BIBLIOGRAPHY BANUT, MARLON EMPER. APRIL 2010....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BANUT, MARLON EMPER. APRIL 2010. Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the
Growth Performance of Cobb Broilers. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Myrna B. Walsiyen, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Poultry Experimental Station
from December to January 2010 to evaluate the effect of fermented fish extract on the growth
performance of Cobb broilers. Specifically, it aimed to determine growth rate, feed consumption,
feed conversion ratio, morbidity and mortality rate of broilers as affected by the supplementation
of fermented fish extract through drinking water.
Following the Complete Randomized Design, 160 heads of one day-old Cobb broilers
were distributed randomly into four treatments, which were replicated four times with ten birds
per replicate comprising a total of forty birds per treatment.
Based on the results of the study, revealed that there were no significant differences
between treatments in terms of initial weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and the
feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight. Highly significant differences were observed in
the final weight and gain in weight and a significant difference were observed in the water
consumption of the birds.
Birds given 20 and 40 ml FFE supplementation had heavier weights at the end of the
study and had higher gains in weight compared to the control birds or those given no FFE
supplementation. Increasing, however, the level of FFE supplementation to 60 ml per liter of
water did not result to a further increase in the final weight and gain in weight
of the birds. Instead, the higher level of FFE supplementation had greatly altered the taste of the
drinking water, not to the likings of the birds, hence the lower water consumption.
Though the birds given 20 and 40 ml FFE supplementation were heavier in weights
yielding to a higher net profit, still lower returns were observed from them compared to the
control birds. This was because the costs of the fish and sugar used were that expensive and the
increase in the net profit was not enough to offset their costs.
Based on the results of the study, adding 20 ml but not exceed to 40 ml of FFE into the
drinking water of the birds results to higher gains in weight. However, it is recommended that the
FFE supplementation should be done in times when the price is cheap to have higher returns.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography.............................................................................................................. i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………….... . iii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………… 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.............................................................................. 12
Initial Weight……………………………………………………………... 12
Final Weight……………………………………………………………… 12
Total Gain in Weight……………………………………………………………… 13
Total Feed and Water Consumption………………….…………………... 15
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)…………………………………………….. 16
Feed Cost Per Kg Gain in Weight………………………………………..…. 17
Mortality and Morbidity Rates………………………………….…………. 17
Return on Investment………………………………………………………. 18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………………. 20
Summary………………………………………………………………….. 20
Conclusion………………………………………………………………… 21
Recommendation………………………………………………………….. 21
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………. 22
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………... 23
INTRODUCTION
The main goal of the broiler raisers is to produce meat efficiently and at the least possible
cost. With this goal, a lot of feed additives have been produced which are now being used by the
broiler raisers to improve the performance or to increase production of their birds. Examples of
these feed additives are antibiotics and other synthetic growth promotants. However, most of the
meat consumers today are now too conscious on what they eat. Just as they don’t like to eat
vegetables laden with pesticide residues, they don’t like to eat meat laden with antibiotic residues
and/or residues of other synthetic feed additives. If they have their own way and means, they
would prefer to eat the so called “organic meat”, a meat derived from animals fed with organic
feeds and free from chemical residues or if not, the meat may contain chemical residues but it
should be very minimal.
To satisfy the demand of the meat consumers of today, the broiler raisers are now geared
to the use of probiotics or organic products like fermented fresh product. It is then, the aim of
this study to determine the effect of fermented fish extract on the performance of broilers.
Fish is one of the very important components of our diet, because it contains essential
minerals and other nutrients which our body requires that is not present into other food that we
eat. As such, people tend to eat fish not just because of its low price, palatability and satiety
value but also because of its nutritional content which contributes to human health. In fact some
are referring to fish as “rich food for poor people.
The proximate composition of fresh fish according to Olivo (1990) is as follows: 61.34%
crude protein, 6.94% ether extract, 2.23% crude fiber, 6.32% ash, 15.72%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
2
nitrogen free extract, 90.32% dry matter, 1.80% potassium, 1.50% sodium, 0.89% calcium,
1.19% phosphorus, and 0.30% magnesium.
The result of the study will benefit not only the researcher himself but also the broiler
raisers in particular and also the broiler industry as a whole. Instead of making use of some
synthetic feed additives, the broiler raisers may make use of fermented fish extract most
especially in places where fishes are abundant and at times when the price of fish is cheap to
improve the performance of their birds. The result may also serve as reference material to other
students and other researchers to come up with follow-up researches.
The study generally aims to determine the effect of fermented fish extract on the growth
performance of broilers.
Specifically, it aims to:
1.
Find out the performance of broilers treated with fermented fish extract in terms
of growth rate, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, morbidity and mortality rate.
2.
Determine the level of fermented fish extract that will give the best broiler
performance.
3.
To determine the profitability of raising broilers given fermented fish extract.
The study was conducted at the BSU Poultry Experimental Station, La Trinidad,
Benguet. The experiment used a total of 160 Cobb broilers fed from December to January, 2010
or for a period of 42 days.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Campbell-Platt (1987) has defined fermented foods as those that have been subjected to
the action of microorganisms or enzymes so that a desirable biochemical change causes
significant modification to the food.
Fish is a rich source of vitamins, particularly vitamins A and D from fatty species, as well
as thiamin, riboflavin and niacin (vitamins B1, B2 and B3). Vitamin A from fish is more readily
available to the body than from plant foods. Vitamin A is required for normal vision and for bone
growth. Fatty fish contains more vitamin A than lean species. Studies have shown that mortality
is reduced for children under five with a good vitamin A status. As sun drying destroys most of
the available vitamin A better processing methods are required to preserve this vitamin. Vitamin
D present in fish liver and oils is crucial for bone growth since it is essential for the absorption
and metabolism of calcium. Thiamin, niacin and riboflavin are important for energy metabolism.
If eaten fresh, fish also contains a little vitamin C which is important for proper healing of
wounds, normal health of body tissues and aids in the absorption of iron in the human body
(Lachica, 2003).
Olivo (1990) cited that the proximate composition of fish is as follows: 61.34% crude
protein, 6.94% ether extract, 2.23% crude fiber, 6.32% ash, 15.72% nitrogen free extract,
90.32% dry matter, 1.80% potassium, 1.50% sodium, 0.89% calcium, 1.19% phosphorus, 0.30%
magnesium. He also cited that proteins are important for growth and development of the body,
maintenance and repairing of worn out tissues and for production of enzymes and hormones
required for many body processes. The importance of fish in providing easily digested protein of
high biological value is well documented.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
4
In the past, this has served as a justification for promoting fisheries and aquaculture
activities in several countries. On a fresh weight basis, fish contains a good quantity of protein,
about 18-20%, and contains all the eight essential amino acids including the sulphur-containing
lysine, methionine, and cysteine. As most maize-based diets lack these compounds, rural
households in Africa dependent on maize greatly benefit by increasing their fish consumption.
Fish also complements cassava-based diets which are generally low in protein.
Natural farming system (NFS) is a technology of agriculture that uses environmentally
sound technique for raising crops and livestock that are free from most synthetic pesticide,
growth hormones, and antibiotics. NFS farmers typically rely on farm inputs like pesticides,
fungicides and fertilizers derived from plants, animal waste, and minerals. They incorporate
biological methods such as the use of one organism to suppress another to help control pest.
Methods used seek to increase soil fertility, balance insect population, and reduce air, soil, and
water pollution (Tinoyan, 2006)
The lipids associated with fish are highly unsaturated and highly susceptible to be
oxidized. Amino acid quality of fish is excellent, but excessive heating during the drying process
can reduce digestibility of the protein fraction and complex some of the amino acids, so that they
are not available. The oils associated with fish meal contain highly unsaturated and are oxidized
easily (Agris, 2000)
Gill (2000) stated that to produce a quality of meat, it is best to use organic feeds which
are formulated ration without using synthetic chemicals. Formulated rations such as organic
feeds are more economical than commercial feeds. Organic chicken refers to the animal reared in
semi-out door conditions and fed diets without using chemicals. He
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
5
also reported that the threshold for organic feed components rises to 80% and it could become
100% within five years. Even synthetic amino acids such as lysine and methionine will be
questionable.
