BIBLIOGRAPHY YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012. Response of Growing Mallard Ducks
to Different Levels of Banana Peelings. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at 423 Ma. Pucay St. Pinsao Proper, Baguio city from
December to March 2012 to determine the effects of different levels of Banana peelings on
the performance of growing mallard duck.
A total of 45 birds were randomly allotted in a complete randomized design into
the following treatments:
To = 100% commercial feeds
T1 = 90% commercial feeds + 10% banana peelings
T2 = 80% commercial feeds + 20% banana peelings
The results showed that there was no significant difference among the treatments
in terms of final weight, total gain in weight, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio.
It was revealed that addition of banana peeling substitutes (10% & 20% levels) does not
largely affect the performances of growing mallard ducks. Therefore, addition of banana
peeling substitutes is still accepted to be incorporated in the rations of growing mallard
ducks.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Poultry is one of the world’s major and fastest growing sources of meat. It
contributes about 88% of the country’s total meat supply (PCARRD, 2006).
Feed is always one of the major factors to be considered concerning poultry
production. Aside from the fact that feeds constitute more than 70% of the total cost of the
poultry production, many countries are struggling against the problem of how to adequately
provide the needs of their animal due to insufficient supply and high prices of ingredients
for feeding.
To be able to solve this problem, utilization of readily available and inexpensive
feedstuff must be considered like banana peelings which can be utilized as feed for animals.
Silverio (1981) reported that banana can be a source of energy and protein for animals.
Duck ranks second to chicken in terms of economic importance as source of egg
and meat. It offers opportunity for rural families to improve their nutrition and to augment
their income by producing highly priced protein products out of locally available resources
(PCARRD, 2003).
Ducks are among the most versatile of the animals. They will live under wide range
of climatic conditions. They are free from such common diseases such as Leukosis,
Marek’s diseases, and infectious bronchitis (Scanes et al., 2004)
The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research
and Development (1988) reported that 100,000 tons of bananas are classified as rejects
yearly. Instead of disposing these rejects as waste, part of which can be converted as an
animal feed.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
The study on the response of growing Mallard duck to various levels of banana
peelings has provided the duck raisers an idea on the use of banana as feeds for their animal.
Moreover, this study also served for the purpose of evaluating the feeding value of banana
as feed for Mallard ducks.
Generally, the study was conducted to determine the performance of growing
mallard duck in response to different levels of banana peelings.
Specifically, the study was conducted:
1. to determine the performance of mallard duck in terms of Feed
Conversion Ratio and Total Gain in Weight when given different levels of
banana peelings substitutes; and
2. to determine which level of banana peelings substitutes shows the
best outcome.
The study was conducted at Pinsao Proper, Baguio City on December 2011 to
March 2012.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
REVIEW FO RELATED LITERATURE
Banana is readily available in most places especially in the market. Nowadays,
Banana is considered one of the most popular fruit after apple and orange. Apart from being
nutritious, Banana was proven to posses many curative properties as it contains various
kinds of minerals and vitamins (Lotus, 2002). Anti-microbial feed additives, though not
nutrients in the sense that they are required by poultry, are included in the diet to improve
growth, efficiency of food utilization and livability (National Academy of Sciences,
1994)In the Philippines, Banana is considered important and popular in becoming a
commercial traded raw material in making feed (Temanel, 2007).
The Banana is of great nutritional value because it has a rare combination of energy
value, tissue building element, protein, vitamins and minerals. It is rich in solids and low
in water content compared to other fresh fruits and therefore a good source of calories
(Hopkins, 2008).Gurumaa (2010) added that antifungal and antibiotic principles are found
in the peel and pulp of fully ripe bananas. The antibiotic acts against mycobacteria.
Bananas are not only used for industrial purposes but it can also be used as feed.
Most commercial farms used excess banana, ripe or unripe, as feeds to animals (The
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development, 1988). Sariah (2009) stated that the secret use of banana meal is to substitute
the expensive yellow corn as source of energy for feeding animals. Banana meal was found
to be lower in protein compared to corn. However, Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) and energy
found in corn and banana are equal (Detering, 1979).
