BIBLIOGRAPHY CARACHO, YVONNE A. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CARACHO, YVONNE A. APRIL 2013. Comparative Performance of Growing
Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas)
and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta). Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, PhD.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at Panad, West, Poblacion, Mankayan, Benguet from
August to October 2012 to determine the response of growing pigs to some indigenous
feedstuffs, namely, camote and galiang in combination with commercial feeds.
The study was conducted to determine the response of growing pigs of camote and
galiang in combination with commercial feeds. Specifically, the study aimed to determine
the response of growing pigs in terms of gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion
ratio of growing pigs an, feed cost and morbidity and to determine the Return on Investment
(ROI) when fed with commercial feeds plus camote and galiang. A total of 9 pigs were
allocated into 3 treatments with 3 replications following the Completely Randomized
Design (CRD). The different treatment were T0- pure commercial feeds, T1- 75%
commercial feeds plus 25% camote leaves and vines and T2- 75% commercial feeds plus
25% cooked galiang.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among treatments in the
initial weight, final weight, total gain in weight and average gain in weight of pigs.
However in terms of feed conversion ratio DM basis, feed cost per kilogram gain in weight,
total feed consumption, dry matter intake and daily dry matter intake highly significant
differences between treatments were observed.
Pigs used in this study had an average initial weight of 11.900 kg at 10 weeks of
age, an average final weight mean of 51.644 kg, total gain in weight of 39.744 kg and
average daily gain in weight of 0.510 kg after 78 days of feeding.
For the feed conversion ratio (FCR) DM basis, the pigs given commercial feeds
had FCR of 5.267 kg while pigs given commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines had
a mean FCR of 3.982 kg. The lowest FCR was obtained from pigs given commercial feeds
plus cooked galiang with a mean of 3.477 kg.
Finally, in terms of Return on Investment (ROI), the highest was observed in pigs
given commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines which was 10.86%. This was
followed by the pigs fed with pure commercial feeds which was 7.82% and lastly, by pigs
given commercial feeds plus cooked galiang which was 5.07%.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
INTRODUCTION
Pig farming is a source of protein for the family, a valuable source of organic
fertilizer for rice paddies and vegetable plots. It also plays an important role in farming
system and a means of augmenting of family. At present, one of the challenges in swine
production is shortage and high costs of commercial feeds that supply the proper amount
of nutrients needed by the animals. Hence alternative feed resources are resorted.
Camote is a versatile vine ideal for home gardens because it has the ability to grow
in any kind of soil condition and can survive in adverse/ diverse environment. Camote is a
good source of calorie and carbohydrates. The yellow-orange flesh contains the higher
amount of pro-vitamin-A (carotene). The leaves are excellent source of pro-vitamin A and
thereby contribute in the prevention of Vitamin A deficiency. Aside from its nutritional
value, sweet potato is important as an excellent supplement staple food, for its medicinal
value, and as a source of feeds for animals like rabbit and swine.
Galiang is traditionally grown in marginal areas, backyard gardens, or portions of
a field as a source of vegetable, snack food and animal feeds. As a vegetable, practically
all parts from leaves, petioles, corms, cormels and rhizomes are used. The corms and
cormels are a good substitute staple to rice as they contain high amount of carbohydrates
like camote. The leaves and petioles are very good source of pro-vitamin A.
Today, Camote and galiang is also a good source of cash income since it does not
require much cash input. Labor and planting materials constitute the bulk of the production
cost which are often provided by the farmer as non-cash input.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Most backyard swine raisers in the cordillera, feed their pigs with the camote and
galiang as a means of reducing feed cost. The common practice is to feed their pigs with
these otherwise farm wastes, either raw or cooked, in combination with rice bran or
commercial feed.
There were studies conducted previously on the utilization of the above feedstuffs
as feeds to pigs. However until now, there are no established levels of each of these
feedstuffs in the swine ration. There is a great need to explore different feeding regiments
of using camote leaves and vines and galiang as feeds to growing- fattening pigs.
This study was conducted to study the utilization of the above feedstuffs as feeds
to pigs. The result of this study could serve as a guide to the swine raisers and also to
researchers. This may also benefit farmers most especially those who grow sweet potato
and galiang.
Generally, the study was conducted to determine the response of growing pigs to
some indigenous feedstuffs, namely, camote and galiang in combination with commercial
feeds.
Specifically, the study aimed to:
a. determine the response of growing pigs in terms of gain in weight, feed
consumption, feed conversion ratio of growing pigs an, feed cost and morbidity; and
b. to determine the Return on Investment (ROI) when fed with commercial feeds
plus camote and galiang.
This study was conducted in Poblacion, Mankayan, Benguet from August 2012 to
October 2012.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In 1986, Quinio reported that sweet potato meal (Ipomoea batatas) is one of the
most common and major crop grown in Cordillera since time immemorial. This serves as
a good substitute for rice and a good source of feed for animals, during the civil war and in
time of economic depression, sweet potato has been reported as an everyday food. Grown
the whole year round, it is used for food consumption as feed for domestic animals. In her
study involving hogs, she observed that hogs given higher levels of sweet potato meal of
40% with commercial hog mash had higher gains in weight compared to those fed with
pure commercial feeds.
The camote tubers have high carbohydrate content while the leaves are rich in
protein, hence both can be used as animal feed. The vines include the leaf and stem, with
crude protein content in the leaves of 260-330g/kg DM compared with 100-140g/kg DM
in the stems (An, 2003).
Camote is one of the average calorie starch food (provide 90 cal/100g versus 70
calories/100g of white potato). It also provides a good amount of vital minerals such as
iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and potassium that are very essential for enzyme,
protein, and carbohydrate metabolism (Cullison and Lowrey, 1987).
