final weight (kg). This was taken by weighing the birds individually after 82
days of feeding trial.
3. Weekly gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by weighing the birds individually
at weekly interval.
4. Feeds offered (kg). This was the amount of feeds given to the bird on a dry mater
basis.
5. Feed left-over (kg). This was the amount of commercial feeds and watercress not
consumed by the birds on a dry mater basis.
6. Dry mater content of feeds (DM). This was determined by oven drying the feeds
sample to constant weight.
7. Morbidity. This was the number of birds that got sick during the study.
8. Mortality. This was the number of birds that died during the study.
9.Cost of inputs (Php). This was determined by recording all the expenses used in
the study.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Data Computed
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was computed by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight of the birds per replicate.
2. Daily gain in weight (kg). This was the difference between the final weights and
the initial weights of the experimental birds divided by the number of days of the
experimental period.
3. Total feed consumption (kg). This was the total amount of feeds that will be
consumed by the birds from the start until the end of the study.
4. Feed conversion ratio (kg). This was determined by using the formula:
FCR = Total feed consumption
Total gain in weight
5. Percent dry mater (%DM). This was obtained by using the formula:
% DM = Dry weight of sample x 100
Fresh weight of sample
6. Dry mater intake (DMI). This was obtained by using the formula:
DMI = Fresh weight intake x %DM
7. Feed cost to produce a kilogram in weight (Php). This was obtained by using the
following formula:
FC = FCR x price per kilogram of feeds
8. Return on investment (ROI). This was obtained by using the formula:
ROI (%) = Gross sales - total cost of production x 100
Total cost of production
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Statistical Analysis
All data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) appropriate for
Randomly Complete Block Design (RCBD) and means were compared using the Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weights
Table 1 presents the body weights (initial and final) of the birds in the two
treatments. While figures 2 and 3 shows the sample appearance of the birds at the start and
at the end of the study, respectively.
Initial weight. The birds in the control treatment (commercial feeds) had a mean
initial weight of 0.262 kg, while the birds in treatment 1 (commercial feeds + watercress)
had 0.255 kg. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between
the two treatments. This shows that the experimental birds between the two treatments were
more or less of the same weights at the start of the study.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences on the initial
weights among the blocks. This can be attributed to the two-week difference in the ages of
the birds between blocks. Birds in blocks 1, 2 and 3 are about four weeks old, six weeks
old, and eight weeks old, respectively.
Another factor that could be considered is the fact that the birds came from different
broods and received different management prior to the experiment.
Final weight. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the two
treatments on their final weights. It implies that the birds between the two treatments were
more or less of the same weight at the end of the study. The mean final weight of the birds
given commercial feeds (T0) and commercial feeds + watercress (T1)is 1.4570 kg and
1.4157 kg, respectively. Statistically, these data have no differences. This means that the
birds in T1 (commercial feeds + watercress) has grown as fast as those in the control
treatment even if they were fed on a restricted time.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Initial and final weights of the birds after 82 days of feeding trial
TREATMENT
BODY WEIGHT (kg)
INITIAL
FINAL
Commercial Feeds
0.26200
1.4570
Commercial Feeds + Watercress
0.25500
1.4157
*Means without superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Figure 2. Native chicken at 4 to 8 weeks old
Figure 3. Native chicken at 16 to 20 weeks old
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Gains in Weight
The total gain in weight and average daily gain in weight of the experimental birds
in the two treatments are shown in Table 2. Homologous with the body weights, statistical
analysis revealed no significant difference across the treatments in both the total gain in
weight and average daily gain in weight of the experimental birds.This implies that the
birds given commercial feeds and watercress (T1) on a restricted time gained weight
comparable to those birds given commercial feeds on ad libitum basis.The mean total gain
in weight and average daily gain in weight of birds in T0 (commercial feeds) is 1.1947 kg
and 14.333 g while in T1 (commercial feeds and watercress) is 1.1017 kg and 13.333 g,
respectively.This concludes that even if the time of giving of commercial feed and
watercress is restricted, birds will gain weight same as the birds given ad libitum
commercial feeds.
The average daily gain of the native chickens in this study is much lower than the
average daily gain for broilers (4.5 to 8 weeks) which is 38.2g (Pond et al, 2005). This
difference is attributed to the genetic make-up of native chicken, where even under
improved management they cannot gain weight as much as its commercial counterpart.
