BIBLIOGRAPHY LANTAEN, GINA ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LANTAEN, GINA B.APRIL 2012. Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork
Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking Material. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Sonwright B. Maddul, PhD.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Animal Genetic Resources (TANGERE) Project
Laboratory of Benguet State University in Bektey, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet to
determined the bacterial contamination in the smoked product in terms of Staphylococcus
aureus, E. coli, Fecal coliform and Total coliform, yeast and molds molds. Also to
determine which is the best smoking material based on microbial properties of smoked
pork.
Results of the microbial analysis by DOST-CAR Regional Standards and Testing
Laboratory shows that the Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform Count showed that all
samples were within in the standard limit set for food. Salmonella were not detected in
both hot and cold smoked pork with alnus wood while negative in hot and cold smoked
pork with guava wood as smoking material. Staphylococcus aureus is not also detected in
hot smoked pork with alnus wood (T1) but coagulase negative in cold smoked pork with
alnus wood and in hot and cold smoked pork with guava wood as smoking material. In hot
smoked pork with guava wood and cold smoked pork with guava wood the presence of
yeast are above the standard limit set for food. However, yeast can be eliminated by proper
cooking at a high temperature (>50°C).
Smoked pork from hot smoking with guava wood (67.90) has the highest ROI. This
is followed by the hot smoked pork with alnus wood (52.13) and cold smoked pork with
guava wood (33.42). The lowest mean is realized cold smoked pork with alnus wood
(30.72).
INTRODUCTION
Man started to preserve meat due to spoilage. The purpose of meat preservation is
to prolong the time that meat is fresh, healthy, and bacteria-free for human consumption.
Meat is preserved using many different processes (Adams, 2003). One method is smoking
which is the process of flavoring, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to the smoke
from burning or smoldering plant materials, most often wood. Meats and fish are the most
commonly smoked foods.
Cold smoking and hot smoking are two different methods for handling meat after
it has been butchered. Hot smoking occurs within the range of 165°F (74°C) to 185°F
(85°C). Within this temperature range, foods are fully cooked, moist and flavorful.
Smoke temperatures for cold smoking are below 100°F (38°C). In this temperature
range, foods take on a smoked flavor, but remain relatively moist. Cold smoking does not
cook foods. The principle of both methods is that the smoke infiltrates the outside layers
of the product in order to develop flavor, color and a certain preservation effect.
Smoke occurs during the thermal decomposition of wood. The preferred wood for
smoking is hard, fruit, or nut woods. All woods impart a slightly different flavor. The guava
tree is a source of charcoal and also good fuel wood. They are cultivated in many tropical
and subtropical countries for their edible and highly nutritious fruits. They are also grown
as ornamental plants in the temperate regions (Maurice, 2011). Guava is used for smoking
meat.
Scientists have identified the anti-bacterial properties of guava. The extracts from
the leaves and barks of the guava tree have demonstrated vitro toxin exploits against
several bacteria. Again, during a number of studies, guava has demonstrated noteworthy
anti-bacterial activities against bacteria such as Bacillus, Clostridium, E. coli, Shigella,
Staphylococcus, Salmonella and Pseudomonas (Herbs. com., 2002).
The alnus tree is an important source of firewood. The wood is suitable for making
furniture, tools, packaging and charcoal. Alnus japonica is one of the species found in the
Philippines. The common name is Japanese alder in English and hannoki in Japan belong
to the family of Betulaceae. The Betulaceae is closely related to the beech or oak family,
Fagaceae (Orwa et al, 2009). Alnus japonica is one out of 32 species of alder trees.
Alder is the common name for any of the various deciduous trees and shrubs
comprising the flowering plant genus Alnus of the birch family (family Betulaceae),
characterized by alternate, simple leaves, scaly bark, and flowers as male and female
catkins that appear on the same plant. Alder is commonly used for cooking, being
traditionally for smoking fish and meat, with alder smoking especially common in the
Pacific salmon industry in the Pacific Northwest (New World Encyclopedia, 2008).
The study was conducted to provide basic information to housewives and processor
who are interested to preserve pork by hot and cold smoking for future consumption and
additional source of their income. The result of the study was served as
reference to the other researchers to come up with follow up research.
This study aimed to determined the bacterial contamination in the smoked product
in terms of Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Fecal coliform and Total coliform, yeast and
molds molds. Also to determine which is the best smoking material based on microbial
properties of smoked pork.