According to SIM, M. J. et al, white sweetpotato fresh contents 73.5g moisture
content, 100kcal energy, 0.7g protein, 23.4g carbohydrates, 0.5g fat, 152mg calcium, 50mg
phosphorus, 1.1mg iron, 25ug B-carotene,0.13mg thiamin, 0.04mg riboflavin, 0.7mg
niacin, and 48mg vitamin C.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Boiled leaves of galiang contents 88g moisture content, 34kcal energy, 3.6g protein,
4.5g carbohydrates, 1.1g fat, 181mg calcium, 70mg phosphorus, 1.0mg iron, 10,055ug B-
carotene, 0.06mg thiamin, 0.21mg riboflavin, 1.1mg niacin, and 54mg vitamin C. Boiled
stalks and petioles of galiang also contents , 96.2g moisture content, 9kcal energy, 0.3g
protein, 2.2g carbohydrates, 0.1g fat, 63mg calcium, 22mg phosphorus, 0.8mg iron, 235ug
B-carotene, 0.01mg thiamin, 0.02mg riboflavin, 0.02mg niacin, and 3mg vitamin C. This
can sustain the human and animal requirements in terms of nutrient.
Bautista (1997) reported that green leafy vegetables such as young leaves of gabi,
sitao, sweet potato, chayote and Chinese cabbage, mustard, saluyot, malunggay, kangkong,
pechay would be an excellent source of vitamin A, vitamin C, Calcium, and potassium.
Generally, root crops like gabi, cassava, sweet potato, and ube contain a lot of food
energy. They are rich in proteins, vitamins, and carbohydrates. They can be good
supplement to rice and other staple food (Ynaya, 1993).
As for it galiang (Colocasia esculenta) has high starch content and on this account
is very nutritious. The leaves and petioles are also used as vegetables, being very good
source of calcium, phosphorus, and iron (Maranon, 1985). The corms, petioles, and leaf
blades are not only excellent as to taste but also rich in minerals. It is also a fair source of
vitamin B (Hermano and Sepulveda, 1984).
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study includes 9 head of pigs, camote leaves and vines,
galiang, commercial feeds, pig pen, feeding and drinking troughs, pails, stick broom,
weighing scale, record book, and pen.
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. Following the Completely Randomized
Design (CRD), the nine growers were distributed to three treatments. Each treatment was
replicated three times with one grower per replicate. Before the growers are placed into
their respective pens, their initial weights were taken individually.
The different treatments were as follows:
T0 -100% Commercial Feeds (CF) Control
T1 - 75% CF + 25% chopped camote leaves and vines
T2 - 75% CF + 25% cooked galiang stems and leaves
All the experimental pigs were equally treated except on the diet offered to each
treatment. The control pigs were fed with pure commercial feeds. The pigs under treatment
1 were given 750g commercial feeds and 250g chopped camote leaves and vines were
added. The pigs in treatment 2 were given 750g commercial feeds and 250g chopped and
cooked galiang were added.
To give time for the pigs to get adjusted to the new feeds that were offered to them,
the addition of the new feeds were gradual until the pigs reached 3 months of age. From 3
months and on, the above proportions were then followed.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Feeding was done twice a day, one in the morning during 6:00 to 6:30 and another
in the afternoon during 4:30 to 5:00. Adequate drinking water was always available.
Preparation of galiang and camote leaves. The camote leaves and galiang were
collected at Panad West, Poblacion, Mankayan, Benguet, the place where the study was
conducted. After collection, these were washed and allowed to drain. The camote leaves
and vines were chopped into small pieces approximately 0.50 inch to 0.75 inch long and
weighted based on the specified amounts before giving to the pigs. The galiang were also
chopped into small pieces approximately 0.50 inch to 1 inch long. Every five kilogram of
galiang were mixed with two liters of water and cooked within two hours, allowed it to
boil within one hour to remove toxic components and served to the pigs. This were fed
together with the commercial feeds.
Preparation of the pens. A week before the start of the study, the pigpens, including
the feeding troughs as well as the whole area of the growing house were cleaned and
disinfected.
Management of the pigs. All the experimental animals were subjected to the same
management except on the diet offered depending on the treatment assigned to individual
animals. To avoid and protect the pigs from diseases, cleaning of pigpens were done every
day.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
The amount of commercial feed given to experimental animals in treatment 1 and
2 were as follows (Entrepinoy, 2009):
AGE IN WEEKS
Kg feed/ day
10
1.0
11
1.1
12
1.2
13
1.4
14
1.5
15
1.6
16
1.7
17
1.8
18
1.9
19
2.0
20
2.1
Data Gathered
1. Initial body weight (kg). This is the weight of pigs at the start of the study
(65 days old).
2. Final body weight (kg). This is the weight of the pigs at the end of the study
(143 days old).
3. Feed offered (kg). This refers to the amount of the feeds given to the pigs
each day.
4. Feed left-over (kg). This is the amount of feeds not consumed by the pigs
which was taken every morning before feeding the pigs.
5. Cost of production (Php). This refers to the cost of all of the materials used
during the duration of the study period were recorded like for example the commercial
feeds, individual feedstuffs, etc.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
6. Dry matter content of feed (%). This was obtained by oven drying the
feed sample to constant weight.
Data computed:
1.
Total gain in weight (kg). This was computed by
taking the difference between the initial weight and final weight.
2.
Average daily gain in weight (ADG, kg). This was
obtained by dividing the total gain in weight by the number of feeding
days.
3.
Total feed consumption (kg). This refers to the total
amount of feed consumed by the pigs during the entire duration of the
study.
4. % Dry Matter. This was determined using the formula:
Dry weight of sample
% Dry Matter = X 100
Fresh weight of sample
5.
Dry Matter intake (Kg). This refers to the total and
daily dry matter intake of pigs. This was computed using the formula:
Dry Matter intake = Feed consumption X % Dry matter
Daily DM intake = Total DM intake / Experimental days
6.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR, kg). This was obtained
by dividing the total feed consumption by the total gain in weight.