Table 2.Total and average daily gain in weight of the birds
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT
TOTAL GAIN
AVERAGE
(KG)
DAILY GAIN (G)
Commercial Feeds
1.1947
14.333
Commercial Feeds + Watercress
1.1017
13.333
*Means without superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Weekly Weights
Figure 1 shows the average weekly weight of the birds in the two treatments.
Similar to the trend in the average daily gain in weight and total gain in weight, there were
no significant differences in the weekly weights of birds. This concludes that the
experimental birds given restricted commercial feeds and watercress on a restricted time
had the same ability to gain in weight with those birds given ad libitum commercial feeds.
Feed Consumption
The total feed consumption of the birds in the two treatments after 82 days of
feeding trial is shown in Table 3. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
T0
T1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Figure 4. Weekly weights of the birds (kg)
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
between the two treatment means. The birds given ad libitum commercial feeds had higher
feed consumption with a mean of 9.0020 kg compared to the birds given restricted
commercial feed and watercress which had a mean of 5.7917 kg.
Feed Conversion Ratio
The feed conversion ratio of T0 (commercial feeds) with a mean of 7.436 kg and T1
(commercial feeds and watercress) with a mean of 5.048 has no significant difference.
Pond et al (2005) cited an FCR of 2.44 of finishing broilers from 4.5 to 8 weeks.
Compared to the average FCR of the birds in this study which is 5.066, it reflects the poor
ability of native chickens to convert feeds to a unit gain in weight. Since the feeding
management done in this study is improved, the poor FCR of the native chickens could be
mainly attributed to their genetic make-up as the limiting factor.
Table 3. Total feed consumption of the birds in 82 days
TREATMENT
FEED CONSUMPTION (kg) DRY MATER INTAKE
(kg)
Commercial Feeds
6.049
5.694
Commercial Feeds + Watercress
9.002
5.288
*Means without superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of the birds after 82 days of feeding trial
TREATMENT
FEED CONVERSION RATIO
AS FED
DRY MATER BASIS
Commercial Feeds
5.208
4.583
Commercial Feeds + Watercress
7.593
5.549
*Means without superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Morbidity and Mortality Rate
Despite the weather changes during the conduct of the study, there were no
instances of mortality or morbidity among the birds. This supports Attfield (1990) when
he cited that confining chickens in pens or cages will result to better control of diseases,
fewer losses of chickens to theft or predatory animals and easy access to chickens for
routine inspection. In addition, a study on the confinement of native chickens conducted
by Molitas (1999), showed that morbidity and mortality were significantly reduced.
Return on Investment
Table 5 shows that T0 (commercial feeds) had 10.10 % ROI and T1 (commercial
feeds and watercress) had 7.24 % ROI. These numerical differences were not found by
DMRT significant.
Table 5. Return on investment from the sales of the birds
TREATMENT
TOTAL
COST
OF
NET INCOME (Php) ROI
PRODUCTION (Php)
(%)
Commercial Feeds
5250.00
481.68
10.10
Commercial
Feeds
+
5950.00
401.89
7.24
Watercress
*Means without superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of watercress on the growth
performance of native chickens at the BSU Poultry Experimental Area, Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from October, 2012 to January, 2013.
Thirty-two (32) native chickens with varying ages were used. Because of their
different ages, the birds were distributed using the lay out for Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD). The birds were grouped into three blocks, as follows: block 1 = 4 weeks
old; block 2 = 6 weeks old; and block 3 = 8 weeks old and were distributed at random into
the two treatments. Treatment 0 (commercial feeds) had a total of 15 birds with 5 birds per
block and treatment 1(commercial feeds + watercress) had a total of 17 birds with 5 to 6
birds per block. Data gathered were analyzed using the ANOVA and means were compared
using the DMRT.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the treatments in all
parameters measured specifically on the final weight, total and average daily gain in
weight, weekly weight, total feed consumption, and the feed conversion ratio. The birds
had a mean initial weight of 0.258 kg and had a mean final weight of 1.436 kg after 82
days of feeding trial. The mean total gain in weight and average daily gain in weight of
birds given commercial feeds was 1.101 kg and 0.013 kg, respectively, while birds given
commercial feeds and watercress was 1.194 kg and 0.014 kg, respectively. In terms of total
feed consumption, T0 had a mean of 6.049 kg and T1 had 9.002 kg. For the FCR as dry
matter based, birds in control treatment had 4.583 and birds in treatment 1 had 5.549.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
On the other hand, native chicken given commercial feeds had 10.10 % ROI while
native chicken given commercial feeds and watercress had 7.24 % ROI.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that giving restricted
commercial feeds and watercress on a restricted basis to native chickens will result to the
same growth performance as the native chickens given ad libitum commercial feeds.
