BIBLIOGRAPHY LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013. Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with
Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at Poblacion, Tuba, Benguet from August to
October 2012 for a period of fifty days. This study aimed to determine the effect of parsley,
peppermint, and yellow weed on the growth performance and feed intake; effect on
morbidity and mortality rates; and to determine the final weight of experimental rabbits
after fifty days of experimentation.
A total of 15 weanling rabbits were randomly assigned following the Completely
Randomized Design to the following treatments: 50 g commercial feed + galinsoga (T1);
50 g commercial feed + parsley (T2); and 50 g commercial feed + peppermint (T3).
Rabbits fed with galinsoga attained the highest final weight of 1.68 kg at 110 days
of age. None of the rabbits fed with galinsoga got sick or died during the conduct of the
study. Rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint had the lowest final weight of 0.99 kg and
0.92 kg respectively. On the sixth week, all the rabbits given parsley and peppermint
suffered from diarrhea which led to the death of one rabbit in each of the treatments.
It is concluded that parsley and peppermint given continuously and solely to rabbits
had detrimental effect resulting in diarrhea.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rabbits are unique among the other animals. They are not only used for pets
nowadays but are also raised for meat, fur or wool, and laboratory use. Rabbit meat contains
18% protein and 8% fat, which is better than the protein and fat contained in poultry meat
(Church and Pond, 1974). The meat is desirable for individuals who may have difficulty in
chewing their food and people who are on cholesterol diet (Warren, 2002).
As to this case, rabbit industry is getting popular. Large commercial operations
keep hundreds or thousands of rabbits for meat production. Combined, it is estimated that
approximately 200,000 producers market 6-8 million rabbits for meat purposes annually
(Damron, 2003). However, industries have traditionally faced competition for feed
ingredients from other animal industries. This situation gives rise to a need to search for
alternative feed ingredients. Fortunately, rabbits are herbivores and therefore can be fed
with locally found plant materials.
Parsley and peppermint are among the special crops (herbs) being cultivated but
the use in human diet is limited and surplus production occur. While yellow weed, potato
weed, or gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora) is commonly found in any place in
Cordillera and to other places. It is widely known as a weed. And as to this, it is commonly
fed to rabbits.
With the current farming program in the Cordillera over production of these herbs
often occur resulting in low price and some are often thrown away or rejected. Instead of
these herbs being wasted, perhaps they can be better used as animal feed.
Parsley and peppermint are used as garnishing when serving food but maybe there
could be another use of these herbs. For farmers that produces parsley and peppermint,
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
raising rabbits to consume excess produce would likely be a source of additional income.
This study generally aimed to evaluate performance of rabbits given parsley,
peppermint, and yellow weed:
Specifically, the study aimed to.
1. determine the effect of parsley, peppermint, and yellow weed in the growth rate
and feed intake of the rabbits; and,
2. effect of parsley, peppermint, and yellow weed in morbidity and mortality rates
in rabbits.
This study is beneficial in terms of exploring how to utilize potential feed resources
like parsley and peppermint that could otherwise go to waste. Both herbs are rich in
vitamins and minerals which are essential in strengthening the immune system of the
animal as well as to their growth performance.
Availability of parsley and peppermint is not a problem. Both herbs are fast
growing and can easily be raised in the backyard, even in pots. This study can provide
information on the effects of these herbs to the growth of rabbits.
This study was conducted at Bontiway Poblacion, Tuba, Benguet from August 2012
until October 2012.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Rabbits are herbivores and require a ration containing predominantly fresh green
plants. In general, rabbits love fresh herbs and they are an amazing source of vitamins and
minerals (Warren, 2002).
Rabbits are hindgut digesters. This means that most of their digestion takes place
in their large intestine and cecum. The unique musculature of the cecum allows the
intestinal tract of the rabbit to separate fibrous material from more digestible material; the
fibrous material is passed as feces, while the more nutritious material is encased in a
mucous lining as a cecotrope.
Cecotropes, sometimes called night feces, are high in minerals, vitamins and
proteins that are necessary to the rabbit's health. Rabbits eat these to meet their nutritional
requirements; the mucous coating allows the nutrients to pass through the acidic stomach
for digestion in the intestines. This process allows rabbits to extract the necessary nutrients
from their food (Warren, 2002).
Rabbits need about 2100 kcal per kilogram feed for their maintenance, 14% crude
protein in their diet, 5% fat content, 12%-22.5% crude fiber, and varieties of different
vitamins and minerals in their diet (Aprez, 2010).
These nutrients are needed for their fast growth and development, lower than what
are recommended will give negative effects to the rabbit (Church and Pond, 1974). And as
to these, parsley and peppermint which has good amount of different nutrients can be used
as supplement for rabbits and as well as the use of yellow weed which is usually fed to
rabbits in the locality.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
Parsley
Parsley is a nutrient powerhouse containing high levels of beta carotene, vitamin
B12, folate, chlorophyll, calcium, more vitamin C than citrus fruits, and just about all other
known nutrients. Parsley contains two types of unusual components that provide unique
health benefits. The first type is volatile oil components—including myristicin, limonene,
eugenol, and alpha-thujene. The second type is flavonoids—including apiin, apigenin,
crisoeriol, and luteolin (http://skipthepie.org/spices-and-herbs/spices-parsley-dried/).
Parsley's volatile oils, particularly myristicin it have been shown to inhibit tumor
formation in animal studies, and particularly, tumor formation in the lungs. Myristicin has
also been shown to activate the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase, which helps attach the
molecule glutathione to oxidized molecules that would otherwise do damage in the body.