7.
Feed cost per kilogram gain in weight (Php). This
was computed by multiplying the FCR by the cost of 1 kilogram feed.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
8.
Morbidity Rate. This was obtained by dividing the
number of animals that got sick by the initial number of pigs multiplied
by 100.
9.
Net profit (Php). This was obtained by subtracting
the total cost of production from the total sales.
10.
Return on investment (ROI, %). This was obtained
using the following formula:
Net profit
ROI= X 100%
Total Cost of Production
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weight
Table 1 shows the result of the initial and final weight of the experimental animals
which covered the whole duration of the study. Statistical analysis revealed no significant
differences among treatments. This means that the initial weights of the pigs at the start of
the study (August 3, 2012) and final weights (October 13, 2012) of pigs at the end of the
study from the treatments do not differ significantly. The initial weight of the pigs coming
from pure commercial feeds, commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines and
commercial feeds plus cooked galiang are 12.367 kg, 11.133 kg and 12.200 kg respectively
while the final weights of pigs coming from pure commercial feeds, commercial feeds plus
camote leaves and vines and commercial feeds plus cooked galiang 55.200 kg, 51.133 kg
and 48.600 kg respectively.
Total Gain in Weight
Presented in Table 2 indicates the average total and daily gain in weight of pigs
from the treatments. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among
treatments. The total gain in weight of the pigs given pure commercial feeds, commercial
feeds plus camote leaves and vines and commercial feeds plus cooked galiang were 42.833
kg, 40.000 kg and 36.400 kg respectively with an average of 39.744 for 78 days. The
average daily gain in weight of pigs given pure commercial feeds, commercial feeds plus
camote leaves and vines and commercial feeds plus cooked galiang were 0.549 kg, 0.513kg
and 0.467 kg respectively with an average daily gain of 0.509.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Table 1. Initial weight of the pigs at 70 days and final weight at 148 days of age
BODY WEIGHT (kg)
TREATMENT
INITIAL
FINAL
100% commercial feeds
12.367a
55.200a
75% Commercial feeds + 25% camote leaves and
11.133a
51.133a
vines
12.200a
48.600a
75% Commercial feeds + 25% Cooked galiang
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Table 2. Total and average daily gain in weight
Total
Average
TREATMENT
Gain in
Daily gain in
weight
weight (kg)
(kg)
100% Commercial feeds
42.833a
0.549a
75% Commercial feeds + 25% Camote leaves and
40.000ab
0.513ab
vines
36.400b
0.467b
75% Commercial feeds + 25% Cooked galiang
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Total Feed Consumption
Table 3 shows the total feed consumption of pigs from treatments. Statistical
analysis revealed that the differences among treatments in total feed consumption are
highly significant. Pigs fed with pure commercial feeds had a mean total feed consumption
DM basis of 225.776 kg and 242.2 kg as fed basis, followed by pigs fed with commercial
feeds plus camote leaves and vines with a mean total feed intake DM basis of 159.065 kg
and 302.75 kg as fed basis and those fed with commercial feeds plus cooked galiang with
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
a mean total feed intake DM basis of 126.338 kg and 302.75 as fed basis. The higher feed
consumption DM basis were observed from the pigs given pure
Table 3. Total feed consumption
TOTAL FEED
TREATMENT
CONSUMPTION (kg)
As Fed
DM intake
100% Commercial feeds
242.2a
225.776a
75% Commercial feeds +
302.75b
159.065b
25% Camote leaves and vine
75% Commercial feeds +
302.75b
126.338c
25% Cooked galiang
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
commercial feeds and the lowest was observed in pigs given commercial feeds plus cooked
galiang. The experimental animals given commercial feeds plus cooked galiang had the
lowest feed consumption (as DM basis) due increase in bulkiness of the resulting ration
after cooking hence the animal tend to eat less of it.
According to the result of the feed analysis by the Department of Science and
Technology, the ration composed of 75% commercial feeds and 25 % camote had a crude
protein content of 20.74%, while the ration composed of 75% of mixed commercial feeds
plus 25% cooked galiang had a crude protein content of 20.23%.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Statistical analysis showed that the differences in the feed conversion ratio (FCR)
of pigs (Table 4) in the different treatments are highly significant. Pigs given pure
commercial feeds had a FCR of 5.267 followed by pigs given commercial feeds plus
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
camote leaves and vines with a mean FCR of 3.982 and lastly by pigs given pure
commercial feeds with an FCR of 3.477. Pigs given pure commercial feeds were the least
efficient in converting feed into body weight. The FCR of pigs given commercial
feeds + camote leaves and vines did not vary significantly with the FCR of pigs given
commercial feeds plus galiang.
Feed Cost per Kilogram Gain in Weight
Based on statistical analysis (Table 5) differences in the feed cost per kilogram gain
in weight obtained from pigs in the different treatments is highly significant. Pigs fed with
pure commercial feeds had the highest feed cost per kilogram gain in weight of PhP
105.340. Pigs fed with commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines has a mean of PhP
79.640 while the pigs fed with commercial feeds plus cooked galiang has the lowest
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio
TREATMENT
FCR
100% Commercial feeds
5.267a
75% Commercial feeds +
25% Camote leaves and vines
3.982b
75% Commercial feeds +
25% Cooked galiang
3.477b
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Table 5. Feed cost per kilogram gain in weight
TREATMENT
FEED COST/KG
GAIN (Php)
100% Commercial feeds
105.340a
75% Commercial feeds +
79.640b
25% Camote leaves and vines
75% Commercial feeds +
69.533b
25% Cooked galiang
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
feed cost per kilogram gain in weight with a mean of PhP 69.533. This is because the
commercial feeds were more expensive than camote and galiang.