Recommendations
It can be recommended that watercress may be given with commercial feeds on a
restricted basis to minimize wastage of feeds, hence, increasing returns.
Related studies can be conducted modifying the feeding scheme of giving
commercial feeds to one hour feeding while giving watercress at least two hours after
giving commercial feeds to promote higher consumption.
In addition, studies on the use of watercress in combination with other cheaper base
feeds can also be conducted.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
ATTFIELD, H H. D. 1990. Raising Chickens and Ducks. VITA 1600 Wilson Buolevard, Suite
500 Arlington, Virginia 22209 USARetrived 2008 fromhttp://www.cd3wd.com.
BONDOC, O. L. 1998. Biodiversity of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources in the Phillipines.
IAS-CA, UPLB and PCARRD, DOST. Los Banos, Laguna. P. 66.
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISICS. 2012. Chicken: Inventory by Farm Type,
Geolocation, Period and Year. http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/.
BURGOON AND WEAVER. 2010. Quality Growers. Retreved January 2010
http://www.watercrees.com./howgrows. aspx.
GARCIA, M A. D. 2006. Case studies on production of native chicken in Mountain Province.
Unpublished MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1, 6.
GUINYANG, M. P. 2005. Performance of broilers given watercress (Nasturtium officinale) as a
feed supplement. Unpublished BSA Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 1.
LAZO, S. R. 1992. Management and physical characteristic of native chicken in Ilocos Norte and
Ilocos Sur. Unpublished MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.
1.O;
MOLITAS, M. P. 1999. The effect of cage rearing and commercial feeds on the growth
performance of native chicken. Unpublished BSA thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 1.
MYERS, M. 2011. Nutritional Content of Watercress. Livestrong. http://www.livestrong.com.
PHILLIPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT. 2000. Improved Management of Philippine Native Chickens. Los
Banos, Laguna: PCARRD and LDC-DA, 16p.-(PCARRD Farm Primer No.
http://blog.agriculture.ph./native chicken-production-in-the-philippines.html.
POND, W. G., D. G. CHURCH, K. R. POND and P. A. SCHUKNECHT. 2005. Basic Animal
Nutrition and Feeding. 5th Edition. Matrix Publishing. John Wiley and Sons Inc.United
States of America. P 298.
REDDY, A. B., and DWIVEDI, J. N. 1992. Mineral chelation generates profit. Misset World
Poultry.8:13.
YADAV, P. R. 2010. Understanding farm animals. Discovery Publishing House PVT. LTD. Darya
Ganj, New Delhi, India. Pp. 311-312.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013. Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and Commercial Feeds. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Mary Arnel D. Garcia, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the BSU Poultry Experimental Area, Balili, La
Trinidad, Benguet, from October 29, 2012 to January 18, 2013 to determine the growth
performance of native chicken given watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and commercial
feeds.
Thirty-two (32) native chickens with varying ages were used. The birds were
distributed, using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)into two treatments
which are T0 – commercial feeds and T1 commercial feeds + watercress and the birds were
grouped into three blocks, as follows: block 1 = 4 weeks old, block 2 = 6 weeks old, and
block 3 = 8 weeks old, respectively.Treatment 0 had a total of 15 birds and treatment 1 had
a total of 17 birds. Data gathered were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance and means
were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the treatment in
terms of in all parameters evaluated specifically on the final weight, total gain in weight,
average daily gain in weight, total feed consumption and the feed conversion ratio. The
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
birds had an overall mean initial weight of .258 kg and had an overall mean final weight
of 1.436 kg. The overall mean average daily gain in weight and total gain in weight of the
birds were 0.013 kg and 1.147 kg,respectively. In terms of TFC and FCR on dry matter
basis, the birds overall mean were 7.525 kg and 5 .066 kg, respectively. On the other hand,
the overall mean return on investment was 8.67 %.