This study was conducted at the Animal Genetic Resources (TANGERE) Project
Laboratory of Benguet State University in Bektey, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Microbiological testing of smoked pork samples was done at DOST-CAR Regional
Standards and Testing Laboratory in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
Material | LANTAEN, GINA B.APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Meat and other animal foods are better sources of protein than plant foods (except
soy bean products). In the meat, the essential amino acids – the organic acids that are
integral components of proteins and which not be synthesized in the human organism – are
made available in well balanced proportions and concentrations. As well, plant food has
no Vitamin B12; thus animal food is indispensable for children to establish B12 deposits.
Animal food, in particular meat, is rich in iron, which is of utmost importance to prevent
anemia, especially in children and pregnant women (Heinz and Hautzinger, 2007).
Heinz and Hautzinger (2007) stated that the greater demand for meat output will
be met by a further shift away from pastoral systems to intensive livestock production
system. As these systems cannot be expanded indefinitely due to limited feed availability
and for environment reasons, other measures must be taken to meet growing demand. The
only possible alternatives are making better use of the meat resources available and
reducing waste of edible livestock parts to a minimum. This is where meat processing plays
a prominent role. It fully utilizes meat resources, including nearly all edible livestock parts
for human food consumption.
Smoking is a preservative because smoke contains chemical compounds that retard
the growth of harmful bacteria. More than three hundred compounds of smoke have been
identified. Carbonyl compounds in smoke contribute to the distinctive flavor and aroma of
smoked meat, while the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide help produce the bright red
pigment. Phenolic compounds in smoke play a role in protecting fat from
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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oxidizing and turning rancid, which no doubt a major reason why fatty foods, such as
herring or pork, so often smoked (Katz, 2003).
Smoking meat is exactly what name implies: flavoring meat with smoke. Using any
kind of improvised device will do job as long as the smokehouse is made from
environmentally safe material. As long as smoke contacts the meat surface it will impart
its flavor to the meat. The strength of the flavor depends mainly on the time and density of
the smoke. Smoke meats are usually eaten cold at later date. Many great recipes require
that smoked products hang for a designated time to lose more weight to become drier. It is
only then that they are ready for consumption (Marianski, 2007).
Smoking offers many improvements for meat. Besides enhancing the taste and
look; it also increases its longevity, and helps preserve the meat by slowing down the
spoilage of fat and growth of bacteria. Smoking meat longer leads more water loss, and
results in a saltier and drier product, which naturally increases its shelf life. Man discovered
that in addition to salting and curing meat with nitrates, smoking was a very effective tool
in preserving meats (Marianski, 2007).
Smoke meats come almost always from cured parts of pork. The most popular large
cuts used for smoking are ham, bacon, butt, loin, back fat and smaller parts as hocks and
jowls.
Any hardwood is fine used in smoking of meat, but evergreen like fir, spruce, pine
or others cause problems. All fruit and citrus trees have to medium sweet flavor and
are excellent with poultry and ham. Other woods great for smoking of meat is alder light
flavor that works well with fish and poultry. Contain a hint of sweetness, good with poultry
and light–meat game birds (Marianski, 2007).
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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Harmful substances (e.g. benzpyrene which is carcinogenic) can be removed from
the smoke by including water sprays or electrostatic precipitation between smoke
generation and deposition on to product (Ranken, 2000).
Cold smoking is the traditional way of meat products and was primarily used for
meat preservation. It serves more for flavor and color formation. The combination of cold
smoking and drying/ripening can be applied to fermented sausages and salted or cured
entire meat pieces, in particular many raw ham products. In long–term ripened and dried
hams, apart from providing color and flavor, the cold smoking has an important
preservative effect as it prevents the growth molds on the meat surfaces. Cold smoking is
a long process which may take several days. It is not applied continuously, but in intervals
of a few hours per day. Cold smoking is used for fermented meat products (raw–cured ham,
raw fermented sausage) and precooked-cooked sausage (liver and blood sausages) (Heinz
and Hautzinger, 2007).
Cold smoking is done at a low temperature and is not intended to actually cook the
product. The meat or fish is held in an unheated chamber and smoke funneled through from
a fire box. Wood dust or pellets work best for cold smoking, as they will, smolder and
smoke at a lower temperature (CSP Information Group Inc., 2010).
