BIBLIOGRAPHY TINDAAN, ADELINE P....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012. Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid
Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the Growth Performance of Growing Pigs
Under Highland Condition. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph. D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the effect of liquid yeast culture with plant
herbal extracts as feed additive on the gain in weight, feed consumption and feed
conservation ratio of pigs and to determine the profitability of raising pigs with the
inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts to the diets. This was
conducted at Banig, Tawang, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to January 2012.
A total of ten 74 day old pigs were divided into two treatments. Each treatment was
replicated five times with one pig serving as replicate. The treatments used were without
Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive to their diets and with Liquid
Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive to their diets.
Results revealed that adding Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts to the
pig’s diet had increased the gain in weight, however, it did not improved nor reduced the
feed intake and feed conversion ratio as revealed by no significant differences between
treatment means. The average total gain in weights, daily gain in weights, feed intake and
feed conversion ratio of the pigs given diets with feed additive were 62.10 kg, 0.96 kg, 166
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
kg and 2.70, respectively compared to the pigs without the inclusion of Liquid Yeast
Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts to their diet with a mean of 53.80 kg, 0.83 kg, 154.04
kg and 2.96 for the total gain in weights, daily gain in weights, feed intake and the ability
of pigs to convert to nutrients in the feed to a unit gain in weight.
The pigs given diet with feed additive had a higher return on investments of 18.50%
while 11.35% for the pigs given diet without the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with
Plant Herbal Extracts. The higher returns obtain from pigs given diet with feed additive
was a direct result of higher gross sales and net income of the individual pigs from each
treatment because of the higher gin in weights.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Proper nutrition, health care, and good management practices contribute a lot to a
successful piggery operation. PCCARD (2005) claimed that a well-nourished pig grows
faster, attains market weight earlier and is more efficient in feed utilization, more resistant
to diseases and stress, more prolific and has better mothering ability.
The current practice in ration formulation is to add non-nutritive substances referred
to as feed additives. Feed additives are materials that are non-nutritive substances added in
small amounts in rations to improve feed efficiency, promote faster gains, improve animal
health, or increase production of animal products (Gillespie, 2002). They are often added
to the basic feed mix and require careful handling and mixing.
One of the products that can be used as feed additives as recommended by the
manufacturer is a Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts. Liquid Yeast Culture
with Plant Herbal Extracts is a liquid yeast culture rich in fermentation metabolites and
herbal extracts composed of organic acids and organic minerals. According to the
manufacturer, Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts function is to protect the
animal’s digestive system from the harmful effects of toxins, parasites, and bacterial
pathogens whether they are in water or in feeds. Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal
Extracts unique combination of yeast/phototrophic culture and herbal extracts keeps the
digestive system healthy for optimum absorption of feed nutrients. Ammonia emissions
are dramatically reduced resulting in minimal upper respiratory challenges thus lowering
antibiotics cost.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
On the premise that feeds are complete in macro and micro nutrients, the use of
Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts gives us the confidence to reduce the use
of supplements to a minimum. Farms at lowland areas using the Liquid Yeast Culture with
Plant Herbal Extracts reported increased livability of over 1%, decreased average harvest
age, improved feed conversion ratios, and decreased use of supplements. All of the above
logically results in better profits.
The manufacturer claimed characteristics of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal
Extracts which make the product economically viable when used in feeds or in water are
as: probiotic, prebiotic, acidifier, metabolic activity enhancer, ammonia odor suppressant,
immunity enhancer and as anti-parasitic agent. Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal
Extracts has been successfully used in broiler, swine, cattle fattening and layer farms in
lowland areas.
The study was conducted to verify whether using Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant
Herbal Extracts as feed additives will be productive under highland condition.
Furthermore, to find out whether Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts will
really decrease the foul-smell of the animal’s manure while promoting growth. Reduced
fecal-odor will help alleviate pollution problem and will benefit not only animal raisers but
also the surrounding community.
The result of the study will add to the post of knowledge in swine nutrition.
Information generated from the study can be used by researchers, swine producers and
students alike.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
The experiment generally aimed to verify the effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with
Plant Herbal Extracts as feed additives on the growth performance of growing-finishing
pigs under highland condition. Specifically, it aimed to:
1. determine the effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts as feed
additives on gain in weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio of pigs;
2. determine the profitability of raising pigs with Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant
Herbal Extracts as feed additives; and
The study was conducted from November 2011 to February 2012 at Banig, Tawang,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Probiotic
Probiotics are beneficial microorganism (mainly lactic acid producing bacteria and
yeast combinations) added to rations to improve the intestinal microbial balance of the
animal (PCCARD, 2005). These bacteria exert their beneficial effects through
“competitive exclusion” and lactic acid production. In addition to competitive exclusion is
reduction in gut pH, which makes the intestinal environment unfavorable for certain
pathogenic bacteria. There has also been increasing evidence that an acidic environment is
conducive to increased enzymatic activity within the digestive system that leads to
improved production performance (PCCARD, 2002).
Extensive investigation and research have been carried out on those probiotics
approved for use and their benefits as stated by Sainsbury (1998) may be summarized as
follows: (a) probiotics can promote growth and productivity in livestock in a natural way;
(b) it may protect against salmonella infections; (c) it can protect against toxins produced
by harmful forms of E. coli; (d) it stimulate immunity to infections by boosting interferon
production, immunoglobin concentration and macrophage activity; (e) probiotic suppress
clostridial infection which are often associated with intensive livestock production.
Over the last 10-15 years, probiotics have been proposed as an alternative to
antibiotics (Jensen, 2010). On the other hand, Alberta and Close (2010) said that unlike
antibiotics, probiotics introduce live beneficial bacteria into the intestinal tract.
Accordingly, several authors have assessed the efficacy of probiotics as growth promoters
for pigs. Most concluded that when results are averaged over several trials, there is an
improvement in growth rate and in the efficiency of feed utilization. However, the results
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
are highly variable. The effects of the probiotics may be more consistent and positive in
piglets than in growing-finishing animals. Kim et al. (2001) as cited by Stein (2011)
claimed that supplementation of probiotics improved average daily gain and feed efficiency
in finishing pigs.
Result from university studies and commercial farm trials have reported significant
improvement in weight gain, feed conversion ratio in swine supplemented with probiotics
(PCCARD, 2002).
Prebiotics
Prebiotics are non-digestible food substances that selectively stimulate the growth
of favorable species of bacteria in the gut, thereby benefiting the host (Jacela et al., 2009).
Common examples of prebiotics used in research or on farms include
oligosaccharides oligofructose, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), mannanoligosaccharides
(MOS), dietary fibers and inulin. Oligosaccharides have been claimed as beneficial
nutritional modifiers for monogastric farm animals and modify the balance of the microbial
population by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and thereby provide healthier
animals (McDonald et al., 2002).