Based on the results of the study, giving restricted commercial feeds and watercress
on a restricted basis to native chickens will result to the same growth performance as the
native chickens given ad libitum commercial feeds.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Raising native chickens is an integral part of the farming systems of the Filipino
farmers because they are the main source of eggs and meat for farmers (PCARRD, 2000).
In the Cordillera, native chicken is not just a source of eggs and meat for the family,
but they play an important role in the culture of the people. Elders prefer native chickens
together with native pigs as sacrificial animals for rituals. Moreover, native chickens are
usually cooked into “pinikpikan”, an indigenous well known menu in the Cordillera. This
is often served to visitors and guests, and on family gatherings (Garcia, 2006).
Despite these mentioned importance, native chicken production is still considered
low as revealed by the data from the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS, 2012). One
evident reason is the lack of proper management from the owners especially on the aspect
of nutrition. Most raisers do not invest on their nutrition since it is not for commercial
purpose. The chickens are only fed with available left-over and are let loose during the day
to scavenge for food.
With the increasing demand of consumers for a healthier, tastier and leaner source
of meat, there is a need to explore on ways to improve native chicken production. One way
is to improve feeding management by giving concentrate feeds in combination with locally
available feedstuff.
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), locally known as “tunsoy”, is one of the
potential feedstuffs that can be used as a supplement to native chickens. This edible water
plant is a cheap yet nutritious source of green supplement for native chickens.
This study would provide additional information on improving the feeding
management of native chicken particularly on the use of locally available feedstuff.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Moreover, it also provides data on the performance of native chickens when given
commercial feeds with green supplement.
This experiment generally aimed to determine the effect of giving watercress with
commercial feeds on the growth performance of native chicken.
Specifically, it aimed to determine the gain in weight, feed consumption and feed
efficiency of native chicken; determine the morbidity and mortality of native chicken; and
determine the profitability of raising native chicken given watercress and commercial
feeds.
This study was conducted at the BSU Experimental Area, Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from October, 2012 to January, 2013.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Characteristics of the Philippine
Native Chicken
The domestic native chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is small, active, sensitive
and capable of great flight when frightened. The hens have excellent mothering ability and
excellent sitters. Under normal backyard production, the native hen produces 30 to 60 eggs
per year. However, when properly managed, it may reach up to 120 to 200 eggs per year
PCARRD-UPLB (1987) as cited by Molitas (1999).
The Philippine native chicken is found in the backyards of most rural households.
It is a mixture of different breeds and believed to have descended from the domesticated red
jungle fowl. It is estimated that 54.7% of the total chicken population of the country are
native chicken distributed as follows: Western Visayas, 13.32%; Southern Mindanao,
10.63%; 10.63% Southern Tagalog, 9.51%; Central Visayas, 10.36%; Cagayan Valley
9.29%. Under free-range system of management, the chickens are allowed to forage and
look for their own food. They are well known for their adaptability to local agro-climatic
conditions, hardiness, ability to utilize farm by-products and resistance to diseases.
Moreover, they require minimal care, management and inputs. Meat and eggs of native
chickens are preferred by many Filipinos over commercial poultry because of their taste,
leanness, pigmentation and suitability to Filipino special dishes. Moreover, native chicken
meat and eggs are priced higher than those coming from commercial poultry (PCARRD,
2000).
According to Arboleda (1987) as cited by Bondoc (1998), the adult size of native
chicken is usually small. Generally, the male weighs an average of 1.3 kg and the female
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
weighs 1 kg. They are nervous and flighty. The female are broody and have strong maternal
instincts. A chicken lays only about 40 to 60 eggs per year. This is because they are allowed
to incubate their eggs and their natural broodiness is allowed to set in. but, with improved
management and a better nutrition, native hens can lay 130 to 200 eggs a year weighing 50
grams.
Under traditional system of management, native chicken attain 1 kilogram of body
weight at 18 to 20 weeks of age. But under the improved management, native chickens can
reach 1 kilogram body weight as early as 12 weeks (PCARRD, 2000).
Garcia (2006) stated that native chicken have the ability to survive in adverse
conditions like inadequate shelter, sudden changes of weather and poor and scanty feeds.
They require very minimal input and care while providing nutritious meat and eggs for the
family. Some farmers who manage to raise more heads sell it to the market.