Morbidity and Mortality Rate
Of nine heads of pigs used in the study, two pigs, had colds but recovered after 2-3
days without medication. One of the pigs that got sick belong to the group given
commercial feeds plus camote and the other from those given commercial feeds plus
galiang. The cold was maybe due to the fluctuation of temperature because it was very cold
in the morning and very warm at daytime. In terms of mortality, there were no recorded
mortality in all treatments.
Cost and Return Analysis
The cost and return analysis is presented in Table 7. A net income of Php 2,333.00
was realized from the pigs given commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines with a
return on investment (ROI) of 10.86%. On the other hand, the net income from pigs given
pure commercial feeds was Php 1,812.00 with an ROI of 7.82%, while pigs given
commercial feeds plus cooked galiang had a net income of Php 1,035.00 with an ROI of
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
5.07%. Pigs given pure commercial feeds had a higher return on investment compared to
those given commercial feeds plus galiang.
The above findings corroborates with the observation of Mang-usan (2004) who
stated that forages like sweet potato leaves and vines should be a part of swine rations since
it lessens the cost of production.
Table 6. Morbidity rate
TREATMENT
TOTAL
NO. OF
TOTAL
NO. OF
PIGS THAT MORBIDITY
PIGS
GOT SICK
(%)
100% Commercial feeds
3
0
0
75% Commercial feeds +
3
1
33.33
25% Camote leaves and vines
75% Commercial feeds +
3
1
33.33
25% Cooked galiang
Table 7. Cost and return analysis
GROSS
TOTAL
NET
TREATMENT
INCOME
EXPENSES
INCOME
ROI
(PhP)
(PhP)
(PhP)
(%)
100% Commercial
23,184.00
21,372.00
1,812.00
7.82
feeds
75%
Commercial
feeds + 25%Camote
21,476.00
19,143.00
2,333.00
10.86
leaves & vines
75%
Commercial
feeds + 25% Cooked
20,412.00
19,377.00
1,035.00
5.07
galiang
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
A total of 9 experimental animals were used in the experiment. The experimental
animals were allocated into 3 treatments with 3 replications following the Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). Each of the 3 treatments were as follows: pure commercial
feeds (T0 ), 75% Commercial feeds plus 25% camote leaves and vines (T1) and 75%
commercial feeds plus 15% cooked galiang (T2).The camote leaves and vines and galiang
were collected and washed, allowed to drain and finally were chopped into 0.5 to 1 inch
size or length. The galiang were cooked while the camote was given fresh. These were then
mixed with commercial feeds and fed to pigs . Feeding was done twice a day.
The study was conducted to determine the response of growing pigs to camote and
galiang in combination with commercial feeds. In particular, it aimed to determine the
response of growing pigs in terms of gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion
ratio of growing pigs and, feed cost; morbidity rate, and to determine the Return on
Investment (ROI) when fed with commercial feeds plus camote and galiang.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among treatments in the
initial weight, final weight, total gain in weight and average gain in weight of pigs.
However in terms of feed conversion ratio DM basis, feed cost per kilogram gain in weight,
total feed consumption, dry matter intake and daily dry matter intake highly significant
differences between treatments were observed.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Pigs used in this study had an average initial weight of 11.900 kg at 10 weeks of
age, an average final weight mean of 51.644 kg, total gain in weight of 39.744 kg and
average daily gain in weight of 0.510 kg after 78 days of feeding.
In terms of dry matter intake, pigs fed with pure commercial feeds had the highest
mean of 210.466% and a daily dry matter intake of 2.698%, followed by the pigs given
commercial feeds plus camote registered mean total of dry matter intake of 83.573% and a
daily dry matter intake mean of 1.071%, pigs fed with commercial feeds plus cooked
galiang had the lowest a mean of 52.721% and daily dry matter intake mean of 0.676%
respectively.
For the feed conversion ratio (FCR) DM basis, the pigs given commercial feeds
had FCR of 5.267 kg while pigs given commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines had
a mean FCR of 3.982 kg. The lowest FCR was obtained from pigs given commercial feeds
plus cooked galiang with a mean of 3.477 kg. Results revealed that pigs given pure
commercial feeds is the most efficient in converting feed into the body gain in weight
compared to the other treatments. This is due to the fact that these indigenous feeds have a
higher moisture content compared with commercial feeds, hence the feed efficiency is
poorer and the FCR is higher.
As regards to feed cost per kilogram gain in weight, pigs fed with pure commercial
feeds had the highest feed cost of PhP 105.340, while pigs given commercial feeds plus
camote leaves and vines had a lower feed cost of PhP 79.640. Pigs given commercial feeds
plus cooked galiang had the lowest feed cost of PhP 69.533.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Finally, in terms of Return on Investment (ROI), the highest was observed in pigs
given commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines which was 10.86%. This was
followed by the pigs fed with pure commercial feeds which was 7.82% and lastly, by pigs
given commercial feeds plus cooked galiang which was 5.07%.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, the researcher concludes that camote leaves and
vines and galiang have no adverse effect on the growth performance of swine.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that camote leaves and vines and cooked galiang in
combination with commercial feeds be used a feed for swine.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
LITERATURE CITED
AN, L. V. 2003. Effect of harvesting interval and depoliation on yield and chemical
composition of leaves, stems and tubers of sweet potato plant parts. Field crops
Res. 82, 49-58.
BAUTISTA, O. K. 1997. Cabbage production in the Philippines. University of the
Philippines at los Baños, Laguna. P. 10, 194.
CULLISON, A. E. and R. S. LOWREY. 1987. Feeds and feeding. New Jersey. Reston
Book Prentice-Hall Inc.
ENTREPINOY. 2009. “Guide to proper feeding of hog/ swine” May 2012. http// www.
mixph. com/2009/guide-to-proper-feeding-of-hogswine. html. Business Coach Inc.
HERMANO, D. L. and H. R. SEPULVEDA 1984. Vegetables and Root crops. Modern
Agriculture and Industry. P. 11.