The activity of parsley's volatile oils qualifies it as a "chemoprotective" food, and in
particular, foods that can help neutralize particular types of carcinogens, like the
benzopyrenes that are part of cigarette smoke and charcoal grill smoke
(http://skipthepie.org/spices-and-herbs/spices-parsley-dried/).
Several studies were done to parsley because of its potential as a cure for several
diseases and for its good benefits when ingested. Parsley contains the following nutrients
per 100 g:energy, 151.00 kJ;carbohydrates, 6.30 g;sugars, 0.90 g;dietary fiber, 3.30 g;fat,
0.80 g;protein, 3.00 g; thiamine, 0.10 mg; riboflavin, 0.20 mg; vitamin A, 320.00 iu;
vitamin B6,0.10 mg; vitamin C, 133.00 mg;vitamin K, 1640.00 μg; calcium, 138.00
mg;iron, 6.20 mg;magnesium, 50.00 mg;phosphorus, 58.00 mg;potassium, 554.00 mg; and
1.10 mg ofzinc (http://skipthepie.org/spices-andherbs/spices-parsley-dried/).
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
It shows high amount of vitamins and minerals which is essential for immunity in
diseases and promotes a healthy body. The high Vitamin C, beta carotene, chlorophyll and
essential fatty acid content render parsley an extraordinary immunity enhancing multi-
vitamin and mineral complex in green plant form and one of the most important herbs for
providing vitamins to the body. With such components present, it should be one of the feed
that should be given to rabbits as much as possible.
Peppermint
Mint (Minta spacata) is a plant that has been long known in diverse cultures, such
as India, Middle East and Europe, because of its rich aroma, soothing flavor and curative
properties. It is cultivated all across the globe, in different forms of environments, and
comes in many varieties, like peppermint, pineapple mint, pennyroyal, foxtail, spearmint,
etc. Generally, mint has a sweet flavor, with a cooling after-sensation. Both, fresh and dried
mint finds its usage in preparing a large number of recipes, including curries, soups,
chutneys, salads, juices, juleps, candies and ice creams. While Mentha piperita, a popular
flavoring for gum, toothpaste, and tea, is also used to soothe an upset stomach or to aid
digestion. It is also an ingredient in chest rubs, used to treat symptoms of the common cold
(http://lifestyle. ilove india.com/ lounge/benefits-of-mint-1808.html).
One animal study has suggested that peppermint may have radio protective effects
in patients undergoing cancer treatment. The aroma of peppermint has been found to
enhance memory. As such, it can be administered by instructors to their students before
examinations, to aid recall (http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/ benefits-of-mint-
1808.html).
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
Peppermint has high menthol content, and is often used medicinally, as flavoring
for food, and cosmetics (for fragrance). The oil also contains menthone and menthyl esters,
particularly menthyl acetate.
The essential oil of peppermint is mostly made up from menthol, menthone (10 to
30%), menthyl esters (up to 10%) and further monoterpene derivatives (pulegone,
piperitone, menthofurane). Menthol and menthyl acetate are responsible for the pungent
and refreshing odor; they are mostly found in older leaves and are preferentially formed
during long daily sunlight periods (Mitra, 2009).
Peppermint contains the following nutrients per 100 g: energy, 48.00 kcal; protein,
4.80 g; fat, 0.60 g; moisture, 84.90 g; fiber, 2.00 g; carbohydrate, 5.80 g; calcium, 200.00
mg; phosphorus, 62.00 mg; iron, 15.60 mg; carotene, 1620.00μg; vitamin C, 27.00 mg;
magnesium,60.00 mg; manganese, 0.57 mg; and 0.44 mg of zinc (Ehrlich, 2011).
Yellow Weed
Galinsoga parviflora is an herbaceous plant in the Asteraceae (daisy) family and it
is an annual herb found in most temperate and subtropical regions of the world as weed of
many crops and waste land (Kagima, 2000). In Colombia it is used as a spice herb in soups.
It can also be used as an ingredient in leaf salads. But in much of the world it is considered
as a weed (Thomas, 2012).
As to the nutrient contents of the proposed supplements, they are almost the same
but with this study, it would give a more detailed answer as to what effect does it give to
rabbits. As Cullison and Lowrey (1987) stated, the proper feeding of farm animals is for
the most part a matter of supplying them with the right amount of chemical elements and
compounds essential for carrying on their different life processes.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials that were used are 15 rabbits (New Zealand White), cages,
commercial feeds, curled parsley, peppermint, yellow weed, feeding and water devices,
weighing scale, notebook, and a pen.
Experimental Design
Rabbits were randomly distributed to three treatments with five replications per
treatment following the completely randomized design. The treatments were as follows:
T1 = Galinsoga
T2 = Parsley
T3 = Peppermint
Rabbits were subjected to these feeding regimes starting at two months of age and
had lasted for fifty days. Each rabbit was given 50 g of commercial feed per day.
Commercial feeds were offered before giving them their appointed supplements.
Galinsoga, parsley and peppermint were given ad libitum for the rest of the study period.
Supplements were weighed, washed and air dried before giving it to the experimental
animals. Left-overs have been collected and weighed before feeding time.
Preparation of Parsley, Peppermint
and Yellow Weed
Fresh parsley and peppermint were harvested before feeding time in a farm in
Poblacion. It was cleaned, washed thoroughly, and then air dried before offering it to the
experimental animals. The leaves including the stalks of the parsley and peppermint were
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
given. As to the yellow weed, it was collected from different areas where the study has
been conducted or to other places where it is available; it was prepared and offered just like
the parsley and peppermint before giving it to the experimental animals. This process was
done two times a day, at 6:00 am and at 4:00 pm.
