BIBLIOGRAPHY MAYANGAO, MARICEL A....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012. Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed
With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw Chayote Fruit.Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph.D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing rations of birds
with diced raw chayote fruit on the gain in weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality and
morbidity rate and the return on investment.
A total of 128 heads of 30-day-old birds were randomly distributed into four
treatments and replicated four times with eight birds per replication. The treatments were
pure commercial ration, 25g diced raw chayote/day + commercial ration and 50g diced raw
chayote/day + commercial feeds and 75g diced raw chayote fruit/ day + commercial feeds.
The experimental rations were given to the birds starting at day 30 to day 45, a period of
15 days.
Results of the study revealed no significant differences among the treatments in
terms of final weight total and daily gain in weight and feed conversion ratio. The average
daily gain in weight of birds from 30 days of age to 45 days of age was 20.94g with an
average FCR of 2.49.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
INTRODUCTION
The current increasing demand for poultry meat can hardly be met by poultry raisers
because of insufficient production caused by a variety of factors including high cost of
production. One way to reduce production cost is to supplement animal diets with cheap
locally available feedstuffs. Since poultry raisers are experiencing high cost of feeds,
researchers are now seeking some materials that can be used as feed supplement, chayote
could be one.
According to James et al., (2010), feed cost comprises about two-thirds of the total
cost of producing eggs and meat from birds. Therefore, all management practices including
feeding practices must be assigned to meet the needs of birds and still allow room for profit.
In the publication of Modern Agriculture, Benguet animal raisers even in lowlands
found out that hogs fed twice a day with diced cooked chayote fruit as feed supplements
were healthy. In Atok, Benguet, some farmers feed their native birds with raw chayote fruit
as feed supplement. If both cooked and raw chayote fruit are fed to animals like hogs and
native birds, then chayote could be given to birds.
Birds are free-range type of birds which is fast becoming popular among
commercial and backyard raisers in Benguet. These meat type birds can graze around the
field or backyard, eating grass, leaves and other natural feedstuffs (Regional Agriculture
and Fisheries Information Division, 2006)
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
The result of this study was added to the pool of information regarding poultry feeding
particularly of the free range type of birds. Information generated from this study can be
used by poultry raisers, researchers, and students as guide for their production and research
endeavors.
This study was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing the diet of birds
with diced raw chayote fruit on the growth performance. Specifically, this research aimed
to:
1.
determine the effect of supplementing diets of birds with diced raw
chayote fruit on the , gain in weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality and morbidity rate
and
2.
determine the return on investment of raising feeding birds with diets
supplemented with diced raw chayote fruit.
This study was conducted at the Benguet State University Poultry Project, La Trinidad,
Benguet from January to March 2012.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Francisco (1992), Bautista and Mabesa (1993) stated that the reason why poultry
and livestock farmers give daily feed supplements and other substances to animals is to
minimize production cost, improve feed efficiency and enhance animal appetite. The
practical farmer then makes use of locally available feedstuffs that can be produced at
minimal cost.
Chayote (Sechium edule) belongs to family cucurbitaceae. It is an edible plant
which is originally native in Mexico and Central American during Pre-Colombian time. It
was introduced in South America during the 18th and 19th centuries. It is a tropical vine
and is the only genus which contains only one seed. The leaves of the plants are hairy,
broad and triangular. The flowers are yellowish, five-petaled and located in the axils. The
fruit is light green and pear-shaped but somewhat wrinkled (Hector Rodriguez, 2006).
According to the Philippine Food Composition (1997), the edible part of chayote has lower
fiber, protein and vitamin content than other plants. However, the calorie and carbohydrate
content are high chiefly from the young shoots, tubers and seed. On the other hand, micro
and macro nutrients supplied by the fruit are adequate. The fruit, particularly the seeds, are
rich in amino acids such as aspartic acid, glutamic, phenylalamine, glycine, histidine,
isoleucine and methionine and proline, serine, tyrosine, threonine and valine. Specifically,
Table 1 shows the calories/nutrient content of edible portion for both raw and cooked fruits
of chayote per 100 grams.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
Table 1. The calorie / nutrient content per 100 grams of edible portion of chayote both
raw and cooked.