Certain dietary fibers have shown to improve intestinal secretions and growth of
the digestive mucosa (Mateos et al., 2000) and a number of different fiber fractions have
been tested for their ability to enhance pig growth and suppress pathogenic bacteria
colonization. The mode of action of the dietary fibers is believed to depend on the specific
fraction in question readily fermentable non-digestible oligosaccharides (e.g. fructo-
oligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharide, and Transco-galactosaccharides) are believed to
improve pig performance by stimulating the proliferation of Bifidobacteria in the large
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
intestine, which in turn reduces colonic pH and increases the concentration of lactic acid
(Houdijk et al., 2002).
Acidifier
Acidifiers are made of organic acid or mixture of organic acids incorporated in the
ration. They exert their effect on the gastrointestinal environment by lowering the stomach
pH. Low stomach pH prevents the growth band proliferation of pathogenic
microorganisms, thus promoting better feed efficiency (PCCARD, 2000).
A recent report summarizing several studies on acidifiers indicated that, in general
they appear to improve pig growth performance. However, the magnitude and consistency
of the response may vary, depending on inclusion rate and other dietary factors. The exact
mode of action of acidifier has not been fully elucidated. However, acidifiers are commonly
marketed as growth promoting products and as alternatives for in feed antibiotics (Jacela
et al., 2009).
The inclusion of organic acids in diets fed to weanling and growing pigs has been
reported in numerous papers (Stein, 2011). Although the exact modes of action of organic
acids are not clear, their addition to pig diets has proved beneficial in terms of nutrient
digestibility, growth and conversion efficiency. This is particularly for newly weaned pigs,
when coupled with good feeding management procedures. Organic acids that have shown
positive effects on growth performance in weaned pigs include citric, formic, fumaric, and
propionic acids (McDonald et al., 2002).
Organic acids are generally less effective in grower –finisher diets than in weaner
diets although they show beneficial effects depending on choice of acid and particular farm
circumstance (Mroz, 2003) as cited by Miller ( 2007).
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
Anti-parasitic Agent
Plant extracts and essential oil have been exploited in animal nutrition, partially for
their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti- oxidative and anti-parasites properties
(Namkung et al., 2004).
Plant extracts and spices as single compounds or as mixed preparations can play a
role in supporting both performance and health status of the animal (Manzanilla et al.,
2001). Beneficial effects of herbal extracts or active substances in animal nutrition may
include stimulation of appetite and feed intake, the improvement of endogenous digestive
enzyme secretion, activation of immune response and antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant
and anthelminthic actions (Rahimi et al., 2011).
In monogastric species, the main effects of yeast supplementation are stimulation
of brush border disaccharides, anti-adhesive effect against pathogens, stimulation of a
specific immunity, toxin action inhibition and antagonistic effect against pathogenic micro-
organisms (Auclair, 2001).
In nursery pig, yeast products have shown to improve the growth performance and
health.Positive performance responses to the inclusion of yeast in diets fed to weanling
pigs have been reported (Matthew et al., 1998).
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
Immunity Enhancer
Yeast metabolites have newly been introduced in swine diets. Yeast metabolites are
also called yeast culture that includes concepts of both probiotics and prebiotics (Asian-
Australian Association of Animal Production Societies, 2010). According to Islam et al.
(2007), yeast culture are not fed as a source of live or viable yeast cells, but as a nutrition
supplement to provide undefined fermentation factors which are recognized to stimulate
bacterial growth in the digestive tract. These fermentation factors sometimes referred to as
“nutrilites”, added to be heat stable and are not significantly affected by high temperature
or pelleting.
The growth of beneficial bacteria like Lactobacili and Bifidobacteria, is enhanced
by Manna oligosaccharide (MOS) and fermentation metabolites. Likewise, the
proliferation of bad bacteria is impaired due to the presence of MOS in yeast and
competitive exclusion. The activation of intestinal immunity also reduces the effect of
pathogenic bacteria (Agriculture Business Week, 2009).
Another claim often made of phylogenic/botanical feed additives is stimulation of
immune functions; however, the specific experimental verification in monogastric
agricultural livestock is rather limited (Windisch et al., 2007).
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted using ten (10) Hampshire x Landrace crosses, Uno
commercial feeds, weighing scale, Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts, sugar,
water, pigpens, self-feeders, nipple drinkers and recording materials.
Upon arrival of the piglets, they were reared for 30 days for them to adjust in the
new weather and management before the study had started. They were fed with starter
feeds until they have reached the weight ranging 19.30 kg-94 kg. At 74 days of age, before
distributing them to the pigpens individually the experimental animals were weighed to
obtain their initial weights. They were grouped into two treatments following the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated five times with one
pig serving as replicate. The treatments were as follows:
T0= Without Liquid Yeast Culture and plant Herbal Extracts Additive
T1= With Liquid Yeast Culture and Plant Herbal Extracts Additive
Analysis of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts according to Gallali
IZW Farm Products (2010) are the following: Yeast 370.000 per gram; Phototrophic
13.000 per gram; Ph 4.0-5.0; Ca 422 Mg/L; P 100 Mg/L; K 429 Mg/L; Mg 149 Mg/L; Fe
41 Mg/L; Mn 1.4 Mg/L; Se 0.0002 Mg/L; Cu 0.07 Mg/L and other traces minerals.
Liquid Yeast Culture and plant Herbal Extracts as a feed additive was mixed
thoroughly. The dosages were as follows:
Feeds Water Sugar
Liquid Yeast Culture with
Plant Herbal Extracts
1kg
2ml
1/8 teaspoon
1 ml
for 250 ml water
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
The Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts was added to the 2ml water
and was sprayed into the feeds. The addition of sugar was done for better uniformity of
mixing the Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts to the feeds.
All of the experimental animals were subjected to the same care and management
except for the kind of ration that was offered to them. The feeding regime was done for 65
days. Feeding was done adlibitum. Self-feeders were provided wherein feeds was available
all the time on it. Nipple drinkers were provided also to ensure adequate drinking water for
the animals.
To help maintain good health of the pigs, hygiene and sanitation were maintained
to avoid the occurrence of diseases. Cleaning was done every day to protect the pigs from
illness.
The following data were gathered:
1. Initial weight. This was taken by weighing the experimental animal at 74 days
of age.
2. Final weight. This was taken by weighing the hogs at 139 days of age.
3. Amount of feeds offered. This was determined by weighing the feed offered to
the swine from the start of the experiment until the end of the experimental period.
4. Amount of feed leftover. This was determined by weighing of
spilled/wet/refused feed.