General Care and Management
All experimental units were given the same care and management for the rest of the
experimental period, except for the dietary treatments that were given. The general care
and management of the study included house preparation, regular cleaning and proper
water and feeding management.
House preparation. Before the arrival of the weanling rabbits, cages were
constructed in the vicinity of a residential area in Poblacion. Wire mesh or other similar
materials were used to construct the flooring of the cages to facilitate urine and manure
disposal. After construction, the cages were properly cleaned and sanitized.
Water and feed management. Clean water was made available to the experimental
units at all times. It has been changed daily or more frequently as the need arises as well as
the water containers that were cleaned regularly. To ensure continues supply of parsley and
peppermint, it was grown in the same place where the study has been conducted.
Data Gathered
The following data were gathered:
1. Initial weight (kg). The weight of the individual animal at two months of age.
2.
Total feed consumption (kg). This was the total amount of feeds
consumed by the animals from the start until the end of the study.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
3.
Morbidity. This refers to the number of experimental animals that
got sick per replicate.
4.
Mortality. This refers to the number of experimental animals that
died per replicate.
5.
Feeds offered (kg). This refers to the amount of feed given to the
experimental animals
6.
Feed left-over (kg). This refers to the amount of feed that has not
been consumed by the experimental animals.
Data Computed
From the data that has been gathered, the following were computed:
1.
Daily gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the final
weight from the initial weight of the experimental units divided by the experimental
period (days).
2.
Feed intake (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the total amount
of left-over feeds from the total feed offered.
3.
Feed conversion ratio. This parameter measured the amount of feed
consumed to produce a kilogram gain. It was computed by dividing the total feed
intake by the initial gain in weight of the experimental units.
4.
Morbidity rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of
experimental animals that are sick by the total number of experimental animals per
replicate multiplied by 100%.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
5.
Mortality rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of
dead experimental animals by the total number of experimental animals per
replicate
Statistical Design and Analysis
Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). Treatment means were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test (DMRT).
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Weight of the Rabbits
Table 1 presents the final weights of the rabbits. Statistical analysis revealed that
the significant difference in the final weights of rabbits between treatments fed with
galinsoga had the highest final weight of 1.68 kg after 50 days of feeding, followed by
rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint with final weights of 0.990 kg and 0.929 kg
respectively.
Rabbits fed with galinsoga had the best performance due to their good appetite all
throughout the duration of the experiment that led them to gain weight at a better pace than
the rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint. During the first month of the study, rabbits
fed with parsley and peppermints were performing well but on the last 2 weeks of the
experiment, all the rabbits started to have watery feces.
All rabbits that were fed with parsley and peppermint suffered from diarrhea which
led them to lose appetite and eventually lose in weight. This also led to the death of two
rabbits, one each for treatments fed with parsley and peppermint. No antibiotics or any
similar drugs were given to the experimental units.
Table 1. Initial and final weight of rabbits at 60 days and at 110 days of age
TREATMENT BODY WEIGHT (kg)
INITIAL FINAL
Galinsoga 0.772a 1.680a
Parsley 0.737a 0.990b
Peppermint 0.730a 0.929b
*Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by DMRT
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the total and daily gain of rabbits. Statistical analysis revealed
significant difference in the total and daily gain of rabbits.Rabbits fed with galinsoga had
the highest mean total gain of 0.908 kg and mean daily gain of 0.015 kg, followed by
rabbits fed with parsley having a mean total gain and mean daily gain of 0.255 kg and 0.004
kg respectively. Rabbits fed with peppermint had the lowest mean total gain and mean
daily gain of 0.193 kg and 0.003 kg respectively.
Rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint had the worst performance due to diarrhea.
Which occurred during the last two weeks of the experimentation, they only ate a minimal
amount of commercial feeds and consumed more water than usual at the start of their
sickness. The feeding period lasted for 50 days.
Feed Intake
Table 4 presents the mean total feed intake of rabbits. Results showed that rabbits
fed with galinsoga had a significant difference among rabbits fed with parsley and
peppermint. Rabbits fed with galinsoga had a total feed intake of 3.653 kg as dry matter
basis. While rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint had a total feed intake of 2.929 kg
Table 2. Total and daily gain in weight of rabbits in fifty days of feeding
TREATMENT GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TOTAL DAILY
Galinsoga 0.908a 0.015a
Parsley 0.255b 0.004b
Peppermint 0.193b 0.003b
*Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by DMRT
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
and 2.291 kg respectively as dry matter basis. Table 3 also presents that rabbits fed with
parsley and peppermint had no significant difference just among the two.
Treatments fed with parsley and peppermint consumed the lowest amount of feed
due to diarrhea that they got during the last two weeks of the experimentation, and led them
to lose appetite resulting to a poor intake of feed. In terms of dry matter basis, rabbits fed
with galinsoga consumed the highest amount of forage that has a mean value of 1.478 kg
while as rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint which consumed the lowest forage which
has a mean value of 1.319 kg and 0.851 kg respectively. As to the commercial feed intake
of the rabbits, treatment fed with galinsoga consumed all of the
Table 3. Pellet and forage intake of rabbits in fifty days of feeding
TREATMENT PELLET INTAKE (kg) FORAGE INTAKE
(kg)
AS FED DM BASIS AS FED DM BASIS
Galinsoga 2.500a 2.175a 14.755a 1.478a
Parsley 1.850b 1.610b 7.740b 1.319a
Peppermint 1.650b 1.440b 7.413b 0.851b
*Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by DMRT
Table 4. Total feed intake of rabbits in fifty days of feeding
TREATMENT TOTAL INTAKE (kg)
AS FED DM BASIS
Galinsoga 17.255a 3.653a
Parsley 9.590b 2.929b
Peppermint 9.063b 2.291b
*Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by DMRT
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
pellets that were offered. While treatments fed with parsley and peppermint had not
consumed all due to lack of appetite during the last two weeks of the experiment.