Administration of probiotics via the drinking water has beneficial effects on broiler
performance. In the field trials, probiotic treatment significantly improved feed conversion ratio
and total final body weight and mortality was reduced (Timmerman, 2006).
Organic acids inhibit the growth of bacteria through several proposed mechanisms. One
of the accepted mechanisms involves the disruption of cell membrane transport functions that
allow bacteria to maintain relatively state of equilibrium with their environment by absorbing
nutrients and excreting waste. In addition to reducing the growth of pathogenic bacteria, organic
acids facilitate the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifid bacteria throughout the digestive tract of
poultry and other animals. These bacteria improve gut health by producing lactic, acetic,
propionic, and butyric acid, organic acids that further limit the growth and colonization of
pathogenic bacteria throughout the digestive tract (Poultry International, Inc. 2006).
Many poultry nutritionist in Europe and other parts of the world that are not using
antibiotics, agree that organic acids can replace the growth promoting properties of antibiotics in
poultry feed. In addition to enhancing and maintaining performance, organic acids have been
shown to improve the meat quality, reduce the impact of poultry production in the environment
and enhance the welfare of poultry (Poultry International, Inc. 2006).
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
6
Banning antibiotics as a standard additive to poultry feed has cause a lot of turmoil
especially among broiler growers. Producers as well as manufacturers of feed additives are
hastily looking for alternatives. Results from study works show that, to a large extent, lactic acids
can take over the growth promoting properties of antibiotics (Poultry International, Inc. 2006).
Francisco (1992) mentioned that the reason why poultry and livestock farmers are giving
daily feed supplements and other substances to their animals is to minimize production cost and
also to improve feed efficiency and the animal’s appetite.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials and equipments used in the study were as follows: 160 day-old Cobb
broiler chicks, weighing scale, measuring cups, spoon or syringe, cleaning materials,
disinfectant, incandescent bulbs, old news paper sheets, vaccine, brooding and rearing cages,
record book and feeding and drinking troughs. For the production of fermented fish extract
(FFE), the following materials were used: Fish (Decapterus macrosoma) commonly known as
Galongong or Bulilit, crude sugar, earthen jar, string, clean sheet of paper to cover the jar.
Two weeks before the arrival of the chicks, the broiler experimental house most
especially the brooding/rearing cage are divided into 16 compartments to accommodate the four
treatments, each with four replications of the study. Electric wirings were also installed ready to
be provided with incandescent bulbs. Furthermore, the brooding/rearing cages were thoroughly
cleaned with water and laundry soap after which these were disinfected.
Two days before the chicks arrived, the old newspaper sheets were spread on the floor of
the brooding cage. This was to help conserve heat and to minimize the entrance of draft inside
the brooding cage. It also served as receptacle for the feeds for the first few days. Incandescent
bulbs were provided and these were lighted few hours before the chicks arrived so that the
brooding cages were already warm when the chicks were placed inside it.
Upon arrival, the chicks were distributed to the different treatment following the
completely randomized design (CRD) and were placed inside the brooding compartment
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
8
assigned to them. However, before the chicks were placed in their respective compartment, their
weights were obtained and recorded.
There were four treatments in the study. Each treatment had four replications with 10
birds per replication making a total of 40 birds per treatment. The different treatments were as
follows:
To= no FFE supplementation/pure water.
T1= 20 ml of FFE supplementation per liter of water.
T2= 40 ml of FFE supplementation per liter of water.
T3= 60 ml of FFE supplementation per liter of water.
All of the birds were provided with the same management except on the level of
fermented fish extract (FFE) added into their drinking water. Birds in the control group (T0)
were given pure water i.e. without FFE supplementation. Birds in treatment 1 were given 20 ml
of FFE per liter of water, treatment 2, with 40 ml and treatment 3 with 60 ml FFE
supplementation per liter of water. The FFE was introduced to the birds at day old until the end
of the study or until the birds were 42 days old.
Ad libitum feeding was employed from the start until the end of the study. Chick booster
was given to the chicks for the first two weeks of age. This was shifted to broiler starter mash for
the next two weeks (15th -30th days) and then to finisher ration until the end of the study (31st
days to 42nd days old). Water was always available at all times. Washing of the drinking gallons
was done every late in the afternoon and early in the morning.
Lighting of the brooding cages was done day and night. However, as a precaution, light
was turned-off for a period of 1 hour daily which was done every 5-6 pm daily
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
9
during the first two weeks. This was done for the purpose of making the birds accustomed to
dark surroundings so that they should not be greatly affected during brown outs.
During the rearing period, the light intensity was reduced especially in the afternoon.
Depending on the weather condition, lightning was only being done at night time.
To maintain the good health of the birds, strict hygiene and sanitation were maintained.
Manure of the birds was scraped daily. Newspaper sheets that were used for the first 3 weeks
were changed daily.
Weeks before the start of the study, the FFE was prepared. To produce it, fresh fishes
(Decapterus macrosoma locally known as galongong or bulilit) were purchased directly from the
fish vendors in the locality early in the morning. The fishes were washed thoroughly after which,
these were drained to remove excess water. These were then placed inside a basin and were
sliced into small pieces or even mashed. Into the mashed fishes, crude sugar was added at the
level of 1 kg for every kilogram of mashed fished and the mixture were mixed thoroughly. The
mixture was transferred into a bottle container, with a clean sheet of cloth or paper and a string
was tied around it to secure the cover. The bottle was placed in a cool, dry and shaded area to
allow the fishes to ferment for a period of 2 weeks. After the fermentation period, the concoction
of the fishes was extracted by using a strainer or by putting the fish mixture inside a clean cloth
and then the cloth was squeezed to extract the concoction. To minimize contamination of the fish
concoction or from being affected with molds, this was poured into several small clean
containers and sealed properly and well stored in a clean, cool, dry and shaded room.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
10
A good FFE can be determined is through its smell especially after fermentation wherein,
its smell is similar to that of wine, vinegar, or banana. There should be no molds present, strong
fish smell, and other symptoms of contamination.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Initial weight (kg). This was obtained by getting the weight of the chicks at the start of
the study.
2. Final weight (kg). This was obtained by getting the individual weights of the birds at
the end of the study or 42 days old.
3. Feed offered. This was taken by weighing the amount of feeds offered to the birds
during the experimental period.
4. Water offered. This was taken by measuring the amount of water offered to the birds
each day.
5. Feed left-over. This was obtained by taking the weight of the feed left-over of the
birds. This was done every morning before feeding time.
6.
Water
left-over. This was obtained by taking the measurement of the water left-over of
the birds. This was done every early in the morning and late in the evening.
7.
Morbidity. This refers to the number of birds that got sick during the experimental
period.
8.
Mortality. This refers to the number of birds that died during the study.
9. Cost of production. This refers to the cost of each of the materials used in the study.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
11
From the above data, the following was computed:
1. Gain in weight (kg). This is the difference between the initial weight from the final
weight of the birds.
2. Feed consumption (kg). This refers to the amount of feed given to each experimental
bird throughout the experiment.
3. Water consumption (ml). This refers to the amount of water given to each experimental
bird throughout the experiment.
4. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). This was obtained by dividing the total fed
consumption by the gain in weight of each bird.
5. Feed cost to produce a kg broiler. This was obtained by multiplying the FCR by the
cost of a kg of feed.
6. Morbidity rate (%). This was obtained by dividing the number of birds that got sick by
the total number of birds at the end of the study multiplied by 100%.
7. Mortality rate (%). This was obtained by dividing the number of birds that died by the
total number of birds multiplied by 100%.
8. Net profit. This was obtained by deducting all the cost of production from the total
sales.
9. Return on investment (ROI). This was obtained by dividing the net profit by the total
cost of production multiplied by 100%.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight
Table 1 shows that the mean initial weights of the birds in the different treatments which ranged
from 40.10 g t0 41.50 g was not significant. This indicates that the experimental birds were more
or less of the same weight at the start of the study.