5. Cost of inputs. This was determined by recording all the expenses to be used in
the study.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
From the above observation, the following were computed:
1. Feed intake consumption
a. Total feed intake (TFI). This was determined using the formula
TFI = amount of feed offered- amount of feed leftover
b. Average Daily feed intake (ADFI). This was determined using the
formula:
DFI = total feed intake/ number of days of the experiment
2. Gain in Weight
a. Total gain (TG). This was determined based on the formula:
TGW = final weight – initial weight
b. Average daily gain in weight (ADG). This was determined using the
formula:
DGW = total gain in weight/ number of days of the experiment
3. Feed conversion ratio (FCR). This was determined based on the formula:
FCR = Feed intake
Total gain in weight
4. Feed cost/kg gain. This was determined using the formula:
Feed cost/kg gain = FCR x feed cost per kilogram of feed
5. Return on investment. This was determined using the formula:
ROI = Gross Sales-Total Expenses x 100
Total Expenses
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weights of the Pigs
The initial and final weights of the pigs used in the study are shown in Table 1.
Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the two treatments in the initial
weights of the pigs at 74 days of age. The average initial weight of the pigs given diets with
Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive was 23.50 kg while the pigs given
diets without Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive was 23.80 kg .This
means that experimental animals were more or less the same weight at start of the study.
Likewise, there were no significant differences observed between treatment means
in the final weights taken at 139 days of age. The average final weight obtained from pigs
given diets with Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive was 85.60 kg
and 77.60 kg from the pigs fed without Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts
additive.
Table 1. Average initial and final weights of pigs
TREATMENT INITIAL WEIGHT
FINAL WEIGHT
AT 74 DAYS OF AGE AT 139 DAYS OF AGE
(kg)
(kg)
Without Liquid Yeast Culture 23.804a
77.600a
and Plant herbal Extracts Additive
With Liquid Yeast Culture 23.500a
85.600a
and Plant herbal Extracts Additive
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
The result of the study implies that the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant
Herbal Extracts to the pig diets did not adversely affect nor improved the final weight of
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
the pigs. However, there was a tendency to be significant at (Pr= 0.08). It is possible that
significant difference may be observed with more replicates.
Feed Consumption of the Pigs
Presented in Table 2 is the total and daily feed intake of the pigs raised from 23.50
kg 85.60 kg for 65 days.
Statistical analysis revealed that no significant differences were observed on the
feed consumption of the animals. This implies that addition of Liquid Yeast Culture with
Plant Herbal Extracts to the pig’s diet did not reduced nor improved the appetite or feed
consumption of the animals. The average total feed intake in 65 days for the pigs without
Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive was 154.04 kg compared to the
pigs given diet with Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive with a mean
of 166.65 kg.
Table 2. Average total and daily feed intake of pigs
TREATMENT TOTAL FEED DAILY FEED
INTAKE INTAKE
FOR 65 DAYS (kg)
FOR 65 DAYS (kg)
Without Liquid Yeast Culture
and Plant Herbal Extracts Additive 154.04a
2.37a
With Liquid Yeast Culture
and Plant Herbal Extracts Additive 166.65a 2.56a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
The daily amount of feeds consumed by the pigs to gain weight has a mean of 2.37
kg for the pigs given a diet without Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts
additive while pigs given a diet with Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
additive was 2.56 kg. The result of the study collaborates with the study conducted by
Kritas and Morrison (2010) where they observed no difference in the average daily feed
intake of the pigs given probiotics even though they had start it with weanlings.
Gain in Weights of the Pigs
The total and average gains in weights of the pigs raised from 23.50 kg to 85.60kg
for 65 days are shown in Table 3. It reveals that there are significant differences between
the treatments, statistically. This means that the gain in weights of the pigs in the treatments
were not homogenous. The total gain in weight and average daily gain in weight of the pigs
given diets without Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive has a mean
of 53.80 kg and 0.83 kg, respectively. On the other hand, the pigs given diets with Liquid
Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive have a mean of 62.10 kg and 0.96 kg for
total gain in weight and daily gain in weight, respectively.
Table 3. Average total and daily gain in weight of pigs
TREATMENT TOTAL GAIN AVERAGE DAILY
IN WEIGHTS GAIN IN WEIGHTS
(kg)
(kg)
Without Liquid Yeast Culture 53.79a
0.83a
and Plant Herbal Extracts Additive
With Liquid Yeast Culture 62.10b
0.96b
and plant herbal Extracts additive
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
The result of the study indicates that the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with
Plant Herbal Extracts to the pig diets improves the gain in weight or had a better growth
performance. The components of the Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts such
as organic acids and minerals have stimulated the higher gain in weights of the pigs.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
The result of the study agrees to Alberta and Close (2010) who stated that
supplementing or adding probiotics (which is one of the claimed characteristics of Liquid
Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts) to pig’s diet can improves the growth rate of
pigs. However, he added that probiotics may be more consistent and more positive in
piglets than in growing-finishing animals. Likewise to Stein (2011) who stated that
supplementation of probiotics improves average daily gain of pigs particularly weanlings.
The results also confirm the claims of the manufacturer of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant
Herbal Extracts that adding it to livestock or poultry diet could result to faster growth rate.
Feed Conversion Ratio and
Feed Cost per Kilogram Gain in Weight
Table 4 presents the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the pigs. No significant
differences were observed between the treatments as revealed by the statistical analysis.
Feed Conversion Ratio or the ability of the animals to convert feed into gain was
determined by dividing the total feed consumption by the total gain in weights of the pigs.
The pig given diets with Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive has a
Feed Conversion Ratio 2.72 while 2.96 for the pigs given diets without feed additive.
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kilogram gain in weights of pigs
TREATMENT FEED CONVERSION FEED COST/ KG
RATIO GAIN (Php)
Without Liquid Yeast Culture 2.96a
64.368
and Plant Herbal Extracts Additive
With Liquid Yeast Culture 2.72a
57.312
and plant herbal Extracts additive
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
This result indicates that the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal
Extracts to the swine diets raised from 23.50 kg to 85600 kg did not improved nor
decreased the efficiency of the swine to convert nutrients in the feeds into a unit of gain in
weight or animal product. This is not consistent with the findings shown in Table 3 where
the result was significantly different because higher gain in weight was obtained from the
pigs given diet with feed additive. However, it is consistent with the result on the feed
intake of the animals shown in Table 2 where there is no difference between the two
treatments because both of the pigs given diets with feed additive and pigs given diets
without feed additive have consumed almost same amount of feeds.
The results of this study did not support the conclusion of PCCARD (2002) that the
use of probiotics (one component of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts) as
feed supplement improves the feed conversion ratio of swine.
Furthermore, the result also of the study did not support the claims of Stein (2011)
who stated that addition of organic acid (one component of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant
Herbal Extracts) to pigs diets can improved conversion efficiency but are generally less
effective in grower-finisher diet .The difference may be attributed to the age of the
experimental animals used .
The average feed cost to produce a kilogram gain is also shown in Table 4. Cost
was based on prevailing price during the conduct of the study. The addition of Liquid Yeast
Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts to swine diets incurred the cheaper feed cost to produce
kilogram gain in weight with a mean of Php57.31 as compared to the pigs given diet
without the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts with a mean of
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
Php64.368. The cheaper cost of feeds for the pigs with feed additive was a direct result of
the better efficiency of the pigs to convert feed into body gain in weight.
