BIBLIOGRAPHY BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012. Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked
Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as Smoking Material. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Sonwright B. Maddul, Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Animal Genetic Resources (TANGERE) Project
Laboratory of Benguet State University in Bektey, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from
December 2011 to January 2012 to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of
smoked pork subjected to hot and cold smoke using guava and alnus wood as smoking
material.
A total of 16 kilograms fresh pork was randomly allotted in a completely
randomized design into the following treatments; hot smoking with alnus wood, cold
smoking with alnus wood, hot smoking with guava wood and cold smoking with guava
wood.
Result of the study was brought to DOST (CAR) Regional Standards and Testing
Laboratory for quantitative determination of chemical properties of the pork product.
Based on the result, the shrinkage percentage of the hot smoked pork using alnus wood
was 45%, 8.5% in the cold smoked pork using alnus, 23.75% in hot smoked pork using
guava and 3.5% in the cold smoked pork using guava. Based on 2,000 calorie diet, hot
smoked pork using alnus can provide 220kcal/137g serving, cold smoked pork using alnus
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
can provide 154kcal/137g serving, hot smoked pork using guava can provide 172kcal/259g
serving and cold smoked pork using guava can provide 102kcal/259g serving.
It is recommended cold smoking using guava be recommended for it results in
lower shrinkage percentage and greater income. However, cold smoked pork has to be
immediately consumed.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
The meat processing industry in the Philippines continues to grow as more
investments are made by companies to expand their operations and produce world class
products amid of intensifying global competition. To ensure continues growth of the
industry, the Department of Agriculture (DA) has intensified several measures and policies
to help the meat processing industry, amid the economic downturn. In support of the
industry, Assistant Secretary Salvador Salacup said that the DA will relentlessly assist the
processed meat industry by providing a conducive and healthy business environment
through appropriate policies and programs (The Filipino Global Community, 2011).
The processed meat industry is participated in by large meat processors carrying
well-known brand names, medium-scale meat processors, and small-scale or home-based
processors (PCARRD, 1996). Animal meat is the most preferred source of proteins by
Filipinos. Meat provides satiety unequaled by other food items. It can be prepared in
several ways and its nutrients are almost in the proportion and amount needed by the human
body. A nutritious food, meat is easily attacked by microorganisms; hence, it spoils rapidly
at ordinary room temperature (PCARRD, 1991). Thus, it needs to be preserved if it is future
use.
Meat preservation is lengthening the storage life of meat. The physical appearance,
the chemical composition and consistency of the product may change but as long as its
fitness for human consumption is lengthened, preservation is achieved. The basic principles
of meat preservation are to prevent or lessen the microbial growth, atmospheric oxidation
and enzymatic reaction that suppose to occur in the meat. There are different methods o f
preservation and one of these is smoking (Arcellana, 2011).
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Smoking is the process of subjecting meat to the action of smoke and heat generated
by burning hardwood or sawdust. Traditionally, smoking is applied to meat products for
preservation purposes. Smoke has high antimicrobial properties. A film of creosote formed
on the meat surface acts as a barrier against the evaporation of moisture as well as the entry
of insects and microorganisms to the product. The drying effect of the meat produced
during smoking also aids in inhibiting and killing the microorganisms in the product
(PCARRD, 1991).
According to Ibarra (1983), the effectiveness of smoking in meat preservation is
therefore dependent on the dryness of the product, the thoroughness of smoking and the
amount of smoke compounds that adhere to the meat surface.
The study was conducted to help the meat industry especially those who are in
“etag” making. It can also help other researchers to come-up with follow-up researches. If
it will be found satisfactory, it would give an additional knowledge to producers and even
consumers on what chemical contents will hot and cold smoke pork using guava and alnus
wood would improve the color of smoked pork. Also, it would encourage meat processors
to invest on the product to put it into a commercial business.
Generally, this study was conducted to evaluate the smoked pork subjected to hot
and cold smoke using alnus and guava wood as smoking material.
Specifically, the study aimed to determine the chemical contents of smoked pork
including moisture, crude protein, crude fat and ash as affected by the two smoking
materials, to calculate the nutrition facts per serving of the smoked pork and to determine
the physical properties of the smoked pork in terms of pH value, shrinkage percentage, and
color.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
The study was conducted at The Animal Genetic Resources (TANGERE) Project
Laboratory of Benguet State University in Bektey, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet. Chemical
analysis of smoked pork was done at the DOST-CAR Regional Standards and Testing
Laboratory in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
According to the Philippine Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, the livestock industry
grew by about 3 percent in 2003, with the hog sector as the major contributor. Hog
production represents about 80 percent of the total Philippine livestock industry. In 2003,
the swine sector grew by 4 percent. Due to continued strong domestic consumption of pork,
hog production will likely continue to grow at a rate of 3 to 4 percent in 2004 and beyond
despite increased feed cost in the world market. Filipinos are large consumers of swine
meat and are known to generally prefer pork to chicken or beef
(http://www.thepigsite.com/articles/?Display=1178). The flesh of animals prior to
slaughter has a pH value of 7.1. After slaughtering, some of the glycogen in the meat turns
into lactic acid. As a result, the pH value is lowered. The increasing acidity of the maturing
carcass varies in its speed, depending on a number of factors such as type of animal, breed,
rearing characteristics and treatment of the animal prior to slaughter. A high percentage of
meat (especially pork, but also beef) does not follow the normal pH value curve after
slaughter. This is mainly PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) and DFD (Dark, Firm, Dry) meat.
With PSE meat, weak watery pale pork, the lowest pH value of about 5.8 is reached within
one hour of slaughter. DFD meat, another meat whose characteristics vary from the normal,
can lead to losses if it is incorrectly used for processing. This meat has first class water
retention properties. The glycogen degradation in this meat is delayed or shortened. It
reaches a lowest pH value of about 6.2 to 6.5. This meat is prone to decomposition from
micro-organisms, and so is unsuitable for preparation of sausages from uncooked meat, for
vacuum packaging of fresh meat, or for maturing. It is however ideal for the production of
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
boiled
sausages
due
to
its
water
retention
characteristics
(http://www.eutechinst.com/techtips/tech-tips35.htm).
Pale, Soft, Exudative (PSE) condition is a quality problem most commonly
affecting pork but which also affects beef, lamb, and poultry.PSE meat is characterized by
its pale color, lack of firmness, and fluid (exudates) dripping from its cut surfaces. When
cooked, this meat lacks the juiciness of normal meat. PSE meat is unsuitable for processed
meats as well, as it results in pro ducts which have an undesirable pale color and are
swimming in extra fluid (Forrest, 2011).
Meat is considered to be spoiled when it is unfit for human consumption. A variety
of factors can cause meat to spoil including micro-organisms, exposure to air, and improper
freezing techniques. Spoiled meat may be inedible due to unpleasant tastes and odors or
may be unsafe for consumption especially when micro-organisms have caused the meat to
spoil. Although a number of factors may contribute to meat spoilage, the most common
cause of meat spoilage is the deterioration of meat caused by micro-organisms (bacteria,
yeasts, and molds). Foods can contain dangerous bacteria and microorganisms but still
have a normal appearance. Food which has not been handled or stored properly should not
be eaten even if it has no apparent indications of spoilage (Forrest, 2011).
Meat preservation has been practiced for thousands of years, but marked changes
have occurred in the processes applied as civilization has developed and technology
increased. In early historic times, people learned to dry their supplies of fresh meat and fish
in the sun and to store food for the cold winter months. Later they discovered how to smoke
and salt these products to extend the time that the foods remained edible ( Bennion and
Scheule, 2004).
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Smoking as Preservation Material
Smoking meat is an ancient and very popular method of preparing red meat or fish.
The cooking technique helps preserve these protein-packed foods that would otherwise
spoil. Smoking meat allows you to store it at room temperature because the smoke contains
chemical compounds that stop the growth of harmful bacteria. Historians believe the act of
smoking meat originated centuries ago with ancient man. Fish was the first meat smoked.
The smoke possibly was a way to keep flies away during the drying process, but people
soon realized it also doubled as a preservative. In ninth century in Poland, there is
archeological evidence showing people smoked large amounts of fish
(http://www.ehow.comfacts 7158416 history-smoking-meat.html).
Cold smoking is a process which smokes meat without exposing it to heat, usually
at a temperature below 85 degrees Fahrenheit (30 degrees Celsius). During the cold
smoking process, the smoke is usually generated in a chamber separate from the meat and
passed through pipes so that it cools before it reaches the meat. Typically, the meat is held
close to room temperature, and in relatively dry conditions. More intensely smoked meats
are usually brined or salted before they are cold smoked. Salting the meat ensures that
bacteria will not develop while it is cold smoked and stored (Wise Geek, 2003). In hot-
smoking, the temperature in the smoke chamber ranges from 120°F to 180°F, which
produces strong smoky flavor. However, the meat is usually only partially cooked and must
be finished in a conventional oven (http://www.answers.com/topic/smoked-
meat#ixzz1YxuGHUBO). In the Philippines, one ancient and indigenous technology of
meat preservation that still exists is being practiced in the Cordillera. This is the “etag”
making. “Etag”, an ethnic product of the Cordilleran’s, is a preserved meat using salt then
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
dried either by sun drying or smoking ( Ciano, 2010). “Etag” is also called by some locals
as “inasinan” and “kinuday” while foreigners dubbed it as igorot ham and igorot smoked
meat (Didican, 1995) cited by (Longboan, 2010).
Wood Smoking
In the late 1800s, a technique was developed to distill the smoke from burning wood
to create “liquid smoke” which could be spread on cured meats to achieve the same flavor
as the smoke house method. Today the use of liquid smoke is more common, and it saves
time and minimizes air pollution. Although the additional flavor provided by “smoked”
meats is preferred by some consumers, there is some concern about its posing a possible
cancer risk regardless of the type of smoking used (Brown, 2005).
As cited by Price and Schweigert (1971), the chemical composition of smoke
generated from the hardwoods is exceedingly complex. Among the chemicals that have
been identified in smoke are aliphatic acids, ranging from formic through caproic; primary
and secondary alcohols; ketones; formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and other aldehydes;
phenols; cresols; and a mixture of waxes and resins. Among this array of chemicals,
formaldehyde and phenolics appear to be the chief bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal
substances.
According to Brown (2005), in smokehouses, the intensity of the smoke, the
humidity, and the temperature are all carefully regulated, and the type of sawdust or wood
used to produce the smoke determines the products resulting flavor. Sawdust is the most
economical and is often used by commercial processors, but other woods available for
smoking include mesquite, hickory, oak, apple, and various combinations.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
The type of wood used is responsible for the final color of the smoked product and
it can be also influence its taste but only to a small degree. All fruit and citrus trees have a
light to medium sweet flavor and are excellent with poultry and ham. Many say that cherry
wood is the best. Oak, available all over the world, is probably the most commonly used
wood for smoking. It produces a brown color. If hickory is used, the color will have a more
vivid red tint in it (Domowe, 2011).
Guava Tree
A small tree to 33 ft (10 in) high, with spreading branches, the guava is easy to
recognize because of its smooth, thin, copper-colored bark that flakes off, showing the
greenish layer beneath; and also because of the attractive, "bony" aspect of its trunk which
may in time attain a diameter of 10 in (25 cm). Young twigs are quadrangular and downy.
The leaves, aromatic when crushed, are evergreen, opposite, short-petioled, oval or oblong-
elliptic, somewhat irregular in outline; 2 3/4 to 6 in (7-15 cm) long, I 'A to 2 in (3-5 cm)
wide, leathery, with conspicuous parallel veins, and more or less downy on the underside.
Faintly fragrant, the white flowers, borne singly or in small clusters in the leaf axils, are 1
in (2.5 cm) wide, with 4 or 5 white petals which are quickly shed, and a prominent tuft of
perhaps 250 white stamens tipped with pale-yellow anthers.The fruit, exuding a strong,
sweet, musky odor when ripe, may be round, ovoid, or pear-shaped, 2 to 4 in (5-10 cm)
long, with 4 or 5 protruding floral remnants (sepals) at the apex; and thin, light-yellow skin,
frequently blushed with pink. Next to the skin is a layer of somewhat granular flesh, 1/8 to
1/2 in (3-12.5 mm) thick, white, yellowish, light- or dark-pink, or near-red, juicy, acid,
subacid, or sweet and flavorful. The central pulp, concolorous or slightly darker in tone, is
juicy and normally filled with very hard, yellowish seeds, 1/8 in (3 min) long, though some
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
rare types have soft, chewable seeds. Actual seed counts have ranged from 112 to 535 but
some guavas are seedless or nearly so. When immature and until a very short time before
ripening; the fruit is green, hard, gummy within and very astringent. (Morton, 1987).
According to Guava Wood Farms Hawaii (2011), guava wood has a subtle, semi-sweet
aroma. The 100% organic cut wood is seasoned naturally under the Hawaiian sun for 9-12
months, then hand split and packaged to order for maximum flavor retention. Whether
grilling or smoking, fresh chicken, pork, fish, lamb or beef, guava wood will complement
each flavor nicely.
Alnus Tree
Alnus ( Alnus japonica Steud.) also called Japanese alnus. Small-to medium-sized
deciduous tree growing to a height of 15m. Leaves are alternate, narrow-elliptic,
acuminate, and wedge-shaped at the base, up to 12 cm long, glossy and dark green above
and pale underneath, the margins slightly toothed. Flowers are staminate, in long catkins;
the pistillate flowers are in short catkins, becoming woody, with 5-lobe scales. Indigenous
to Korea and grows in Baguio and other parts of the Mountain Province. Propagated by
seed or grafting. Parts used are stem, bark and leaves. No reported folkloric medicinal use
in the Philippines. Popular folk medicine in Korea, used for cancer, gastric disorders,
hepatitis and fatty liver. Various species of alder, including this species, seem to contain
antitumor compounds. Dye is obtained from the bark. Wood-close grained; used for
turnery, charcoal.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used in this experiment included fresh pork, rock salt (NaCl),
chopping boards, weighing scale, kitchen knives, stainless basin, guava leaves and trunks.
Method
Preparation of meat. A total of 12 kilograms of pork was obtained from a
commercial pig available in a reputable meat stall at the La Trinidad Public Market. The
meat was cut into 1-inch strips and washed in a basin. After draining, the meat pieces were
placed in a basin for curing.
Curing or salting. For each kilogram of pork, 180 grams of salt was used for curing.
The meat and salt was mixed thoroughly (Figure 1). The meat slices were properly arranged
in a basin and was covered for 120 hours or 5 days. After 5 days, the cured meat was
removed from the basin and undissolved salt particles were brushed off to prevent the
appearance of objectionable white crust on the surfaces of the meat.
Figure 1.Pork slices that were cured
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Cold smoking. The smoker was prepared by placing 9 kg of alnus and guava trunk:
1 kg of alnus and guava leaves for 1 day or 8 hours inside the fire pit. The smoke was
allowed to go into the smoke chamber by means of a pipe connecting it with the fire pit. A
notch was made at the end of the meat allowing for the insertion of abaca cord, which was
hooked to the wire and was hanged in a smoker. After curing or salting, the meat strips was
suspended above the safety baffle of the smoking chamber (Figure 2). The pieces of meat
were not allowed to come in contact with one another in the smoking chamber to enable
uniform penetration of smoke and even in color development. The temperature was
maintained at 34°C for the duration of 56 hours (5days intermittent) at 8 AM to 4 PM. At
the end of the day, the pork slices were kept in room temperature in the meat preservation
laboratory.
Figure 2.Pork slices hanged inside the cold smoking chamber
Hot smoking. The smoker was prepared by placing 9 kg of alnus and guava trunk:
1 kg of alnus and guava leaves inside the fire pit. Air intake was adjusted to regulate the
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
fire and burning wood. A notch was made at the end of the meat allowing for the insertion
of an abaca cord, which was hooked to the wire and was hanged in a smoker (Figure 3). A
safety baffle was placed over the fire pit to prevent flames from reaching the smoke
chamber. The pieces of meat were not allowed to come in contact with one another in the
smoking chamber to enable uniform penetration of smoke and even in color development.
The temperature was maintained at 75°C. Duration of hot smoking is 16 hours (2 days
intermittent at 8AM to 4 PM).
Figure 3.Pork slices hanged inside the hot smoking chamber
The smoking material served as an experimental treatment which was replicated
six times. One kilogram of cured ham was considered as replicate. The treatments were as
follows:
Treatment
Smoking Material
T1
Hot smoking with alnus wood
T2
Cold smoking with alnus wood
T3
Hot smoking with guava wood
T4
Cold smoking with guava wood
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Chemical analysis. Samples of the meat product were brought to the DOST-CAR
Regional Standards and Testing Laboratory for quantitative determination of physical and
chemical properties of the meat product. Each sample weighing approximately 250 grams
was tested for the presence of chemicals. The samples were wrapped individually in an
aluminum foil and were packed in a zip lock plastic bag and were labeled accordingly.
Sanitation and hygiene. To prevent or minimized microbial contamination, good
hygienic practices in meat processing and handling of smoked products (DOH, 2004) was
observed as follows:
1. Maintaining adequate personal cleanliness.
2. Wearing adequate garments, and hand gloves.
3. Washing hands before starting work and repeatedly during work.
4. No rings, watches and bracelets shall be worn during work.
5. Cleaning/ Disinfection of tools, knives, chopping boards, utensils, and other
materials for meat handling.
6. Taking any other necessary precautions to protect against contamination of meat
and finished product.
Data Gathered
1. Fresh weight (g). The weight of the salted pork before it was subjected to drying.
2. Weight after smoking (g). The weight of the salted meat after it was dried.
3. Amount of salt applied (g). The amount of salt used in curing the meat.
4. Color. It was determined by ocular observation of the smoked product.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
5. Nutrient analysis. The amount of the carbohydrates, crude fat, crude protein, moisture,
energy and minerals (ash) that were analyzed at the DOST-CAR Regional Standards and
Testing Laboratory.
5.1. Ash by gravimetric method (AOAC Method No. 920.05)
5.2. Crude fat by Soxhlet extraction (AOAC Method No. 920.39)
5.3. Crude protein by Kjeldahl method (AOAC Method No. 981.10 and in
Accordance with 2000 Digestion System and Kjeltec 1002 Distilling Unit Instruction
Manual.)
5.4. Moisture by oven method (AOAC Method No. 934.01).
5.5. Carbohydrate by calculation (FNRI-DOST Handbook).
5.6. Energy by calculation (FNRI-DOST Handbook).
Data Computed
1. Shrinkage percentage. It was calculated by subtracting the initial weight to final
weight divided by initial weight then multiplied to 100 percent.
2. Nutrition facts. Amount of calories, calories from fat, total fat, sodium and
protein were analyzed at the DOST-CAR Regional Standards and Testing Laboratory.
3. Total cost of production (TCP). This was computed by adding the cost of the
meat and ingredient.
4. Return on investment. This was obtained by dividing the Net Income by the Total
Cost of Production and multiplied by 100.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Statistical Analysis
The data on shrinkage was analyzed for difference using the analysis of variance.
The Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to determine significant differences
between treatment means.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Color of the Smoked Pork
as Affected by Smoking Material
Figure 4 shows the color of the smoked pork using guava and alnus wood as
smoking materials in the study. The color of the pork subjected to cold smoking using
guava and alnus as smoking materials was more or less similar to each other unlike to the
pork subjected to hot smoking using the two smoking materials where there was a great
difference. Hot smoked pork using guava wood had a better reddish brown color than the
hot smoked pork using alnus with a grayish brown color. This difference can be attributed
to the structure of the meat subjected to hot smoke using alnus. According to Brown (2005),
cooking meat initially converts the color of raw meat to bright red, but then the denaturing
of the pigment- containing proteins yields the classic color of well-done meat grayish-
brown.
Figure 4. Hot smoked pork (left) and cold smoked pork (right) using alnus wood
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Figure 5. Hot smoked pork (left) and cold smoked pork (right) using guava wood
Shrinkage Percentage
Table 1 shows the loss of moisture from the smoked meat as affected by smoking
with either guava or alnus wood. The loss of moisture on the smoke pork’s especially on
the hot smoked pork’s is due to the application of smoke and heat during smoking.
Table 1.Shrinkage percentage of the four smoked pork
TREATMENT
SHRINKAGE MEAN*
Hot smoking with alnus wood
45.0a
Cold smoking with alnus wood
8.50c
Hot smoking with guava wood
23.75b
Cold smoking with guava wood
3.5c
*Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
According to Brown (2005), another contributing factor to meat shrinkage is the
freeing of some water as the meats other proteins denature and lose their water holding
capacity.
Statistical analysis revealed that pork subjected to hot smoking had a higher
shrinkage than those pork subjected to cold smoking. This result on the cold smoked pork
can be associated to the presence of creosote as a component of smoke. As cited by Ibarra
(1983), during smoking, a coat of creosote at the surface of the meat is formed. This film
at the outer portion of the meat acts as a barrier against the evaporation of moisture and
entry of insects and microorganisms to the product. However, it is shown in the table that
there were no significant differences on the cold smoked pork. In the hot smoked pork
using alnus, it had a greater shrinkage percentage than the hot smoked pork using guava.
This result can be credited to temperature during the conduct of the study.
Nutrient Composition Analysis
Table 2 shows the nutrient composition of the smoked pork samples specifically
for the values of ash, carbohydrate, crude fat, crude protein, moisture, energy and sodium.
The nutrient composition was obtained from one sample per treatment. No statistical
analysis was done. Ash content of the smoked pork refers to the mineral residue left on the
surface of the meat after it was subjected to smoking. While the composition may have
differed among treatment means, this cannot be attributed to the effect of smoking material
but on the individual samples submitted for analysis.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Nutrient composition analysis of the four smoked pork samples
TREATMENTS
NUTRIENT COMPOSITION
Ash,
Carbohy-
CF,
CP,
Moisture, Energy,
Sodium,
%w/w
drate,%w/w %w/w
%w/w
%w/w
kcal
mg/100g
Hot smoking
with alnus
21.62
0
5.26
43.24
34.05
220
5,784*
Cold smoking
with alnus
9.11
0
7.15
22.43
65.83
154
2,632*
Hot smoking
with guava
17.54
0
4.57
32.83
50.60
172
5,184*
Cold smoking
with guava
6.64
0
1.68
21.76
71.54
102
1,875*
*Test result which is outside the laboratory’s scope of accreditation.
Analyzed by the Regional Standards and Testing Laboratory of the Department of Science and
Technology CAR, La Trinidad, Benguet
**137g/ serving for treatments hot and cold smoking with alnus wood and 259g/ serving for treatments
hot and cold smoking with guava wood
Ash content of the smoke pork differed from each treatment with hot smoked pork
using alnus having the amount of 21.62%w/w followed by hot smoked pork using guava
with 17.54%w/w then by cold smoked pork using alnus with 9.11%w/w and the cold
smoked pork using guava of 6.64%w/w. It is notable that the four smoked pork did not
contain carbohydrate. In terms of crude fat, cold smoked pork with alnus had the amount
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
of 7.15%w/w followed by hot smoked pork with 5.26%w/w then by hot smoked pork with
guava of 4.57%w/w and cold smoked pork with guava of 1.68%w/w. For crude protein,
hot smoked pork with alnus got the highest then by hot smoked pork using guava followed
by cold smoked pork using alnus and lastly the cold smoked pork guava with the amount
of 13.24%w/w; 32.83%w/w;22.43%w/w and 21.76%w/w respectively. Due to lower
application of heat, the cold smoked pork with guava registered the highest moisture of
71.54%w/w followed by the cold smoked pork with alnus having 65.83%w/w, then by hot
smoked pork using guava with 50.60%w/w and the hot smoked pork using alnus registering
the lowest with 34.05%w/w. Lastly, the salt which contains too high especially on the two
hot smoked pork having 5,784 mg/100g and 5184mg/100g using alnus and guava wood
respectively.
The four smoked pork samples also had different values on the amount of energy
with hot smoked pork using alnus at 220kcal, registering the highest followed by hot
smoked pork using guava wood, 172kcal; cold smoked pork using alnus wood, 154kcal
and the lowest is the cold smoked pork using guava wood having 102kcal only. The energy
differences can be attributed to the part of the smoked pork sample submitted and that had
been subjected to analysis whether it contains more on fat or on lean. According to
Gamman and Sherrington (1994), as cited by Ciano (2010), the energy value of food
depends on the quantities of carbohydrate, fat and protein in the food with the fat supplying
the most energy.
Crude fat and crude protein values from the four smoked pork vary which can be
associated to the lean and fat composition of the meat subjected to smoking. The values
might also be affected by other contributing factors such as age, breed and nutritional status
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
of the animal as a source of pork. Salt found on the smoked pork was the used amount of
salt during curing which is 180 grams per kilogram of meat.
The nutrient composition may vary even if the same procedure in smoking is
followed considering that the composition would vary depending on the proportion of lean
to fat in meat samples submitted for analysis.
Nutrition Facts
Table 3 shows the nutrition facts per serving of the four smoked pork samples. The
nutrition facts normally appear in food labels as prescribed by the Bureau of Food and
Drugs of the Department of Health.
Amount of nutrients was based on a 137g serving at the hot and cold smoked pork
using alnus wood and 259g serving at the hot and cold smoked pork using guava wood as
smoking material. Percent daily values were also based on 2,000 calorie diet/day. Based
on a 2,000 calorie diet, percent daily values that can be provided by one serving of hot
smoked pork using alnus (137g) are 3.25% crude fat, 11.85% crude protein, and 11.0%%
energy. For cold smoked pork using alnus, one serving (137g) can provide 4.4% crude fat,
6.15% crude protein, and 7.7% energy. In hot smoked pork using guava, one serving (259g)
will also provide 5.33% crude fat, 17.01% crude protein and 8.6% energy. Cold smoked
pork using guava in one serving (259g) can provide 1.96% crude fat, 11.27% crude protein
and, 5.1% energy. The smoked pork did not contain a value of carbohydrate and the
percentage of sodium was found exceeding the recommended intake of 500mg for 18 years
old and above.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Table 3.Nutrition facts per serving of smoked pork
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF SMOKING
NUTRIENTS
ALNUS
ALNUS
GUAVA
GUAVA
(HOT)
(COLD)
(HOT)
(COLD)
Ash
Amount (g)
29.62
12.4
45.43
17.20
%Daily Value (%)*
-----
-----
-----
-----
Carbohydrate
Amount (g)
0
0
0
0
%Daily Value (%)*
0
0
0
0
Crude Fat
Amount (g)
7.21
9.80
11.84
4.35
%Daily Value (%)*
3.25
4.4
5.33
1.96
Crude Protein
Amount (g)
59.24
30.73
85.03
56.36
%Daily Value (%)*
11.85
6.15
17.01 11.27
Moisture
Amount (g)
46.65
90.19
131.05
185.29
%Daily Value (%)*
-----
-----
-----
-----
Energy
Amount (g)
220
154
172
102
%Daily Value (%)*
11.0
7.7
8.6
5.1
Sodium
Amount (mg/100g)
5784
2632
5184
1875
%Daily Value (%)*
**
**
**
**
*Based on 2,000 calorie diet
**Amount is exceeding the recommended intake of 500mg for 18 years old and above
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical and physical properties of
smoked pork subjected to hot and cold smoke using alnus and guava wood as smoking
material. The study was conducted at the TANGERE Project Laboratory of Benguet State
University in Bektey, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2011 to January 2012.
A total of 16 kilograms of pork from commercial pig was used in the study.
Following the completely randomized design, four treatments were drawn having four
replications with one kilogram of pork per replication. The data gathered on the physical
properties of the smoked pork were shrinkage percentage and color and the chemical
properties included ash, carbohydrate, crude fat, crude protein, moisture and energy content
of the smoked pork.
Based on the result, the shrinkage percentage mean of the hot smoked pork using
alnus wood is 45%, 8.5% in the cold smoked pork using alnus, 23.75% in hot smoked pork
using guava and 3.5% in the cold smoked pork using guava. As to composition, protein
content of the hot smoked pork were 43.24 and 32.83 in the hot smoked pork using alnus
wood and hot smoked pork using guava, respectively. Energy content of the hot smoked
pork using alnus is 220kcal/137g and 172kcal/259g in the hot smoked pork using guava
wood, cold smoked pork with 154kcal/137g using alnus wood and 102kcal/259g in the
cold smoked pork using guava wood. Crude fat content of the four smoked pork varied
from 7.15%w/w in cold smoked pork using alnus wood, 5.26%w/w in hot smoked pork
using alnus wood, 4.57%w/w hot smoked pork using guava wood and 1.68%w/w in cold
smoked pork using guava wood. The protein content of hot smoked
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
pork using alnus is 43.24%w/w and 32.83%w/w in hot smoked pork using guava,
22.43%w/w in cold smoked pork using alnus and 21.76%w/w in cold smoked pork using
guava.
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet, percent daily values that can be provided by one
serving of hot smoked pork using alnus (137g) are 3.25% crude fat, 11.85% crude protein,
and 11.0%% energy. For cold smoked pork using alnus, one serving (137g) can provide
4.4% crude fat, 6.15% crude protein, and 7.7% energy. In hot smoked pork using guava,
one serving (259g) will also provide 5.33% crude fat, 17.01% crude protein and 8.6%
energy. Cold smoked pork using guava in one serving (259g) can provide 1.96% crude fat,
11.27% crude protein and, 5.1% energy. The smoked pork did not contain a value of
carbohydrate and the percentage of sodium was found exceeding the recommended intake
of 500mg for 18 years old and above.
The four smoked pork did not contain a value of carbohydrate and the percentage
of sodium was found exceeding the recommended intake of 500mg for 18 years old and
above.
Conclusions
Based on the result of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
a.) The four smoked pork had a high amount of sodium exceeding the
recommended intake of 500mg for 18 years old and above.
b.) Hot smoked pork had a higher shrinkage percentage and had lower moisture
retention than that of the cold smoked pork that had lower shrinkage percentage and had
higher moisture retention.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
c.) The energy or calorie and crude protein contents of the hot smoked pork were
higher as compared to the cold smoked pork.
Recommendations
Based on the result of the study, the following recommendations are offered for
consideration:
a.) It is recommended that alnus for hot smoking can be used for it contain high
amount of energy with 220kcal/137g serving and a crude protein of 43.24%w/w.
b.) If the purpose of producing smoked pork is to generate income, cold smoked
pork is recommended for it results in lower shrinkage percentage. However, cold smoked
pork has to be immediately consumed.
c.) The same study could be done concentrating on the pH value and shelf-life of
the smoked pork.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
ARCELLANA, C.S.S. 2011. Lecture on “Meat Processing”. Department of Animal
Science, Benguet State University.
BENNION, M.; and B. SCHEULE, 2004. “Introductory Foods”. Pearson Education,
Inc., Upper Saddle River,New Jersey, #07458. P. 801.
BROWN, A. 2005. 2nd Ed., Understanding Food: Principles and Preparation, by
S. R. Curtis. University ofMaryland Wadsworth. P. 266.
CIANO, E. 2010. Quality evaluation of “etag” making in Besao, Bontoc and
Sagada, Mountain Province. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
DOMOWE, W. 2011. WOOD FOR SMOKING. Retrieved July 2011 from http://www.
wedlinydomowe.com/meat-smoking/wood.
FORREST, J. 2011. Meat Quality and Safety.Retrieved September 2011 from http://
ag.ansc.purdue.edu/meat_quality_problems.html
FORREST, J. 2011. Meat Quality and Safety.Retrieved September 2011 from http://
ag.ansc.purdue.edu/meat _quality/spoiled_meat.html
GUAVA WOOD FARMS HAWAII, 2010. Retrieved September 2011 from
http://www.hawaiiguava.com/guava-smoking-wood.html
IBARRA, P.I.1983.Meat Processing for Small to Medium Scale Operations. College of
Agriculture. College, Laguna. UPLB.
LONGBOAN, F. 2010. Evaluation of Salted meat (“etag”) dried over slow fire using
different kinds of wood.Undergraduate Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
MORTON, J.F. 1987. “In fruits of warm climates. Guava”. Retrieved July 2011 from
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/guava.html#Description
PCARRD, 1991. The Philippines Recommends for Meat Processing. Philippine
Agriculture an d ResourceResearch Foundation, Inc. P. #3.
PCARRD, 1996. The Philippines Recommends for Pork Production. Philippine
Agriculture and ResourceResearch Foundation, Inc. P. 84.
PRICE, J. F. and B. S. Schweigert, 1971. The Science of Meat an d Meat Products.2nd
Edition. , W. H. Freeman and Company.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
STUART, G. 2011. Philippine Medicinal Plant. Retrieved July 2011 from http://www.
Stuartxchange.org/Arnus.html
THE FILIPINO GLOBAL COMMUNITY, 2011. Retrieved September 2011 from
http://www.philstar.com/Articles.aspx?articlind=490703
WISEGEEK, 2011. clear answers for common questions. Retrieved September 2011
from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cold-smoking.html
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012. Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked
Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as Smoking Material. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Sonwright B. Maddul, Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Animal Genetic Resources (TANGERE) Project
Laboratory of Benguet State University in Bektey, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from
December 2011 to January 2012 to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of
smoked pork subjected to hot and cold smoke using guava and alnus wood as smoking
material.
A total of 16 kilograms fresh pork was randomly allotted in a completely
randomized design into the following treatments; hot smoking with alnus wood, cold
smoking with alnus wood, hot smoking with guava wood and cold smoking with guava
wood.
Result of the study was brought to DOST (CAR) Regional Standards and Testing
Laboratory for quantitative determination of chemical properties of the pork product.
Based on the result, the shrinkage percentage of the hot smoked pork using alnus wood
was 45%, 8.5% in the cold smoked pork using alnus, 23.75% in hot smoked pork using
guava and 3.5% in the cold smoked pork using guava. Based on 2,000 calorie diet, hot
smoked pork using alnus can provide 220kcal/137g serving, cold smoked pork using alnus
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
can provide 154kcal/137g serving, hot smoked pork using guava can provide 172kcal/259g
serving and cold smoked pork using guava can provide 102kcal/259g serving.
It is recommended cold smoking using guava be recommended for it results in
lower shrinkage percentage and greater income. However, cold smoked pork has to be
immediately consumed.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
The meat processing industry in the Philippines continues to grow as more
investments are made by companies to expand their operations and produce world class
products amid of intensifying global competition. To ensure continues growth of the
industry, the Department of Agriculture (DA) has intensified several measures and policies
to help the meat processing industry, amid the economic downturn. In support of the
industry, Assistant Secretary Salvador Salacup said that the DA will relentlessly assist the
processed meat industry by providing a conducive and healthy business environment
through appropriate policies and programs (The Filipino Global Community, 2011).
The processed meat industry is participated in by large meat processors carrying
well-known brand names, medium-scale meat processors, and small-scale or home-based
processors (PCARRD, 1996). Animal meat is the most preferred source of proteins by
Filipinos. Meat provides satiety unequaled by other food items. It can be prepared in
several ways and its nutrients are almost in the proportion and amount needed by the human
body. A nutritious food, meat is easily attacked by microorganisms; hence, it spoils rapidly
at ordinary room temperature (PCARRD, 1991). Thus, it needs to be preserved if it is future
use.
Meat preservation is lengthening the storage life of meat. The physical appearance,
the chemical composition and consistency of the product may change but as long as its
fitness for human consumption is lengthened, preservation is achieved. The basic principles
of meat preservation are to prevent or lessen the microbial growth, atmospheric oxidation
and enzymatic reaction that suppose to occur in the meat. There are different methods o f
preservation and one of these is smoking (Arcellana, 2011).
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Smoking is the process of subjecting meat to the action of smoke and heat generated
by burning hardwood or sawdust. Traditionally, smoking is applied to meat products for
preservation purposes. Smoke has high antimicrobial properties. A film of creosote formed
on the meat surface acts as a barrier against the evaporation of moisture as well as the entry
of insects and microorganisms to the product. The drying effect of the meat produced
during smoking also aids in inhibiting and killing the microorganisms in the product
(PCARRD, 1991).
According to Ibarra (1983), the effectiveness of smoking in meat preservation is
therefore dependent on the dryness of the product, the thoroughness of smoking and the
amount of smoke compounds that adhere to the meat surface.
The study was conducted to help the meat industry especially those who are in
“etag” making. It can also help other researchers to come-up with follow-up researches. If
it will be found satisfactory, it would give an additional knowledge to producers and even
consumers on what chemical contents will hot and cold smoke pork using guava and alnus
wood would improve the color of smoked pork. Also, it would encourage meat processors
to invest on the product to put it into a commercial business.
Generally, this study was conducted to evaluate the smoked pork subjected to hot
and cold smoke using alnus and guava wood as smoking material.
Specifically, the study aimed to determine the chemical contents of smoked pork
including moisture, crude protein, crude fat and ash as affected by the two smoking
materials, to calculate the nutrition facts per serving of the smoked pork and to determine
the physical properties of the smoked pork in terms of pH value, shrinkage percentage, and
color.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
The study was conducted at The Animal Genetic Resources (TANGERE) Project
Laboratory of Benguet State University in Bektey, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet. Chemical
analysis of smoked pork was done at the DOST-CAR Regional Standards and Testing
Laboratory in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
According to the Philippine Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, the livestock industry
grew by about 3 percent in 2003, with the hog sector as the major contributor. Hog
production represents about 80 percent of the total Philippine livestock industry. In 2003,
the swine sector grew by 4 percent. Due to continued strong domestic consumption of pork,
hog production will likely continue to grow at a rate of 3 to 4 percent in 2004 and beyond
despite increased feed cost in the world market. Filipinos are large consumers of swine
meat and are known to generally prefer pork to chicken or beef
(http://www.thepigsite.com/articles/?Display=1178). The flesh of animals prior to
slaughter has a pH value of 7.1. After slaughtering, some of the glycogen in the meat turns
into lactic acid. As a result, the pH value is lowered. The increasing acidity of the maturing
carcass varies in its speed, depending on a number of factors such as type of animal, breed,
rearing characteristics and treatment of the animal prior to slaughter. A high percentage of
meat (especially pork, but also beef) does not follow the normal pH value curve after
slaughter. This is mainly PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) and DFD (Dark, Firm, Dry) meat.
With PSE meat, weak watery pale pork, the lowest pH value of about 5.8 is reached within
one hour of slaughter. DFD meat, another meat whose characteristics vary from the normal,
can lead to losses if it is incorrectly used for processing. This meat has first class water
retention properties. The glycogen degradation in this meat is delayed or shortened. It
reaches a lowest pH value of about 6.2 to 6.5. This meat is prone to decomposition from
micro-organisms, and so is unsuitable for preparation of sausages from uncooked meat, for
vacuum packaging of fresh meat, or for maturing. It is however ideal for the production of
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
boiled
sausages
due
to
its
water
retention
characteristics
(http://www.eutechinst.com/techtips/tech-tips35.htm).
Pale, Soft, Exudative (PSE) condition is a quality problem most commonly
affecting pork but which also affects beef, lamb, and poultry.PSE meat is characterized by
its pale color, lack of firmness, and fluid (exudates) dripping from its cut surfaces. When
cooked, this meat lacks the juiciness of normal meat. PSE meat is unsuitable for processed
meats as well, as it results in pro ducts which have an undesirable pale color and are
swimming in extra fluid (Forrest, 2011).
Meat is considered to be spoiled when it is unfit for human consumption. A variety
of factors can cause meat to spoil including micro-organisms, exposure to air, and improper
freezing techniques. Spoiled meat may be inedible due to unpleasant tastes and odors or
may be unsafe for consumption especially when micro-organisms have caused the meat to
spoil. Although a number of factors may contribute to meat spoilage, the most common
cause of meat spoilage is the deterioration of meat caused by micro-organisms (bacteria,
yeasts, and molds). Foods can contain dangerous bacteria and microorganisms but still
have a normal appearance. Food which has not been handled or stored properly should not
be eaten even if it has no apparent indications of spoilage (Forrest, 2011).
Meat preservation has been practiced for thousands of years, but marked changes
have occurred in the processes applied as civilization has developed and technology
increased. In early historic times, people learned to dry their supplies of fresh meat and fish
in the sun and to store food for the cold winter months. Later they discovered how to smoke
and salt these products to extend the time that the foods remained edible ( Bennion and
Scheule, 2004).
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Smoking as Preservation Material
Smoking meat is an ancient and very popular method of preparing red meat or fish.
The cooking technique helps preserve these protein-packed foods that would otherwise
spoil. Smoking meat allows you to store it at room temperature because the smoke contains
chemical compounds that stop the growth of harmful bacteria. Historians believe the act of
smoking meat originated centuries ago with ancient man. Fish was the first meat smoked.
The smoke possibly was a way to keep flies away during the drying process, but people
soon realized it also doubled as a preservative. In ninth century in Poland, there is
archeological evidence showing people smoked large amounts of fish
(http://www.ehow.comfacts 7158416 history-smoking-meat.html).
Cold smoking is a process which smokes meat without exposing it to heat, usually
at a temperature below 85 degrees Fahrenheit (30 degrees Celsius). During the cold
smoking process, the smoke is usually generated in a chamber separate from the meat and
passed through pipes so that it cools before it reaches the meat. Typically, the meat is held
close to room temperature, and in relatively dry conditions. More intensely smoked meats
are usually brined or salted before they are cold smoked. Salting the meat ensures that
bacteria will not develop while it is cold smoked and stored (Wise Geek, 2003). In hot-
smoking, the temperature in the smoke chamber ranges from 120°F to 180°F, which
produces strong smoky flavor. However, the meat is usually only partially cooked and must
be finished in a conventional oven (http://www.answers.com/topic/smoked-
meat#ixzz1YxuGHUBO). In the Philippines, one ancient and indigenous technology of
meat preservation that still exists is being practiced in the Cordillera. This is the “etag”
making. “Etag”, an ethnic product of the Cordilleran’s, is a preserved meat using salt then
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
dried either by sun drying or smoking ( Ciano, 2010). “Etag” is also called by some locals
as “inasinan” and “kinuday” while foreigners dubbed it as igorot ham and igorot smoked
meat (Didican, 1995) cited by (Longboan, 2010).
Wood Smoking
In the late 1800s, a technique was developed to distill the smoke from burning wood
to create “liquid smoke” which could be spread on cured meats to achieve the same flavor
as the smoke house method. Today the use of liquid smoke is more common, and it saves
time and minimizes air pollution. Although the additional flavor provided by “smoked”
meats is preferred by some consumers, there is some concern about its posing a possible
cancer risk regardless of the type of smoking used (Brown, 2005).
As cited by Price and Schweigert (1971), the chemical composition of smoke
generated from the hardwoods is exceedingly complex. Among the chemicals that have
been identified in smoke are aliphatic acids, ranging from formic through caproic; primary
and secondary alcohols; ketones; formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and other aldehydes;
phenols; cresols; and a mixture of waxes and resins. Among this array of chemicals,
formaldehyde and phenolics appear to be the chief bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal
substances.
According to Brown (2005), in smokehouses, the intensity of the smoke, the
humidity, and the temperature are all carefully regulated, and the type of sawdust or wood
used to produce the smoke determines the products resulting flavor. Sawdust is the most
economical and is often used by commercial processors, but other woods available for
smoking include mesquite, hickory, oak, apple, and various combinations.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
The type of wood used is responsible for the final color of the smoked product and
it can be also influence its taste but only to a small degree. All fruit and citrus trees have a
light to medium sweet flavor and are excellent with poultry and ham. Many say that cherry
wood is the best. Oak, available all over the world, is probably the most commonly used
wood for smoking. It produces a brown color. If hickory is used, the color will have a more
vivid red tint in it (Domowe, 2011).
Guava Tree
A small tree to 33 ft (10 in) high, with spreading branches, the guava is easy to
recognize because of its smooth, thin, copper-colored bark that flakes off, showing the
greenish layer beneath; and also because of the attractive, "bony" aspect of its trunk which
may in time attain a diameter of 10 in (25 cm). Young twigs are quadrangular and downy.
The leaves, aromatic when crushed, are evergreen, opposite, short-petioled, oval or oblong-
elliptic, somewhat irregular in outline; 2 3/4 to 6 in (7-15 cm) long, I 'A to 2 in (3-5 cm)
wide, leathery, with conspicuous parallel veins, and more or less downy on the underside.
Faintly fragrant, the white flowers, borne singly or in small clusters in the leaf axils, are 1
in (2.5 cm) wide, with 4 or 5 white petals which are quickly shed, and a prominent tuft of
perhaps 250 white stamens tipped with pale-yellow anthers.The fruit, exuding a strong,
sweet, musky odor when ripe, may be round, ovoid, or pear-shaped, 2 to 4 in (5-10 cm)
long, with 4 or 5 protruding floral remnants (sepals) at the apex; and thin, light-yellow skin,
frequently blushed with pink. Next to the skin is a layer of somewhat granular flesh, 1/8 to
1/2 in (3-12.5 mm) thick, white, yellowish, light- or dark-pink, or near-red, juicy, acid,
subacid, or sweet and flavorful. The central pulp, concolorous or slightly darker in tone, is
juicy and normally filled with very hard, yellowish seeds, 1/8 in (3 min) long, though some
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
rare types have soft, chewable seeds. Actual seed counts have ranged from 112 to 535 but
some guavas are seedless or nearly so. When immature and until a very short time before
ripening; the fruit is green, hard, gummy within and very astringent. (Morton, 1987).
According to Guava Wood Farms Hawaii (2011), guava wood has a subtle, semi-sweet
aroma. The 100% organic cut wood is seasoned naturally under the Hawaiian sun for 9-12
months, then hand split and packaged to order for maximum flavor retention. Whether
grilling or smoking, fresh chicken, pork, fish, lamb or beef, guava wood will complement
each flavor nicely.
Alnus Tree
Alnus ( Alnus japonica Steud.) also called Japanese alnus. Small-to medium-sized
deciduous tree growing to a height of 15m. Leaves are alternate, narrow-elliptic,
acuminate, and wedge-shaped at the base, up to 12 cm long, glossy and dark green above
and pale underneath, the margins slightly toothed. Flowers are staminate, in long catkins;
the pistillate flowers are in short catkins, becoming woody, with 5-lobe scales. Indigenous
to Korea and grows in Baguio and other parts of the Mountain Province. Propagated by
seed or grafting. Parts used are stem, bark and leaves. No reported folkloric medicinal use
in the Philippines. Popular folk medicine in Korea, used for cancer, gastric disorders,
hepatitis and fatty liver. Various species of alder, including this species, seem to contain
antitumor compounds. Dye is obtained from the bark. Wood-close grained; used for
turnery, charcoal.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used in this experiment included fresh pork, rock salt (NaCl),
chopping boards, weighing scale, kitchen knives, stainless basin, guava leaves and trunks.
Method
Preparation of meat. A total of 12 kilograms of pork was obtained from a
commercial pig available in a reputable meat stall at the La Trinidad Public Market. The
meat was cut into 1-inch strips and washed in a basin. After draining, the meat pieces were
placed in a basin for curing.
Curing or salting. For each kilogram of pork, 180 grams of salt was used for curing.
The meat and salt was mixed thoroughly (Figure 1). The meat slices were properly arranged
in a basin and was covered for 120 hours or 5 days. After 5 days, the cured meat was
removed from the basin and undissolved salt particles were brushed off to prevent the
appearance of objectionable white crust on the surfaces of the meat.
Figure 1.Pork slices that were cured
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Cold smoking. The smoker was prepared by placing 9 kg of alnus and guava trunk:
1 kg of alnus and guava leaves for 1 day or 8 hours inside the fire pit. The smoke was
allowed to go into the smoke chamber by means of a pipe connecting it with the fire pit. A
notch was made at the end of the meat allowing for the insertion of abaca cord, which was
hooked to the wire and was hanged in a smoker. After curing or salting, the meat strips was
suspended above the safety baffle of the smoking chamber (Figure 2). The pieces of meat
were not allowed to come in contact with one another in the smoking chamber to enable
uniform penetration of smoke and even in color development. The temperature was
maintained at 34°C for the duration of 56 hours (5days intermittent) at 8 AM to 4 PM. At
the end of the day, the pork slices were kept in room temperature in the meat preservation
laboratory.
Figure 2.Pork slices hanged inside the cold smoking chamber
Hot smoking. The smoker was prepared by placing 9 kg of alnus and guava trunk:
1 kg of alnus and guava leaves inside the fire pit. Air intake was adjusted to regulate the
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
fire and burning wood. A notch was made at the end of the meat allowing for the insertion
of an abaca cord, which was hooked to the wire and was hanged in a smoker (Figure 3). A
safety baffle was placed over the fire pit to prevent flames from reaching the smoke
chamber. The pieces of meat were not allowed to come in contact with one another in the
smoking chamber to enable uniform penetration of smoke and even in color development.
The temperature was maintained at 75°C. Duration of hot smoking is 16 hours (2 days
intermittent at 8AM to 4 PM).
Figure 3.Pork slices hanged inside the hot smoking chamber
The smoking material served as an experimental treatment which was replicated
six times. One kilogram of cured ham was considered as replicate. The treatments were as
follows:
Treatment
Smoking Material
T1
Hot smoking with alnus wood
T2
Cold smoking with alnus wood
T3
Hot smoking with guava wood
T4
Cold smoking with guava wood
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Chemical analysis. Samples of the meat product were brought to the DOST-CAR
Regional Standards and Testing Laboratory for quantitative determination of physical and
chemical properties of the meat product. Each sample weighing approximately 250 grams
was tested for the presence of chemicals. The samples were wrapped individually in an
aluminum foil and were packed in a zip lock plastic bag and were labeled accordingly.
Sanitation and hygiene. To prevent or minimized microbial contamination, good
hygienic practices in meat processing and handling of smoked products (DOH, 2004) was
observed as follows:
1. Maintaining adequate personal cleanliness.
2. Wearing adequate garments, and hand gloves.
3. Washing hands before starting work and repeatedly during work.
4. No rings, watches and bracelets shall be worn during work.
5. Cleaning/ Disinfection of tools, knives, chopping boards, utensils, and other
materials for meat handling.
6. Taking any other necessary precautions to protect against contamination of meat
and finished product.
Data Gathered
1. Fresh weight (g). The weight of the salted pork before it was subjected to drying.
2. Weight after smoking (g). The weight of the salted meat after it was dried.
3. Amount of salt applied (g). The amount of salt used in curing the meat.
4. Color. It was determined by ocular observation of the smoked product.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
5. Nutrient analysis. The amount of the carbohydrates, crude fat, crude protein, moisture,
energy and minerals (ash) that were analyzed at the DOST-CAR Regional Standards and
Testing Laboratory.
5.1. Ash by gravimetric method (AOAC Method No. 920.05)
5.2. Crude fat by Soxhlet extraction (AOAC Method No. 920.39)
5.3. Crude protein by Kjeldahl method (AOAC Method No. 981.10 and in
Accordance with 2000 Digestion System and Kjeltec 1002 Distilling Unit Instruction
Manual.)
5.4. Moisture by oven method (AOAC Method No. 934.01).
5.5. Carbohydrate by calculation (FNRI-DOST Handbook).
5.6. Energy by calculation (FNRI-DOST Handbook).
Data Computed
1. Shrinkage percentage. It was calculated by subtracting the initial weight to final
weight divided by initial weight then multiplied to 100 percent.
2. Nutrition facts. Amount of calories, calories from fat, total fat, sodium and
protein were analyzed at the DOST-CAR Regional Standards and Testing Laboratory.
3. Total cost of production (TCP). This was computed by adding the cost of the
meat and ingredient.
4. Return on investment. This was obtained by dividing the Net Income by the Total
Cost of Production and multiplied by 100.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Statistical Analysis
The data on shrinkage was analyzed for difference using the analysis of variance.
The Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to determine significant differences
between treatment means.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Color of the Smoked Pork
as Affected by Smoking Material
Figure 4 shows the color of the smoked pork using guava and alnus wood as
smoking materials in the study. The color of the pork subjected to cold smoking using
guava and alnus as smoking materials was more or less similar to each other unlike to the
pork subjected to hot smoking using the two smoking materials where there was a great
difference. Hot smoked pork using guava wood had a better reddish brown color than the
hot smoked pork using alnus with a grayish brown color. This difference can be attributed
to the structure of the meat subjected to hot smoke using alnus. According to Brown (2005),
cooking meat initially converts the color of raw meat to bright red, but then the denaturing
of the pigment- containing proteins yields the classic color of well-done meat grayish-
brown.
Figure 4. Hot smoked pork (left) and cold smoked pork (right) using alnus wood
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Figure 5. Hot smoked pork (left) and cold smoked pork (right) using guava wood
Shrinkage Percentage
Table 1 shows the loss of moisture from the smoked meat as affected by smoking
with either guava or alnus wood. The loss of moisture on the smoke pork’s especially on
the hot smoked pork’s is due to the application of smoke and heat during smoking.
Table 1.Shrinkage percentage of the four smoked pork
TREATMENT
SHRINKAGE MEAN*
Hot smoking with alnus wood
45.0a
Cold smoking with alnus wood
8.50c
Hot smoking with guava wood
23.75b
Cold smoking with guava wood
3.5c
*Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
According to Brown (2005), another contributing factor to meat shrinkage is the
freeing of some water as the meats other proteins denature and lose their water holding
capacity.
Statistical analysis revealed that pork subjected to hot smoking had a higher
shrinkage than those pork subjected to cold smoking. This result on the cold smoked pork
can be associated to the presence of creosote as a component of smoke. As cited by Ibarra
(1983), during smoking, a coat of creosote at the surface of the meat is formed. This film
at the outer portion of the meat acts as a barrier against the evaporation of moisture and
entry of insects and microorganisms to the product. However, it is shown in the table that
there were no significant differences on the cold smoked pork. In the hot smoked pork
using alnus, it had a greater shrinkage percentage than the hot smoked pork using guava.
This result can be credited to temperature during the conduct of the study.
Nutrient Composition Analysis
Table 2 shows the nutrient composition of the smoked pork samples specifically
for the values of ash, carbohydrate, crude fat, crude protein, moisture, energy and sodium.
The nutrient composition was obtained from one sample per treatment. No statistical
analysis was done. Ash content of the smoked pork refers to the mineral residue left on the
surface of the meat after it was subjected to smoking. While the composition may have
differed among treatment means, this cannot be attributed to the effect of smoking material
but on the individual samples submitted for analysis.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Nutrient composition analysis of the four smoked pork samples
TREATMENTS
NUTRIENT COMPOSITION
Ash,
Carbohy-
CF,
CP,
Moisture, Energy,
Sodium,
%w/w
drate,%w/w %w/w
%w/w
%w/w
kcal
mg/100g
Hot smoking
with alnus
21.62
0
5.26
43.24
34.05
220
5,784*
Cold smoking
with alnus
9.11
0
7.15
22.43
65.83
154
2,632*
Hot smoking
with guava
17.54
0
4.57
32.83
50.60
172
5,184*
Cold smoking
with guava
6.64
0
1.68
21.76
71.54
102
1,875*
*Test result which is outside the laboratory’s scope of accreditation.
Analyzed by the Regional Standards and Testing Laboratory of the Department of Science and
Technology CAR, La Trinidad, Benguet
**137g/ serving for treatments hot and cold smoking with alnus wood and 259g/ serving for treatments
hot and cold smoking with guava wood
Ash content of the smoke pork differed from each treatment with hot smoked pork
using alnus having the amount of 21.62%w/w followed by hot smoked pork using guava
with 17.54%w/w then by cold smoked pork using alnus with 9.11%w/w and the cold
smoked pork using guava of 6.64%w/w. It is notable that the four smoked pork did not
contain carbohydrate. In terms of crude fat, cold smoked pork with alnus had the amount
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
of 7.15%w/w followed by hot smoked pork with 5.26%w/w then by hot smoked pork with
guava of 4.57%w/w and cold smoked pork with guava of 1.68%w/w. For crude protein,
hot smoked pork with alnus got the highest then by hot smoked pork using guava followed
by cold smoked pork using alnus and lastly the cold smoked pork guava with the amount
of 13.24%w/w; 32.83%w/w;22.43%w/w and 21.76%w/w respectively. Due to lower
application of heat, the cold smoked pork with guava registered the highest moisture of
71.54%w/w followed by the cold smoked pork with alnus having 65.83%w/w, then by hot
smoked pork using guava with 50.60%w/w and the hot smoked pork using alnus registering
the lowest with 34.05%w/w. Lastly, the salt which contains too high especially on the two
hot smoked pork having 5,784 mg/100g and 5184mg/100g using alnus and guava wood
respectively.
The four smoked pork samples also had different values on the amount of energy
with hot smoked pork using alnus at 220kcal, registering the highest followed by hot
smoked pork using guava wood, 172kcal; cold smoked pork using alnus wood, 154kcal
and the lowest is the cold smoked pork using guava wood having 102kcal only. The energy
differences can be attributed to the part of the smoked pork sample submitted and that had
been subjected to analysis whether it contains more on fat or on lean. According to
Gamman and Sherrington (1994), as cited by Ciano (2010), the energy value of food
depends on the quantities of carbohydrate, fat and protein in the food with the fat supplying
the most energy.
Crude fat and crude protein values from the four smoked pork vary which can be
associated to the lean and fat composition of the meat subjected to smoking. The values
might also be affected by other contributing factors such as age, breed and nutritional status
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
of the animal as a source of pork. Salt found on the smoked pork was the used amount of
salt during curing which is 180 grams per kilogram of meat.
The nutrient composition may vary even if the same procedure in smoking is
followed considering that the composition would vary depending on the proportion of lean
to fat in meat samples submitted for analysis.
Nutrition Facts
Table 3 shows the nutrition facts per serving of the four smoked pork samples. The
nutrition facts normally appear in food labels as prescribed by the Bureau of Food and
Drugs of the Department of Health.
Amount of nutrients was based on a 137g serving at the hot and cold smoked pork
using alnus wood and 259g serving at the hot and cold smoked pork using guava wood as
smoking material. Percent daily values were also based on 2,000 calorie diet/day. Based
on a 2,000 calorie diet, percent daily values that can be provided by one serving of hot
smoked pork using alnus (137g) are 3.25% crude fat, 11.85% crude protein, and 11.0%%
energy. For cold smoked pork using alnus, one serving (137g) can provide 4.4% crude fat,
6.15% crude protein, and 7.7% energy. In hot smoked pork using guava, one serving (259g)
will also provide 5.33% crude fat, 17.01% crude protein and 8.6% energy. Cold smoked
pork using guava in one serving (259g) can provide 1.96% crude fat, 11.27% crude protein
and, 5.1% energy. The smoked pork did not contain a value of carbohydrate and the
percentage of sodium was found exceeding the recommended intake of 500mg for 18 years
old and above.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
Table 3.Nutrition facts per serving of smoked pork
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF SMOKING
NUTRIENTS
ALNUS
ALNUS
GUAVA
GUAVA
(HOT)
(COLD)
(HOT)
(COLD)
Ash
Amount (g)
29.62
12.4
45.43
17.20
%Daily Value (%)*
-----
-----
-----
-----
Carbohydrate
Amount (g)
0
0
0
0
%Daily Value (%)*
0
0
0
0
Crude Fat
Amount (g)
7.21
9.80
11.84
4.35
%Daily Value (%)*
3.25
4.4
5.33
1.96
Crude Protein
Amount (g)
59.24
30.73
85.03
56.36
%Daily Value (%)*
11.85
6.15
17.01 11.27
Moisture
Amount (g)
46.65
90.19
131.05
185.29
%Daily Value (%)*
-----
-----
-----
-----
Energy
Amount (g)
220
154
172
102
%Daily Value (%)*
11.0
7.7
8.6
5.1
Sodium
Amount (mg/100g)
5784
2632
5184
1875
%Daily Value (%)*
**
**
**
**
*Based on 2,000 calorie diet
**Amount is exceeding the recommended intake of 500mg for 18 years old and above
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical and physical properties of
smoked pork subjected to hot and cold smoke using alnus and guava wood as smoking
material. The study was conducted at the TANGERE Project Laboratory of Benguet State
University in Bektey, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2011 to January 2012.
A total of 16 kilograms of pork from commercial pig was used in the study.
Following the completely randomized design, four treatments were drawn having four
replications with one kilogram of pork per replication. The data gathered on the physical
properties of the smoked pork were shrinkage percentage and color and the chemical
properties included ash, carbohydrate, crude fat, crude protein, moisture and energy content
of the smoked pork.
Based on the result, the shrinkage percentage mean of the hot smoked pork using
alnus wood is 45%, 8.5% in the cold smoked pork using alnus, 23.75% in hot smoked pork
using guava and 3.5% in the cold smoked pork using guava. As to composition, protein
content of the hot smoked pork were 43.24 and 32.83 in the hot smoked pork using alnus
wood and hot smoked pork using guava, respectively. Energy content of the hot smoked
pork using alnus is 220kcal/137g and 172kcal/259g in the hot smoked pork using guava
wood, cold smoked pork with 154kcal/137g using alnus wood and 102kcal/259g in the
cold smoked pork using guava wood. Crude fat content of the four smoked pork varied
from 7.15%w/w in cold smoked pork using alnus wood, 5.26%w/w in hot smoked pork
using alnus wood, 4.57%w/w hot smoked pork using guava wood and 1.68%w/w in cold
smoked pork using guava wood. The protein content of hot smoked
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
pork using alnus is 43.24%w/w and 32.83%w/w in hot smoked pork using guava,
22.43%w/w in cold smoked pork using alnus and 21.76%w/w in cold smoked pork using
guava.
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet, percent daily values that can be provided by one
serving of hot smoked pork using alnus (137g) are 3.25% crude fat, 11.85% crude protein,
and 11.0%% energy. For cold smoked pork using alnus, one serving (137g) can provide
4.4% crude fat, 6.15% crude protein, and 7.7% energy. In hot smoked pork using guava,
one serving (259g) will also provide 5.33% crude fat, 17.01% crude protein and 8.6%
energy. Cold smoked pork using guava in one serving (259g) can provide 1.96% crude fat,
11.27% crude protein and, 5.1% energy. The smoked pork did not contain a value of
carbohydrate and the percentage of sodium was found exceeding the recommended intake
of 500mg for 18 years old and above.
The four smoked pork did not contain a value of carbohydrate and the percentage
of sodium was found exceeding the recommended intake of 500mg for 18 years old and
above.
Conclusions
Based on the result of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
a.) The four smoked pork had a high amount of sodium exceeding the
recommended intake of 500mg for 18 years old and above.
b.) Hot smoked pork had a higher shrinkage percentage and had lower moisture
retention than that of the cold smoked pork that had lower shrinkage percentage and had
higher moisture retention.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
c.) The energy or calorie and crude protein contents of the hot smoked pork were
higher as compared to the cold smoked pork.
Recommendations
Based on the result of the study, the following recommendations are offered for
consideration:
a.) It is recommended that alnus for hot smoking can be used for it contain high
amount of energy with 220kcal/137g serving and a crude protein of 43.24%w/w.
b.) If the purpose of producing smoked pork is to generate income, cold smoked
pork is recommended for it results in lower shrinkage percentage. However, cold smoked
pork has to be immediately consumed.
c.) The same study could be done concentrating on the pH value and shelf-life of
the smoked pork.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012
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Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
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Physical and Chemical Properties of Smoked Pork using Guava and Alnus Wood as
Smoking Material | BACAG, EVITA T. APRIL 2012