Final Weight
The mean final weights of the birds are shown in Table 2. It is shown in the table that the
control group had a mean of 1.73875 kg while the 20, 40, 60 ml groups had means of 1.84500
kg, 1.84875 kg, and 1.72125 kg, respectively.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences between treatments
means. The birds given fermented fish extract at 20 and 40 ml had significantly heaveir final
weights compared to the control group and the birds given fermented fish extract at the level of
60 ml. This observation implies that 20 to 40 ml of FFE is the optimum amount needed to
increase the weight of the birds because when the amount was raised to 60 ml, no significant
increase in the final weight was observed.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
13
Table 1. Mean initial weights of birds in the different treatments
TREATMENT
INITIAL WEIGHT (g)
Control
41.5000a
20 ml of fermented fish extract
41.1250a
40 ml of fermented fish extract
40.7500a
60 ml of fermented fish extract
40.1000a
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Table 2. Mean final weights of the birds in the different treatments
TREATMENT
FINAL WEIGHT (kg)
Control
1.7387b
20 ml of fermented fish extract
1.8450a
40 ml of fermented fish extract
1.8487a
60 ml of fermented fish extract
1.7212b
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Total Gain in Weight
Table 3 shows the mean total gain in weight of birds per treatment. It is shown that the
control group had a mean of 1.6897 kg while the broilers given 20, 40 and 60 ml FFE had means
of 1.8037 kg, 1.8080 kg, and 1.6939 kg, respectively.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
14
Statistical analysis revealed that there were highly significant differences between
treatment means.
Table 3. Total gain in weight of birds from 1 to 42 days of age
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
Control
1.6897b
20 ml of fermented fish extract
1.8037a
40 ml of fermented fish extract
1.8080a
60 ml of fermented fish extract
1.6939b
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
The birds given 20 and 40 ml FFE supplementation had significantly higher gains in
weight compared to the control group or those given no FFE supplementations and surprisingly
even those given 60 ml FFE supplementation. This result implies that mixing FFE into the
drinking water of Cobb broilers at the level of 20 to 40 ml per liter of water had improved their
growth rates resulting to the higher gains in weight. The higher gains in weight could have been
attributed by the additional protein intake which the birds obtained from their drinking water as
this was supplemented with FFE and also the other
growth promoting properties of FFE as an organic acid.
Fish, according to Olivo (1990), provide easily digested protein of high biological value
and proteins are important for growth and development of the body maintenance and repair of
worn out tissues and for production of enzymes and hormones required for many body process.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
15
Also, as cited in the Poultry International, Inc. (2006), organic acids can replace the growth of
pathogenic bacteria. It also facilitates the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifid bacteria throughout
the digestive tract of poultry and other
animal. These bacteria improve gut health by producing lactic, acetic, propionic, and butyric
acid. Organic acid that further limit the growth and colonization of pathogenic bacteria
throughout the digestive tract.
No further increase in the gains in weight however was observed from the birds given 60
ml FFE supplementation. This was probably because the birds did not like the taste of their
drinking water as evidenced by their lower water consumption.
Total Feed and Water Consumption
Table 4 presents the total feed and water consumptions of the birds in the different
treatments during the entire duration of the study.
Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences among the four
treatments in the feed consumptions of the birds which ranged from 3.6869 to 3.9150 kg. This
means that FFE did not alter the feed consumption of the broilers. It also
implies that the experimental birds in all the treatments consumed more or less the same amount
of birds.
With regards to the water consumption, statistical analysis revealed that the birds in the
control group and those given 20 ml FFE supplementation had higher water consumption
compared to the birds given 40 and 60 ml FFE supplementation. This result implies that the FFE
when given at the level of 20 ml per liter of water did not affect the water consumption of the
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
16
birds. However, when the level of FFE was increased to 40 and 60 ml, the water consumptions of
the birds were reduced. This means that the FFE could have possibly altered the taste of the
water which was not relished by the birds, hence the lower consumption.
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
The mean feed conversion ratios of the birds in the different treatments are shown
in Table 5. Noticeable differences between treatment means are observed, however these
differences are still considered too small to cause significant effects as revealed by the statistical
analysis.
Table 4. Total feed and total water consumption of the birds in the different treatments
MEAN*_________
TREATMENT
FEED
(kg) WATER (l)
Control
3.9150a
10.0975a
20 ml of fermented fish extract
3.8888a
10.9975a
40 ml of fermented fish extract
3.8563a
9.8875b
60 ml of fermented fish extract
3.6869a
9.8200b
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Table 5. Feed conversion ratio of the birds in different treatments
TREATMENT
FCR
Control
2.30250a
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
17
20 ml of fermented fish extract
2.15500a
40 ml of fermented fish extract
2.12750a
60 ml of fermented fish extract
2.17000a
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Feed Cost Per Kg Gain in Weight
Table 6 shows the mean feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight of the birds in all
the treatment ranging from PhP 51.486 observed from the birds given 40 ml FFE
supplementation to PhP 55.721 observed from the control group.
Statistical analysis revealed that there are no significant differences between treatment
means. This implies that supplementing the drinking water of the birds with FFE at the rate of
20-60 ml did not alter the feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight of the birds in all
treatments.
Morbidity and Mortality Rates
No mortality among the birds in all the treatments was incurred during the entire duration
of the study despite of the very cold weather conditions particularly at night time and the hot
weather conditions during the middle of the day. This was because the birds was properly
monitored and managed all throughout the study. There were no illnesses incurred by the birds
particularly digestive disturbances. This indicates that
Table 6. Mean feed cost per kg gain in weight
TREATMENT
FEED COST/KG (PhP)
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
18
Control
55.721a
20 ml of fermented fish extract
52.151a
40 ml of fermented fish extract
51.486a
60 ml of fermented fish extract
52.514a
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
supplementing the drinking water of the birds with FFE at the level of 20-60 ml will not cause
any digestive disturbances in birds. Instead, it helps protect the birds against diseases.
Return on Investment
Table 7 shows the cost and return analysis obtained from the birds in the different
treatments though this parameter was not subjected to statistical analysis, results revealed
that the birds given with no FFE supplementation or those assigned to the control group had the
highest return on investment of 28.42 %. This was followed by the birds given 20 and 40 ml FFE
supplementation with return on investment of 26.54 % and 20.14 %, respectively the birds given
the highest amount of FFE supplementation of 60 ml gave the lowest return on investment of
only 7.69 %.
Because of the heavier weight of the birds particularly those given 20 and 40 ml FFE
supplementation, higher sales were also obtained from them compared to the birds from control
group. However, still lower on investment were realized because of the higher cost of production
brought about by the cost of fish and sugar used to produce the FFE. This results implies that
FFE may be given to the birds at the rate of 20-40 ml per liter of their drinking water but it
should be given in times when fish is cheap to have higher returns.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
19
With what was cited in the Poultry International, Inc. (2006), an organic acid inhibits the
growth of pathogenic bacteria.
Table 7. Return on investment and net profits per treatment
TOTAL
TOTAL NET
TREATMENT
COST
SALES PROFIT ROI
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(%)
Control
5,957.09
7,650.50 1,693.40 28.42
20 ml of fermented fish extract
6,415.63
8,118 1,702.37 26.54
40 ml of fermented fish extract
6,770.32
8,134.5 1,364.17 20.14
60 ml of fermented fish extract
7,032.67
7,573.5 540.82 7.69
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This researched aimed to determine the effect of fermented fish extract (FFE) on the
growth performance of Cobb broilers when given at the levels of 20 ml, 40 ml, and 60 ml per
liter of drinking water.
Following the Complete Randomized Design (CRD), 160 broiler chicks were grouped
into four treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with ten birds per replication. Set
of the birds in the different treatments were subjected to the same management from the start to
the end of the study. The only difference was on the level of FFE supplementation given to them
depending on what treatment were these birds assigned.
Results of the study revealed that there were no significant differences between
treatments in terms of initial weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and the feed cost
to produce a kilogram gain in weight. Highly significant differences were observed in the final
weight and gain in weight and a significant difference were observed in the water consumption
of the birds.