Return on Investment
Table 5 presents the return on investment (ROI) of the pigs. This was taken by
subtracting the total cost of production from the sales of the pigs. Cost of expenditures was
based on the prevailing prices during the conduct of the study. The cost per kilogram of
the pig was based on the live weight Php120.00 per kilogram and 24.00 per kilogram for
the feeds. The total cost of production includes: housing, medication, water and electricity,
feeds, labor, repairs and maintenance and miscellaneous.
Table 5. Return on investment
TREATMENTS GROSS SALES TOTAL EXPENSES NET INCOME ROI
(Php)
(Php) (Php)
(%)
Without Liquid Yeast
Culture and Plant 9,312.00 8,135.762 1,172.862 11.35
Herbal Additive
With Liquid Yeast
Culture and Plant
10,270.00
8,348.950
1,923.010
18.50
Herbal Extracts Additive
Giving pig Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts as feed additive resulted
in higher average return on investment of 18.50 % compared the pigs given diet without
the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts with an average ROI of
11.35% .The higher returns obtain from pigs given diet with feed additive was a direct
result of higher gross sales and net income of the individual pigs from each treatments
because of higher gain in weight.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
Other Observations
During the carcass evaluation of the animals used in the study, it was observed that
the pigs given diet with Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive have a
lesser fecal odor (one of the claimed characteristics of the Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant
Herbal Extracts which is ammonia odor suppressants) compared to those pigs without feed
additive. Furthermore, the fecal color in the intestines of the pigs given diets with feed
additive when it was cleaned was brownish while it was black for the pigs given diets
without Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to verify the effect of liquid yeast culture with plant herbal
extracts as feed additive on the growth performance of growing pigs under highland
condition and to determine the profitability of pigs with the inclusion of liquid yeast culture
with plant herbal extract.
A total of ten 74 day old pigs were divided into two treatments. Each treatment was
replicated five times with one pig serving as replicate. The treatments used were without
Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive to their diets and with Liquid
Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive to their diets.
Results showed that adding Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts to the
pig’s diet had increased the gain in weight, however, it did not improved nor reduced the
feed intake and feed conversion ratio as revealed by no significant differences between
treatment means. The average gain in weights, daily gain in weights, feed intake and feed
conversion ratio of the pigs given diets with feed additive were 62.10kg, 0.96 kg 166.65kg
and 2.72, respectively compared to the pigs without the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture
with Plant Herbal Extracts to their diets with a mean of 53.80 kg, 0.83 kg 154.04 kg and
2.96 for the total gain in weights, daily gain in weights, feed intake and the ability of pigs
to convert the nutrients in the feed to a unit gain in weight.
The inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts resulted to
cheaper cost of feeds to produce a kilogram in weight with a mean of Php57.31 compared
to the pigs given diet without Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extract with mean of
Php64.37. The cheaper cost is a direct effect of better feed efficiency of the pigs to convert
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
feed into body gain in weight. Likewise to the return on investment (ROI), the treatment
with feed additive had a higher ROI of 18.50% while 11.35% for the pigs without the
inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts. The higher ROI obtained
from pigs given diet with feed additive was a direct result of higher gross sales and net
income of the individual pigs from each treatment because of the higher gin in weights.
Conclusion
Based on the result of the study, it is concluded that adding Liquid Yeast Culture
with Plant Herbal Extracts to pig’s diet raised from 23.50 kg to 85.60 kg improves the
growth rate of pigs particularly gain in weights thereby, giving a better profit.
Recommendation
Significant difference was revealed in the total and average daily gain in weights
of the pigs raised from 23.50 kg to 85.60 kg. It is therefore recommended that Liquid Yeast
Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts may be used as feed additive for growing pigs. Further
studies may be conducted starting from weanlings to compare it to growing pigs with more
replicates and to further verify the other benefits or characteristics of Liquid Yeast Culture
with Plant Herbal Extracts as claimed by the manufacturer especially the claim that it can
be as a probiotic, immunity enhancer and ammonia odor suppressant and as an anti-
parasitic agent.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
AGRICULTURE BUSINESS WEEK. 2009. Multi-functional yeast culture for livestock
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livestock-and-
aquaculture-production-part-2/
ALBERTA, M. F. and W. H. CLOSE. 2010. Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters.
Wokinghan,
UK.
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20,
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AUCLAIR, A. 2001. Yeast as an Example of the Mode of Action of Probiotics in
Monogastric and Ruminant Species. Marcq en BaroeulCedex. France. Retrieved
August 20, 2011 from http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c54/ 01600010.pdf
ASIAN-AUSTRALIAN ASSOCIATION OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION SOCIETIES.
2010. Effects of dietary Synbioticsfrom Anaerobic Microflora on Growth
Performance, Noxious Gas Emiss and Fecal Pathogenic Bacteria Population in
Weaning Pigs. Retrieved August 21, 2011 from
http://www.the
freelibrary.com/effects+of+dietary+synbiotics+from+anaerobic+microflora+on +
growth-90218450210
GALLALI IZW FARM PRODUCTS. 2010. Organic Anti-parasitical. Retrieved August
10, 2011 from www. gallali. com
GILLESPIE, J. R. 2002. Modern Livestock and Poultry Production. 6th Ed. Thomsom
Learning Inc., USA. p.132.
HOUDIJK, J. G., HARTEMINK, M. R., VERSTEGEN, W. A. and M. W. BOSCH. 2002.
Effects of Dietary Non-digestible oligosaccharides on Microbial Characteristics of
Ileal Chyme and Faeces in Weaner Pigs. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 56:297-307.
ISLAM, K.M.S., SCHUHMACHER and J. M. GROPP. 2005. Humic Acid Substances in
Animal Agriculture. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 4 (3): 126-134.
JACELA, T. Y., DEROUCHEY, J. M., TOKACH, M. D., GOODBAND, R. D.,
NELSSEN, J. L., RENTER, D.G., and S. S. DRITZ. 2009. Feed Additives for
Swine: Fact Sheet-
Acidifiers and Antibiotics. J. Swine Health Prod. 17 (5):270-
275.
JENSEN, B. B. 2010. Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters. Danish Institute of
Agricultural
Sciences.
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15,
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Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
KRITAS, M. J. and B. B. MORRISON. 2010. Probiotics in Poultry and Pig Nutrition:
Basics
and
Benefits.
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1564/probiotics-in-poultry-and-pig-
nutrition-basics-and-benefits.
MANZANILLA, E. G., BAUCELLS, F., KAMEL, C., MORALES, J., PEREZ , J. F. and
J. GASA. 2001. Effects of the Three Herbal Extracts on the Performance and Lower
Gut Microflora of Early Weaned Piglets. J. Anim. Sci., Suppl; 1: 473.
MATTHEW, A. G., CHATTIN, S. E., ROBBINS, C. M. and D. A. GOLDEN. 1998.