Cold smoked meats prevent or slow down the spoilage of fats, which increases their
shelf life. The product is drier and saltier with a more pronounced smoky flavor and
very long shelf life. The color varies from yellow to dark brown on the surface and dark
inside. Cold smoked products are not submitted to the cooking process. Using dry wood is
of utmost importance when cold smoking. It is recommended to keep wood chips in a well-
defined single pie as they will have less contact with air, thus will smoke better without
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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creating unnecessary flames and heat (Marianski, 2007). Cold smoking is done over a much
longer period of time, e.g. 12-24 hours, over a smoldering fire (below 85°F). Since foods
are held in the temperature danger zone, rapid microbial growth (40-140°F) could occur
therefore, only those meat products that have been fermented, salted, or cured, should be
cold – smoked. Most cold smoke product is treated this way (Andres and Nummer, 2002.).
Hot smoking is a technique where the meat is held directly above or in the same
enclosure as the wood, so it cooks as it smokes. Hot–smoked items tend to have a firmer,
drier texture, making temperature, timing and moisture control essential. Optimal
temperature for hot smoking is around 212°F; remember low heat and slow are the keys to
success. The low temperature gives the smoke enough time to sink in and naturally
tenderize the meat. Slow cooking gives the natural fibers in meat time to break down and
become tender. Hot smoke smoking occurs at 160°F to 225°F imparting flavor and coking
the products (CSP Information Group Inc., 2010).
Hot smoking is carried out at temperature of +60 to 80°C, the thermal destruction
of the wood used for the smoking is normally not sufficient to produce these temperatures
in the smoking chamber. Hence, additional heat has to be applied in the smoking chamber.
The relatively high temperatures, in hot smoking assure rapid color and flavor development
the treatment period is kept relatively short in order to avoid excessive impact of the smoke
(to strong smoke color and flavor).Hot smoking is used for a range of raw–cooked
sausages, and cooked ham products (Heinz and Hautzinger, 2007).The guava is
characterized by a strong, sweet odor (Foster, 2011). Guava wood is used for meat smoking
in Hawaii and is being used at barbecue competitions across the United State. In Cuba the
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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leaves are also used in barbecues, providing a smoked flavor and scent to the meat
(Maurice, 2011).
Guava wood has a subtle, semi-sweet aroma. Whether grilling or smoking fresh
chicken, pork, fish, lamb or beef, guava wood will give complement flavor nicely. The
leaves are fragrant, smooth, dark green, shiny. The leaves are aromatic when crushed
(Guava Wood Farms, 2007).
Excellent source of vitamin C and potassium contains vitamin A and niacin. Traces
phosphorus and calcium. Properties: astringent and laxative (Barron’s Educational Series,
Inc, 2001).
In the Philippines, the best wood materials used in smoking meat are guava trunk
and ipil-ipil (Ibarra, 1983).
Alder is used for smoking because of natural sweetness and delicate flavor.
Typically pairs well with fish, poultry and light meats. Alder has an inherent sweetness
and delicate flavor that is beautifully suited for the slow cooking of fish, shellfish and
pork. To further enhance the flavor alder chips can be soaked in wine or fruit juice as an
alternative to water. Alder was used by American Indians for smoking, often in the form
of alder planks. It provides the least heat of all natural woods.
Alder is preferred wood for charcoal making. Alder wood is commonly used for
cooking. The wood is also traditionally used for smoking fish and meat, though this usage
has often been replaced by other wood such as 0ak and hickory. An exception is the smoked
Pacific salmon industry in the Pacific Northwest, where alder smoking is essentially
universal. This is partly due to indigenous traditions of food preservation in the area, and
partly because oak, hickory, mesquite and other woods favored for smoking meat
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
Material | LANTAEN, GINA B.APRIL 2012
elsewhere are not locally available in any large quantities (New World Encyclopedia,
2008).
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
Material | LANTAEN, GINA B.APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used for the experiment include of fresh pork, rock salt (NaCl),
chopping boards, weighing scale, kitchen knives, stainless basin, guava and alnus wood.
Methods
Preparation of meat. A total of 16 kilograms of pork was obtained from a single
carcass of a fasted commercial pig. The meat was cut into 1-inch strips and wash in water.
After draining, the meat pieces were placed in a basin for curing (Figure 1).
Curing or salting. For each kilogram of pork, 180 grams of salt is enough. Meat and
salt was mixed thoroughly in a container. Each meat slice was arranged in a plastic basin.
The salted pork was allowed to stand for 120 hours or 5 days (Figure2).
The cured meat is removed from the basin. The undissolved salt particles were brush off
to prevent the appearance of objectionable white crust on the surfaces of meat.