CONTENTS CHAYOTE FRUIT (RAW) CHAYOTE FRUIT
(COOKED)
Edible portion (%)
85
100
Water (g)
94.7
96.0
Energy (cal)
21
16
Protein (g)
0.4
0.3
Carbohydrates (g)
4.6
3.5
Diet Fiber (g)
(1.1)
0.7
Calcium (mg)
24
2.5
Total Vitamin A (ug)
6
3
Iron (mg)
0.4
0.4
Thiamine (mg)
0.02
0.01
Riboflavin (mg)
0.02
0.01
Niacin (mg)
0.4
0.3
Ascorbic acid (mg)
15
10
Fat (g)
0.1
0.1
Phosphorus (mg)
10
10
Source: The Philippine Food Composition Table, (1997) as cited by Payangdo (2008)
In addition to nutrient composition, Saade (1998) of the National Herbarium of Mexico,
Mexico City stated that infusion of the fruit is used to alleviate problems in urine retention.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials and equipment used in this study were 128 heads day- old Birds
birds, commercial feeds, diced raw chayote fruits, disinfectants, vaccines, 100-watt electric
bulbs, newspaper sheets, waterers, feeders, brooding-rearing cages, weighing scale and
records books.
Methodology
Care and management. Before the start of the study, all brooders, feeders, waterers
were cleaned and disinfected to prevent the occurrence of parasites and diseases. Strict
hygiene and sanitation was followed at all times. Newspaper sheets were spread on the
floor to prevent the chicks from tripping on the floor and to serve as receptacle for the feeds
of the chicks for the first few days and help conserve the heat inside the brooder. The lights
were switched- on two hours before the chicks arrived. Before transportation, the chicks
were given water to drink to prevent stress. Brown sugar was added to the water at a rate
of one percent or about two tablespoon per gallon of water to rehydrate the chicks faster.
Within two hours of arrival, the chicks were given food and water.
Experimental design and treatments. After 30 days of brooding, the birds were weighed for
their initial weight and distributed at random to four-treatment groups following the
completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated four times with eight
birds per replicate having a total of 128 birds.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
The different treatments were as follows:
T0 = No chayote supplement
T1 = Commercial feeds + 25grams of diced raw chayote fruit/bird/day
T2 = Commercial feeds + 50grams of diced raw chayote fruit/bird/day
T3 = Commercial feeds + 75grams of diced raw chayote fruit/bird/day
The birds in all treatment were subjected to the same care and management in all
aspects except on the level of diced raw chayote fruit added to their ration. The birds
assigned to the control treatment were given pure commercial feeds, while the birds
assigned to the other treatments were given 25g of diced raw chayote fruit + commercial
feed, the birds assigned other treatments were given 50g of diced raw chayote +
commercial feeds, and the other birds assigned to other treatments were given 75g of diced
raw chayote fruit + commercial feeds. The feed supplements were given to the birds twice
a day, 6:00 in the morning, and 4:00 in the afternoon. For each treatment, half of diced raw
chayote fruit were given at 6:00 in the morning and the half was given at 4:00 in the
afternoon. During the first week, the birds were given pre-starter ration, followed by starter
ration for the next two weeks, and then finisher ration from the third week of age up to
forty-five days. Fresh water was provided to the birds.
Preparation of the chayote fruit. The chayote fruit were collected from the farm of
chayote growers in Bineng, La Trinidad, Benguet. Chayote fruit were peeled off and were
cut into small pieces measuring approximately 2-3mm thick.
Data gathered were as follows:
Initial weight of the chicks (kg). This was taken by weighing the initial weight of the birds
at the start of the study or at 30 days of age.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
1.
Final weight of the chicks (kg). This was taken by weighing the final weight
of the birds at 45 days of age.
2.
Feed left over (kg). This refers to the amount of feed not consumed by the
experimental birds from day 30 up to day 45.
3.
Number of sick birds. This refers to the number of birds that sick from day
30 up to day 45.
4.
Number of birds that died. This refers to the number of birds that died from
day 30 up to day 45.
5.
Cost of production. This includes the cost of purchased materials that were
used in the study.
From the above data, the following were computed:
1.
Daily gain in weight of the birds (kg). This is the difference between
the final weights and the initial weights of the experimental birds divided by the
number of days of the experimental period.
2.
Total feed consumption (kg). This was obtained by adding the total
amount of feed consumed by the birds from day 30 up to day 45.
3.
Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed
consumption by the total gain in weight of the birds for the experimental period.