Attfield (1990) cited that if we confine chickens in pens or cages with clean feeders
and waterers, we will have the following advantages like better control of diseases, fewer
losses of chickens to theft or predatory animals, less disturbance to vegetable gardens and
neighbor’s property by free-ranging hens, easy collection of eggs, easy access to chickens
for routine inspection and easy collection of manure for use in the garden over the free-
ranging birds.
Native Chicken Inventory
Based on the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS) in 2012, the inventory of
native chicken (heads) in the Philippines is 315,957,240 in 2009; 309,708,390 in 2010 and
305,310,167 in 2011. Cordillera Administrative Region contributes to the said inventory
with 5,366,048; 5,542,169; and 5,849,952 in 2009, 2010, and 2011, respectively.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Feeding Native Chicken
Nutrition is the paramount issue to be dealt with this era of human history. Human
nutrition is intricately dependent on livestock and poultry production. Here, feed constitute
65 to 75 percent of the total economic inputs. Therefore we have to improve the quality of
feed by conventional or nonconventional sources without an attendant increase in its
production cost (Reddy and Dwivedi, 1992).
Proper nutrition is essential in keeping the birds healthy and productive. Let the
birds loose in the range to allow them access to the natural feeds like worms, grains, seeds,
insects, greens and other sources. Give supplement feeds to the birds during summer
months when feeds in the range is scarce, and also during increment weather. Practice
supplementation with high-energy feedstuffs like corn, palay and grated coconut or farm-
mixed formulations during these times. This will give the chickens the energy source that
they rarely find in the field. The supplement feedstuffs can be made available in the house
early morning, before the birds are allowed to scavenge and in the afternoon to develop
their homing instinct. Commercial feeds can be given, if local feeds are scarce and not
available, however, this is not economical because the native birds are not as efficient as
commercial poultry. Provide clean and fresh water to the bird. Bamboo poles split in half
can be used as feeders and waterers. Commercially available feeders and waterers can also
be adapted. Keep in mind the proper design and size of feeders to minimize feed wastage
(PCARRD, 2000).
Lazo (1992) said that native chicken also require unsophisticated management
because they can be sustained by kitchen left-over, rotten fruits and vegetables and small
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
insects. Moreover, they are usually resistant to diseases hence they were the ideal to be
raised in the farm.
According to Guinyang (2005), plants as feed supplement make the animal healthy
and resistant to diseases due to its large quantities of vitamins, minerals and a biotic
content. They are of the highest efficiency when feeds are in proper mixture.
Yadav (2010) said that poultry differ from other animals in that their sense of taste
and smell is poorly developed and to them the palatability of feed largely depends upon its
appearance and feel. Light-colored material with a smooth surface appeals to them, and
feeds with irregular, rough surfaces which cause discomfort when being swallowed.
Watercress
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) is an aquatic plant renowned for its vivid green
and unique peppery flavor. Fortified with more than 15 essential vitamins and minerals
even since ancient times its health giving properties have been highly valued. In modern
times it is increasingly seen as a powerful cancer fighting super food. A famous Persian
chronicler advised Persians to feed cress to their children to improve bodily growth. The
herbalist John Gerard extolled watercress as an anti-scorbutic (remedy for scurvy) as early
as 1636 (Burgoon and Weaver, 2010).
Watercress owes its name to its preferred growing conditions, clean streams and
ponds. It also has high water content. One cup of watercress weighs 34 g and contains 32
g of water. This serving has only 16 calories. The protein content is 0.78 g. It has 0.03 g of
fat, but no cholesterol. The total carbohydrate content is less than 1 percent of the daily
value in a 2,000-calorie diet, or 0.44 g. The fiber content is 1 percent of the DV at 0.2 g,
with a sugar content of 0.07 g. This serving provides 22 percent of the DV of vitamin A,
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
or 1,085 international units, which helps your eyesight and skin. The 15 mg of vitamin C
equals 24 percent of the DV.Watercress has trace amounts of the B-complex vitamins and
vitamin E. A 1-cup serving of watercress contains no minerals that provide at least 5
percent the DV. The calcium and manganese content are 4 percent each, at 0.41 mg and
0.8 mg, respectively. The potassium content is 3 percent, at 112 mg. It also contains trace
amounts of copper, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc. Watercress is a source of valuable
antioxidants. The main antioxidants in watercress are 615 mcg of beta-carotene and 1,961
mcg of lutein. It also contains trace amounts of vitamin E and selenium (Myers, 2011).