MANG-USAN, E. T. 2004. Response of growth-finishing pigs to some indigenous
feedstuffs (camote leaves, cabbage, banana peelings) in the Cordillera region
(Unpub.). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 15.
MARANON, J. C. 1985. Root crops. Modern Agriculture and industry. Vol. 1. P. 23.
QUINIO, E. S. 1986. Effect of sweet potato meal on the performance of growing- finishing
pigs. BS Thesis (Unpub.). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 19.
SIM, M. J. et al. Undated. Nutritional Composition of Potato, Sweet Potato, Taro, Yam
and Cassava. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet: Northern Philippines Rootcrop Research
and Training Center.
YNAYA, D. C. 1993. Root crops. Modern Agriculture and Industry. Vol. 1. P. 23.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
CARACHO, YVONNE A. APRIL 2013. Comparative Performance of Growing
Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas)
and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta). Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, PhD.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at Panad, West, Poblacion, Mankayan, Benguet from
August to October 2012 to determine the response of growing pigs to some indigenous
feedstuffs, namely, camote and galiang in combination with commercial feeds.
The study was conducted to determine the response of growing pigs of camote and
galiang in combination with commercial feeds. Specifically, the study aimed to determine
the response of growing pigs in terms of gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion
ratio of growing pigs an, feed cost and morbidity and to determine the Return on Investment
(ROI) when fed with commercial feeds plus camote and galiang. A total of 9 pigs were
allocated into 3 treatments with 3 replications following the Completely Randomized
Design (CRD). The different treatment were T0- pure commercial feeds, T1- 75%
commercial feeds plus 25% camote leaves and vines and T2- 75% commercial feeds plus
25% cooked galiang.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among treatments in the
initial weight, final weight, total gain in weight and average gain in weight of pigs.
However in terms of feed conversion ratio DM basis, feed cost per kilogram gain in weight,
total feed consumption, dry matter intake and daily dry matter intake highly significant
differences between treatments were observed.
Pigs used in this study had an average initial weight of 11.900 kg at 10 weeks of
age, an average final weight mean of 51.644 kg, total gain in weight of 39.744 kg and
average daily gain in weight of 0.510 kg after 78 days of feeding.
For the feed conversion ratio (FCR) DM basis, the pigs given commercial feeds
had FCR of 5.267 kg while pigs given commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines had
a mean FCR of 3.982 kg. The lowest FCR was obtained from pigs given commercial feeds
plus cooked galiang with a mean of 3.477 kg.
Finally, in terms of Return on Investment (ROI), the highest was observed in pigs
given commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines which was 10.86%. This was
followed by the pigs fed with pure commercial feeds which was 7.82% and lastly, by pigs
given commercial feeds plus cooked galiang which was 5.07%.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
INTRODUCTION
Pig farming is a source of protein for the family, a valuable source of organic
fertilizer for rice paddies and vegetable plots. It also plays an important role in farming
system and a means of augmenting of family. At present, one of the challenges in swine
production is shortage and high costs of commercial feeds that supply the proper amount
of nutrients needed by the animals. Hence alternative feed resources are resorted.
Camote is a versatile vine ideal for home gardens because it has the ability to grow
in any kind of soil condition and can survive in adverse/ diverse environment. Camote is a
good source of calorie and carbohydrates. The yellow-orange flesh contains the higher
amount of pro-vitamin-A (carotene). The leaves are excellent source of pro-vitamin A and
thereby contribute in the prevention of Vitamin A deficiency. Aside from its nutritional
value, sweet potato is important as an excellent supplement staple food, for its medicinal
value, and as a source of feeds for animals like rabbit and swine.
Galiang is traditionally grown in marginal areas, backyard gardens, or portions of
a field as a source of vegetable, snack food and animal feeds. As a vegetable, practically
all parts from leaves, petioles, corms, cormels and rhizomes are used. The corms and
cormels are a good substitute staple to rice as they contain high amount of carbohydrates
like camote. The leaves and petioles are very good source of pro-vitamin A.
Today, Camote and galiang is also a good source of cash income since it does not
require much cash input. Labor and planting materials constitute the bulk of the production
cost which are often provided by the farmer as non-cash input.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Most backyard swine raisers in the cordillera, feed their pigs with the camote and
galiang as a means of reducing feed cost. The common practice is to feed their pigs with
these otherwise farm wastes, either raw or cooked, in combination with rice bran or
commercial feed.
There were studies conducted previously on the utilization of the above feedstuffs
as feeds to pigs. However until now, there are no established levels of each of these
feedstuffs in the swine ration. There is a great need to explore different feeding regiments
of using camote leaves and vines and galiang as feeds to growing- fattening pigs.
This study was conducted to study the utilization of the above feedstuffs as feeds
to pigs. The result of this study could serve as a guide to the swine raisers and also to
researchers. This may also benefit farmers most especially those who grow sweet potato
and galiang.
Generally, the study was conducted to determine the response of growing pigs to
some indigenous feedstuffs, namely, camote and galiang in combination with commercial
feeds.
Specifically, the study aimed to:
a. determine the response of growing pigs in terms of gain in weight, feed
consumption, feed conversion ratio of growing pigs an, feed cost and morbidity; and
b. to determine the Return on Investment (ROI) when fed with commercial feeds
plus camote and galiang.
This study was conducted in Poblacion, Mankayan, Benguet from August 2012 to
October 2012.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In 1986, Quinio reported that sweet potato meal (Ipomoea batatas) is one of the
most common and major crop grown in Cordillera since time immemorial. This serves as
a good substitute for rice and a good source of feed for animals, during the civil war and in
time of economic depression, sweet potato has been reported as an everyday food. Grown
the whole year round, it is used for food consumption as feed for domestic animals. In her
study involving hogs, she observed that hogs given higher levels of sweet potato meal of
40% with commercial hog mash had higher gains in weight compared to those fed with
pure commercial feeds.