Effects of a Direct-fed Yeast Culture on Enteric Microbial Populations,
Fermentation Acids, and Performance of Weanling Pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 76:2138-
2145.
MATEOS, G. G., LAZARO, L. AND P. MEDELL. 2000. Feeding Strategies for Intensive
Livestock Production without in-feed Antibiotic Growth Promoters. Proc. III
Conference-Show Feed Manufacturing in the Mediterranean Region. Reus, Spain.
MC DONALD, P., EDWARD, R. A., GREENHALGH, JF. D. and C.A. MORGAN. 2002.
Animal Nutrition. 6th Ed. Ash Ford Colour Press Ltd. Gosport.P. 621.
MILLER, H. M. 2007. The Impact of Acidifiers in replacement of antibiotic growth
promoters. Biomin World Nutrition Forum. Retrieved August 20, 2011 from
http://en.engormix.com/MA-pig-industry/nutrition/articles/the-impact-acidifiers
replacement-t287/p0.htm
NAMKUNG, H., LI, M., GONG, J., YU, H., COTTRILL, M. AND C. F. DELANGE.
2004. Impact of Feeding Blends of Organic Acids and Herbal Extracts on Growth
Performance, Gut Microbiota and Digestive Function in Newly Weaned Pigs.Can.
J. Anim. Sci.84:697-704.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. 2000. The Philippine Recommends for
Livestock Feed Formulation. PCCARD/DOST.PFIZER INC., Los Banos, Laguna.
Recommends Series no. 64-A.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. 2002. The Philippine Recommended for
Animal Health Care. PCCARD/DOST.PFIZER INC., Los Banos, Laguna.
Recommends Seriesno.65-A. P. 64.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. 2005. The Philippine Recommended for
Animal Health Care. PCCARD/DOST.PFIZER INC., Los Banos, Laguna.
Recommends Series No. 13-B. P. 35.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
RAHIMI, S., ZADEH, Z. T., TORSHIZI, K., OMIDBAIGI, R. and H. ROKNI. 2011.
Effect of the Three Herbal Extracts on Growth Perrformance, Immune System,
Blood Factors and Intestinal Selected Bactreial Population in Broiler Chickens.
J.Agri. Sci. Tech.3:527-539.
SAINSBURY, D. 1998. Animal Health. 2nd Ed. Blackwell Science Inc., Cambridge.
P. 62.
STEIN, H. 2011. Feeding the Pigs Immune System and Alternatives to
Antibiotic.University of
Illnois.
Retrieved
August
20,
2011
from
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onperformance-immune-system-t1697/141- p0.htm
WINDISCH, W., SCHEDLE, K., PLITZNER, C. and A. KROISMAYR. 2007. Use of
Phytogenic Products as Feed Additives for Swine and Poultry. Retrieved August
21, 2011 from http://jas.fass.org/content/86/14suppl/E140.full
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012. Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid
Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the Growth Performance of Growing Pigs
Under Highland Condition. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph. D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the effect of liquid yeast culture with plant
herbal extracts as feed additive on the gain in weight, feed consumption and feed
conservation ratio of pigs and to determine the profitability of raising pigs with the
inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts to the diets. This was
conducted at Banig, Tawang, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011 to January 2012.
A total of ten 74 day old pigs were divided into two treatments. Each treatment was
replicated five times with one pig serving as replicate. The treatments used were without
Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive to their diets and with Liquid
Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive to their diets.
Results revealed that adding Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts to the
pig’s diet had increased the gain in weight, however, it did not improved nor reduced the
feed intake and feed conversion ratio as revealed by no significant differences between
treatment means. The average total gain in weights, daily gain in weights, feed intake and
feed conversion ratio of the pigs given diets with feed additive were 62.10 kg, 0.96 kg, 166
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
kg and 2.70, respectively compared to the pigs without the inclusion of Liquid Yeast
Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts to their diet with a mean of 53.80 kg, 0.83 kg, 154.04
kg and 2.96 for the total gain in weights, daily gain in weights, feed intake and the ability
of pigs to convert to nutrients in the feed to a unit gain in weight.
The pigs given diet with feed additive had a higher return on investments of 18.50%
while 11.35% for the pigs given diet without the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with
Plant Herbal Extracts. The higher returns obtain from pigs given diet with feed additive
was a direct result of higher gross sales and net income of the individual pigs from each
treatment because of the higher gin in weights.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Proper nutrition, health care, and good management practices contribute a lot to a
successful piggery operation. PCCARD (2005) claimed that a well-nourished pig grows
faster, attains market weight earlier and is more efficient in feed utilization, more resistant
to diseases and stress, more prolific and has better mothering ability.
The current practice in ration formulation is to add non-nutritive substances referred
to as feed additives. Feed additives are materials that are non-nutritive substances added in
small amounts in rations to improve feed efficiency, promote faster gains, improve animal
health, or increase production of animal products (Gillespie, 2002). They are often added
to the basic feed mix and require careful handling and mixing.
One of the products that can be used as feed additives as recommended by the
manufacturer is a Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts. Liquid Yeast Culture
with Plant Herbal Extracts is a liquid yeast culture rich in fermentation metabolites and
herbal extracts composed of organic acids and organic minerals. According to the
manufacturer, Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts function is to protect the
animal’s digestive system from the harmful effects of toxins, parasites, and bacterial
pathogens whether they are in water or in feeds. Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal
Extracts unique combination of yeast/phototrophic culture and herbal extracts keeps the
digestive system healthy for optimum absorption of feed nutrients. Ammonia emissions
are dramatically reduced resulting in minimal upper respiratory challenges thus lowering
antibiotics cost.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
On the premise that feeds are complete in macro and micro nutrients, the use of
Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts gives us the confidence to reduce the use
of supplements to a minimum. Farms at lowland areas using the Liquid Yeast Culture with
Plant Herbal Extracts reported increased livability of over 1%, decreased average harvest
age, improved feed conversion ratios, and decreased use of supplements. All of the above
logically results in better profits.
The manufacturer claimed characteristics of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal
Extracts which make the product economically viable when used in feeds or in water are
as: probiotic, prebiotic, acidifier, metabolic activity enhancer, ammonia odor suppressant,
immunity enhancer and as anti-parasitic agent. Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal
Extracts has been successfully used in broiler, swine, cattle fattening and layer farms in
lowland areas.
The study was conducted to verify whether using Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant
Herbal Extracts as feed additives will be productive under highland condition.
Furthermore, to find out whether Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts will
really decrease the foul-smell of the animal’s manure while promoting growth. Reduced
fecal-odor will help alleviate pollution problem and will benefit not only animal raisers but
also the surrounding community.
The result of the study will add to the post of knowledge in swine nutrition.