Galinsoga, parsley, and peppermint were subjected to crude protein analysis using
Kjeldhal method in the Department of Science and Technology, Regional Standards and
Testing Laboratory. Results showed that galinsoga, parsley, and peppermint had 20.16%,
27.83%, and 23.76% crude protein respectively.
Rabbits were fed with, parsley having a 17.04% DM and an ash content of
96.378%, peppermint having a 11.480% DM and 96.359% ash content, and galinsoga
having 10.02% DM. Forages were offered ad libitum to the experimental animals.
Experimental rabbits were also given commercial feed, which has a composition of
87% dry matter; 16% crude protein; and 10% crude fiber as indicated on the label of the
feed stuff, that were given fifty grams a day per rabbit.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Table 5 presents the feed conversion ratio of rabbits. Statistical analysis revealed
that the differences among the treatments are highly significant. Rabbits fed with parsley
and peppermint had a poor feed conversion ratio of 6.964 kg and 5.788 kg respectively as
Table 5. Feed conversion ratio of rabbits as dry matter basis
TREATMENT FEED CONVERSION RATIO AS
DRY MATTER BASIS (kg)
Galinsoga 1.728c
Parsley 6.964a
Peppermint 5.788b
*Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by DMRT
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
dry matter basis. While rabbits fed with galinsoga had 1.728 kg on dry matter basis. Rabbits
fed with parsley and peppermint had the poorest feed conversion ratio loss of appetite
which led them to consume just a minimal amount of feed including more water at the start
of their illness.
Mortality and Morbidity Rates
Rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint had a 100% morbidity rate. It started
during the last two weeks of the experimental period which led to the death of two rabbits,
one for each treatment fed with parsley and peppermint. During the first six weeks of the
experimentation, there was no adverse effect on the performance of the rabbits that would
have affected the growth of the rabbits. Just during the start of the seventh week that the
rabbits began to show sign and symptoms of having diarrhea. Rabbits had watery feces;
mushy or runny stool sticking to the rabbit’s anal area that created a nasty and stinky scent;
loss of appetite; decrease in body weight; and high consumption of water. They had this
disease two weeks before the end of the experimentation.
Rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint had diarrhea even though the cages were
cleaned daily and even the feeding and water devices were cleaned daily or as the need
arises. Rabbits from this point had no appetite to eat but they consume water more
frequently. As a result rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint lost weight significantly.
No antibiotic were used or any similar medicine to treat the rabbits.
According to Krempels (2009), if the intestine is moving too slowly, or if the rabbit
is getting a diet too rich in digestible carbohydrates and too low in crude fiber, the complex
population of bacteria in the cecum can become unbalanced resulting to runny or mushy
stool. In addition, according to Crum et al (2003), rabbits requires high amount of fiber,
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
the fiber recommendation for rabbits is a crude fiber level of 13-20% with a level of 12.5%
indigestible fiber; feed low in calcium, the dietary level recommendation for rabbits of
calcium is 0.6-1% higher than this may result to digestive disorder; and low in
carbohydrates, the overload of rapidly digestible carbohydrates in the large intestine
increases the likelihood of digestive upset.
Parsley has a composition of 2% digestible carbohydrates, 13% crude fiber, and 8%
calcium per 100 g (http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products
/2513/2). Parsley is also high in different vitamins and minerals, that according to Crum
this may cause digestive disorder due to high amounts of nutrients that is taken in by the
rabbit which is too much for the rabbit.
As well as the peppermint that has 5% digestible carbohydrates, 1% calcium, 7%
protein (http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/spices-and-herbs/225/2), and is also high in
different vitamins and minerals. Rabbits had diarrhea because of the continuous
consumption of these herbs which is high in different vitamins and minerals which led the
rabbits to have digestive problems during the last two weeks of the experimentation.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The experiment was conducted at Poblacion, Tuba, Benguet from August to
October 2012 for a period of fifty days. A total of 15 weanling rabbits were randomly
assigned and fed with the following treatments as follows: 50 g commercial feed +
galinsoga (T1); 50 g commercial feed + parsley (T2); and 50 g commercial feed +
peppermint (T3). The experiment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD).
Results of the study showed that rabbis fed with galinsoga consumed the highest
amount of forage with a mean DM intake of 1.478 kg and as fed intake of 14.755 kg,
followed by rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint having a DM intake of 1.319 kg (7.740
kg fresh) and 0.851 kg (7.413 kg fresh), respectively. The low feed intake of rabbits given
parsley and peppermint was due to loss of appetite as a result of diarrhea during the last
two weeks of the experimental period. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant
difference in final weights. Rabbits fed with galinsoga had a higher final weight of 1.680
kg, while those fed with parsley and peppermint had a final weight of 0.990 kg and 0.929
kg respectively.
Conclusion
It is therefore concluded that rabbits fed with galinsoga effected better growth of
rabbits than parsley and peppermint.
Recommendations
Based from the results of this study, rabbit raisers should not use parsley and
peppermint as a primary diet for their rabbits due to the adverse effects on the digestive
system of rabbits. It is also recommended that studies on acceptability and palatability of
parsley and peppermint be conducted.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
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Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013. Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with
Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at Poblacion, Tuba, Benguet from August to
October 2012 for a period of fifty days. This study aimed to determine the effect of parsley,
peppermint, and yellow weed on the growth performance and feed intake; effect on
morbidity and mortality rates; and to determine the final weight of experimental rabbits
after fifty days of experimentation.