Morbidity rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number sick birds by the total
number of birds multiplied by 100.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
1. Mortality rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of dead birds by the
total number of birds then multiplied by 100.
2.
Total cost of production. This was obtained by computing the total of the
costs of each item used during the study period.
3.
Gross income. This was obtained by multiplying the final weight of the
birds by the price per kg live weight.
4.
Net profit. This was obtained by subtracting the gross income by the total
expenses.
5.
Return on investment (ROI). This was computed by dividing the net profit
by the total cost of production then multiplied by 100.
Feed cost per kg of gain. This was obtained by multiplying the feed conversion ratio by
feed cost per kg.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight and Final
Weight of the Birds
The initial weight and final weight of the birds taken at day 30 and day 45,
respectively is shown on Table 1. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in
the initial weight of birds among treatments. The average initial weight of birds was 560g
at 30 days of age. This indicates that the experimental units were homogenous at the start
of the study.
No significant differences were also observed in the final weight of birds among
treatments. The average final weight of birds given pure commercial feeds was 941.5g,
those birds given 25g of diced fresh chayote fruit per kg commercial feeds was 863.44g,
50g of diced fresh chayote fruit per kg commercial feeds was 827.50g and those birds given
with 75g of diced fresh chayote fruit per kg commercial feeds was 860.94g respectively.
This implies that supplementing diced raw chayote fruit at the rate of 25g, 50g and 75g had
no effect on the final weight of the birds taken at the 45 days of age.
Table 1. Initial weight at 30 days and final weight at 45 days of age of birds
BODY WEIGHT (g)
TREATMENT
INITIAL FINAL
Pure Commercial Feeds
548.750a
941.25a
25g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration 566.562a
863.44a
50g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration 550.094a
827.50a
75g diced raw chayote fruit /kg commercial ration 572.969a
860.94a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
Gain in Weight of Birds
Table 2 presents the total gain in weight and daily gain in weight of birds from 30
days to 45 days of age. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the
treatments. The total gain in weight of birds given pure commercial feeds was 392.000g
and those given diced raw chayote fruit with a rate of 25gper kg of commercial feeds was
392g, those given with 50g of diced fresh chayote fruit was 278.844g and those given with
75g of diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial feeds was 287.969g per kg of
commercial feeds respective. Birds gained an average of 319.61g for the 15 days with an
average daily gain of 20.94g per day. This indicates that supplementing commercial ration
with diced raw chayote fruit at the rate of 25g, 50g or 75g per day had no effect on the gain
in weight of birds.
Table 2. Gain in weight of birds for 15 days
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT (g)
TOTAL DAILY
Pure Commercial Ration
392.000a
26.17a
25g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration
319.625a
19.70a
50g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration
278.844a
18.59a
75g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration
287.969a
19.20a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
Feed Intake of Birds
The total and daily intakes, dry matter basis of french chickens in different treatments
taken from day 30 to day 45 are presented in Table 3. Dry matter intakes were computed
based on 92.60% dry matter in commercial feeds and 5.73% dry matter in chayote. The
birds in all replicate per treatments were given the same amount of feeds. The average daily
feed intake, dry matter basis of birds given pure commercial feeds was 839.19g, those given
25g of diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial feeds was 758.10g, those birds given
with 50g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial feeds was 782.80g, and those given
with 75g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial feeds was 680.69g. Likewise, the
average daily feed intake, Dry matter basis of birds given pure commercial feeds was
55.95g, those given with 25g of diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial feeds was
50.95g and those birds given 75g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial feeds was
45.38g respectively. The total feed intake and the average daily gain in weight of birds
were computed as dry basis. This indicates that supplementing 25g, 50g and 75g of diced
raw chayote fruit had no effect on the feed intake of the birds from day 30 to day 45.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Feed conversion ratios of birds fed from 30 days to 45 days of age were shown in Table
4. Statistical showed no significant differences between the treatments. The feed
conversion ratio of birds given pure commercial ration is 2.16 and those given commercial
ration supplemented with 25g of diced raw chayote fruit was 2.61, those given 50g of diced
raw chayote fruit was 2.72 per kg commercial feeds and those given with 75g diced raw
chayote fruit were 2.48 per kg commercial feeds respectively. This
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
implies that supplementing commercial ration at the rate of 25g, 50g and 75g of
diced raw chayote fruit had no effect on the efficiency of feed utilization in French chicken.
Feed Cost per Kilogram
Of birds produced
The feed cost per kg gain of French chicken produced raised from 30 days to 45
days of age is shown in Table 5. The average feed cost / kg gain of birds given pure
commercial feeds is Php. 67.43 and those given ration with ratios supplemented with 25g
of diced raw chayote fruit is Php. 76.33, those given ratios with 50g of diced raw chayote
fruit / day was Php. 80.19, and those given 75g of diced raw chayote fruit was Php. 61.62.
Table 3. Feed intake of birds, dry matter basis
TREATMENT
CHAYOTE + CF INTAKE
TOTAL DAILY
Pure Commercial Ration
839.19a
55.95a
25g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration
758.10a
50.95a
50g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration
782.80a
52.19a
75g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration
287.969a
19.20a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of birds
TREATMENTS
FCR
Pure Commercial Feeds
2.16a
50g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial ration
2.61a
50g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial ration
2.72a
75g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial ration
2.48a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Return on investment
The cost and return analysis per treatment is shown in Table 6. The return on
investment of birds given pure commercial ration is 19%, those given rations supplemented
with 25g, 50g, or 75g diced raw chayote fruit/day were 10%, 9.35% 5.35%, respectively.
Table 5. Feed cost per kilogram of birds produced (Php)
FEED COST / KG OF
TREATMENT
FRENCH CHICKEN
(PhP)
Pure Commercial Feeds
67.43
25g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial
ration
76.33
50g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial
ration
80.19
75g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial
ration
61.62
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
Table 6. Return on Investment
TOTAL COST
TOTAL
OF
NET INCOME
TREATMENT
SALE
ROI (%)
PRODUCTION
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
T0
5, 307.930
4, 423.750
496.375a
19
T1
5,459.000
4, 962.625
884.180a
10
T2
5, 248.500
4, 799.880
448.620a
9.35
T3
5, 127.630
4867.200
260.430a
5.35
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the effect of diced raw chayote fruit on the,
gain in weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate and morbidity rate of diced raw chayote
fruit as fed supplements. This was conducted at the Benguet State University Poultry
Project, La Trinidad, Benguet from January to March 2012.
One hundred twenty-eight heads of 30-day-old birds were distributed at random
employing the completely randomized design (CRD) to four treatments with four
replications. The treatments were pure commercial ration, 25g diced raw chayote fruit/day
+ commercial ration, 50g diced raw chayote fruit/day + commercial ration and 75g diced
raw chayote fruit/day + kg commercial ration.
Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the initial weight, final
weight, and average daily gain in weight, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of french
chicken raised from 30 day to 45 days of age. The mean initial weight of the experimental
birds was 559.59g. The final weight was 873.28g. The average daily gain in weight of birds
was 20.94g with a FCR of 2.49.
The return on investment (ROI) was not subjected to statistical analysis but results
showed that the birds given pure commercial ration had a higher ROI of 19% compared to
those given with 25g, 50g of diced raw chayote fruit and 75g diced raw chayote fruit per
day + commercial ration of 10%, 9.3% and 5.35%, respectively.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
Conclusion
From the result of the study, supplementing commercial ration with 25g, 50g and 75g diced
raw chayote fruit/day had no effect on the growth performance of french chicken.
Recommendation
Based on the result of the study, giving diced raw chayote fruit as feed supplement
is not recommended.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
LITERATURE CITED
JAMES R. G. and F. B. FLANDERS, 2010. Modern Livestock and Poultry Production 8th
edition. Delmar, Cengage Learning. P. 675
CBRMP. 2006. Regional Agriculture and Fisheries Information Division. Department of
Agriculture.
San
Agustin,
Pili,
Camarines
Sur.
http://www.mixph.com/2006/04/raising-sasso-birds.html.
FRANCISCO, C. C. 1992. Farmers Management Practice in livestock and Poultry
Production. MS thesis (Unpub.). U P L B, College Laguna. P. 120
RODRIGUEZ H. 2006 . Chayote. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is.htm Freelance
writing jobs.chayote
GUERZON, P. A. 2008. A Practical Guide in Chayote Production. P.2
SAADE. 1998. The National Herbarium of Mexico, Mexico City
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012. Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed
With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw Chayote Fruit.Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph.D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing rations of birds
with diced raw chayote fruit on the gain in weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality and
morbidity rate and the return on investment.
A total of 128 heads of 30-day-old birds were randomly distributed into four
treatments and replicated four times with eight birds per replication. The treatments were
pure commercial ration, 25g diced raw chayote/day + commercial ration and 50g diced raw
chayote/day + commercial feeds and 75g diced raw chayote fruit/ day + commercial feeds.
The experimental rations were given to the birds starting at day 30 to day 45, a period of
15 days.
Results of the study revealed no significant differences among the treatments in
terms of final weight total and daily gain in weight and feed conversion ratio. The average
daily gain in weight of birds from 30 days of age to 45 days of age was 20.94g with an
average FCR of 2.49.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
INTRODUCTION
The current increasing demand for poultry meat can hardly be met by poultry raisers
because of insufficient production caused by a variety of factors including high cost of
production. One way to reduce production cost is to supplement animal diets with cheap
locally available feedstuffs. Since poultry raisers are experiencing high cost of feeds,
researchers are now seeking some materials that can be used as feed supplement, chayote
could be one.
According to James et al., (2010), feed cost comprises about two-thirds of the total
cost of producing eggs and meat from birds. Therefore, all management practices including
feeding practices must be assigned to meet the needs of birds and still allow room for profit.
In the publication of Modern Agriculture, Benguet animal raisers even in lowlands
found out that hogs fed twice a day with diced cooked chayote fruit as feed supplements
were healthy. In Atok, Benguet, some farmers feed their native birds with raw chayote fruit
as feed supplement. If both cooked and raw chayote fruit are fed to animals like hogs and
native birds, then chayote could be given to birds.
Birds are free-range type of birds which is fast becoming popular among
commercial and backyard raisers in Benguet. These meat type birds can graze around the
field or backyard, eating grass, leaves and other natural feedstuffs (Regional Agriculture
and Fisheries Information Division, 2006)
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
The result of this study was added to the pool of information regarding poultry feeding
particularly of the free range type of birds. Information generated from this study can be
used by poultry raisers, researchers, and students as guide for their production and research
endeavors.
This study was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing the diet of birds
with diced raw chayote fruit on the growth performance. Specifically, this research aimed
to:
1.
determine the effect of supplementing diets of birds with diced raw
chayote fruit on the , gain in weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality and morbidity rate
and
2.
determine the return on investment of raising feeding birds with diets
supplemented with diced raw chayote fruit.
This study was conducted at the Benguet State University Poultry Project, La Trinidad,
Benguet from January to March 2012.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Francisco (1992), Bautista and Mabesa (1993) stated that the reason why poultry
and livestock farmers give daily feed supplements and other substances to animals is to
minimize production cost, improve feed efficiency and enhance animal appetite. The
practical farmer then makes use of locally available feedstuffs that can be produced at
minimal cost.
Chayote (Sechium edule) belongs to family cucurbitaceae. It is an edible plant
which is originally native in Mexico and Central American during Pre-Colombian time. It
was introduced in South America during the 18th and 19th centuries. It is a tropical vine
and is the only genus which contains only one seed. The leaves of the plants are hairy,
broad and triangular. The flowers are yellowish, five-petaled and located in the axils. The
fruit is light green and pear-shaped but somewhat wrinkled (Hector Rodriguez, 2006).
According to the Philippine Food Composition (1997), the edible part of chayote has lower
fiber, protein and vitamin content than other plants. However, the calorie and carbohydrate
content are high chiefly from the young shoots, tubers and seed. On the other hand, micro
and macro nutrients supplied by the fruit are adequate. The fruit, particularly the seeds, are
rich in amino acids such as aspartic acid, glutamic, phenylalamine, glycine, histidine,
isoleucine and methionine and proline, serine, tyrosine, threonine and valine. Specifically,
Table 1 shows the calories/nutrient content of edible portion for both raw and cooked fruits
of chayote per 100 grams.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
Table 1. The calorie / nutrient content per 100 grams of edible portion of chayote both
raw and cooked.
CONTENTS CHAYOTE FRUIT (RAW) CHAYOTE FRUIT
(COOKED)
Edible portion (%)
85
100
Water (g)
94.7
96.0
Energy (cal)
21
16
Protein (g)
0.4
0.3
Carbohydrates (g)
4.6
3.5
Diet Fiber (g)
(1.1)
0.7
Calcium (mg)
24
2.5
Total Vitamin A (ug)
6
3
Iron (mg)
0.4
0.4
Thiamine (mg)
0.02
0.01
Riboflavin (mg)
0.02
0.01
Niacin (mg)
0.4
0.3
Ascorbic acid (mg)
15
10
Fat (g)
0.1
0.1
Phosphorus (mg)
10
10
Source: The Philippine Food Composition Table, (1997) as cited by Payangdo (2008)
In addition to nutrient composition, Saade (1998) of the National Herbarium of Mexico,
Mexico City stated that infusion of the fruit is used to alleviate problems in urine retention.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials and equipment used in this study were 128 heads day- old Birds
birds, commercial feeds, diced raw chayote fruits, disinfectants, vaccines, 100-watt electric
bulbs, newspaper sheets, waterers, feeders, brooding-rearing cages, weighing scale and
records books.
Methodology
Care and management. Before the start of the study, all brooders, feeders, waterers
were cleaned and disinfected to prevent the occurrence of parasites and diseases. Strict
hygiene and sanitation was followed at all times. Newspaper sheets were spread on the
floor to prevent the chicks from tripping on the floor and to serve as receptacle for the feeds
of the chicks for the first few days and help conserve the heat inside the brooder. The lights
were switched- on two hours before the chicks arrived. Before transportation, the chicks
were given water to drink to prevent stress. Brown sugar was added to the water at a rate
of one percent or about two tablespoon per gallon of water to rehydrate the chicks faster.
Within two hours of arrival, the chicks were given food and water.
Experimental design and treatments. After 30 days of brooding, the birds were weighed for
their initial weight and distributed at random to four-treatment groups following the
completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated four times with eight
birds per replicate having a total of 128 birds.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
The different treatments were as follows:
T0 = No chayote supplement
T1 = Commercial feeds + 25grams of diced raw chayote fruit/bird/day
T2 = Commercial feeds + 50grams of diced raw chayote fruit/bird/day
T3 = Commercial feeds + 75grams of diced raw chayote fruit/bird/day
The birds in all treatment were subjected to the same care and management in all
aspects except on the level of diced raw chayote fruit added to their ration. The birds
assigned to the control treatment were given pure commercial feeds, while the birds
assigned to the other treatments were given 25g of diced raw chayote fruit + commercial
feed, the birds assigned other treatments were given 50g of diced raw chayote +
commercial feeds, and the other birds assigned to other treatments were given 75g of diced
raw chayote fruit + commercial feeds. The feed supplements were given to the birds twice
a day, 6:00 in the morning, and 4:00 in the afternoon. For each treatment, half of diced raw
chayote fruit were given at 6:00 in the morning and the half was given at 4:00 in the
afternoon. During the first week, the birds were given pre-starter ration, followed by starter
ration for the next two weeks, and then finisher ration from the third week of age up to
forty-five days. Fresh water was provided to the birds.
Preparation of the chayote fruit. The chayote fruit were collected from the farm of
chayote growers in Bineng, La Trinidad, Benguet. Chayote fruit were peeled off and were
cut into small pieces measuring approximately 2-3mm thick.
Data gathered were as follows:
Initial weight of the chicks (kg). This was taken by weighing the initial weight of the birds
at the start of the study or at 30 days of age.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
1.
Final weight of the chicks (kg). This was taken by weighing the final weight
of the birds at 45 days of age.
2.
Feed left over (kg). This refers to the amount of feed not consumed by the
experimental birds from day 30 up to day 45.
3.
Number of sick birds. This refers to the number of birds that sick from day
30 up to day 45.
4.
Number of birds that died. This refers to the number of birds that died from
day 30 up to day 45.
5.
Cost of production. This includes the cost of purchased materials that were
used in the study.
From the above data, the following were computed:
1.
Daily gain in weight of the birds (kg). This is the difference between
the final weights and the initial weights of the experimental birds divided by the
number of days of the experimental period.
2.
Total feed consumption (kg). This was obtained by adding the total
amount of feed consumed by the birds from day 30 up to day 45.
3.
Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed
consumption by the total gain in weight of the birds for the experimental period.
Morbidity rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number sick birds by the total
number of birds multiplied by 100.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
1. Mortality rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of dead birds by the
total number of birds then multiplied by 100.
2.
Total cost of production. This was obtained by computing the total of the
costs of each item used during the study period.
3.
Gross income. This was obtained by multiplying the final weight of the
birds by the price per kg live weight.
4.
Net profit. This was obtained by subtracting the gross income by the total
expenses.
5.
Return on investment (ROI). This was computed by dividing the net profit
by the total cost of production then multiplied by 100.
Feed cost per kg of gain. This was obtained by multiplying the feed conversion ratio by
feed cost per kg.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight and Final
Weight of the Birds
The initial weight and final weight of the birds taken at day 30 and day 45,
respectively is shown on Table 1. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in
the initial weight of birds among treatments. The average initial weight of birds was 560g
at 30 days of age. This indicates that the experimental units were homogenous at the start
of the study.
No significant differences were also observed in the final weight of birds among
treatments. The average final weight of birds given pure commercial feeds was 941.5g,
those birds given 25g of diced fresh chayote fruit per kg commercial feeds was 863.44g,
50g of diced fresh chayote fruit per kg commercial feeds was 827.50g and those birds given
with 75g of diced fresh chayote fruit per kg commercial feeds was 860.94g respectively.
This implies that supplementing diced raw chayote fruit at the rate of 25g, 50g and 75g had
no effect on the final weight of the birds taken at the 45 days of age.
Table 1. Initial weight at 30 days and final weight at 45 days of age of birds
BODY WEIGHT (g)
TREATMENT
INITIAL FINAL
Pure Commercial Feeds
548.750a
941.25a
25g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration 566.562a
863.44a
50g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration 550.094a
827.50a
75g diced raw chayote fruit /kg commercial ration 572.969a
860.94a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
Gain in Weight of Birds
Table 2 presents the total gain in weight and daily gain in weight of birds from 30
days to 45 days of age. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the
treatments. The total gain in weight of birds given pure commercial feeds was 392.000g
and those given diced raw chayote fruit with a rate of 25gper kg of commercial feeds was
392g, those given with 50g of diced fresh chayote fruit was 278.844g and those given with
75g of diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial feeds was 287.969g per kg of
commercial feeds respective. Birds gained an average of 319.61g for the 15 days with an
average daily gain of 20.94g per day. This indicates that supplementing commercial ration
with diced raw chayote fruit at the rate of 25g, 50g or 75g per day had no effect on the gain
in weight of birds.
Table 2. Gain in weight of birds for 15 days
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT (g)
TOTAL DAILY
Pure Commercial Ration
392.000a
26.17a
25g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration
319.625a
19.70a
50g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration
278.844a
18.59a
75g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration
287.969a
19.20a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
Feed Intake of Birds
The total and daily intakes, dry matter basis of french chickens in different treatments
taken from day 30 to day 45 are presented in Table 3. Dry matter intakes were computed
based on 92.60% dry matter in commercial feeds and 5.73% dry matter in chayote. The
birds in all replicate per treatments were given the same amount of feeds. The average daily
feed intake, dry matter basis of birds given pure commercial feeds was 839.19g, those given
25g of diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial feeds was 758.10g, those birds given
with 50g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial feeds was 782.80g, and those given
with 75g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial feeds was 680.69g. Likewise, the
average daily feed intake, Dry matter basis of birds given pure commercial feeds was
55.95g, those given with 25g of diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial feeds was
50.95g and those birds given 75g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial feeds was
45.38g respectively. The total feed intake and the average daily gain in weight of birds
were computed as dry basis. This indicates that supplementing 25g, 50g and 75g of diced
raw chayote fruit had no effect on the feed intake of the birds from day 30 to day 45.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Feed conversion ratios of birds fed from 30 days to 45 days of age were shown in Table
4. Statistical showed no significant differences between the treatments. The feed
conversion ratio of birds given pure commercial ration is 2.16 and those given commercial
ration supplemented with 25g of diced raw chayote fruit was 2.61, those given 50g of diced
raw chayote fruit was 2.72 per kg commercial feeds and those given with 75g diced raw
chayote fruit were 2.48 per kg commercial feeds respectively. This
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
implies that supplementing commercial ration at the rate of 25g, 50g and 75g of
diced raw chayote fruit had no effect on the efficiency of feed utilization in French chicken.
Feed Cost per Kilogram
Of birds produced
The feed cost per kg gain of French chicken produced raised from 30 days to 45
days of age is shown in Table 5. The average feed cost / kg gain of birds given pure
commercial feeds is Php. 67.43 and those given ration with ratios supplemented with 25g
of diced raw chayote fruit is Php. 76.33, those given ratios with 50g of diced raw chayote
fruit / day was Php. 80.19, and those given 75g of diced raw chayote fruit was Php. 61.62.
Table 3. Feed intake of birds, dry matter basis
TREATMENT
CHAYOTE + CF INTAKE
TOTAL DAILY
Pure Commercial Ration
839.19a
55.95a
25g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration
758.10a
50.95a
50g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration
782.80a
52.19a
75g diced raw chayote fruit/kg commercial ration
287.969a
19.20a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of birds
TREATMENTS
FCR
Pure Commercial Feeds
2.16a
50g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial ration
2.61a
50g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial ration
2.72a
75g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial ration
2.48a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Return on investment
The cost and return analysis per treatment is shown in Table 6. The return on
investment of birds given pure commercial ration is 19%, those given rations supplemented
with 25g, 50g, or 75g diced raw chayote fruit/day were 10%, 9.35% 5.35%, respectively.
Table 5. Feed cost per kilogram of birds produced (Php)
FEED COST / KG OF
TREATMENT
FRENCH CHICKEN
(PhP)
Pure Commercial Feeds
67.43
25g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial
ration
76.33
50g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial
ration
80.19
75g diced raw chayote fruit per kg of commercial
ration
61.62
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
Table 6. Return on Investment
TOTAL COST
TOTAL
OF
NET INCOME
TREATMENT
SALE
ROI (%)
PRODUCTION
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
T0
5, 307.930
4, 423.750
496.375a
19
T1
5,459.000
4, 962.625
884.180a
10
T2
5, 248.500
4, 799.880
448.620a
9.35
T3
5, 127.630
4867.200
260.430a
5.35
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the effect of diced raw chayote fruit on the,
gain in weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate and morbidity rate of diced raw chayote
fruit as fed supplements. This was conducted at the Benguet State University Poultry
Project, La Trinidad, Benguet from January to March 2012.
One hundred twenty-eight heads of 30-day-old birds were distributed at random
employing the completely randomized design (CRD) to four treatments with four
replications. The treatments were pure commercial ration, 25g diced raw chayote fruit/day
+ commercial ration, 50g diced raw chayote fruit/day + commercial ration and 75g diced
raw chayote fruit/day + kg commercial ration.
Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the initial weight, final
weight, and average daily gain in weight, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of french
chicken raised from 30 day to 45 days of age. The mean initial weight of the experimental
birds was 559.59g. The final weight was 873.28g. The average daily gain in weight of birds
was 20.94g with a FCR of 2.49.
The return on investment (ROI) was not subjected to statistical analysis but results
showed that the birds given pure commercial ration had a higher ROI of 19% compared to
those given with 25g, 50g of diced raw chayote fruit and 75g diced raw chayote fruit per
day + commercial ration of 10%, 9.3% and 5.35%, respectively.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
Conclusion
From the result of the study, supplementing commercial ration with 25g, 50g and 75g diced
raw chayote fruit/day had no effect on the growth performance of french chicken.
Recommendation
Based on the result of the study, giving diced raw chayote fruit as feed supplement
is not recommended.
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012
LITERATURE CITED
JAMES R. G. and F. B. FLANDERS, 2010. Modern Livestock and Poultry Production 8th
edition. Delmar, Cengage Learning. P. 675
CBRMP. 2006. Regional Agriculture and Fisheries Information Division. Department of
Agriculture.
San
Agustin,
Pili,
Camarines
Sur.
http://www.mixph.com/2006/04/raising-sasso-birds.html.
FRANCISCO, C. C. 1992. Farmers Management Practice in livestock and Poultry
Production. MS thesis (Unpub.). U P L B, College Laguna. P. 120
RODRIGUEZ H. 2006 . Chayote. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is.htm Freelance
writing jobs.chayote
GUERZON, P. A. 2008. A Practical Guide in Chayote Production. P.2
SAADE. 1998. The National Herbarium of Mexico, Mexico City
Growth Perforfance of Birds Fed With Commercial Ration Supplemented With Diced Raw
Chayote Fruit | MAYANGAO, MARICEL A. MARCH 2012