Information generated from the study can be used by researchers, swine producers and
students alike.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
The experiment generally aimed to verify the effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with
Plant Herbal Extracts as feed additives on the growth performance of growing-finishing
pigs under highland condition. Specifically, it aimed to:
1. determine the effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts as feed
additives on gain in weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio of pigs;
2. determine the profitability of raising pigs with Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant
Herbal Extracts as feed additives; and
The study was conducted from November 2011 to February 2012 at Banig, Tawang,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Probiotic
Probiotics are beneficial microorganism (mainly lactic acid producing bacteria and
yeast combinations) added to rations to improve the intestinal microbial balance of the
animal (PCCARD, 2005). These bacteria exert their beneficial effects through
“competitive exclusion” and lactic acid production. In addition to competitive exclusion is
reduction in gut pH, which makes the intestinal environment unfavorable for certain
pathogenic bacteria. There has also been increasing evidence that an acidic environment is
conducive to increased enzymatic activity within the digestive system that leads to
improved production performance (PCCARD, 2002).
Extensive investigation and research have been carried out on those probiotics
approved for use and their benefits as stated by Sainsbury (1998) may be summarized as
follows: (a) probiotics can promote growth and productivity in livestock in a natural way;
(b) it may protect against salmonella infections; (c) it can protect against toxins produced
by harmful forms of E. coli; (d) it stimulate immunity to infections by boosting interferon
production, immunoglobin concentration and macrophage activity; (e) probiotic suppress
clostridial infection which are often associated with intensive livestock production.
Over the last 10-15 years, probiotics have been proposed as an alternative to
antibiotics (Jensen, 2010). On the other hand, Alberta and Close (2010) said that unlike
antibiotics, probiotics introduce live beneficial bacteria into the intestinal tract.
Accordingly, several authors have assessed the efficacy of probiotics as growth promoters
for pigs. Most concluded that when results are averaged over several trials, there is an
improvement in growth rate and in the efficiency of feed utilization. However, the results
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
are highly variable. The effects of the probiotics may be more consistent and positive in
piglets than in growing-finishing animals. Kim et al. (2001) as cited by Stein (2011)
claimed that supplementation of probiotics improved average daily gain and feed efficiency
in finishing pigs.
Result from university studies and commercial farm trials have reported significant
improvement in weight gain, feed conversion ratio in swine supplemented with probiotics
(PCCARD, 2002).
Prebiotics
Prebiotics are non-digestible food substances that selectively stimulate the growth
of favorable species of bacteria in the gut, thereby benefiting the host (Jacela et al., 2009).
Common examples of prebiotics used in research or on farms include
oligosaccharides oligofructose, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), mannanoligosaccharides
(MOS), dietary fibers and inulin. Oligosaccharides have been claimed as beneficial
nutritional modifiers for monogastric farm animals and modify the balance of the microbial
population by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and thereby provide healthier
animals (McDonald et al., 2002).
Certain dietary fibers have shown to improve intestinal secretions and growth of
the digestive mucosa (Mateos et al., 2000) and a number of different fiber fractions have
been tested for their ability to enhance pig growth and suppress pathogenic bacteria
colonization. The mode of action of the dietary fibers is believed to depend on the specific
fraction in question readily fermentable non-digestible oligosaccharides (e.g. fructo-
oligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharide, and Transco-galactosaccharides) are believed to
improve pig performance by stimulating the proliferation of Bifidobacteria in the large
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
intestine, which in turn reduces colonic pH and increases the concentration of lactic acid
(Houdijk et al., 2002).
Acidifier
Acidifiers are made of organic acid or mixture of organic acids incorporated in the
ration. They exert their effect on the gastrointestinal environment by lowering the stomach
pH. Low stomach pH prevents the growth band proliferation of pathogenic
microorganisms, thus promoting better feed efficiency (PCCARD, 2000).
A recent report summarizing several studies on acidifiers indicated that, in general
they appear to improve pig growth performance. However, the magnitude and consistency
of the response may vary, depending on inclusion rate and other dietary factors. The exact
mode of action of acidifier has not been fully elucidated. However, acidifiers are commonly
marketed as growth promoting products and as alternatives for in feed antibiotics (Jacela
et al., 2009).
The inclusion of organic acids in diets fed to weanling and growing pigs has been
reported in numerous papers (Stein, 2011). Although the exact modes of action of organic
acids are not clear, their addition to pig diets has proved beneficial in terms of nutrient
digestibility, growth and conversion efficiency. This is particularly for newly weaned pigs,
when coupled with good feeding management procedures. Organic acids that have shown
positive effects on growth performance in weaned pigs include citric, formic, fumaric, and
propionic acids (McDonald et al., 2002).
Organic acids are generally less effective in grower –finisher diets than in weaner
diets although they show beneficial effects depending on choice of acid and particular farm
circumstance (Mroz, 2003) as cited by Miller ( 2007).
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
Anti-parasitic Agent
Plant extracts and essential oil have been exploited in animal nutrition, partially for
their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti- oxidative and anti-parasites properties
(Namkung et al., 2004).
Plant extracts and spices as single compounds or as mixed preparations can play a
role in supporting both performance and health status of the animal (Manzanilla et al.,
2001). Beneficial effects of herbal extracts or active substances in animal nutrition may
include stimulation of appetite and feed intake, the improvement of endogenous digestive
enzyme secretion, activation of immune response and antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant
and anthelminthic actions (Rahimi et al., 2011).
In monogastric species, the main effects of yeast supplementation are stimulation
of brush border disaccharides, anti-adhesive effect against pathogens, stimulation of a
specific immunity, toxin action inhibition and antagonistic effect against pathogenic micro-
organisms (Auclair, 2001).
In nursery pig, yeast products have shown to improve the growth performance and
health.Positive performance responses to the inclusion of yeast in diets fed to weanling
pigs have been reported (Matthew et al., 1998).
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
Immunity Enhancer
Yeast metabolites have newly been introduced in swine diets. Yeast metabolites are
also called yeast culture that includes concepts of both probiotics and prebiotics (Asian-
Australian Association of Animal Production Societies, 2010). According to Islam et al.
(2007), yeast culture are not fed as a source of live or viable yeast cells, but as a nutrition
supplement to provide undefined fermentation factors which are recognized to stimulate
bacterial growth in the digestive tract. These fermentation factors sometimes referred to as
“nutrilites”, added to be heat stable and are not significantly affected by high temperature
or pelleting.
The growth of beneficial bacteria like Lactobacili and Bifidobacteria, is enhanced
by Manna oligosaccharide (MOS) and fermentation metabolites. Likewise, the
proliferation of bad bacteria is impaired due to the presence of MOS in yeast and
competitive exclusion. The activation of intestinal immunity also reduces the effect of
pathogenic bacteria (Agriculture Business Week, 2009).
Another claim often made of phylogenic/botanical feed additives is stimulation of
immune functions; however, the specific experimental verification in monogastric
agricultural livestock is rather limited (Windisch et al., 2007).
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted using ten (10) Hampshire x Landrace crosses, Uno
commercial feeds, weighing scale, Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts, sugar,
water, pigpens, self-feeders, nipple drinkers and recording materials.