A total of 15 weanling rabbits were randomly assigned following the Completely
Randomized Design to the following treatments: 50 g commercial feed + galinsoga (T1);
50 g commercial feed + parsley (T2); and 50 g commercial feed + peppermint (T3).
Rabbits fed with galinsoga attained the highest final weight of 1.68 kg at 110 days
of age. None of the rabbits fed with galinsoga got sick or died during the conduct of the
study. Rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint had the lowest final weight of 0.99 kg and
0.92 kg respectively. On the sixth week, all the rabbits given parsley and peppermint
suffered from diarrhea which led to the death of one rabbit in each of the treatments.
It is concluded that parsley and peppermint given continuously and solely to rabbits
had detrimental effect resulting in diarrhea.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rabbits are unique among the other animals. They are not only used for pets
nowadays but are also raised for meat, fur or wool, and laboratory use. Rabbit meat contains
18% protein and 8% fat, which is better than the protein and fat contained in poultry meat
(Church and Pond, 1974). The meat is desirable for individuals who may have difficulty in
chewing their food and people who are on cholesterol diet (Warren, 2002).
As to this case, rabbit industry is getting popular. Large commercial operations
keep hundreds or thousands of rabbits for meat production. Combined, it is estimated that
approximately 200,000 producers market 6-8 million rabbits for meat purposes annually
(Damron, 2003). However, industries have traditionally faced competition for feed
ingredients from other animal industries. This situation gives rise to a need to search for
alternative feed ingredients. Fortunately, rabbits are herbivores and therefore can be fed
with locally found plant materials.
Parsley and peppermint are among the special crops (herbs) being cultivated but
the use in human diet is limited and surplus production occur. While yellow weed, potato
weed, or gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora) is commonly found in any place in
Cordillera and to other places. It is widely known as a weed. And as to this, it is commonly
fed to rabbits.
With the current farming program in the Cordillera over production of these herbs
often occur resulting in low price and some are often thrown away or rejected. Instead of
these herbs being wasted, perhaps they can be better used as animal feed.
Parsley and peppermint are used as garnishing when serving food but maybe there
could be another use of these herbs. For farmers that produces parsley and peppermint,
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
raising rabbits to consume excess produce would likely be a source of additional income.
This study generally aimed to evaluate performance of rabbits given parsley,
peppermint, and yellow weed:
Specifically, the study aimed to.
1. determine the effect of parsley, peppermint, and yellow weed in the growth rate
and feed intake of the rabbits; and,
2. effect of parsley, peppermint, and yellow weed in morbidity and mortality rates
in rabbits.
This study is beneficial in terms of exploring how to utilize potential feed resources
like parsley and peppermint that could otherwise go to waste. Both herbs are rich in
vitamins and minerals which are essential in strengthening the immune system of the
animal as well as to their growth performance.
Availability of parsley and peppermint is not a problem. Both herbs are fast
growing and can easily be raised in the backyard, even in pots. This study can provide
information on the effects of these herbs to the growth of rabbits.
This study was conducted at Bontiway Poblacion, Tuba, Benguet from August 2012
until October 2012.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Rabbits are herbivores and require a ration containing predominantly fresh green
plants. In general, rabbits love fresh herbs and they are an amazing source of vitamins and
minerals (Warren, 2002).
Rabbits are hindgut digesters. This means that most of their digestion takes place
in their large intestine and cecum. The unique musculature of the cecum allows the
intestinal tract of the rabbit to separate fibrous material from more digestible material; the
fibrous material is passed as feces, while the more nutritious material is encased in a
mucous lining as a cecotrope.
Cecotropes, sometimes called night feces, are high in minerals, vitamins and
proteins that are necessary to the rabbit's health. Rabbits eat these to meet their nutritional
requirements; the mucous coating allows the nutrients to pass through the acidic stomach
for digestion in the intestines. This process allows rabbits to extract the necessary nutrients
from their food (Warren, 2002).
Rabbits need about 2100 kcal per kilogram feed for their maintenance, 14% crude
protein in their diet, 5% fat content, 12%-22.5% crude fiber, and varieties of different
vitamins and minerals in their diet (Aprez, 2010).
These nutrients are needed for their fast growth and development, lower than what
are recommended will give negative effects to the rabbit (Church and Pond, 1974). And as
to these, parsley and peppermint which has good amount of different nutrients can be used
as supplement for rabbits and as well as the use of yellow weed which is usually fed to
rabbits in the locality.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
Parsley
Parsley is a nutrient powerhouse containing high levels of beta carotene, vitamin
B12, folate, chlorophyll, calcium, more vitamin C than citrus fruits, and just about all other
known nutrients. Parsley contains two types of unusual components that provide unique
health benefits. The first type is volatile oil components—including myristicin, limonene,
eugenol, and alpha-thujene. The second type is flavonoids—including apiin, apigenin,
crisoeriol, and luteolin (http://skipthepie.org/spices-and-herbs/spices-parsley-dried/).
Parsley's volatile oils, particularly myristicin it have been shown to inhibit tumor
formation in animal studies, and particularly, tumor formation in the lungs. Myristicin has
also been shown to activate the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase, which helps attach the
molecule glutathione to oxidized molecules that would otherwise do damage in the body.