Watercress as Feed for Poultry
A comparative study conducted by Guinyang (2005) on the growth performance of
broiler given pure commercial feeds, supplemented with 10% watercress, 20% watercress
and 30% watercress, revealed that there were no significant differences among treatment
means in terms of initial weight, total gain in weight and feed conversion ratio.Significant
differences were observed in the final weight, feed consumption, feed cost of feed to
produce a kilogram gain in weight, it was observed that T0 – pure commercial feeds,
registeredthe highest mean of feed cost of feed to produce a kilogram gain in weight. It was
observed that the birds fed 10% watercress + commercial feeds, 20%watercrees +
commercial feed and pure commercial feeds, registered higher final weight as compared to
T3 (30% watercress + commercial feeds). For the feed consumption, T1 (10% watercress +
commercial feeds), registered the lowest mean. It was observed also that birds given 20%
chopped watercress supplement gave the highest net return on investment.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The experimental animals used in the study were thirty-two (32) native chickens
taken from different brood. Their ages ranged from 4 weeks to 8 weeks. Experimental
chickens include those non-descript breeds of colored chicken raised in the backyards.
Commercial feeds and watercress were used as treatment diets. Other materials used were
weighing scale, cages, feeding troughs, waterers, disinfectants, leg bands and recording
materials.
Methods
Preparation of cages, feeders and waterers. A week before the chicks arrived, the
cages as well as other important facilities such as feeding troughs, waterers were cleaned
and disinfected.
Experimental design and treatment. Due to the varying ages of the birds, the lay-
out for Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was followed. The birds were
grouped into three, as follows: block 1= 4 weeks old; block 2= 6 weeks old; and block 3=
8 weeks old. Each group was distributed at random into the two treatments with five to six
birds per block making a total of 15 birds in treatment 0 and 17 birds in treatment 1.
The diet to be given for each treatment was introduced a week before the actual
start of the study. After this adjustment period, the birds were weighed for their initial
weights.
T0 - commercial feeds
T1 - commercial feeds + watercress
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Preparation of watercress. The watercress (Figure 1) was bought from the vendors
of watercress in La Trinidad. These were washed thoroughly with clean water to remove
the unnecessary particles and set aside for two hours to be air dried. After that, it was
chopped into pieces approximately 0.5 cm, conducive for the native chicken.
Feeding management. The birds in the control treatment were given commercial
feeds. For treatment 1, the commercial feeds and the chopped watercress were given
separately. The time of giving commercial feeds was restricted. It was given twice a day
from 6 am to 8 am in the morning and 4 pm to 6 pm in the afternoon. After the specified
time, any left-over was withdrawn and measured.
On the other hand, the watercress was given ad libitum from 9 am to 3 pm. After
the specified time, any left-over was withdrawn.This feeding scheme was followed all
throughout the study.
Figure 1. Watercress used in the study
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Care and Management
All the experimental animals were cared and managed equally. Feeds were offered
exactly at the specified time and adequate drinking water was always available for the
chickens. Cleaning of cages was done regularly to protect the chickens from illness.
Data Gathered
1. Initial weight (kg). This was obtained by weighing the birds individually at the
start of the study where the birds were four to eight weeks old.
2. Final weight (kg). This was taken by weighing the birds individually after 82
days of feeding trial.
3. Weekly gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by weighing the birds individually
at weekly interval.
4. Feeds offered (kg). This was the amount of feeds given to the bird on a dry mater
basis.
5. Feed left-over (kg). This was the amount of commercial feeds and watercress not
consumed by the birds on a dry mater basis.
6. Dry mater content of feeds (DM). This was determined by oven drying the feeds
sample to constant weight.
7. Morbidity. This was the number of birds that got sick during the study.
8. Mortality. This was the number of birds that died during the study.
9.Cost of inputs (Php). This was determined by recording all the expenses used in
the study.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Data Computed
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was computed by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight of the birds per replicate.
2. Daily gain in weight (kg). This was the difference between the final weights and
the initial weights of the experimental birds divided by the number of days of the
experimental period.
3. Total feed consumption (kg). This was the total amount of feeds that will be
consumed by the birds from the start until the end of the study.