Upon arrival of the piglets, they were reared for 30 days for them to adjust in the
new weather and management before the study had started. They were fed with starter
feeds until they have reached the weight ranging 19.30 kg-94 kg. At 74 days of age, before
distributing them to the pigpens individually the experimental animals were weighed to
obtain their initial weights. They were grouped into two treatments following the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated five times with one
pig serving as replicate. The treatments were as follows:
T0= Without Liquid Yeast Culture and plant Herbal Extracts Additive
T1= With Liquid Yeast Culture and Plant Herbal Extracts Additive
Analysis of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts according to Gallali
IZW Farm Products (2010) are the following: Yeast 370.000 per gram; Phototrophic
13.000 per gram; Ph 4.0-5.0; Ca 422 Mg/L; P 100 Mg/L; K 429 Mg/L; Mg 149 Mg/L; Fe
41 Mg/L; Mn 1.4 Mg/L; Se 0.0002 Mg/L; Cu 0.07 Mg/L and other traces minerals.
Liquid Yeast Culture and plant Herbal Extracts as a feed additive was mixed
thoroughly. The dosages were as follows:
Feeds Water Sugar
Liquid Yeast Culture with
Plant Herbal Extracts
1kg
2ml
1/8 teaspoon
1 ml
for 250 ml water
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
The Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts was added to the 2ml water
and was sprayed into the feeds. The addition of sugar was done for better uniformity of
mixing the Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts to the feeds.
All of the experimental animals were subjected to the same care and management
except for the kind of ration that was offered to them. The feeding regime was done for 65
days. Feeding was done adlibitum. Self-feeders were provided wherein feeds was available
all the time on it. Nipple drinkers were provided also to ensure adequate drinking water for
the animals.
To help maintain good health of the pigs, hygiene and sanitation were maintained
to avoid the occurrence of diseases. Cleaning was done every day to protect the pigs from
illness.
The following data were gathered:
1. Initial weight. This was taken by weighing the experimental animal at 74 days
of age.
2. Final weight. This was taken by weighing the hogs at 139 days of age.
3. Amount of feeds offered. This was determined by weighing the feed offered to
the swine from the start of the experiment until the end of the experimental period.
4. Amount of feed leftover. This was determined by weighing of
spilled/wet/refused feed.
5. Cost of inputs. This was determined by recording all the expenses to be used in
the study.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
From the above observation, the following were computed:
1. Feed intake consumption
a. Total feed intake (TFI). This was determined using the formula
TFI = amount of feed offered- amount of feed leftover
b. Average Daily feed intake (ADFI). This was determined using the
formula:
DFI = total feed intake/ number of days of the experiment
2. Gain in Weight
a. Total gain (TG). This was determined based on the formula:
TGW = final weight – initial weight
b. Average daily gain in weight (ADG). This was determined using the
formula:
DGW = total gain in weight/ number of days of the experiment
3. Feed conversion ratio (FCR). This was determined based on the formula:
FCR = Feed intake
Total gain in weight
4. Feed cost/kg gain. This was determined using the formula:
Feed cost/kg gain = FCR x feed cost per kilogram of feed
5. Return on investment. This was determined using the formula:
ROI = Gross Sales-Total Expenses x 100
Total Expenses
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weights of the Pigs
The initial and final weights of the pigs used in the study are shown in Table 1.
Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the two treatments in the initial
weights of the pigs at 74 days of age. The average initial weight of the pigs given diets with
Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive was 23.50 kg while the pigs given
diets without Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive was 23.80 kg .This
means that experimental animals were more or less the same weight at start of the study.
Likewise, there were no significant differences observed between treatment means
in the final weights taken at 139 days of age. The average final weight obtained from pigs
given diets with Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive was 85.60 kg
and 77.60 kg from the pigs fed without Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts
additive.
Table 1. Average initial and final weights of pigs
TREATMENT INITIAL WEIGHT
FINAL WEIGHT
AT 74 DAYS OF AGE AT 139 DAYS OF AGE
(kg)
(kg)
Without Liquid Yeast Culture 23.804a
77.600a
and Plant herbal Extracts Additive
With Liquid Yeast Culture 23.500a
85.600a
and Plant herbal Extracts Additive
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
The result of the study implies that the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant
Herbal Extracts to the pig diets did not adversely affect nor improved the final weight of
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
the pigs. However, there was a tendency to be significant at (Pr= 0.08). It is possible that
significant difference may be observed with more replicates.
Feed Consumption of the Pigs
Presented in Table 2 is the total and daily feed intake of the pigs raised from 23.50
kg 85.60 kg for 65 days.
Statistical analysis revealed that no significant differences were observed on the
feed consumption of the animals. This implies that addition of Liquid Yeast Culture with
Plant Herbal Extracts to the pig’s diet did not reduced nor improved the appetite or feed
consumption of the animals. The average total feed intake in 65 days for the pigs without
Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive was 154.04 kg compared to the
pigs given diet with Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive with a mean
of 166.65 kg.
Table 2. Average total and daily feed intake of pigs
TREATMENT TOTAL FEED DAILY FEED
INTAKE INTAKE
FOR 65 DAYS (kg)
FOR 65 DAYS (kg)
Without Liquid Yeast Culture
and Plant Herbal Extracts Additive 154.04a
2.37a
With Liquid Yeast Culture
and Plant Herbal Extracts Additive 166.65a 2.56a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
The daily amount of feeds consumed by the pigs to gain weight has a mean of 2.37
kg for the pigs given a diet without Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts
additive while pigs given a diet with Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
additive was 2.56 kg. The result of the study collaborates with the study conducted by
Kritas and Morrison (2010) where they observed no difference in the average daily feed
intake of the pigs given probiotics even though they had start it with weanlings.
Gain in Weights of the Pigs
The total and average gains in weights of the pigs raised from 23.50 kg to 85.60kg
for 65 days are shown in Table 3. It reveals that there are significant differences between
the treatments, statistically. This means that the gain in weights of the pigs in the treatments
were not homogenous. The total gain in weight and average daily gain in weight of the pigs
given diets without Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive has a mean
of 53.80 kg and 0.83 kg, respectively. On the other hand, the pigs given diets with Liquid
Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive have a mean of 62.10 kg and 0.96 kg for
total gain in weight and daily gain in weight, respectively.
Table 3. Average total and daily gain in weight of pigs
TREATMENT TOTAL GAIN AVERAGE DAILY
IN WEIGHTS GAIN IN WEIGHTS
(kg)
(kg)
Without Liquid Yeast Culture 53.79a
0.83a
and Plant Herbal Extracts Additive
With Liquid Yeast Culture 62.10b
0.96b
and plant herbal Extracts additive
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
The result of the study indicates that the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with
Plant Herbal Extracts to the pig diets improves the gain in weight or had a better growth
performance. The components of the Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts such
as organic acids and minerals have stimulated the higher gain in weights of the pigs.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
The result of the study agrees to Alberta and Close (2010) who stated that
supplementing or adding probiotics (which is one of the claimed characteristics of Liquid
Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts) to pig’s diet can improves the growth rate of
pigs. However, he added that probiotics may be more consistent and more positive in
piglets than in growing-finishing animals. Likewise to Stein (2011) who stated that
supplementation of probiotics improves average daily gain of pigs particularly weanlings.