Ducks enjoy all kinds of plants unless they are very hard. They don’t have teeth so
they cannot eat hard plants. You can feed your ducks with lettuce, apple, watermelon,
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
melon, tomato, cucumber, banana, grapes and other smooth vegetables and fruits (Inak,
2010).
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were 45 – day old Philippine Mallard ducklings(males),
multivitamins, weighing scale, feeding and drinking troughs, electric bulbs, housing pen,
recording materials, disinfectants, cleaning materials, Purina commercial feeds(Bio 100,
Bio 200, Bio 300), and ripe banana peelings.
Methodology
Preparation of pen. The housing pen including the feeder and watering troughs were
disinfected one week before the arrival of the experimental birds to reduce the incidence
of diseases. Forty five Watts bulbs first underwent a test – ran installation in the brooder
house. The brooder was designed with slatted floor (Figure 1) in order to allow air
circulation, and the duck droppings to pass through the slats.
Preparation of banana peelings. Ripe banana peelings from family household
remains were collected and were chopped in feed pellet size before they were mixed with
the commercial feeds.
Experimental design and treatment. After the brooding stage (day 30), the
experimental birds were weighed individually to obtain their initial weight before they
were distributed into three dietary treatments replicated three times with five birds per
replicate following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The birds were tagged
individually at their feet with a number tag to trace the individual gain in weight of the
bird.
The dietary treatments (Figure 2) were:
T0 – 100% commercial feed (CF)
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
T1 – 10% banana meal + 90% CF
T2 –20% banana meal + 80% CF
Figure 1. Three days old mallard ducklings during brooding stage
100% commercial feeds 90% CF + 10% banana 80% CF + 20% banana
(CF)
peelings peelings
Figure 2. The different treatment levels
Care and management. The ducks were managed under complete confinement
system (Figure 3). Water with multivitamins solution was provided to the ducklings
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
immediately upon arrival to prevent dehydration and to relieved birds from stress. The
birds were raised in the brooder house for the first month of the study but brooding period
last only for two weeks. The ducklings were provided three times a day with Bio100 during
the brooding period and Bio200 just after the brooding period until day 30 of the study.
From day 31 to day 90 of the study, Bio300 added with different levels of chopped
banana peelings depending on the treatment was given to the experimental birds up to the
end of the study. Water (without multivitamins) was available at all times and
feeds were incorporated in the treatment thrice a day. The rations were weighed before they
were given to the experimental birds.
Figure 3. The experimental house
All experimental birds (Figure 4) were subjected to the same management practices
except for the level of banana peelings that were added to the commercial feeds depending
on the treatment. The final weight was recorded on the 90th day (end) of the experiment.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
No feed left over was recorded. Sanitation, disease prevention and management practices
were also followed.
Figure 4. The experimental birds during the treatment
Data Gathered
1.
Initial weight (g). This was the weight of the experimental birds before they
were distributed into different treatment.
2.
Final weight (g).This was the weight of the experimental bird obtained at
the end of the experiment.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
3.
Amount of feed offered (g). This was the total amount of diet given to the
experimental animal for the whole duration of the treatment.
4.
Total Feed Intake (g). This was the total amount of diet consumed by the
experimental bird for the whole duration of the treatment.
5.
Total Gain in Weight (g). This was obtained by subtracting the initial weight
of the animal from its final weight.
6.
Average Daily Gain in weight(g). This was determined using the formula:
ADG = Total Gain in Weight
No. of experimental days
7.
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). This was computed using the formula:
FCR = Total Feed Consumption
Total Gain in Weight
8.
Return Of Investment (%). This was obtained by dividing the net profit by
the total cost of production multiplied by 100%.
Data Analysis
The data was analyzed using the Analysis Of Variance for the CRD. The
treatments were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weight
Table 1 shows the initial and final weights of the mallard ducks per treatment. The
initial weights of the birds were recorded on the 31st day of the study. Slight differences
were observed in the initial weights of the experimental birds as shown in the table but the
gap was very minimal to be a basis of significant difference among the treatments. The
Statistical analysis shows that there were no significant differences observed in the initial
and final weight for both the control and the treated bird. This simply means that the initial
weight of all experimental bird in the different treatment was more or less the same.
Final weight of the birds was recorded during the 90th day of the study. Statistical
analysis also shows that there were no significant differences in the final weight of all
experimental birds in the different treatment. This means that incorporation of banana
peelings substitutes in the diet of growing mallard duck does not greatly increase nor
decrease the final weight of the bird.
Table 1. Initial weights at 30 days and final weights at 90 days of mallard ducks (g)
TREATMENT
BODY WEIGHT (g)
INITIAL
FINAL
100% commercial feeds (CF)
414a
721a
10% banana peelings + 90% CF
425a
710a
20% banana peelings + 80% CF
517a
810a
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
Gain in Weight
The total and average daily gains in weight of mallard ducks in the different
treatments are shown in Table 2.
The table shows that there were no significant differences between all the treatments
in terms of total gain and average daily gain in weight of the birds. These probably denote
the sustained performance of growing mallard duck despite the incorporation of banana
peeling substitute in the diet. The tabulated result therefore declares that the total gain in
weight and average daily gain in weight of both the control and the treated experimental
birds does not greatly vary.
In either case, by either pure commercial feeds or with the addition of banana
peelings in the diet of growing mallard ducks will lead into more or less the same result.
Total Feed Consumption
and Feed Conversion Ratio
The total feed consumption of mallard ducks per treatment is shown in Table 3.
Birds from the different treatments consumed the same amount of feeds for the whole
duration of the study supporting the results of the statistical analysis that there
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Total and average daily gain in weights of mallard ducks at 90 days (g)
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
TOTAL
ADG
100% commercial feeds (CF)
307a
3.4167a
10% banana peelings + 90% CF
285a
3.1600a
20% banana peelings + 80% CF
293a
3.2500a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
were no significant differences between the control birds and the treated birds in terms of
both Total feed consumption and Feed conversion ratio.
The feed conversion ratio of the experimental birds is also shown in table 3. The
tabular results shows that mallard duck fed with 10% banana peelings gave the highest feed
conversion ratio ratings with an only minimal difference from the mallard duck fed with
pure commercial feeds and 20% banana peelings. These simply imply that the minimal
range of differences among the different treatments cannot lead into significant differences.
Statistical analysis confirms that there were no significant differences among the
three different treatments with regards to feed conversion ratio. These mean that in either
case, by either incorporation or none incorporation of banana peelings in the diet of
growing mallard ducks will direct to the same outcome.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
Return On Investment (ROI)
The return on investment of mallard ducks per treatment is shown in Table 4.The
tabular result showed that treatment with 20% banana peelings obtained the highest rate in
term of return on investment with lowest rating in the total cost while treatment
Table 3. Total feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (g)
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
TFC
FCR
100% commercial feeds (CF)
6106a
20.193a
10% banana peelings + 90% CF
6106a
21.693a
20% banana peelings + 80% CF
6106a
21.047a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
without banana peelings (control) obtained the lowest rate in term of return on investment
with the highest rate in the total cost. Table 4 further relays that incorporation of banana
peelings in the ration of growing mallard ducks in either amount (10% & 20%) will decrease
the total amount of expenses and therefore increase the total amount of returns or
investments. The result can be shortly explained by this relationship: increase in the amount
of banana peelings = increase in return on investments.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
Table 4. Return on investment (%)
TOTAL
TOTAL
NET
COST
SALES
INCOME
ROI
TREATMENT
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(%)
100% commercial feeds (CF)
1435.5
2250
814.5
56.74
10% banana peelings + 90% CF
1415.5
2250
834.5
58.95
20% banana peelings + 80% CF
1393.4
2250
856.6
61.48
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of Banana
peelings on the performance of growing mallard duck. It was conducted at 423 Ma. Pucay
St. Pinsao Proper, Baguio City. The different levels used were 10% banana peelings and
20% banana peelings.
Following the complete randomized design (CRD), the 45 mallard ducks were
distributed into three treatments with three replications per treatment.
Results showed that control birds had obtained the highest rate in terms of total and
average daily gain in weight. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant
differences observed between the treatments in terms of initial weight, final weight, total
gain in weight, average daily gain in weight, feed conversion ratio and return on
investment.
Conclusion
Based from the statistical results of the study, addition of banana peelings
substitutes in the ration of growing mallard duck cannot significantly change the
performance of growing mallard ducks in terms of total gain in weight, average daily gain
in weight and feed conversion ratio.
Recommendations
Based from the findings, addition of banana peeling substitutes in the ration of
growing mallard duck did not show any significant difference in all parameters of this
study. However, incorporation of 10% - 20% banana peelings in the ration of growing
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
mallard duck is acceptable and can be recommended considering the factor that the addition
of banana peelings did not show any negative effect on the performances of birds and it
did increases the return on investment while decreasing the cost of expenses.
Moreover, similar study is further recommended to be conducted in the low land to
determine any significant differences in the results and in the occurrence of pests (animals,
diseases) following the same treatments and management practices considering that this
study was conducted under highland condition.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
DETERING,C. N. 1979. Banana meal as concentrate for lactating cow. Retrieved on May
20, 2011 from http://jds.fuss.org/cgi/reprint/62/8/139.pdf
GURUMAA. 2010. Go Bananas. Retrieved on May 20, 2011 from
http://www.gurumaa.com/content/go-bananas.htm
HOPKINS, S.2008. Banana fruit: Plantain Health Benefits. Retrieved on May 20, 2011
from http://www.boydream.com/articles.php? Articleid=73430
INAK, I. 2010. What to feed ducks. Retrieved on May 20, 2011 from
http://www.helium.com/items/1954932-what-to-feed-ducks
LOTUS, B. 2002. A Banana matter. Retrieved on May 20, 2011 from
http://www.thaiwaysmafazine.com/thai_article_banana/banana.html
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, (9th
Revised Edition). National Academy Press Washington D.C.p. 18
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. The Philippine
Recommend for Banana. Philippine Council for Agriculture Resources
Research and Development. Los Baňos Laguna: PCCARD, 1988.136p.
(PCCARD technical bull. Ser. No. 66/1988)
SCANES C. G., G. BRANT AND M.E. ENSMINGER. 2004. Poultry Science (Fourth
Edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pp. 130, 320 PCCARD.
2006. The broiler production committee 2004. The Philippine Recommend
for broiler production. Los Baňos, Laguna: DOST-PCCARD and DA-
BAR,2006.74P. (Philippine Recommends series no. 10-c)
SARIAN, Z. 2009. Banana rejects as cheap meal Source: ManilaBulletin. Retrieved on
May 20, 2011 from Http://www.mb.cm.ph/articles/214778/banana rejects-
cheap-feed
SILVERIO, V. G. 1981. The Utilizing of Banana Meal in Hog Ration. Bureau of Animal
Industry And National Development Board.
TEMANEL, B. E. 2007. Techno – Guide for Saba banana production in Cagayan Valley.
Retrieved
on
May
20,
2011
from
http://www.openacademy.ph/index2.php?option=comcontent&pdf=1&id=
1089
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
THE 1999 LIVESTOCK FEED FORMULATION COMMITTEE. 2003. The Philippine
Recommend for livestock feed formulation. Los Baňos, Laguna: PCCARD-
DOST and PARFFI, (Philippine Recommend series no. 64-A)
THE 2004 BROILER PRODUCTION COMMITTEE. 2006. The Philippines
Recommends for Broiler Production. Los Baňos, Laguna: DOST -
PCCARD and DA - BAR, 2006. 74 p. (Philippine Recommend series no.
64-A)
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012. Response of Growing Mallard Ducks
to Different Levels of Banana Peelings. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at 423 Ma. Pucay St. Pinsao Proper, Baguio city from
December to March 2012 to determine the effects of different levels of Banana peelings on
the performance of growing mallard duck.
A total of 45 birds were randomly allotted in a complete randomized design into
the following treatments:
To = 100% commercial feeds
T1 = 90% commercial feeds + 10% banana peelings
T2 = 80% commercial feeds + 20% banana peelings
The results showed that there was no significant difference among the treatments
in terms of final weight, total gain in weight, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio.
It was revealed that addition of banana peeling substitutes (10% & 20% levels) does not
largely affect the performances of growing mallard ducks. Therefore, addition of banana
peeling substitutes is still accepted to be incorporated in the rations of growing mallard
ducks.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Poultry is one of the world’s major and fastest growing sources of meat. It
contributes about 88% of the country’s total meat supply (PCARRD, 2006).