4. Feed conversion ratio (kg). This was determined by using the formula:
FCR = Total feed consumption
Total gain in weight
5. Percent dry mater (%DM). This was obtained by using the formula:
% DM = Dry weight of sample x 100
Fresh weight of sample
6. Dry mater intake (DMI). This was obtained by using the formula:
DMI = Fresh weight intake x %DM
7. Feed cost to produce a kilogram in weight (Php). This was obtained by using the
following formula:
FC = FCR x price per kilogram of feeds
8. Return on investment (ROI). This was obtained by using the formula:
ROI (%) = Gross sales - total cost of production x 100
Total cost of production
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Statistical Analysis
All data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) appropriate for
Randomly Complete Block Design (RCBD) and means were compared using the Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weights
Table 1 presents the body weights (initial and final) of the birds in the two
treatments. While figures 2 and 3 shows the sample appearance of the birds at the start and
at the end of the study, respectively.
Initial weight. The birds in the control treatment (commercial feeds) had a mean
initial weight of 0.262 kg, while the birds in treatment 1 (commercial feeds + watercress)
had 0.255 kg. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between
the two treatments. This shows that the experimental birds between the two treatments were
more or less of the same weights at the start of the study.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences on the initial
weights among the blocks. This can be attributed to the two-week difference in the ages of
the birds between blocks. Birds in blocks 1, 2 and 3 are about four weeks old, six weeks
old, and eight weeks old, respectively.
Another factor that could be considered is the fact that the birds came from different
broods and received different management prior to the experiment.
Final weight. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the two
treatments on their final weights. It implies that the birds between the two treatments were
more or less of the same weight at the end of the study. The mean final weight of the birds
given commercial feeds (T0) and commercial feeds + watercress (T1)is 1.4570 kg and
1.4157 kg, respectively. Statistically, these data have no differences. This means that the
birds in T1 (commercial feeds + watercress) has grown as fast as those in the control
treatment even if they were fed on a restricted time.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Initial and final weights of the birds after 82 days of feeding trial
TREATMENT
BODY WEIGHT (kg)
INITIAL
FINAL
Commercial Feeds
0.26200
1.4570
Commercial Feeds + Watercress
0.25500
1.4157
*Means without superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Figure 2. Native chicken at 4 to 8 weeks old
Figure 3. Native chicken at 16 to 20 weeks old
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Gains in Weight
The total gain in weight and average daily gain in weight of the experimental birds
in the two treatments are shown in Table 2. Homologous with the body weights, statistical
analysis revealed no significant difference across the treatments in both the total gain in
weight and average daily gain in weight of the experimental birds.This implies that the
birds given commercial feeds and watercress (T1) on a restricted time gained weight
comparable to those birds given commercial feeds on ad libitum basis.The mean total gain
in weight and average daily gain in weight of birds in T0 (commercial feeds) is 1.1947 kg
and 14.333 g while in T1 (commercial feeds and watercress) is 1.1017 kg and 13.333 g,
respectively.This concludes that even if the time of giving of commercial feed and
watercress is restricted, birds will gain weight same as the birds given ad libitum
commercial feeds.
The average daily gain of the native chickens in this study is much lower than the
average daily gain for broilers (4.5 to 8 weeks) which is 38.2g (Pond et al, 2005). This
difference is attributed to the genetic make-up of native chicken, where even under
improved management they cannot gain weight as much as its commercial counterpart.
Table 2.Total and average daily gain in weight of the birds
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT
TOTAL GAIN
AVERAGE
(KG)
DAILY GAIN (G)
Commercial Feeds
1.1947
14.333
Commercial Feeds + Watercress
1.1017
13.333
*Means without superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Weekly Weights
Figure 1 shows the average weekly weight of the birds in the two treatments.
Similar to the trend in the average daily gain in weight and total gain in weight, there were
no significant differences in the weekly weights of birds. This concludes that the
experimental birds given restricted commercial feeds and watercress on a restricted time
had the same ability to gain in weight with those birds given ad libitum commercial feeds.
Feed Consumption
The total feed consumption of the birds in the two treatments after 82 days of
feeding trial is shown in Table 3. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
T0
T1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Figure 4. Weekly weights of the birds (kg)
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
between the two treatment means. The birds given ad libitum commercial feeds had higher
feed consumption with a mean of 9.0020 kg compared to the birds given restricted
commercial feed and watercress which had a mean of 5.7917 kg.