The results also confirm the claims of the manufacturer of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant
Herbal Extracts that adding it to livestock or poultry diet could result to faster growth rate.
Feed Conversion Ratio and
Feed Cost per Kilogram Gain in Weight
Table 4 presents the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the pigs. No significant
differences were observed between the treatments as revealed by the statistical analysis.
Feed Conversion Ratio or the ability of the animals to convert feed into gain was
determined by dividing the total feed consumption by the total gain in weights of the pigs.
The pig given diets with Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive has a
Feed Conversion Ratio 2.72 while 2.96 for the pigs given diets without feed additive.
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kilogram gain in weights of pigs
TREATMENT FEED CONVERSION FEED COST/ KG
RATIO GAIN (Php)
Without Liquid Yeast Culture 2.96a
64.368
and Plant Herbal Extracts Additive
With Liquid Yeast Culture 2.72a
57.312
and plant herbal Extracts additive
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
This result indicates that the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal
Extracts to the swine diets raised from 23.50 kg to 85600 kg did not improved nor
decreased the efficiency of the swine to convert nutrients in the feeds into a unit of gain in
weight or animal product. This is not consistent with the findings shown in Table 3 where
the result was significantly different because higher gain in weight was obtained from the
pigs given diet with feed additive. However, it is consistent with the result on the feed
intake of the animals shown in Table 2 where there is no difference between the two
treatments because both of the pigs given diets with feed additive and pigs given diets
without feed additive have consumed almost same amount of feeds.
The results of this study did not support the conclusion of PCCARD (2002) that the
use of probiotics (one component of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts) as
feed supplement improves the feed conversion ratio of swine.
Furthermore, the result also of the study did not support the claims of Stein (2011)
who stated that addition of organic acid (one component of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant
Herbal Extracts) to pigs diets can improved conversion efficiency but are generally less
effective in grower-finisher diet .The difference may be attributed to the age of the
experimental animals used .
The average feed cost to produce a kilogram gain is also shown in Table 4. Cost
was based on prevailing price during the conduct of the study. The addition of Liquid Yeast
Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts to swine diets incurred the cheaper feed cost to produce
kilogram gain in weight with a mean of Php57.31 as compared to the pigs given diet
without the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts with a mean of
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
Php64.368. The cheaper cost of feeds for the pigs with feed additive was a direct result of
the better efficiency of the pigs to convert feed into body gain in weight.
Return on Investment
Table 5 presents the return on investment (ROI) of the pigs. This was taken by
subtracting the total cost of production from the sales of the pigs. Cost of expenditures was
based on the prevailing prices during the conduct of the study. The cost per kilogram of
the pig was based on the live weight Php120.00 per kilogram and 24.00 per kilogram for
the feeds. The total cost of production includes: housing, medication, water and electricity,
feeds, labor, repairs and maintenance and miscellaneous.
Table 5. Return on investment
TREATMENTS GROSS SALES TOTAL EXPENSES NET INCOME ROI
(Php)
(Php) (Php)
(%)
Without Liquid Yeast
Culture and Plant 9,312.00 8,135.762 1,172.862 11.35
Herbal Additive
With Liquid Yeast
Culture and Plant
10,270.00
8,348.950
1,923.010
18.50
Herbal Extracts Additive
Giving pig Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts as feed additive resulted
in higher average return on investment of 18.50 % compared the pigs given diet without
the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts with an average ROI of
11.35% .The higher returns obtain from pigs given diet with feed additive was a direct
result of higher gross sales and net income of the individual pigs from each treatments
because of higher gain in weight.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
Other Observations
During the carcass evaluation of the animals used in the study, it was observed that
the pigs given diet with Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive have a
lesser fecal odor (one of the claimed characteristics of the Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant
Herbal Extracts which is ammonia odor suppressants) compared to those pigs without feed
additive. Furthermore, the fecal color in the intestines of the pigs given diets with feed
additive when it was cleaned was brownish while it was black for the pigs given diets
without Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to verify the effect of liquid yeast culture with plant herbal
extracts as feed additive on the growth performance of growing pigs under highland
condition and to determine the profitability of pigs with the inclusion of liquid yeast culture
with plant herbal extract.
A total of ten 74 day old pigs were divided into two treatments. Each treatment was
replicated five times with one pig serving as replicate. The treatments used were without
Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive to their diets and with Liquid
Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts additive to their diets.
Results showed that adding Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts to the
pig’s diet had increased the gain in weight, however, it did not improved nor reduced the
feed intake and feed conversion ratio as revealed by no significant differences between
treatment means. The average gain in weights, daily gain in weights, feed intake and feed
conversion ratio of the pigs given diets with feed additive were 62.10kg, 0.96 kg 166.65kg
and 2.72, respectively compared to the pigs without the inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture
with Plant Herbal Extracts to their diets with a mean of 53.80 kg, 0.83 kg 154.04 kg and
2.96 for the total gain in weights, daily gain in weights, feed intake and the ability of pigs
to convert the nutrients in the feed to a unit gain in weight.
The inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts resulted to
cheaper cost of feeds to produce a kilogram in weight with a mean of Php57.31 compared
to the pigs given diet without Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extract with mean of
Php64.37. The cheaper cost is a direct effect of better feed efficiency of the pigs to convert
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
feed into body gain in weight. Likewise to the return on investment (ROI), the treatment
with feed additive had a higher ROI of 18.50% while 11.35% for the pigs without the
inclusion of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts. The higher ROI obtained
from pigs given diet with feed additive was a direct result of higher gross sales and net
income of the individual pigs from each treatment because of the higher gin in weights.
Conclusion
Based on the result of the study, it is concluded that adding Liquid Yeast Culture
with Plant Herbal Extracts to pig’s diet raised from 23.50 kg to 85.60 kg improves the
growth rate of pigs particularly gain in weights thereby, giving a better profit.
Recommendation
Significant difference was revealed in the total and average daily gain in weights
of the pigs raised from 23.50 kg to 85.60 kg. It is therefore recommended that Liquid Yeast
Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts may be used as feed additive for growing pigs. Further
studies may be conducted starting from weanlings to compare it to growing pigs with more
replicates and to further verify the other benefits or characteristics of Liquid Yeast Culture
with Plant Herbal Extracts as claimed by the manufacturer especially the claim that it can
be as a probiotic, immunity enhancer and ammonia odor suppressant and as an anti-
parasitic agent.
Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
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TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012
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Verification Trial on the Effect of Liquid Yeast Culture with Plant Herbal Extracts on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Under Highland Condition
TINDAAN, ADELINE P. APRIL 2012