Birds given 20 and 40 ml FFE supplementation had heavier weights at the end of the
study and had higher gains in weight compared to the control birds or those given no FFE
supplementation. Increasing, however, the level of FFE supplementation to 60 ml per liter of
water did not result to a further increase in the final weight and gain in weight of the birds.
Instead, the higher level of FFE supplementation had greatly altered the taste of the drinking
water, not to the likings of the birds, hence the lower water consumption.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
21
Though the birds given 20 and 40 ml FFE supplementation were heavier in weights
yielding to a higher net profit, still lower returns were observed from them compared to the
control birds. This was because the costs of the fish and sugar used were that expensive and the
increase in the net profit was not enough to offset their costs.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, is therefore concluded that giving FFE to the birds at
the rate of 20 but not exceed 40 ml per liter of drinking water resulted to higher gains in weight.
Increasing the level of FFE to 60 ml did not result to a corresponding increase in the gain in
weight. It is also concluded that adding FFE into the drinking water of the birds at the rate of 20-
60 ml per liter did not alter the feed consumption of the birds and did not cause any digestive
disturbance. Furthermore, higher sales were obtained the birds given 20-40 ml of FFE
supplementation because of their heavier body weights but still lower return on investment were
realized because of the additional expenditures incurred in producing the FFE.
Recommendation
Based on the result of the study, it is recommended that FFE can be given to the birds at
the rate of 20 ml but not to exceed 40 ml per liter of their drinking water, however, it should be
given at times when the price of fish is cheap to have higher return on investment. It should also
recommended that further study should be conducted to include the nutrient analysis of the meat
derived from the birds given FFE supplementation and perhaps a similar study be conducted but
should involved lower levels of sugar in the production of FFE.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
22
LITERATURE CITED
AGRIS, D. M. 2000. Fish and Human Nutrition. Animal Feed Resources Information
Guide.
29 (3): 169-172
CAMPBELL – PLATT, G. 1987. Fermented foods on the world-a dictionary and guide.
London, Butterworth’s. ISBN: 0-407-00313-4.
FRANCISCO, C. C. 1992. Farmers Management Practice in Livestock and Poultry
Production. MS Thesis. UPLB, College Laguna. Pp.120.
GILL, C. 2000. Originally Dutch. Feed International 21 (4):63.
LACHICA, J. C. 2003. Fish and Human Nutrition. Animal Feed Resources Information Guide.
29 (3): 132-136
OLIVO, J. L. 1990. The World Fish Center Industry.http://www.world
fish.org/abstract/full/6/37/8234.Retreived September 18, 2009.
POULTRY INTERNATIONAL INC. 2006. Organic acids are healthy feed supplements. Watt
poultry-Vol.22 No.10.WP www.WattPoultry.Com. P.13-19.
TIMMERMAN, H. M. 2006. Mortality and Growth Performance of Broilers Given
Drinking Water Supplemented with Chicken-Specific Probiotics.http://
www.ps.fass.org/cgi/content/full/85/8/1383.Retreived on August 14, 2009.
TINOYAN, E L. 2006. Practical guide on natural farming system (NFS) crop production.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
23
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Initial weight (g)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
42.0 41.0 41.0 42.0
166.0
41.50
T1
42.0 40.0 42.0 42.0
166.0
41.50
T2
42.0 42.0 40.0 39.0
163.0
40.75
T3
42.0 42.4 41.0 39.0
164.4 40.10
GRAND TOTAL
659.4
GRAND
MEAN
41.21
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION SQUARES
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 1.12687500 0.37562500 0.25ns 3.49 5.95
Error
12 17.85750000 1.48812500
TOTAL
15 18.98437500
ns= not significant
CV = 2.97%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
24
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Final weight (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
1.76 1.74 1.69 1.75 6.95
1.73
T1
1.86 1.81 1.86 1.84 7.38
1.84
T2
1.85 1.81 1.88 1.85 7.39
1.84
T3
1.76 1.68 1.73 1.71 6.88 1.72
GRAND TOTAL
28.61
GRAND
MEAN
1.78
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION
SQUARE
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 0.05527969 0.01842656 21.99** 3.49 5.95
Error
12 0.01005625 0.00083802
TOTAL
15 0.06533594
**= Highly significant
CV = 1.62%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
25
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Total gain in weight (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
1.72 1.69 1.65 1.71 6.78 1.69
T1
1.81 1.75 1.81 1.80 7.19 1.79
T2
1.81 1.76 1.84 1.81 7.23 1.80
T3
1.71 1.68 1.65 1.71 6.77 1.69
GRAND
TOTAL
27.99
GRAND
MEAN
1.74
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION
SQUARE
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 0.05207821 0.01735940 20.98** 3.49 5.95
Error
12 0.00993043 0.00082754
TOTAL
15 0.06200864
**= highly significant
CV = 1.64%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
26
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Total feed consumption (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
4.51 3.74 3.72 3.67 15.66 3.91
T1
3.87 4.01 3.81 3.84 15.55 3.88
T2
3.88 3.675 4.01 3.85 15.42 3.85
T3
3.79 3.78 3.60 3.56 14.74 3.68
GRAND TOTAL
61.38
GRAND MEAN
3.83
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION
SQUARE
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 0.12667930 0.04222643 0.83ns 3.49 5.95
Error
12 0.61104219 0.05092018
TOTAL
15 0.73772148
ns= not significant
CV = 5.88%
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Water consumption (l)
REPLICATION
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
27
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
10.20 10.15 10.11 9.93 40.39 10.09
T1
11.92 11.98 10.13 9.96 43.99 10.99
T2
9.88 9.86 9.92 9.89 39.55 9.88
T3
10.02 9.70 9.99 9.57 39.28 9.82
GRAND
TOTAL
163.22
GRAND MEAN
10.20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION
SQUARE
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 3.55843750 1.18614583 3.72* 3.49 5.95
Error
12 3.82748750 0.31895729
TOTAL
15 7.38592500
*= significant
CV = 5.54%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
28
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Feed conversion ratio
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0 2.62 2.20 2.25 2.14 9.21
2.30
T1 2.13 2.26 2.10 2.13 8.62
2.15
T2 2.14 2.07 2.18 2.12
8.51
2.12
T3 2.21 2.23 2.17 2.07 8.68 2.17
GRAND TOTAL
35.02
GRAND MEAN
2.18
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION
SQUARE
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 0.07272500 0.02424167 1.64ns 3.49 5.95
Error
12 0.17725000 0.01477083
TOTAL
15 0.24997500
ns= not significant
CV = 5.55%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
29
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Feed cost per kg gain in weight (PhP)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
63.40 53.24 54.45 51.78 222.88 55.72
T1
51.54 54.69 50.82 51.54 208.60 52.15
T2
51.78 50.09 52.75 51.30 205.94 51.48
T3
53.48 53.96 52.51 50.09 210.05 52.51
GRAND TOTAL
847.48
GRAND
MEAN
52.96
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION
SQUARE
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 42.59066900 0.02424167 1.64ns 3.49 5.95
Error
12 0.17725000 0.01477083
TOTAL
15 0.24997500
ns= not significant
CV = 5.55%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
30
APPENDIX 8. Return on investment (PhP)
SOURCES OF
EXPENDITURE T0
T1
T2
T3
________________________________________________________________________
Stocks
1,880
1,880
1,880
1,880
Materials and
Equipment
165.50
165.50
165.50
165.50
Vaccine 21.87
21.87
21.87
21.87
FEE
0
483.94 870.10
1,296.40
Feeds
3,789.72 3,764.31 3,732.85 3,568.89
Electricity
35
35
35
35
Water
30
30
30
30
Labor
35
35
35
35
TOTAL
5,957.09
6,415.63
6,770.32
7,032.67
COST OF
PRODUCTION
Sales of broiler
7,650.50
8,118
8,134.50
7,573.50
GROSS
INCOME
7,650.50
8,118
8,134.50
7,573.50
________________________________________________________________________
NET PROFIT
1,693.40 1,702.37 1,364.175 540.82
ROI (%)
28.42
26.54
20.14
7.69
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
BANUT, MARLON EMPER. APRIL 2010. Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the
Growth Performance of Cobb Broilers. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Myrna B. Walsiyen, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Poultry Experimental Station
from December to January 2010 to evaluate the effect of fermented fish extract on the growth
performance of Cobb broilers. Specifically, it aimed to determine growth rate, feed consumption,
feed conversion ratio, morbidity and mortality rate of broilers as affected by the supplementation
of fermented fish extract through drinking water.