The camote tubers have high carbohydrate content while the leaves are rich in
protein, hence both can be used as animal feed. The vines include the leaf and stem, with
crude protein content in the leaves of 260-330g/kg DM compared with 100-140g/kg DM
in the stems (An, 2003).
Camote is one of the average calorie starch food (provide 90 cal/100g versus 70
calories/100g of white potato). It also provides a good amount of vital minerals such as
iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and potassium that are very essential for enzyme,
protein, and carbohydrate metabolism (Cullison and Lowrey, 1987).
According to SIM, M. J. et al, white sweetpotato fresh contents 73.5g moisture
content, 100kcal energy, 0.7g protein, 23.4g carbohydrates, 0.5g fat, 152mg calcium, 50mg
phosphorus, 1.1mg iron, 25ug B-carotene,0.13mg thiamin, 0.04mg riboflavin, 0.7mg
niacin, and 48mg vitamin C.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Boiled leaves of galiang contents 88g moisture content, 34kcal energy, 3.6g protein,
4.5g carbohydrates, 1.1g fat, 181mg calcium, 70mg phosphorus, 1.0mg iron, 10,055ug B-
carotene, 0.06mg thiamin, 0.21mg riboflavin, 1.1mg niacin, and 54mg vitamin C. Boiled
stalks and petioles of galiang also contents , 96.2g moisture content, 9kcal energy, 0.3g
protein, 2.2g carbohydrates, 0.1g fat, 63mg calcium, 22mg phosphorus, 0.8mg iron, 235ug
B-carotene, 0.01mg thiamin, 0.02mg riboflavin, 0.02mg niacin, and 3mg vitamin C. This
can sustain the human and animal requirements in terms of nutrient.
Bautista (1997) reported that green leafy vegetables such as young leaves of gabi,
sitao, sweet potato, chayote and Chinese cabbage, mustard, saluyot, malunggay, kangkong,
pechay would be an excellent source of vitamin A, vitamin C, Calcium, and potassium.
Generally, root crops like gabi, cassava, sweet potato, and ube contain a lot of food
energy. They are rich in proteins, vitamins, and carbohydrates. They can be good
supplement to rice and other staple food (Ynaya, 1993).
As for it galiang (Colocasia esculenta) has high starch content and on this account
is very nutritious. The leaves and petioles are also used as vegetables, being very good
source of calcium, phosphorus, and iron (Maranon, 1985). The corms, petioles, and leaf
blades are not only excellent as to taste but also rich in minerals. It is also a fair source of
vitamin B (Hermano and Sepulveda, 1984).
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study includes 9 head of pigs, camote leaves and vines,
galiang, commercial feeds, pig pen, feeding and drinking troughs, pails, stick broom,
weighing scale, record book, and pen.
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. Following the Completely Randomized
Design (CRD), the nine growers were distributed to three treatments. Each treatment was
replicated three times with one grower per replicate. Before the growers are placed into
their respective pens, their initial weights were taken individually.
The different treatments were as follows:
T0 -100% Commercial Feeds (CF) Control
T1 - 75% CF + 25% chopped camote leaves and vines
T2 - 75% CF + 25% cooked galiang stems and leaves
All the experimental pigs were equally treated except on the diet offered to each
treatment. The control pigs were fed with pure commercial feeds. The pigs under treatment
1 were given 750g commercial feeds and 250g chopped camote leaves and vines were
added. The pigs in treatment 2 were given 750g commercial feeds and 250g chopped and
cooked galiang were added.
To give time for the pigs to get adjusted to the new feeds that were offered to them,
the addition of the new feeds were gradual until the pigs reached 3 months of age. From 3
months and on, the above proportions were then followed.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Feeding was done twice a day, one in the morning during 6:00 to 6:30 and another
in the afternoon during 4:30 to 5:00. Adequate drinking water was always available.
Preparation of galiang and camote leaves. The camote leaves and galiang were
collected at Panad West, Poblacion, Mankayan, Benguet, the place where the study was
conducted. After collection, these were washed and allowed to drain. The camote leaves
and vines were chopped into small pieces approximately 0.50 inch to 0.75 inch long and
weighted based on the specified amounts before giving to the pigs. The galiang were also
chopped into small pieces approximately 0.50 inch to 1 inch long. Every five kilogram of
galiang were mixed with two liters of water and cooked within two hours, allowed it to
boil within one hour to remove toxic components and served to the pigs. This were fed
together with the commercial feeds.
Preparation of the pens. A week before the start of the study, the pigpens, including
the feeding troughs as well as the whole area of the growing house were cleaned and
disinfected.
Management of the pigs. All the experimental animals were subjected to the same
management except on the diet offered depending on the treatment assigned to individual
animals. To avoid and protect the pigs from diseases, cleaning of pigpens were done every
day.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
The amount of commercial feed given to experimental animals in treatment 1 and
2 were as follows (Entrepinoy, 2009):
AGE IN WEEKS
Kg feed/ day
10
1.0
11
1.1
12
1.2
13
1.4
14
1.5
15
1.6
16
1.7
17
1.8
18
1.9
19
2.0
20
2.1
Data Gathered
1. Initial body weight (kg). This is the weight of pigs at the start of the study
(65 days old).
2. Final body weight (kg). This is the weight of the pigs at the end of the study
(143 days old).
3. Feed offered (kg). This refers to the amount of the feeds given to the pigs
each day.
4. Feed left-over (kg). This is the amount of feeds not consumed by the pigs
which was taken every morning before feeding the pigs.
5. Cost of production (Php). This refers to the cost of all of the materials used
during the duration of the study period were recorded like for example the commercial
feeds, individual feedstuffs, etc.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
6. Dry matter content of feed (%). This was obtained by oven drying the
feed sample to constant weight.
Data computed:
1.
Total gain in weight (kg). This was computed by
taking the difference between the initial weight and final weight.