Feed Conversion Ratio
The feed conversion ratio of T0 (commercial feeds) with a mean of 7.436 kg and T1
(commercial feeds and watercress) with a mean of 5.048 has no significant difference.
Pond et al (2005) cited an FCR of 2.44 of finishing broilers from 4.5 to 8 weeks.
Compared to the average FCR of the birds in this study which is 5.066, it reflects the poor
ability of native chickens to convert feeds to a unit gain in weight. Since the feeding
management done in this study is improved, the poor FCR of the native chickens could be
mainly attributed to their genetic make-up as the limiting factor.
Table 3. Total feed consumption of the birds in 82 days
TREATMENT
FEED CONSUMPTION (kg) DRY MATER INTAKE
(kg)
Commercial Feeds
6.049
5.694
Commercial Feeds + Watercress
9.002
5.288
*Means without superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of the birds after 82 days of feeding trial
TREATMENT
FEED CONVERSION RATIO
AS FED
DRY MATER BASIS
Commercial Feeds
5.208
4.583
Commercial Feeds + Watercress
7.593
5.549
*Means without superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
Morbidity and Mortality Rate
Despite the weather changes during the conduct of the study, there were no
instances of mortality or morbidity among the birds. This supports Attfield (1990) when
he cited that confining chickens in pens or cages will result to better control of diseases,
fewer losses of chickens to theft or predatory animals and easy access to chickens for
routine inspection. In addition, a study on the confinement of native chickens conducted
by Molitas (1999), showed that morbidity and mortality were significantly reduced.
Return on Investment
Table 5 shows that T0 (commercial feeds) had 10.10 % ROI and T1 (commercial
feeds and watercress) had 7.24 % ROI. These numerical differences were not found by
DMRT significant.
Table 5. Return on investment from the sales of the birds
TREATMENT
TOTAL
COST
OF
NET INCOME (Php) ROI
PRODUCTION (Php)
(%)
Commercial Feeds
5250.00
481.68
10.10
Commercial
Feeds
+
5950.00
401.89
7.24
Watercress
*Means without superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of watercress on the growth
performance of native chickens at the BSU Poultry Experimental Area, Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from October, 2012 to January, 2013.
Thirty-two (32) native chickens with varying ages were used. Because of their
different ages, the birds were distributed using the lay out for Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD). The birds were grouped into three blocks, as follows: block 1 = 4 weeks
old; block 2 = 6 weeks old; and block 3 = 8 weeks old and were distributed at random into
the two treatments. Treatment 0 (commercial feeds) had a total of 15 birds with 5 birds per
block and treatment 1(commercial feeds + watercress) had a total of 17 birds with 5 to 6
birds per block. Data gathered were analyzed using the ANOVA and means were compared
using the DMRT.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the treatments in all
parameters measured specifically on the final weight, total and average daily gain in
weight, weekly weight, total feed consumption, and the feed conversion ratio. The birds
had a mean initial weight of 0.258 kg and had a mean final weight of 1.436 kg after 82
days of feeding trial. The mean total gain in weight and average daily gain in weight of
birds given commercial feeds was 1.101 kg and 0.013 kg, respectively, while birds given
commercial feeds and watercress was 1.194 kg and 0.014 kg, respectively. In terms of total
feed consumption, T0 had a mean of 6.049 kg and T1 had 9.002 kg. For the FCR as dry
matter based, birds in control treatment had 4.583 and birds in treatment 1 had 5.549.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
On the other hand, native chicken given commercial feeds had 10.10 % ROI while
native chicken given commercial feeds and watercress had 7.24 % ROI.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that giving restricted
commercial feeds and watercress on a restricted basis to native chickens will result to the
same growth performance as the native chickens given ad libitum commercial feeds.
Recommendations
It can be recommended that watercress may be given with commercial feeds on a
restricted basis to minimize wastage of feeds, hence, increasing returns.
Related studies can be conducted modifying the feeding scheme of giving
commercial feeds to one hour feeding while giving watercress at least two hours after
giving commercial feeds to promote higher consumption.
In addition, studies on the use of watercress in combination with other cheaper base
feeds can also be conducted.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013
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Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and
Commercial Feeds | SOG-ED, RAPHA S. APRIL 2013