The activity of parsley's volatile oils qualifies it as a "chemoprotective" food, and in
particular, foods that can help neutralize particular types of carcinogens, like the
benzopyrenes that are part of cigarette smoke and charcoal grill smoke
(http://skipthepie.org/spices-and-herbs/spices-parsley-dried/).
Several studies were done to parsley because of its potential as a cure for several
diseases and for its good benefits when ingested. Parsley contains the following nutrients
per 100 g:energy, 151.00 kJ;carbohydrates, 6.30 g;sugars, 0.90 g;dietary fiber, 3.30 g;fat,
0.80 g;protein, 3.00 g; thiamine, 0.10 mg; riboflavin, 0.20 mg; vitamin A, 320.00 iu;
vitamin B6,0.10 mg; vitamin C, 133.00 mg;vitamin K, 1640.00 μg; calcium, 138.00
mg;iron, 6.20 mg;magnesium, 50.00 mg;phosphorus, 58.00 mg;potassium, 554.00 mg; and
1.10 mg ofzinc (http://skipthepie.org/spices-andherbs/spices-parsley-dried/).
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
It shows high amount of vitamins and minerals which is essential for immunity in
diseases and promotes a healthy body. The high Vitamin C, beta carotene, chlorophyll and
essential fatty acid content render parsley an extraordinary immunity enhancing multi-
vitamin and mineral complex in green plant form and one of the most important herbs for
providing vitamins to the body. With such components present, it should be one of the feed
that should be given to rabbits as much as possible.
Peppermint
Mint (Minta spacata) is a plant that has been long known in diverse cultures, such
as India, Middle East and Europe, because of its rich aroma, soothing flavor and curative
properties. It is cultivated all across the globe, in different forms of environments, and
comes in many varieties, like peppermint, pineapple mint, pennyroyal, foxtail, spearmint,
etc. Generally, mint has a sweet flavor, with a cooling after-sensation. Both, fresh and dried
mint finds its usage in preparing a large number of recipes, including curries, soups,
chutneys, salads, juices, juleps, candies and ice creams. While Mentha piperita, a popular
flavoring for gum, toothpaste, and tea, is also used to soothe an upset stomach or to aid
digestion. It is also an ingredient in chest rubs, used to treat symptoms of the common cold
(http://lifestyle. ilove india.com/ lounge/benefits-of-mint-1808.html).
One animal study has suggested that peppermint may have radio protective effects
in patients undergoing cancer treatment. The aroma of peppermint has been found to
enhance memory. As such, it can be administered by instructors to their students before
examinations, to aid recall (http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/ benefits-of-mint-
1808.html).
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
Peppermint has high menthol content, and is often used medicinally, as flavoring
for food, and cosmetics (for fragrance). The oil also contains menthone and menthyl esters,
particularly menthyl acetate.
The essential oil of peppermint is mostly made up from menthol, menthone (10 to
30%), menthyl esters (up to 10%) and further monoterpene derivatives (pulegone,
piperitone, menthofurane). Menthol and menthyl acetate are responsible for the pungent
and refreshing odor; they are mostly found in older leaves and are preferentially formed
during long daily sunlight periods (Mitra, 2009).
Peppermint contains the following nutrients per 100 g: energy, 48.00 kcal; protein,
4.80 g; fat, 0.60 g; moisture, 84.90 g; fiber, 2.00 g; carbohydrate, 5.80 g; calcium, 200.00
mg; phosphorus, 62.00 mg; iron, 15.60 mg; carotene, 1620.00μg; vitamin C, 27.00 mg;
magnesium,60.00 mg; manganese, 0.57 mg; and 0.44 mg of zinc (Ehrlich, 2011).
Yellow Weed
Galinsoga parviflora is an herbaceous plant in the Asteraceae (daisy) family and it
is an annual herb found in most temperate and subtropical regions of the world as weed of
many crops and waste land (Kagima, 2000). In Colombia it is used as a spice herb in soups.
It can also be used as an ingredient in leaf salads. But in much of the world it is considered
as a weed (Thomas, 2012).
As to the nutrient contents of the proposed supplements, they are almost the same
but with this study, it would give a more detailed answer as to what effect does it give to
rabbits. As Cullison and Lowrey (1987) stated, the proper feeding of farm animals is for
the most part a matter of supplying them with the right amount of chemical elements and
compounds essential for carrying on their different life processes.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials that were used are 15 rabbits (New Zealand White), cages,
commercial feeds, curled parsley, peppermint, yellow weed, feeding and water devices,
weighing scale, notebook, and a pen.
Experimental Design
Rabbits were randomly distributed to three treatments with five replications per
treatment following the completely randomized design. The treatments were as follows:
T1 = Galinsoga
T2 = Parsley
T3 = Peppermint
Rabbits were subjected to these feeding regimes starting at two months of age and
had lasted for fifty days. Each rabbit was given 50 g of commercial feed per day.
Commercial feeds were offered before giving them their appointed supplements.
Galinsoga, parsley and peppermint were given ad libitum for the rest of the study period.
Supplements were weighed, washed and air dried before giving it to the experimental
animals. Left-overs have been collected and weighed before feeding time.
Preparation of Parsley, Peppermint
and Yellow Weed
Fresh parsley and peppermint were harvested before feeding time in a farm in
Poblacion. It was cleaned, washed thoroughly, and then air dried before offering it to the
experimental animals. The leaves including the stalks of the parsley and peppermint were
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
given. As to the yellow weed, it was collected from different areas where the study has
been conducted or to other places where it is available; it was prepared and offered just like
the parsley and peppermint before giving it to the experimental animals. This process was
done two times a day, at 6:00 am and at 4:00 pm.