2.
Average daily gain in weight (ADG, kg). This was
obtained by dividing the total gain in weight by the number of feeding
days.
3.
Total feed consumption (kg). This refers to the total
amount of feed consumed by the pigs during the entire duration of the
study.
4. % Dry Matter. This was determined using the formula:
Dry weight of sample
% Dry Matter = X 100
Fresh weight of sample
5.
Dry Matter intake (Kg). This refers to the total and
daily dry matter intake of pigs. This was computed using the formula:
Dry Matter intake = Feed consumption X % Dry matter
Daily DM intake = Total DM intake / Experimental days
6.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR, kg). This was obtained
by dividing the total feed consumption by the total gain in weight.
7.
Feed cost per kilogram gain in weight (Php). This
was computed by multiplying the FCR by the cost of 1 kilogram feed.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
8.
Morbidity Rate. This was obtained by dividing the
number of animals that got sick by the initial number of pigs multiplied
by 100.
9.
Net profit (Php). This was obtained by subtracting
the total cost of production from the total sales.
10.
Return on investment (ROI, %). This was obtained
using the following formula:
Net profit
ROI= X 100%
Total Cost of Production
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weight
Table 1 shows the result of the initial and final weight of the experimental animals
which covered the whole duration of the study. Statistical analysis revealed no significant
differences among treatments. This means that the initial weights of the pigs at the start of
the study (August 3, 2012) and final weights (October 13, 2012) of pigs at the end of the
study from the treatments do not differ significantly. The initial weight of the pigs coming
from pure commercial feeds, commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines and
commercial feeds plus cooked galiang are 12.367 kg, 11.133 kg and 12.200 kg respectively
while the final weights of pigs coming from pure commercial feeds, commercial feeds plus
camote leaves and vines and commercial feeds plus cooked galiang 55.200 kg, 51.133 kg
and 48.600 kg respectively.
Total Gain in Weight
Presented in Table 2 indicates the average total and daily gain in weight of pigs
from the treatments. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among
treatments. The total gain in weight of the pigs given pure commercial feeds, commercial
feeds plus camote leaves and vines and commercial feeds plus cooked galiang were 42.833
kg, 40.000 kg and 36.400 kg respectively with an average of 39.744 for 78 days. The
average daily gain in weight of pigs given pure commercial feeds, commercial feeds plus
camote leaves and vines and commercial feeds plus cooked galiang were 0.549 kg, 0.513kg
and 0.467 kg respectively with an average daily gain of 0.509.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Table 1. Initial weight of the pigs at 70 days and final weight at 148 days of age
BODY WEIGHT (kg)
TREATMENT
INITIAL
FINAL
100% commercial feeds
12.367a
55.200a
75% Commercial feeds + 25% camote leaves and
11.133a
51.133a
vines
12.200a
48.600a
75% Commercial feeds + 25% Cooked galiang
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Table 2. Total and average daily gain in weight
Total
Average
TREATMENT
Gain in
Daily gain in
weight
weight (kg)
(kg)
100% Commercial feeds
42.833a
0.549a
75% Commercial feeds + 25% Camote leaves and
40.000ab
0.513ab
vines
36.400b
0.467b
75% Commercial feeds + 25% Cooked galiang
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Total Feed Consumption
Table 3 shows the total feed consumption of pigs from treatments. Statistical
analysis revealed that the differences among treatments in total feed consumption are
highly significant. Pigs fed with pure commercial feeds had a mean total feed consumption
DM basis of 225.776 kg and 242.2 kg as fed basis, followed by pigs fed with commercial
feeds plus camote leaves and vines with a mean total feed intake DM basis of 159.065 kg
and 302.75 kg as fed basis and those fed with commercial feeds plus cooked galiang with
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
a mean total feed intake DM basis of 126.338 kg and 302.75 as fed basis. The higher feed
consumption DM basis were observed from the pigs given pure
Table 3. Total feed consumption
TOTAL FEED
TREATMENT
CONSUMPTION (kg)
As Fed
DM intake
100% Commercial feeds
242.2a
225.776a
75% Commercial feeds +
302.75b
159.065b
25% Camote leaves and vine
75% Commercial feeds +
302.75b
126.338c
25% Cooked galiang
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
commercial feeds and the lowest was observed in pigs given commercial feeds plus cooked
galiang. The experimental animals given commercial feeds plus cooked galiang had the
lowest feed consumption (as DM basis) due increase in bulkiness of the resulting ration
after cooking hence the animal tend to eat less of it.
According to the result of the feed analysis by the Department of Science and
Technology, the ration composed of 75% commercial feeds and 25 % camote had a crude
protein content of 20.74%, while the ration composed of 75% of mixed commercial feeds
plus 25% cooked galiang had a crude protein content of 20.23%.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Statistical analysis showed that the differences in the feed conversion ratio (FCR)
of pigs (Table 4) in the different treatments are highly significant. Pigs given pure
commercial feeds had a FCR of 5.267 followed by pigs given commercial feeds plus
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
camote leaves and vines with a mean FCR of 3.982 and lastly by pigs given pure
commercial feeds with an FCR of 3.477. Pigs given pure commercial feeds were the least
efficient in converting feed into body weight. The FCR of pigs given commercial
feeds + camote leaves and vines did not vary significantly with the FCR of pigs given
commercial feeds plus galiang.
Feed Cost per Kilogram Gain in Weight
Based on statistical analysis (Table 5) differences in the feed cost per kilogram gain
in weight obtained from pigs in the different treatments is highly significant. Pigs fed with
pure commercial feeds had the highest feed cost per kilogram gain in weight of PhP
105.340. Pigs fed with commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines has a mean of PhP
79.640 while the pigs fed with commercial feeds plus cooked galiang has the lowest
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio
TREATMENT
FCR
100% Commercial feeds
5.267a
75% Commercial feeds +
25% Camote leaves and vines
3.982b
75% Commercial feeds +
25% Cooked galiang
3.477b
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Table 5. Feed cost per kilogram gain in weight
TREATMENT
FEED COST/KG
GAIN (Php)
100% Commercial feeds
105.340a
75% Commercial feeds +
79.640b
25% Camote leaves and vines
75% Commercial feeds +
69.533b
25% Cooked galiang
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
feed cost per kilogram gain in weight with a mean of PhP 69.533. This is because the
commercial feeds were more expensive than camote and galiang.