Following the Complete Randomized Design, 160 heads of one day-old Cobb broilers
were distributed randomly into four treatments, which were replicated four times with ten birds
per replicate comprising a total of forty birds per treatment.
Based on the results of the study, revealed that there were no significant differences
between treatments in terms of initial weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and the
feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight. Highly significant differences were observed in
the final weight and gain in weight and a significant difference were observed in the water
consumption of the birds.
Birds given 20 and 40 ml FFE supplementation had heavier weights at the end of the
study and had higher gains in weight compared to the control birds or those given no FFE
supplementation. Increasing, however, the level of FFE supplementation to 60 ml per liter of
water did not result to a further increase in the final weight and gain in weight
of the birds. Instead, the higher level of FFE supplementation had greatly altered the taste of the
drinking water, not to the likings of the birds, hence the lower water consumption.
Though the birds given 20 and 40 ml FFE supplementation were heavier in weights
yielding to a higher net profit, still lower returns were observed from them compared to the
control birds. This was because the costs of the fish and sugar used were that expensive and the
increase in the net profit was not enough to offset their costs.
Based on the results of the study, adding 20 ml but not exceed to 40 ml of FFE into the
drinking water of the birds results to higher gains in weight. However, it is recommended that the
FFE supplementation should be done in times when the price is cheap to have higher returns.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography.............................................................................................................. i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………….... . iii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………… 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.............................................................................. 12
Initial Weight……………………………………………………………... 12
Final Weight……………………………………………………………… 12
Total Gain in Weight……………………………………………………………… 13
Total Feed and Water Consumption………………….…………………... 15
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)…………………………………………….. 16
Feed Cost Per Kg Gain in Weight………………………………………..…. 17
Mortality and Morbidity Rates………………………………….…………. 17
Return on Investment………………………………………………………. 18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………………. 20
Summary………………………………………………………………….. 20
Conclusion………………………………………………………………… 21
Recommendation………………………………………………………….. 21
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………. 22
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………... 23
INTRODUCTION
The main goal of the broiler raisers is to produce meat efficiently and at the least possible
cost. With this goal, a lot of feed additives have been produced which are now being used by the
broiler raisers to improve the performance or to increase production of their birds. Examples of
these feed additives are antibiotics and other synthetic growth promotants. However, most of the
meat consumers today are now too conscious on what they eat. Just as they don’t like to eat
vegetables laden with pesticide residues, they don’t like to eat meat laden with antibiotic residues
and/or residues of other synthetic feed additives. If they have their own way and means, they
would prefer to eat the so called “organic meat”, a meat derived from animals fed with organic
feeds and free from chemical residues or if not, the meat may contain chemical residues but it
should be very minimal.
To satisfy the demand of the meat consumers of today, the broiler raisers are now geared
to the use of probiotics or organic products like fermented fresh product. It is then, the aim of
this study to determine the effect of fermented fish extract on the performance of broilers.
Fish is one of the very important components of our diet, because it contains essential
minerals and other nutrients which our body requires that is not present into other food that we
eat. As such, people tend to eat fish not just because of its low price, palatability and satiety
value but also because of its nutritional content which contributes to human health. In fact some
are referring to fish as “rich food for poor people.
The proximate composition of fresh fish according to Olivo (1990) is as follows: 61.34%
crude protein, 6.94% ether extract, 2.23% crude fiber, 6.32% ash, 15.72%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
2
nitrogen free extract, 90.32% dry matter, 1.80% potassium, 1.50% sodium, 0.89% calcium,
1.19% phosphorus, and 0.30% magnesium.
The result of the study will benefit not only the researcher himself but also the broiler
raisers in particular and also the broiler industry as a whole. Instead of making use of some
synthetic feed additives, the broiler raisers may make use of fermented fish extract most
especially in places where fishes are abundant and at times when the price of fish is cheap to
improve the performance of their birds. The result may also serve as reference material to other
students and other researchers to come up with follow-up researches.
The study generally aims to determine the effect of fermented fish extract on the growth
performance of broilers.
Specifically, it aims to:
1.
Find out the performance of broilers treated with fermented fish extract in terms
of growth rate, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, morbidity and mortality rate.
2.
Determine the level of fermented fish extract that will give the best broiler
performance.
3.
To determine the profitability of raising broilers given fermented fish extract.
The study was conducted at the BSU Poultry Experimental Station, La Trinidad,
Benguet. The experiment used a total of 160 Cobb broilers fed from December to January, 2010
or for a period of 42 days.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Campbell-Platt (1987) has defined fermented foods as those that have been subjected to
the action of microorganisms or enzymes so that a desirable biochemical change causes
significant modification to the food.
Fish is a rich source of vitamins, particularly vitamins A and D from fatty species, as well
as thiamin, riboflavin and niacin (vitamins B1, B2 and B3). Vitamin A from fish is more readily
available to the body than from plant foods. Vitamin A is required for normal vision and for bone
growth. Fatty fish contains more vitamin A than lean species. Studies have shown that mortality
is reduced for children under five with a good vitamin A status. As sun drying destroys most of
the available vitamin A better processing methods are required to preserve this vitamin. Vitamin
D present in fish liver and oils is crucial for bone growth since it is essential for the absorption
and metabolism of calcium. Thiamin, niacin and riboflavin are important for energy metabolism.
If eaten fresh, fish also contains a little vitamin C which is important for proper healing of
wounds, normal health of body tissues and aids in the absorption of iron in the human body
(Lachica, 2003).
Olivo (1990) cited that the proximate composition of fish is as follows: 61.34% crude
protein, 6.94% ether extract, 2.23% crude fiber, 6.32% ash, 15.72% nitrogen free extract,
90.32% dry matter, 1.80% potassium, 1.50% sodium, 0.89% calcium, 1.19% phosphorus, 0.30%
magnesium. He also cited that proteins are important for growth and development of the body,
maintenance and repairing of worn out tissues and for production of enzymes and hormones
required for many body processes. The importance of fish in providing easily digested protein of
high biological value is well documented.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
4
In the past, this has served as a justification for promoting fisheries and aquaculture
activities in several countries. On a fresh weight basis, fish contains a good quantity of protein,
about 18-20%, and contains all the eight essential amino acids including the sulphur-containing
lysine, methionine, and cysteine. As most maize-based diets lack these compounds, rural
households in Africa dependent on maize greatly benefit by increasing their fish consumption.
Fish also complements cassava-based diets which are generally low in protein.
Natural farming system (NFS) is a technology of agriculture that uses environmentally
sound technique for raising crops and livestock that are free from most synthetic pesticide,
growth hormones, and antibiotics. NFS farmers typically rely on farm inputs like pesticides,
fungicides and fertilizers derived from plants, animal waste, and minerals. They incorporate
biological methods such as the use of one organism to suppress another to help control pest.
Methods used seek to increase soil fertility, balance insect population, and reduce air, soil, and
water pollution (Tinoyan, 2006)
The lipids associated with fish are highly unsaturated and highly susceptible to be
oxidized. Amino acid quality of fish is excellent, but excessive heating during the drying process
can reduce digestibility of the protein fraction and complex some of the amino acids, so that they
are not available. The oils associated with fish meal contain highly unsaturated and are oxidized
easily (Agris, 2000)
Gill (2000) stated that to produce a quality of meat, it is best to use organic feeds which
are formulated ration without using synthetic chemicals. Formulated rations such as organic
feeds are more economical than commercial feeds. Organic chicken refers to the animal reared in
semi-out door conditions and fed diets without using chemicals. He
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
5
also reported that the threshold for organic feed components rises to 80% and it could become
100% within five years. Even synthetic amino acids such as lysine and methionine will be
questionable.
Administration of probiotics via the drinking water has beneficial effects on broiler
performance. In the field trials, probiotic treatment significantly improved feed conversion ratio
and total final body weight and mortality was reduced (Timmerman, 2006).