General Care and Management
All experimental units were given the same care and management for the rest of the
experimental period, except for the dietary treatments that were given. The general care
and management of the study included house preparation, regular cleaning and proper
water and feeding management.
House preparation. Before the arrival of the weanling rabbits, cages were
constructed in the vicinity of a residential area in Poblacion. Wire mesh or other similar
materials were used to construct the flooring of the cages to facilitate urine and manure
disposal. After construction, the cages were properly cleaned and sanitized.
Water and feed management. Clean water was made available to the experimental
units at all times. It has been changed daily or more frequently as the need arises as well as
the water containers that were cleaned regularly. To ensure continues supply of parsley and
peppermint, it was grown in the same place where the study has been conducted.
Data Gathered
The following data were gathered:
1. Initial weight (kg). The weight of the individual animal at two months of age.
2.
Total feed consumption (kg). This was the total amount of feeds
consumed by the animals from the start until the end of the study.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
3.
Morbidity. This refers to the number of experimental animals that
got sick per replicate.
4.
Mortality. This refers to the number of experimental animals that
died per replicate.
5.
Feeds offered (kg). This refers to the amount of feed given to the
experimental animals
6.
Feed left-over (kg). This refers to the amount of feed that has not
been consumed by the experimental animals.
Data Computed
From the data that has been gathered, the following were computed:
1.
Daily gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the final
weight from the initial weight of the experimental units divided by the experimental
period (days).
2.
Feed intake (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the total amount
of left-over feeds from the total feed offered.
3.
Feed conversion ratio. This parameter measured the amount of feed
consumed to produce a kilogram gain. It was computed by dividing the total feed
intake by the initial gain in weight of the experimental units.
4.
Morbidity rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of
experimental animals that are sick by the total number of experimental animals per
replicate multiplied by 100%.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
5.
Mortality rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of
dead experimental animals by the total number of experimental animals per
replicate
Statistical Design and Analysis
Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). Treatment means were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test (DMRT).
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Weight of the Rabbits
Table 1 presents the final weights of the rabbits. Statistical analysis revealed that
the significant difference in the final weights of rabbits between treatments fed with
galinsoga had the highest final weight of 1.68 kg after 50 days of feeding, followed by
rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint with final weights of 0.990 kg and 0.929 kg
respectively.
Rabbits fed with galinsoga had the best performance due to their good appetite all
throughout the duration of the experiment that led them to gain weight at a better pace than
the rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint. During the first month of the study, rabbits
fed with parsley and peppermints were performing well but on the last 2 weeks of the
experiment, all the rabbits started to have watery feces.
All rabbits that were fed with parsley and peppermint suffered from diarrhea which
led them to lose appetite and eventually lose in weight. This also led to the death of two
rabbits, one each for treatments fed with parsley and peppermint. No antibiotics or any
similar drugs were given to the experimental units.
Table 1. Initial and final weight of rabbits at 60 days and at 110 days of age
TREATMENT BODY WEIGHT (kg)
INITIAL FINAL
Galinsoga 0.772a 1.680a
Parsley 0.737a 0.990b
Peppermint 0.730a 0.929b
*Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by DMRT
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the total and daily gain of rabbits. Statistical analysis revealed
significant difference in the total and daily gain of rabbits.Rabbits fed with galinsoga had
the highest mean total gain of 0.908 kg and mean daily gain of 0.015 kg, followed by
rabbits fed with parsley having a mean total gain and mean daily gain of 0.255 kg and 0.004
kg respectively. Rabbits fed with peppermint had the lowest mean total gain and mean
daily gain of 0.193 kg and 0.003 kg respectively.
Rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint had the worst performance due to diarrhea.
Which occurred during the last two weeks of the experimentation, they only ate a minimal
amount of commercial feeds and consumed more water than usual at the start of their
sickness. The feeding period lasted for 50 days.
Feed Intake
Table 4 presents the mean total feed intake of rabbits. Results showed that rabbits
fed with galinsoga had a significant difference among rabbits fed with parsley and
peppermint. Rabbits fed with galinsoga had a total feed intake of 3.653 kg as dry matter
basis. While rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint had a total feed intake of 2.929 kg
Table 2. Total and daily gain in weight of rabbits in fifty days of feeding
TREATMENT GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TOTAL DAILY
Galinsoga 0.908a 0.015a
Parsley 0.255b 0.004b
Peppermint 0.193b 0.003b
*Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by DMRT
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
and 2.291 kg respectively as dry matter basis. Table 3 also presents that rabbits fed with
parsley and peppermint had no significant difference just among the two.
Treatments fed with parsley and peppermint consumed the lowest amount of feed
due to diarrhea that they got during the last two weeks of the experimentation, and led them
to lose appetite resulting to a poor intake of feed. In terms of dry matter basis, rabbits fed
with galinsoga consumed the highest amount of forage that has a mean value of 1.478 kg
while as rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint which consumed the lowest forage which
has a mean value of 1.319 kg and 0.851 kg respectively. As to the commercial feed intake
of the rabbits, treatment fed with galinsoga consumed all of the
Table 3. Pellet and forage intake of rabbits in fifty days of feeding
TREATMENT PELLET INTAKE (kg) FORAGE INTAKE
(kg)
AS FED DM BASIS AS FED DM BASIS
Galinsoga 2.500a 2.175a 14.755a 1.478a
Parsley 1.850b 1.610b 7.740b 1.319a
Peppermint 1.650b 1.440b 7.413b 0.851b
*Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by DMRT
Table 4. Total feed intake of rabbits in fifty days of feeding
TREATMENT TOTAL INTAKE (kg)
AS FED DM BASIS
Galinsoga 17.255a 3.653a
Parsley 9.590b 2.929b
Peppermint 9.063b 2.291b
*Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by DMRT
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
pellets that were offered. While treatments fed with parsley and peppermint had not
consumed all due to lack of appetite during the last two weeks of the experiment.