Morbidity and Mortality Rate
Of nine heads of pigs used in the study, two pigs, had colds but recovered after 2-3
days without medication. One of the pigs that got sick belong to the group given
commercial feeds plus camote and the other from those given commercial feeds plus
galiang. The cold was maybe due to the fluctuation of temperature because it was very cold
in the morning and very warm at daytime. In terms of mortality, there were no recorded
mortality in all treatments.
Cost and Return Analysis
The cost and return analysis is presented in Table 7. A net income of Php 2,333.00
was realized from the pigs given commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines with a
return on investment (ROI) of 10.86%. On the other hand, the net income from pigs given
pure commercial feeds was Php 1,812.00 with an ROI of 7.82%, while pigs given
commercial feeds plus cooked galiang had a net income of Php 1,035.00 with an ROI of
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
5.07%. Pigs given pure commercial feeds had a higher return on investment compared to
those given commercial feeds plus galiang.
The above findings corroborates with the observation of Mang-usan (2004) who
stated that forages like sweet potato leaves and vines should be a part of swine rations since
it lessens the cost of production.
Table 6. Morbidity rate
TREATMENT
TOTAL
NO. OF
TOTAL
NO. OF
PIGS THAT MORBIDITY
PIGS
GOT SICK
(%)
100% Commercial feeds
3
0
0
75% Commercial feeds +
3
1
33.33
25% Camote leaves and vines
75% Commercial feeds +
3
1
33.33
25% Cooked galiang
Table 7. Cost and return analysis
GROSS
TOTAL
NET
TREATMENT
INCOME
EXPENSES
INCOME
ROI
(PhP)
(PhP)
(PhP)
(%)
100% Commercial
23,184.00
21,372.00
1,812.00
7.82
feeds
75%
Commercial
feeds + 25%Camote
21,476.00
19,143.00
2,333.00
10.86
leaves & vines
75%
Commercial
feeds + 25% Cooked
20,412.00
19,377.00
1,035.00
5.07
galiang
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
A total of 9 experimental animals were used in the experiment. The experimental
animals were allocated into 3 treatments with 3 replications following the Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). Each of the 3 treatments were as follows: pure commercial
feeds (T0 ), 75% Commercial feeds plus 25% camote leaves and vines (T1) and 75%
commercial feeds plus 15% cooked galiang (T2).The camote leaves and vines and galiang
were collected and washed, allowed to drain and finally were chopped into 0.5 to 1 inch
size or length. The galiang were cooked while the camote was given fresh. These were then
mixed with commercial feeds and fed to pigs . Feeding was done twice a day.
The study was conducted to determine the response of growing pigs to camote and
galiang in combination with commercial feeds. In particular, it aimed to determine the
response of growing pigs in terms of gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion
ratio of growing pigs and, feed cost; morbidity rate, and to determine the Return on
Investment (ROI) when fed with commercial feeds plus camote and galiang.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among treatments in the
initial weight, final weight, total gain in weight and average gain in weight of pigs.
However in terms of feed conversion ratio DM basis, feed cost per kilogram gain in weight,
total feed consumption, dry matter intake and daily dry matter intake highly significant
differences between treatments were observed.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Pigs used in this study had an average initial weight of 11.900 kg at 10 weeks of
age, an average final weight mean of 51.644 kg, total gain in weight of 39.744 kg and
average daily gain in weight of 0.510 kg after 78 days of feeding.
In terms of dry matter intake, pigs fed with pure commercial feeds had the highest
mean of 210.466% and a daily dry matter intake of 2.698%, followed by the pigs given
commercial feeds plus camote registered mean total of dry matter intake of 83.573% and a
daily dry matter intake mean of 1.071%, pigs fed with commercial feeds plus cooked
galiang had the lowest a mean of 52.721% and daily dry matter intake mean of 0.676%
respectively.
For the feed conversion ratio (FCR) DM basis, the pigs given commercial feeds
had FCR of 5.267 kg while pigs given commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines had
a mean FCR of 3.982 kg. The lowest FCR was obtained from pigs given commercial feeds
plus cooked galiang with a mean of 3.477 kg. Results revealed that pigs given pure
commercial feeds is the most efficient in converting feed into the body gain in weight
compared to the other treatments. This is due to the fact that these indigenous feeds have a
higher moisture content compared with commercial feeds, hence the feed efficiency is
poorer and the FCR is higher.
As regards to feed cost per kilogram gain in weight, pigs fed with pure commercial
feeds had the highest feed cost of PhP 105.340, while pigs given commercial feeds plus
camote leaves and vines had a lower feed cost of PhP 79.640. Pigs given commercial feeds
plus cooked galiang had the lowest feed cost of PhP 69.533.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
Finally, in terms of Return on Investment (ROI), the highest was observed in pigs
given commercial feeds plus camote leaves and vines which was 10.86%. This was
followed by the pigs fed with pure commercial feeds which was 7.82% and lastly, by pigs
given commercial feeds plus cooked galiang which was 5.07%.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, the researcher concludes that camote leaves and
vines and galiang have no adverse effect on the growth performance of swine.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that camote leaves and vines and cooked galiang in
combination with commercial feeds be used a feed for swine.
Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013
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Comparative Performance of Growing Pigs Given Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomea batatas) and Vines and Galiang (Colocasia esculenta)
CARACHO, YVONNE A. April 2013