Organic acids inhibit the growth of bacteria through several proposed mechanisms. One
of the accepted mechanisms involves the disruption of cell membrane transport functions that
allow bacteria to maintain relatively state of equilibrium with their environment by absorbing
nutrients and excreting waste. In addition to reducing the growth of pathogenic bacteria, organic
acids facilitate the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifid bacteria throughout the digestive tract of
poultry and other animals. These bacteria improve gut health by producing lactic, acetic,
propionic, and butyric acid, organic acids that further limit the growth and colonization of
pathogenic bacteria throughout the digestive tract (Poultry International, Inc. 2006).
Many poultry nutritionist in Europe and other parts of the world that are not using
antibiotics, agree that organic acids can replace the growth promoting properties of antibiotics in
poultry feed. In addition to enhancing and maintaining performance, organic acids have been
shown to improve the meat quality, reduce the impact of poultry production in the environment
and enhance the welfare of poultry (Poultry International, Inc. 2006).
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
6
Banning antibiotics as a standard additive to poultry feed has cause a lot of turmoil
especially among broiler growers. Producers as well as manufacturers of feed additives are
hastily looking for alternatives. Results from study works show that, to a large extent, lactic acids
can take over the growth promoting properties of antibiotics (Poultry International, Inc. 2006).
Francisco (1992) mentioned that the reason why poultry and livestock farmers are giving
daily feed supplements and other substances to their animals is to minimize production cost and
also to improve feed efficiency and the animal’s appetite.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials and equipments used in the study were as follows: 160 day-old Cobb
broiler chicks, weighing scale, measuring cups, spoon or syringe, cleaning materials,
disinfectant, incandescent bulbs, old news paper sheets, vaccine, brooding and rearing cages,
record book and feeding and drinking troughs. For the production of fermented fish extract
(FFE), the following materials were used: Fish (Decapterus macrosoma) commonly known as
Galongong or Bulilit, crude sugar, earthen jar, string, clean sheet of paper to cover the jar.
Two weeks before the arrival of the chicks, the broiler experimental house most
especially the brooding/rearing cage are divided into 16 compartments to accommodate the four
treatments, each with four replications of the study. Electric wirings were also installed ready to
be provided with incandescent bulbs. Furthermore, the brooding/rearing cages were thoroughly
cleaned with water and laundry soap after which these were disinfected.
Two days before the chicks arrived, the old newspaper sheets were spread on the floor of
the brooding cage. This was to help conserve heat and to minimize the entrance of draft inside
the brooding cage. It also served as receptacle for the feeds for the first few days. Incandescent
bulbs were provided and these were lighted few hours before the chicks arrived so that the
brooding cages were already warm when the chicks were placed inside it.
Upon arrival, the chicks were distributed to the different treatment following the
completely randomized design (CRD) and were placed inside the brooding compartment
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
8
assigned to them. However, before the chicks were placed in their respective compartment, their
weights were obtained and recorded.
There were four treatments in the study. Each treatment had four replications with 10
birds per replication making a total of 40 birds per treatment. The different treatments were as
follows:
To= no FFE supplementation/pure water.
T1= 20 ml of FFE supplementation per liter of water.
T2= 40 ml of FFE supplementation per liter of water.
T3= 60 ml of FFE supplementation per liter of water.
All of the birds were provided with the same management except on the level of
fermented fish extract (FFE) added into their drinking water. Birds in the control group (T0)
were given pure water i.e. without FFE supplementation. Birds in treatment 1 were given 20 ml
of FFE per liter of water, treatment 2, with 40 ml and treatment 3 with 60 ml FFE
supplementation per liter of water. The FFE was introduced to the birds at day old until the end
of the study or until the birds were 42 days old.
Ad libitum feeding was employed from the start until the end of the study. Chick booster
was given to the chicks for the first two weeks of age. This was shifted to broiler starter mash for
the next two weeks (15th -30th days) and then to finisher ration until the end of the study (31st
days to 42nd days old). Water was always available at all times. Washing of the drinking gallons
was done every late in the afternoon and early in the morning.
Lighting of the brooding cages was done day and night. However, as a precaution, light
was turned-off for a period of 1 hour daily which was done every 5-6 pm daily
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
9
during the first two weeks. This was done for the purpose of making the birds accustomed to
dark surroundings so that they should not be greatly affected during brown outs.
During the rearing period, the light intensity was reduced especially in the afternoon.
Depending on the weather condition, lightning was only being done at night time.
To maintain the good health of the birds, strict hygiene and sanitation were maintained.
Manure of the birds was scraped daily. Newspaper sheets that were used for the first 3 weeks
were changed daily.
Weeks before the start of the study, the FFE was prepared. To produce it, fresh fishes
(Decapterus macrosoma locally known as galongong or bulilit) were purchased directly from the
fish vendors in the locality early in the morning. The fishes were washed thoroughly after which,
these were drained to remove excess water. These were then placed inside a basin and were
sliced into small pieces or even mashed. Into the mashed fishes, crude sugar was added at the
level of 1 kg for every kilogram of mashed fished and the mixture were mixed thoroughly. The
mixture was transferred into a bottle container, with a clean sheet of cloth or paper and a string
was tied around it to secure the cover. The bottle was placed in a cool, dry and shaded area to
allow the fishes to ferment for a period of 2 weeks. After the fermentation period, the concoction
of the fishes was extracted by using a strainer or by putting the fish mixture inside a clean cloth
and then the cloth was squeezed to extract the concoction. To minimize contamination of the fish
concoction or from being affected with molds, this was poured into several small clean
containers and sealed properly and well stored in a clean, cool, dry and shaded room.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
10
A good FFE can be determined is through its smell especially after fermentation wherein,
its smell is similar to that of wine, vinegar, or banana. There should be no molds present, strong
fish smell, and other symptoms of contamination.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Initial weight (kg). This was obtained by getting the weight of the chicks at the start of
the study.
2. Final weight (kg). This was obtained by getting the individual weights of the birds at
the end of the study or 42 days old.
3. Feed offered. This was taken by weighing the amount of feeds offered to the birds
during the experimental period.
4. Water offered. This was taken by measuring the amount of water offered to the birds
each day.
5. Feed left-over. This was obtained by taking the weight of the feed left-over of the
birds. This was done every morning before feeding time.
6.
Water
left-over. This was obtained by taking the measurement of the water left-over of
the birds. This was done every early in the morning and late in the evening.
7.
Morbidity. This refers to the number of birds that got sick during the experimental
period.
8.
Mortality. This refers to the number of birds that died during the study.
9. Cost of production. This refers to the cost of each of the materials used in the study.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
11
From the above data, the following was computed:
1. Gain in weight (kg). This is the difference between the initial weight from the final
weight of the birds.
2. Feed consumption (kg). This refers to the amount of feed given to each experimental
bird throughout the experiment.
3. Water consumption (ml). This refers to the amount of water given to each experimental
bird throughout the experiment.
4. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). This was obtained by dividing the total fed
consumption by the gain in weight of each bird.
5. Feed cost to produce a kg broiler. This was obtained by multiplying the FCR by the
cost of a kg of feed.
6. Morbidity rate (%). This was obtained by dividing the number of birds that got sick by
the total number of birds at the end of the study multiplied by 100%.
7. Mortality rate (%). This was obtained by dividing the number of birds that died by the
total number of birds multiplied by 100%.
8. Net profit. This was obtained by deducting all the cost of production from the total
sales.
9. Return on investment (ROI). This was obtained by dividing the net profit by the total
cost of production multiplied by 100%.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight
Table 1 shows that the mean initial weights of the birds in the different treatments which ranged
from 40.10 g t0 41.50 g was not significant. This indicates that the experimental birds were more
or less of the same weight at the start of the study.