Galinsoga, parsley, and peppermint were subjected to crude protein analysis using
Kjeldhal method in the Department of Science and Technology, Regional Standards and
Testing Laboratory. Results showed that galinsoga, parsley, and peppermint had 20.16%,
27.83%, and 23.76% crude protein respectively.
Rabbits were fed with, parsley having a 17.04% DM and an ash content of
96.378%, peppermint having a 11.480% DM and 96.359% ash content, and galinsoga
having 10.02% DM. Forages were offered ad libitum to the experimental animals.
Experimental rabbits were also given commercial feed, which has a composition of
87% dry matter; 16% crude protein; and 10% crude fiber as indicated on the label of the
feed stuff, that were given fifty grams a day per rabbit.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Table 5 presents the feed conversion ratio of rabbits. Statistical analysis revealed
that the differences among the treatments are highly significant. Rabbits fed with parsley
and peppermint had a poor feed conversion ratio of 6.964 kg and 5.788 kg respectively as
Table 5. Feed conversion ratio of rabbits as dry matter basis
TREATMENT FEED CONVERSION RATIO AS
DRY MATTER BASIS (kg)
Galinsoga 1.728c
Parsley 6.964a
Peppermint 5.788b
*Means with the same letter superscript are not significantly different at 5% level of significance by DMRT
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
dry matter basis. While rabbits fed with galinsoga had 1.728 kg on dry matter basis. Rabbits
fed with parsley and peppermint had the poorest feed conversion ratio loss of appetite
which led them to consume just a minimal amount of feed including more water at the start
of their illness.
Mortality and Morbidity Rates
Rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint had a 100% morbidity rate. It started
during the last two weeks of the experimental period which led to the death of two rabbits,
one for each treatment fed with parsley and peppermint. During the first six weeks of the
experimentation, there was no adverse effect on the performance of the rabbits that would
have affected the growth of the rabbits. Just during the start of the seventh week that the
rabbits began to show sign and symptoms of having diarrhea. Rabbits had watery feces;
mushy or runny stool sticking to the rabbit’s anal area that created a nasty and stinky scent;
loss of appetite; decrease in body weight; and high consumption of water. They had this
disease two weeks before the end of the experimentation.
Rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint had diarrhea even though the cages were
cleaned daily and even the feeding and water devices were cleaned daily or as the need
arises. Rabbits from this point had no appetite to eat but they consume water more
frequently. As a result rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint lost weight significantly.
No antibiotic were used or any similar medicine to treat the rabbits.
According to Krempels (2009), if the intestine is moving too slowly, or if the rabbit
is getting a diet too rich in digestible carbohydrates and too low in crude fiber, the complex
population of bacteria in the cecum can become unbalanced resulting to runny or mushy
stool. In addition, according to Crum et al (2003), rabbits requires high amount of fiber,
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
the fiber recommendation for rabbits is a crude fiber level of 13-20% with a level of 12.5%
indigestible fiber; feed low in calcium, the dietary level recommendation for rabbits of
calcium is 0.6-1% higher than this may result to digestive disorder; and low in
carbohydrates, the overload of rapidly digestible carbohydrates in the large intestine
increases the likelihood of digestive upset.
Parsley has a composition of 2% digestible carbohydrates, 13% crude fiber, and 8%
calcium per 100 g (http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products
/2513/2). Parsley is also high in different vitamins and minerals, that according to Crum
this may cause digestive disorder due to high amounts of nutrients that is taken in by the
rabbit which is too much for the rabbit.
As well as the peppermint that has 5% digestible carbohydrates, 1% calcium, 7%
protein (http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/spices-and-herbs/225/2), and is also high in
different vitamins and minerals. Rabbits had diarrhea because of the continuous
consumption of these herbs which is high in different vitamins and minerals which led the
rabbits to have digestive problems during the last two weeks of the experimentation.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The experiment was conducted at Poblacion, Tuba, Benguet from August to
October 2012 for a period of fifty days. A total of 15 weanling rabbits were randomly
assigned and fed with the following treatments as follows: 50 g commercial feed +
galinsoga (T1); 50 g commercial feed + parsley (T2); and 50 g commercial feed +
peppermint (T3). The experiment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD).
Results of the study showed that rabbis fed with galinsoga consumed the highest
amount of forage with a mean DM intake of 1.478 kg and as fed intake of 14.755 kg,
followed by rabbits fed with parsley and peppermint having a DM intake of 1.319 kg (7.740
kg fresh) and 0.851 kg (7.413 kg fresh), respectively. The low feed intake of rabbits given
parsley and peppermint was due to loss of appetite as a result of diarrhea during the last
two weeks of the experimental period. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant
difference in final weights. Rabbits fed with galinsoga had a higher final weight of 1.680
kg, while those fed with parsley and peppermint had a final weight of 0.990 kg and 0.929
kg respectively.
Conclusion
It is therefore concluded that rabbits fed with galinsoga effected better growth of
rabbits than parsley and peppermint.
Recommendations
Based from the results of this study, rabbit raisers should not use parsley and
peppermint as a primary diet for their rabbits due to the adverse effects on the digestive
system of rabbits. It is also recommended that studies on acceptability and palatability of
parsley and peppermint be conducted.
Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013
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Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Peppermint, Parsley and Yellow Weed
LEON, JAYSLLE L. APRIL 2013