Feed is always one of the major factors to be considered concerning poultry
production. Aside from the fact that feeds constitute more than 70% of the total cost of the
poultry production, many countries are struggling against the problem of how to adequately
provide the needs of their animal due to insufficient supply and high prices of ingredients
for feeding.
To be able to solve this problem, utilization of readily available and inexpensive
feedstuff must be considered like banana peelings which can be utilized as feed for animals.
Silverio (1981) reported that banana can be a source of energy and protein for animals.
Duck ranks second to chicken in terms of economic importance as source of egg
and meat. It offers opportunity for rural families to improve their nutrition and to augment
their income by producing highly priced protein products out of locally available resources
(PCARRD, 2003).
Ducks are among the most versatile of the animals. They will live under wide range
of climatic conditions. They are free from such common diseases such as Leukosis,
Marek’s diseases, and infectious bronchitis (Scanes et al., 2004)
The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research
and Development (1988) reported that 100,000 tons of bananas are classified as rejects
yearly. Instead of disposing these rejects as waste, part of which can be converted as an
animal feed.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
The study on the response of growing Mallard duck to various levels of banana
peelings has provided the duck raisers an idea on the use of banana as feeds for their animal.
Moreover, this study also served for the purpose of evaluating the feeding value of banana
as feed for Mallard ducks.
Generally, the study was conducted to determine the performance of growing
mallard duck in response to different levels of banana peelings.
Specifically, the study was conducted:
1. to determine the performance of mallard duck in terms of Feed
Conversion Ratio and Total Gain in Weight when given different levels of
banana peelings substitutes; and
2. to determine which level of banana peelings substitutes shows the
best outcome.
The study was conducted at Pinsao Proper, Baguio City on December 2011 to
March 2012.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
REVIEW FO RELATED LITERATURE
Banana is readily available in most places especially in the market. Nowadays,
Banana is considered one of the most popular fruit after apple and orange. Apart from being
nutritious, Banana was proven to posses many curative properties as it contains various
kinds of minerals and vitamins (Lotus, 2002). Anti-microbial feed additives, though not
nutrients in the sense that they are required by poultry, are included in the diet to improve
growth, efficiency of food utilization and livability (National Academy of Sciences,
1994)In the Philippines, Banana is considered important and popular in becoming a
commercial traded raw material in making feed (Temanel, 2007).
The Banana is of great nutritional value because it has a rare combination of energy
value, tissue building element, protein, vitamins and minerals. It is rich in solids and low
in water content compared to other fresh fruits and therefore a good source of calories
(Hopkins, 2008).Gurumaa (2010) added that antifungal and antibiotic principles are found
in the peel and pulp of fully ripe bananas. The antibiotic acts against mycobacteria.
Bananas are not only used for industrial purposes but it can also be used as feed.
Most commercial farms used excess banana, ripe or unripe, as feeds to animals (The
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development, 1988). Sariah (2009) stated that the secret use of banana meal is to substitute
the expensive yellow corn as source of energy for feeding animals. Banana meal was found
to be lower in protein compared to corn. However, Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) and energy
found in corn and banana are equal (Detering, 1979).
Ducks enjoy all kinds of plants unless they are very hard. They don’t have teeth so
they cannot eat hard plants. You can feed your ducks with lettuce, apple, watermelon,
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
melon, tomato, cucumber, banana, grapes and other smooth vegetables and fruits (Inak,
2010).
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were 45 – day old Philippine Mallard ducklings(males),
multivitamins, weighing scale, feeding and drinking troughs, electric bulbs, housing pen,
recording materials, disinfectants, cleaning materials, Purina commercial feeds(Bio 100,
Bio 200, Bio 300), and ripe banana peelings.
Methodology
Preparation of pen. The housing pen including the feeder and watering troughs were
disinfected one week before the arrival of the experimental birds to reduce the incidence
of diseases. Forty five Watts bulbs first underwent a test – ran installation in the brooder
house. The brooder was designed with slatted floor (Figure 1) in order to allow air
circulation, and the duck droppings to pass through the slats.
Preparation of banana peelings. Ripe banana peelings from family household
remains were collected and were chopped in feed pellet size before they were mixed with
the commercial feeds.
Experimental design and treatment. After the brooding stage (day 30), the
experimental birds were weighed individually to obtain their initial weight before they
were distributed into three dietary treatments replicated three times with five birds per
replicate following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The birds were tagged
individually at their feet with a number tag to trace the individual gain in weight of the
bird.
The dietary treatments (Figure 2) were:
T0 – 100% commercial feed (CF)
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
T1 – 10% banana meal + 90% CF
T2 –20% banana meal + 80% CF
Figure 1. Three days old mallard ducklings during brooding stage
100% commercial feeds 90% CF + 10% banana 80% CF + 20% banana
(CF)
peelings peelings
Figure 2. The different treatment levels
Care and management. The ducks were managed under complete confinement
system (Figure 3). Water with multivitamins solution was provided to the ducklings
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
immediately upon arrival to prevent dehydration and to relieved birds from stress. The
birds were raised in the brooder house for the first month of the study but brooding period
last only for two weeks. The ducklings were provided three times a day with Bio100 during
the brooding period and Bio200 just after the brooding period until day 30 of the study.
From day 31 to day 90 of the study, Bio300 added with different levels of chopped
banana peelings depending on the treatment was given to the experimental birds up to the
end of the study. Water (without multivitamins) was available at all times and
feeds were incorporated in the treatment thrice a day. The rations were weighed before they
were given to the experimental birds.
Figure 3. The experimental house
All experimental birds (Figure 4) were subjected to the same management practices
except for the level of banana peelings that were added to the commercial feeds depending
on the treatment. The final weight was recorded on the 90th day (end) of the experiment.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
No feed left over was recorded. Sanitation, disease prevention and management practices
were also followed.
Figure 4. The experimental birds during the treatment
Data Gathered
1.
Initial weight (g). This was the weight of the experimental birds before they
were distributed into different treatment.
2.
Final weight (g).This was the weight of the experimental bird obtained at
the end of the experiment.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
3.
Amount of feed offered (g). This was the total amount of diet given to the
experimental animal for the whole duration of the treatment.
4.
Total Feed Intake (g). This was the total amount of diet consumed by the
experimental bird for the whole duration of the treatment.
5.
Total Gain in Weight (g). This was obtained by subtracting the initial weight
of the animal from its final weight.
6.
Average Daily Gain in weight(g). This was determined using the formula:
ADG = Total Gain in Weight
No. of experimental days
7.
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). This was computed using the formula:
FCR = Total Feed Consumption
Total Gain in Weight
8.
Return Of Investment (%). This was obtained by dividing the net profit by
the total cost of production multiplied by 100%.
Data Analysis
The data was analyzed using the Analysis Of Variance for the CRD. The
treatments were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weight
Table 1 shows the initial and final weights of the mallard ducks per treatment. The
initial weights of the birds were recorded on the 31st day of the study. Slight differences
were observed in the initial weights of the experimental birds as shown in the table but the
gap was very minimal to be a basis of significant difference among the treatments. The
Statistical analysis shows that there were no significant differences observed in the initial
and final weight for both the control and the treated bird. This simply means that the initial
weight of all experimental bird in the different treatment was more or less the same.
Final weight of the birds was recorded during the 90th day of the study. Statistical
analysis also shows that there were no significant differences in the final weight of all
experimental birds in the different treatment. This means that incorporation of banana
peelings substitutes in the diet of growing mallard duck does not greatly increase nor
decrease the final weight of the bird.
Table 1. Initial weights at 30 days and final weights at 90 days of mallard ducks (g)
TREATMENT
BODY WEIGHT (g)
INITIAL
FINAL
100% commercial feeds (CF)
414a
721a
10% banana peelings + 90% CF
425a
710a
20% banana peelings + 80% CF
517a
810a
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
Gain in Weight
The total and average daily gains in weight of mallard ducks in the different
treatments are shown in Table 2.
The table shows that there were no significant differences between all the treatments
in terms of total gain and average daily gain in weight of the birds. These probably denote
the sustained performance of growing mallard duck despite the incorporation of banana
peeling substitute in the diet. The tabulated result therefore declares that the total gain in
weight and average daily gain in weight of both the control and the treated experimental
birds does not greatly vary.
In either case, by either pure commercial feeds or with the addition of banana
peelings in the diet of growing mallard ducks will lead into more or less the same result.
Total Feed Consumption
and Feed Conversion Ratio
The total feed consumption of mallard ducks per treatment is shown in Table 3.
Birds from the different treatments consumed the same amount of feeds for the whole
duration of the study supporting the results of the statistical analysis that there
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Total and average daily gain in weights of mallard ducks at 90 days (g)
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
TOTAL
ADG
100% commercial feeds (CF)
307a
3.4167a
10% banana peelings + 90% CF
285a
3.1600a
20% banana peelings + 80% CF
293a
3.2500a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
were no significant differences between the control birds and the treated birds in terms of
both Total feed consumption and Feed conversion ratio.
The feed conversion ratio of the experimental birds is also shown in table 3. The
tabular results shows that mallard duck fed with 10% banana peelings gave the highest feed
conversion ratio ratings with an only minimal difference from the mallard duck fed with
pure commercial feeds and 20% banana peelings. These simply imply that the minimal
range of differences among the different treatments cannot lead into significant differences.
Statistical analysis confirms that there were no significant differences among the
three different treatments with regards to feed conversion ratio. These mean that in either
case, by either incorporation or none incorporation of banana peelings in the diet of
growing mallard ducks will direct to the same outcome.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
Return On Investment (ROI)
The return on investment of mallard ducks per treatment is shown in Table 4.The
tabular result showed that treatment with 20% banana peelings obtained the highest rate in
term of return on investment with lowest rating in the total cost while treatment
Table 3. Total feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (g)
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
TFC
FCR
100% commercial feeds (CF)
6106a
20.193a
10% banana peelings + 90% CF
6106a
21.693a
20% banana peelings + 80% CF
6106a
21.047a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
without banana peelings (control) obtained the lowest rate in term of return on investment
with the highest rate in the total cost. Table 4 further relays that incorporation of banana
peelings in the ration of growing mallard ducks in either amount (10% & 20%) will decrease
the total amount of expenses and therefore increase the total amount of returns or
investments. The result can be shortly explained by this relationship: increase in the amount
of banana peelings = increase in return on investments.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
Table 4. Return on investment (%)
TOTAL
TOTAL
NET
COST
SALES
INCOME
ROI
TREATMENT
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(%)
100% commercial feeds (CF)
1435.5
2250
814.5
56.74
10% banana peelings + 90% CF
1415.5
2250
834.5
58.95
20% banana peelings + 80% CF
1393.4
2250
856.6
61.48
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of Banana
peelings on the performance of growing mallard duck. It was conducted at 423 Ma. Pucay
St. Pinsao Proper, Baguio City. The different levels used were 10% banana peelings and
20% banana peelings.
Following the complete randomized design (CRD), the 45 mallard ducks were
distributed into three treatments with three replications per treatment.
Results showed that control birds had obtained the highest rate in terms of total and
average daily gain in weight. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant
differences observed between the treatments in terms of initial weight, final weight, total
gain in weight, average daily gain in weight, feed conversion ratio and return on
investment.
Conclusion
Based from the statistical results of the study, addition of banana peelings
substitutes in the ration of growing mallard duck cannot significantly change the
performance of growing mallard ducks in terms of total gain in weight, average daily gain
in weight and feed conversion ratio.
Recommendations
Based from the findings, addition of banana peeling substitutes in the ration of
growing mallard duck did not show any significant difference in all parameters of this
study. However, incorporation of 10% - 20% banana peelings in the ration of growing
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
mallard duck is acceptable and can be recommended considering the factor that the addition
of banana peelings did not show any negative effect on the performances of birds and it
did increases the return on investment while decreasing the cost of expenses.
Moreover, similar study is further recommended to be conducted in the low land to
determine any significant differences in the results and in the occurrence of pests (animals,
diseases) following the same treatments and management practices considering that this
study was conducted under highland condition.
Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
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Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012
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Response of Growing Mallard Ducks to Different Levels of Banana Peelings
YUCADDI, JEFERSON H. APRIL 2012