Final Weight
The mean final weights of the birds are shown in Table 2. It is shown in the table that the
control group had a mean of 1.73875 kg while the 20, 40, 60 ml groups had means of 1.84500
kg, 1.84875 kg, and 1.72125 kg, respectively.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences between treatments
means. The birds given fermented fish extract at 20 and 40 ml had significantly heaveir final
weights compared to the control group and the birds given fermented fish extract at the level of
60 ml. This observation implies that 20 to 40 ml of FFE is the optimum amount needed to
increase the weight of the birds because when the amount was raised to 60 ml, no significant
increase in the final weight was observed.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
13
Table 1. Mean initial weights of birds in the different treatments
TREATMENT
INITIAL WEIGHT (g)
Control
41.5000a
20 ml of fermented fish extract
41.1250a
40 ml of fermented fish extract
40.7500a
60 ml of fermented fish extract
40.1000a
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Table 2. Mean final weights of the birds in the different treatments
TREATMENT
FINAL WEIGHT (kg)
Control
1.7387b
20 ml of fermented fish extract
1.8450a
40 ml of fermented fish extract
1.8487a
60 ml of fermented fish extract
1.7212b
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Total Gain in Weight
Table 3 shows the mean total gain in weight of birds per treatment. It is shown that the
control group had a mean of 1.6897 kg while the broilers given 20, 40 and 60 ml FFE had means
of 1.8037 kg, 1.8080 kg, and 1.6939 kg, respectively.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
14
Statistical analysis revealed that there were highly significant differences between
treatment means.
Table 3. Total gain in weight of birds from 1 to 42 days of age
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
Control
1.6897b
20 ml of fermented fish extract
1.8037a
40 ml of fermented fish extract
1.8080a
60 ml of fermented fish extract
1.6939b
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
The birds given 20 and 40 ml FFE supplementation had significantly higher gains in
weight compared to the control group or those given no FFE supplementations and surprisingly
even those given 60 ml FFE supplementation. This result implies that mixing FFE into the
drinking water of Cobb broilers at the level of 20 to 40 ml per liter of water had improved their
growth rates resulting to the higher gains in weight. The higher gains in weight could have been
attributed by the additional protein intake which the birds obtained from their drinking water as
this was supplemented with FFE and also the other
growth promoting properties of FFE as an organic acid.
Fish, according to Olivo (1990), provide easily digested protein of high biological value
and proteins are important for growth and development of the body maintenance and repair of
worn out tissues and for production of enzymes and hormones required for many body process.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
15
Also, as cited in the Poultry International, Inc. (2006), organic acids can replace the growth of
pathogenic bacteria. It also facilitates the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifid bacteria throughout
the digestive tract of poultry and other
animal. These bacteria improve gut health by producing lactic, acetic, propionic, and butyric
acid. Organic acid that further limit the growth and colonization of pathogenic bacteria
throughout the digestive tract.
No further increase in the gains in weight however was observed from the birds given 60
ml FFE supplementation. This was probably because the birds did not like the taste of their
drinking water as evidenced by their lower water consumption.
Total Feed and Water Consumption
Table 4 presents the total feed and water consumptions of the birds in the different
treatments during the entire duration of the study.
Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences among the four
treatments in the feed consumptions of the birds which ranged from 3.6869 to 3.9150 kg. This
means that FFE did not alter the feed consumption of the broilers. It also
implies that the experimental birds in all the treatments consumed more or less the same amount
of birds.
With regards to the water consumption, statistical analysis revealed that the birds in the
control group and those given 20 ml FFE supplementation had higher water consumption
compared to the birds given 40 and 60 ml FFE supplementation. This result implies that the FFE
when given at the level of 20 ml per liter of water did not affect the water consumption of the
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
16
birds. However, when the level of FFE was increased to 40 and 60 ml, the water consumptions of
the birds were reduced. This means that the FFE could have possibly altered the taste of the
water which was not relished by the birds, hence the lower consumption.
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
The mean feed conversion ratios of the birds in the different treatments are shown
in Table 5. Noticeable differences between treatment means are observed, however these
differences are still considered too small to cause significant effects as revealed by the statistical
analysis.
Table 4. Total feed and total water consumption of the birds in the different treatments
MEAN*_________
TREATMENT
FEED
(kg) WATER (l)
Control
3.9150a
10.0975a
20 ml of fermented fish extract
3.8888a
10.9975a
40 ml of fermented fish extract
3.8563a
9.8875b
60 ml of fermented fish extract
3.6869a
9.8200b
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Table 5. Feed conversion ratio of the birds in different treatments
TREATMENT
FCR
Control
2.30250a
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
17
20 ml of fermented fish extract
2.15500a
40 ml of fermented fish extract
2.12750a
60 ml of fermented fish extract
2.17000a
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
Feed Cost Per Kg Gain in Weight
Table 6 shows the mean feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight of the birds in all
the treatment ranging from PhP 51.486 observed from the birds given 40 ml FFE
supplementation to PhP 55.721 observed from the control group.
Statistical analysis revealed that there are no significant differences between treatment
means. This implies that supplementing the drinking water of the birds with FFE at the rate of
20-60 ml did not alter the feed cost to produce a kilogram gain in weight of the birds in all
treatments.
Morbidity and Mortality Rates
No mortality among the birds in all the treatments was incurred during the entire duration
of the study despite of the very cold weather conditions particularly at night time and the hot
weather conditions during the middle of the day. This was because the birds was properly
monitored and managed all throughout the study. There were no illnesses incurred by the birds
particularly digestive disturbances. This indicates that
Table 6. Mean feed cost per kg gain in weight
TREATMENT
FEED COST/KG (PhP)
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
18
Control
55.721a
20 ml of fermented fish extract
52.151a
40 ml of fermented fish extract
51.486a
60 ml of fermented fish extract
52.514a
*Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 DMRT
supplementing the drinking water of the birds with FFE at the level of 20-60 ml will not cause
any digestive disturbances in birds. Instead, it helps protect the birds against diseases.
Return on Investment
Table 7 shows the cost and return analysis obtained from the birds in the different
treatments though this parameter was not subjected to statistical analysis, results revealed
that the birds given with no FFE supplementation or those assigned to the control group had the
highest return on investment of 28.42 %. This was followed by the birds given 20 and 40 ml FFE
supplementation with return on investment of 26.54 % and 20.14 %, respectively the birds given
the highest amount of FFE supplementation of 60 ml gave the lowest return on investment of
only 7.69 %.
Because of the heavier weight of the birds particularly those given 20 and 40 ml FFE
supplementation, higher sales were also obtained from them compared to the birds from control
group. However, still lower on investment were realized because of the higher cost of production
brought about by the cost of fish and sugar used to produce the FFE. This results implies that
FFE may be given to the birds at the rate of 20-40 ml per liter of their drinking water but it
should be given in times when fish is cheap to have higher returns.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
19
With what was cited in the Poultry International, Inc. (2006), an organic acid inhibits the
growth of pathogenic bacteria.
Table 7. Return on investment and net profits per treatment
TOTAL
TOTAL NET
TREATMENT
COST
SALES PROFIT ROI
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(%)
Control
5,957.09
7,650.50 1,693.40 28.42
20 ml of fermented fish extract
6,415.63
8,118 1,702.37 26.54
40 ml of fermented fish extract
6,770.32
8,134.5 1,364.17 20.14
60 ml of fermented fish extract
7,032.67
7,573.5 540.82 7.69
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This researched aimed to determine the effect of fermented fish extract (FFE) on the
growth performance of Cobb broilers when given at the levels of 20 ml, 40 ml, and 60 ml per
liter of drinking water.
Following the Complete Randomized Design (CRD), 160 broiler chicks were grouped
into four treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with ten birds per replication. Set
of the birds in the different treatments were subjected to the same management from the start to
the end of the study. The only difference was on the level of FFE supplementation given to them
depending on what treatment were these birds assigned.
Results of the study revealed that there were no significant differences between
treatments in terms of initial weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, and the feed cost
to produce a kilogram gain in weight. Highly significant differences were observed in the final
weight and gain in weight and a significant difference were observed in the water consumption
of the birds.
Birds given 20 and 40 ml FFE supplementation had heavier weights at the end of the
study and had higher gains in weight compared to the control birds or those given no FFE
supplementation. Increasing, however, the level of FFE supplementation to 60 ml per liter of
water did not result to a further increase in the final weight and gain in weight of the birds.