Figure 1. Meat was cured by dry salting Figure 2. Cured meat
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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Cold smoking. The smoker was prepared by placing 9 kg of guava trunk: 1 kg of
guava leaves for 1 day or 8 hours inside the fire pit. Smoke goes into the smoke chamber
by means of a pipe connecting it with the fire pit. A notch was made at the end of allowing
for the insertion of an abaca cord, which was hooked to the wire. Meat slices will be hanged
in a smoker. After curing or salting, the meat strips was suspended above the safety baffle
of the smoking chamber (Figure 3). The piece of meat was not allowed to come in contact
with one another in the smoking chamber to enable uniform penetration of smoke and even
in color development. The temperatures were maintained at 34°C. Duration of cold
smoking is 56 hours (7 days intermittent at 8:00 am to 4:00). At the end of the day the pork
slices will be kept at room temperature in the meat preservation laboratory.
Figure 3. The cured meat hanged inside the cold smoking chamber
Hot smoking. The smoker was prepared by placing 9 kg of guava trunk: 1 kg of
guava leaves inside the fire pit. Air intake was adjusted to regulate the fire and burning
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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wood. A notch was made at the end of meat allowing for the insertion of an abaca cord,
which was hooked to the wire. Meat slices was hanged in a smoker. A safety baffle was
placed over the fire over the fire pit to prevent flames from reaching the smoke chamber
(Figure 4). The piece of meat was not allowed to come in contact with one another in the
smoking chamber to enable uniform penetration of smoke and even in color development.
The temperature was maintained at 75°C.Duration of hot smoking is 16 hours (2 days
intermittent at 8:00 am to 4:00 pm). At the end of the day the pork slices were kept at room
temperature in the meat preservation laboratory.
Figure 4. The cured meat hanged inside the hot smoking chamber
The smoking material served as experimental treatments which were replicated four
times following completely randomized design. One kilogram of cured ham was
considered as replicate. The treatments are as follows:
Treatment
Smoking Material
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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T1
Hot smoking with alnus wood
T2
Cold smoking with alnus wood
T3
Hot smoking with guava wood
T4
Cold smoking with guava wood
The smoked hams in each treatment are shown in Figures 5 to 8.
Figure 5. Treatment 1 (Hot smoking of alnus wood)
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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Figure 6. Treatment 2(Cold smoking with alnus wood)
Figure 7. Treatment 3 (Hot smoking with guava wood)
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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Figure 8. Treatment 4 (Cold smoking with guava wood)
Microbial analysis. Samples of the meat product were brought to the DOST-CAR
Regional Standards and Testing Laboratory for quantitative determination of bacterial
contamination. Each sample weighing approximately 250 grams was tested for the
presence of pathogenic bacteria. The samples was wrapped individually in aluminum foil,
packed in a zip lock plastic bag and labeled accordingly.
Sanitation and hygiene. To prevent or minimize microbial contamination, good
hygienic practices in meat processing and handling of smoked products as prescribed by
the Department of Health (2004) were observed as follows:
1. Maintaining adequate personal cleanliness.
2. Wearing adequate garments, and hand gloves.
3. Washing hands before starting work and repeatedly during work.
4. No rings, watches and bracelets shall be worn during work.
5. Cleaning/disinfection of tools, knives, chopping boards, utensils and other
materials for meat handling.
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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6. Taking any other necessary precautions to protect against contamination of
meat and finished product.
Data to be Gathered
1. Microbial count. The number of microorganisms such as Staphylococcus,
Salmonella, Fecal Coliform and Total Coliform Count was determined. The number of
yeast and molds was counted
2. Cost. The cost of pork, curing ingredients, firewood and labor was determined.
3. Sales. All the smoked products was considered sold at Php 200/kg.
Data to be Computed
1. Total cost production (TCP). Computed by adding the cost of pork, curing
ingredients, firewood and labor.
TCP= Cost of pork + cost of ingredient
2. Net income. These were calculated as:
NI= total sales-total cost of production
3. Return on investment (ROI). These were computed using the formula:
ROI= NI/TCP x 100
Statistical Analysis
The data rendered by the panel were recorded, tabulated and analyzed for difference
using the analysis of variance. The Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to
determine significant differences between treatment means.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total Coliform Count
and Fecal Count
Table 1 shows the Total Coliform Count (TCC) and Fecal Count (FC) of the
smoked product. It shows that the total coliform count and fecal count on the smoked pork
were within in the standard limit set for food which is <3.0 MPN/g.
Coliform bacteria may not cause disease, but can be good indicators of the hygiene
of the production environment and can be indicators of pathogen organisms that cause
disease. It can cause intestinal infection, mastitis, hepatitis, typhoid fever, cholera and other
illnesses. However, these illnesses are not limited to disease causing organisms in drinking
water. Other factors not associated with drinking water may the cause (DOH, 2004).
Fecal coliform can usually be inhibited in growth by boiling water or by treating
with chlorine.
Table 1. Result of coliform count in100 g samples
TREATMENT
TCC ( MPN/g)
FC (MPN/g)
STANDARD (MPN/g)
Hot smoking with
<3.0
<3.0
<3.0
alnus wood
Cold smoking with
<3.0
<3.0
<3.0
alnus wood
Hot smoking with
<3.0
<3.0
<3.0
guava wood
Cold smoking with
<3.0
<3.0
<3.0
guava wood
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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Yeast and Mold Count
Table 2 shows the presence of yeast and mold colonies on 100 g sample. Sample
from hot smoked pork with guava wood (T3) and cold smoked pork with guava wood (T4)
showed that the test for yeast count exceeded the standard limit set for food with 53000
CFU/g and 152333 CFU/g. According to Quality Control Laboratory (1999), yeast does
not result in food poisoning; it does cause food to spoil. Mold count showed that all
treatments are within the standard limit set for food. If a mold develops and is not desired,
it can be easily wiped off with a cloth saturated in vinegar. Because molds can grow only
on the outside of the sausage, there is nothing wrong with the meat itself (Heinz and
Hautzinger, 2007).
Hot and cold smoked pork with guava wood has the highest colonies of yeast
because of higher water content in the smoked meat and yeast generally require a higher
water activity for growth. Food borne molds of moisture requirement are relatively low
Table 2. Result of yeast and mold colonies per gram in 100 g sample
TREATMENT
YEAST (CFU/g)
MOLD (CFU/g)
STANDARD
(CFU/g)
Hot smoking with
67
100
10000
alnus wood
Cold smoking with
467
433
10000
alnus wood
Hot smoking with
53000
100
10000
guava wood
Cold smoking with
152333
167
10000
guava wood
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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most species can grow at a water activity (aw) of 0.85 or less. At temperatures 10-37°C
yeast will grow and multiply, faster at higher temperatures with an optimal growth at 30-
37°C (that depends on the species).
A temperature of 170°F will stop the yeast and mold spores from growing but 240°F
is absolutely for meat, fish and low acid food such as vegetable.
Staphylococcus Aureus
and Salmonella
Table 3 shows the result of S. aureus and Salmonella detection in smoked pork
sample. The report of analysis indicates hot smoking with alnus wood (T1) is not detected
for S. aureus while cold smoking with alnus wood (T2) test yielded 13 CFU/g and hot
smoking with guava wood (T3) has 1993 CFU/g while cold smoking with guava wood (T4)
has the highest number of microorganism which is 2407 CFU/g but still it coagulase
negative which means that the staphylococcal content is not pathogenic and will not cause
food poisoning. Salmonella detection is not detected in hot smoking with alnus wood (T1)
and cold smoking with alnus wood (T2) while negative in hot smoking with guava wood
(T3) and cold smoking with guava wood (T4).
Comparing it from previous studies of students, the presence of S. aureus is above
the standard limit set for foods due to microorganism with regard to meat hygiene include
parasites, moulds, bacteria, and viruses. Within these group bacteria plays the most
important role and depending on the slaughter hygiene, these bacteria find their way to the
carcass or contaminate the meat during slaughterhouse operations. Proper hand washing,
wearing adequate garments, cleaning of tools and maintaining adequate personal
cleanliness is also important because it helps to avoid contamination. Human and animal
wastes are a primary source of bacteria in water. These sources of bacterial contamination
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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include dog run, pastures, runoff from feedlots, and other land areas where animal waste
deposited.
Staphylococcus aureus is destroyed by proper cooking and can be eliminated for
0.2 to 2.0 minutes in a 65°C temperature. Salmonella are readily destroyed by cooking to
165°F and do not grow at refrigerator or freezer temperatures.
Net Income and Return
on Investment
Table 4 shows the details of the sales, expenses, and net income and return on
investment. Cold smoked pork with alnus wood (T2) and cold smoked pork with guava
wood (T4) had the highest total expenses which was Php 2,956. This was expected because
of the cost of firewood and wages of the person a day is higher than the two treatments.
Meanwhile, the hot smoked pork with alnus wood (T1) and hot smoked pork with guava
wood (T3) had expense of Php 2,156. The processed products produced in a
Table 3. Result of Staphylococcus enumeration and Salmonella detection in smoked pork
TREATMENT
S.AUREUS STANDARD SALMONELLA STANDARD
(CFU/g)
(CFU/g)
(CFU/g)
(CFU/g)
Hot smoking with
0
100
0
0 in 25 grams
alnus wood
Cold smoking
13
100
0
0 in 25 grams
with alnus wood
Hot smoking with
1993
100
negative
negative
guava wood
Cold smoking
2407
100
negative
negative
with guava wood
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
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30 kg of commercial pork meat were 36.77 kg of smoked meat after the duration of
smoking was finish. The commercial smoked meat had a computed of Php 400 per
kilogram. The return on investment shows that meat from hot smoking with guava wood
(T3) had the highest ROI of 67.90%. This is followed by hot smoked pork with alnus wood
(T1) of 52.13% and cold smoked pork with guava wood (T4) 33.42%. Cold smoked pork
with alnus wood (T2) has the lowest ROI of 30.72%.
Table 4. Return on Investment
ITEM
T1
T2
T3
T4
A. SALES from 10 kg
3,280
3,864
3,620
3,944
of smoked pork @
400 Php/kg
B. EXPENSES
1. Commercial Pork
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
(P180/kg)
2. Salt (P20/kg)
36
36
36
36
3. Firewood
20
70
20
70
Labor
300
1,050
300
1,050
SUB TOTAL
2,156
2,956
2,156
2,956
C. NET INCOME
1,124
908
1,464
988
D. ROI%
52.13
30.72
67.90
33.42
1. A total of 12.77 kg of smoked pork was produced as follows
For T1=8.20 kg
T2=9.66 kg
T3=9.05 kg
T4=9.86 kg
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the TANGERE Project Laboratory of Benguet State
University in Bektey, Puguis, La Trinidad Benguet from December 26 to February 14,
2012.
Following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD), the 16 kilogram of pork
from a single carcass of a fasted commercial pig was equally allotted into four treatments.
Each treatment has for replication with 1 kilogram of pork per replication. For every
kilogram of pork, 180 grams of salt was used for curing. The curing time for the meat is
120 hours or 5 days to let the salt penetrate into the meat. The treatments were exposed to
hot and cold smoking chamber for several days depending on the treatments. For treatment
one, hot smoking with alnus wood; treatment two, cold smoking with alnus wood;
treatment three, hot smoking with guava wood; and treatment four, cold smoking with
guava wood.
The study was conducted to determine the bacterial contamination of the smoked
product in terms of S. aureus, E. coli, Fecal Coliform, Total Coliform, Yeast and Molds. It
also aimed to determine which is best smoking material based on microbial properties of
the smoked product.
The Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform Count showed that all samples were within
in the standard limit set for food. Salmonella were not detected in both hot and cold smoked
pork with alnus wood while negative in hot and cold smoked pork with guava wood as
smoking material. Staphylococcus aureus is not also detected in hot smoked pork with
alnus wood (T1) but coagulase negative in cold smoked pork with alnus wood and in hot
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
Material | LANTAEN, GINA B.APRIL 2012
and cold smoked pork with guava wood as smoking material. In hot smoked pork with
guava wood and cold smoked pork with guava wood the presence of yeast are above the
standard limit set for food. However, yeast can be eliminated by proper cooking at a high
temperature (>50°C).
Smoked pork from hot smoking with guava wood (67.90) has the highest ROI. This
is followed by the hot smoked pork with alnus wood (52.13) and cold smoked pork with
guava wood (33.42). The lowest mean is realized cold smoked pork with alnus wood
(30.72).
Conclusion
Based on the result of the microbial analysis showed only the test for yeast count
exceeded the standard limit set for food using guava wood as smoking material. All result
is negative and within the standard limit set for food by BFAD. The use of alnus wood as
smoking material is the most desirable for smoking based on the microbial properties of
the smoked product.
Recommendation
Since the alnus wood is most desirable based on microbial properties of the
smoked meat, it is recommended to use for smoking material. Moreover, strict hygienic
handling and processing techniques are necessary to prevent contamination with
microorganism.
Microbiological Properties of Smoked Pork Using Alnus and Guava Wood as Smoking
Material | LANTAEN, GINA B.APRIL 2012
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