Instead, the higher level of FFE supplementation had greatly altered the taste of the drinking
water, not to the likings of the birds, hence the lower water consumption.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
21
Though the birds given 20 and 40 ml FFE supplementation were heavier in weights
yielding to a higher net profit, still lower returns were observed from them compared to the
control birds. This was because the costs of the fish and sugar used were that expensive and the
increase in the net profit was not enough to offset their costs.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, is therefore concluded that giving FFE to the birds at
the rate of 20 but not exceed 40 ml per liter of drinking water resulted to higher gains in weight.
Increasing the level of FFE to 60 ml did not result to a corresponding increase in the gain in
weight. It is also concluded that adding FFE into the drinking water of the birds at the rate of 20-
60 ml per liter did not alter the feed consumption of the birds and did not cause any digestive
disturbance. Furthermore, higher sales were obtained the birds given 20-40 ml of FFE
supplementation because of their heavier body weights but still lower return on investment were
realized because of the additional expenditures incurred in producing the FFE.
Recommendation
Based on the result of the study, it is recommended that FFE can be given to the birds at
the rate of 20 ml but not to exceed 40 ml per liter of their drinking water, however, it should be
given at times when the price of fish is cheap to have higher return on investment. It should also
recommended that further study should be conducted to include the nutrient analysis of the meat
derived from the birds given FFE supplementation and perhaps a similar study be conducted but
should involved lower levels of sugar in the production of FFE.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
22
LITERATURE CITED
AGRIS, D. M. 2000. Fish and Human Nutrition. Animal Feed Resources Information
Guide.
29 (3): 169-172
CAMPBELL – PLATT, G. 1987. Fermented foods on the world-a dictionary and guide.
London, Butterworth’s. ISBN: 0-407-00313-4.
FRANCISCO, C. C. 1992. Farmers Management Practice in Livestock and Poultry
Production. MS Thesis. UPLB, College Laguna. Pp.120.
GILL, C. 2000. Originally Dutch. Feed International 21 (4):63.
LACHICA, J. C. 2003. Fish and Human Nutrition. Animal Feed Resources Information Guide.
29 (3): 132-136
OLIVO, J. L. 1990. The World Fish Center Industry.http://www.world
fish.org/abstract/full/6/37/8234.Retreived September 18, 2009.
POULTRY INTERNATIONAL INC. 2006. Organic acids are healthy feed supplements. Watt
poultry-Vol.22 No.10.WP www.WattPoultry.Com. P.13-19.
TIMMERMAN, H. M. 2006. Mortality and Growth Performance of Broilers Given
Drinking Water Supplemented with Chicken-Specific Probiotics.http://
www.ps.fass.org/cgi/content/full/85/8/1383.Retreived on August 14, 2009.
TINOYAN, E L. 2006. Practical guide on natural farming system (NFS) crop production.
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
23
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Initial weight (g)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
42.0 41.0 41.0 42.0
166.0
41.50
T1
42.0 40.0 42.0 42.0
166.0
41.50
T2
42.0 42.0 40.0 39.0
163.0
40.75
T3
42.0 42.4 41.0 39.0
164.4 40.10
GRAND TOTAL
659.4
GRAND
MEAN
41.21
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION SQUARES
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 1.12687500 0.37562500 0.25ns 3.49 5.95
Error
12 17.85750000 1.48812500
TOTAL
15 18.98437500
ns= not significant
CV = 2.97%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
24
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Final weight (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
1.76 1.74 1.69 1.75 6.95
1.73
T1
1.86 1.81 1.86 1.84 7.38
1.84
T2
1.85 1.81 1.88 1.85 7.39
1.84
T3
1.76 1.68 1.73 1.71 6.88 1.72
GRAND TOTAL
28.61
GRAND
MEAN
1.78
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION
SQUARE
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 0.05527969 0.01842656 21.99** 3.49 5.95
Error
12 0.01005625 0.00083802
TOTAL
15 0.06533594
**= Highly significant
CV = 1.62%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
25
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Total gain in weight (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
1.72 1.69 1.65 1.71 6.78 1.69
T1
1.81 1.75 1.81 1.80 7.19 1.79
T2
1.81 1.76 1.84 1.81 7.23 1.80
T3
1.71 1.68 1.65 1.71 6.77 1.69
GRAND
TOTAL
27.99
GRAND
MEAN
1.74
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION
SQUARE
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 0.05207821 0.01735940 20.98** 3.49 5.95
Error
12 0.00993043 0.00082754
TOTAL
15 0.06200864
**= highly significant
CV = 1.64%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
26
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Total feed consumption (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
4.51 3.74 3.72 3.67 15.66 3.91
T1
3.87 4.01 3.81 3.84 15.55 3.88
T2
3.88 3.675 4.01 3.85 15.42 3.85
T3
3.79 3.78 3.60 3.56 14.74 3.68
GRAND TOTAL
61.38
GRAND MEAN
3.83
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION
SQUARE
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 0.12667930 0.04222643 0.83ns 3.49 5.95
Error
12 0.61104219 0.05092018
TOTAL
15 0.73772148
ns= not significant
CV = 5.88%
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Water consumption (l)
REPLICATION
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
27
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
10.20 10.15 10.11 9.93 40.39 10.09
T1
11.92 11.98 10.13 9.96 43.99 10.99
T2
9.88 9.86 9.92 9.89 39.55 9.88
T3
10.02 9.70 9.99 9.57 39.28 9.82
GRAND
TOTAL
163.22
GRAND MEAN
10.20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION
SQUARE
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 3.55843750 1.18614583 3.72* 3.49 5.95
Error
12 3.82748750 0.31895729
TOTAL
15 7.38592500
*= significant
CV = 5.54%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
28
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Feed conversion ratio
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0 2.62 2.20 2.25 2.14 9.21
2.30
T1 2.13 2.26 2.10 2.13 8.62
2.15
T2 2.14 2.07 2.18 2.12
8.51
2.12
T3 2.21 2.23 2.17 2.07 8.68 2.17
GRAND TOTAL
35.02
GRAND MEAN
2.18
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION
SQUARE
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 0.07272500 0.02424167 1.64ns 3.49 5.95
Error
12 0.17725000 0.01477083
TOTAL
15 0.24997500
ns= not significant
CV = 5.55%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
29
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Feed cost per kg gain in weight (PhP)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
63.40 53.24 54.45 51.78 222.88 55.72
T1
51.54 54.69 50.82 51.54 208.60 52.15
T2
51.78 50.09 52.75 51.30 205.94 51.48
T3
53.48 53.96 52.51 50.09 210.05 52.51
GRAND TOTAL
847.48
GRAND
MEAN
52.96
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DF
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
TABULAR F
VARIATION
SQUARE
SQUARE 0.05 0.01
Treatment
3 42.59066900 0.02424167 1.64ns 3.49 5.95
Error
12 0.17725000 0.01477083
TOTAL
15 0.24997500
ns= not significant
CV = 5.55%
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
30
APPENDIX 8. Return on investment (PhP)
SOURCES OF
EXPENDITURE T0
T1
T2
T3
________________________________________________________________________
Stocks
1,880
1,880
1,880
1,880
Materials and
Equipment
165.50
165.50
165.50
165.50
Vaccine 21.87
21.87
21.87
21.87
FEE
0
483.94 870.10
1,296.40
Feeds
3,789.72 3,764.31 3,732.85 3,568.89
Electricity
35
35
35
35
Water
30
30
30
30
Labor
35
35
35
35
TOTAL
5,957.09
6,415.63
6,770.32
7,032.67
COST OF
PRODUCTION
Sales of broiler
7,650.50
8,118
8,134.50
7,573.50
GROSS
INCOME
7,650.50
8,118
8,134.50
7,573.50
________________________________________________________________________
NET PROFIT
1,693.40 1,702.37 1,364.175 540.82
ROI (%)
28.42
26.54
20.14
7.69
Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on the Growth Performance of
Cobb Broilers / Marlon E. Banut 2010
Document Outline
- Effect of Fermented Fish Extract on theGrowth Performance of Cobb Broilers.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES