BIBLIOGRAPHY LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013. Utilization of Activated Charcoal
Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers.Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, Msc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to obtain scientific data indicating the effectiveness of
using charcoal and mukusaku on broiler production. Specifically, the project aspired to
determine the effect of charcoal and mokusaku mixture as part of the total diet on the
growth of broilers in terms of body weight and gaining ability, to compare the feed
consumption and feed :gain efficiency of the broilers, to compute the cost per kilogram
gain of broiler produced as a result of the different feeding regimes, to observe differences
in morbidity and mortality rates among the treatment groups, and to interpret and compare
the harvest rate, broiler productivity index, and returns on investment derived from the
different feeding programs.
Using Completely Randomized Design (CRD), 144 birds were distributed into
three treatments. Each treatment had four replicates with 12 birds per replicate making a
total of 44 birds per treatment. The three treatments were commercial feeds (T0); 10g
activated charcoal containing wood vinegar per kg of CF(T1); and 20g activated charcoal
containing wood vinegar/kg of CF (T2)
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
The results of this study showed that there were no significant differences among
the treatments in initial weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, harvest rate,
productivity index, and mortality rate. However, morbidity in the groups given 10g and
20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar per kg of CF was significantly higher than
the morbidity rate obtained on the birds given commercial feeds only.
Based onthe result of the study, supplementing either 10 or 20g activated charcoal
containing wood vinegaron the broilers did not produced any positive effect on their overall
performance.Although it was not found to have effectively enhanced the growth of broilers,
its ability to adsorb harmful substances in the body can still be considered.Activated
charcoal containing wood vinegar may be used as feed additive for broilers upon the
discretion of the raisers.
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
White meat such as chicken meat is considered superior in health aspects to red
meat because of comparably low content of fat and cholesterol. Consumers also
acknowledge the relatively low price, and the lack of religious restriction against its
consumption.
Poultry meat ranks quite higher than beef and red meat in conversion efficiency, in
spite of the use of forage crops by beef cattle and sheep, goat for meat production. Poultry
produce, eggs and meat, are cheaper sources of high quality proteinous food and are very
much useful to fight malnutrition (Jadhav and Siddiqui, 2007).
Globally changing consumer trends necessitate the need to look for alternative
products to minimize the dependence on chemicals in livestock and poultry feeding. The
need to minimize health risks resulting from the rampant use of growth enhancers,
antibiotics and various synthetic feed additives to livestock and poultry bolsters the use of
safer products. Furthermore, the growing awareness of consumers on better food choices
make it worthwhile to adopt technologies that aim to reduce the use or even replace
synthetic chemicals with plant-derived biocontrol agents and growth enhancers.
One such technology is the SAVERS technology in which farmers apparently have
seen its beneficial effects on vegetable and flower cultivation. One product being advocated
by this technology is Nekka-Rich, developed by Miyazaki-Midori Pharmaceuticals Inc. in
Japan which consists of a mixture of charcoal and wood vinegar (wood vinegar). However,
despite the fact that this product has been used for over a decade now in Japan, literature
search on its use in animal production resulted to only a limited number of scientific
publications.
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
To date, there is very little scientific data available to support that charcoal and
wood vinegar are beneficial feed additives for swine and poultry. This study establishes
scientific evidence that the marketed product is indeed effective in producing positive
growth response in animals. It is imperative that its effect on animal growth was
investigated if the product is to be used in any feeding program. Additionally, research
results would help accelerate the dissemination of SAVERS technology in the locality.
On a general perspective, this proposed research aimed to obtain scientific data
indicating the effectiveness of using charcoal and wood vinegar to animal production by
enhancing healthy growth of animals and improving productivity and product quality.
Specifically, the project aspired to achieve the following:
1. determine the effect of charcoal and wood vinegar mixture as part of the total
diet on the growth of broilers in terms of body weight and gaining ability.
2. compare the feed consumption and feed :gain efficiency of the broilers;
3. compute the cost per kilogram gain of broiler produced as a result of the different
feeding regimes;
4. observe differences in morbidity and mortality rates among the treatment groups;
and
5. interpret and compare the harvest rate, broiler productivity index, and returns on
investment derived from the different feeding programs.
This study was conducted at the Poultry Project, BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet from
October to December 2012.
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Nekka-Rich
Nekka-Rich® (Miyazaki-Midori Pharmaceuticals Inc., Japan) is a product made by
mixing activated charcoal and wood vinegar (wood vinegar) liquid that contains organic
acids. The activated charcoal and wood vinegar liquid of Nekka-Rich are both obtained
from the bark of evergreen oak (Castanopsis cuspidate and Quercusacuta) by
carbonization.
Wataraiet al. (2008) found that activated charcoal from bark containing wood
vinegar liquid (Nekka-Rich) is an effective treatment for Cryptosporidiosis in calves by
reducing the viability and inhibiting adsorption of the C.parvumooctyes. Furthermore, the
calves that were fed milk enriched with Nekka-Rich showed recovery from diarrhea one
day after the start of treatment.
Mixture of charcoal and wood vinegar was proved to be useful as aqua feed(Yooet
al.,2007) while Samanya and Yamauchi (2001) found it a useful component in chicken
feed.
Watarai and Tana (2005) studied the protective efficacy of activated carbon
containing wood vinegar liquid (Nekka-Rich) against intestinal infection with Salmonella
Entericaserovarenteritidis in chicken and showed that S. enteritidis was effectively
adsorbed by activated charcoal. The wood vinegar included in Nekka-Rich inhibited the
growth of S. Enteritidis whereas the growth of the normal bacterial flora in the intestine,
Enterococcus faecum and Bifidobacteriumthermophilu, was enhanced. These results
suggest that Nekka-Rich would be a good product for eliminating the carriage of S.
enteritidis in domestic fowl.
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
Wood Vinegar (Mokusaku)
Wood vinegar is liquid obtained from oil, juices, sap and other liquid contents of
organic materials such as wood, coconut shell, bamboo, grass and other plants after being
heated in a chamber. It is composed of a lot of organic chemical substances. Studies in
Japan have shown that there could be more than 300 chemical substances. However, these
substances are dependent on the materials to be heated as well as the burning /
carbonization process and the timing collecting cooled steam from the tube. Further
researches are still needed to validate the chemical components since the data are based on
few studies in Japan (Yokomori, 2011).
Wood vinegar is an all-natural deodorant derived from plant extracts. The skin
friendly plant chemicals bind themselves to odor-causing agents on the animal’s body and
wastes, effectively breaking down, absorbing and transforming them into a natural acidic
state and destroying suppressing bacteria, viruses, and other odor-causing pathogens (ACE
Pte Ltd, Singapore, 2012).
Sjostrom (1993), Goldstein (1983) and Fengeland Wegener (1984) as cited by
(Tiilikkalaet al., 2010) claimed that the main organic components of wood vinegar are
methanol and acetic acid. Other components are acetone, methyl acetone, acetaldehyde,
allyl alcohol, furan and formic, propionic and butyric acids.
Pyroligneous acid, also called wood vinegar, is a dark liquid produced through the
natural act of cabonization, which occurs when wood is heated in an airless container
during charcoal production. The principal components of pyroligneous acid are acetic acid,
acetone and methanol. It was once used as a commercial source for acetic acid. In addition,
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
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the vinegar often contains 80-90% water along with some 200 organic compounds
(Anonymous, 2012).
Japanese farmers have been using wood vinegar to improve crop and livestock
production. They use it as: (1) foliar spray, particularly for fungus (grey molds), (2)
insecticide when mixed with pepper, (3) enhancer for compost-making, (4) soil conditioner
to improve the soil when mixed with charcoal, and (5) feed supplement or additive for
livestock feeds (Yokomori, 2009).
He cited that in chicken egg production, farmers claimed that their hens improved
their egg-laying performance, had better rearing characteristics, and improved their
hatching efficiency. It also improved the quality of eggs such as better taste, reduced
cholesterol content and had harder egg shells.
Furthermore, studies on swine production showed that sows improved their
performance. They became healthier, their fertility rate improved, and piglet size became
uniform. The fatteners also improved their feeding efficiency and meat quality. The foul
odor from the manure of the pigs was also reduced. Reports from farmers indicated that
their sows increased their milk production and diarrhea among piglets were prevented or
cured. In cattle, it said wood vinegar also improved meat quality, fertility rate, milk
production and feed efficiency.
Choiet al. (2009), reported that apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter, gross
energy and crude protein was significantly higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed the antibiotic diet
when compared with pigs fed the control but comparable among pigs fed antibiotic, organic
acid and wood vinegar diets. Higher populations of Lactobacillus (p = 0.004) were noted
in the ileum of pigs fed the wood vinegar diet, while the population of coliforms in the
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
ileum and cecum was higher (p<0.001) in pigs fed the control diet when compared with
pigs fed antibiotic, organic acid or wood vinegar diets. These results indicated that wood
vinegar could improve the performance of weanling pigs by improving the nutrient
digestibility and reducing harmful intestinal coliforms; moreover performance of pigs fed
wood vinegar was superior to those fed organic acid.
In 2009, Rakmai evaluated the chemical components and bio-efficacies of four
types of wood vinegar produced in Thailand. The results from her study indicated that all
tested Thai wood vinegar showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against dermatitis
bacteria and fungi and bacteria that cause gastrointestinal disorder. In addition the wood
vinegars presented antioxidant activity.
Activated Charcoal
In 2002, Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) updated a previous evaluation
of activated charcoal as an animal feed supplement for the USDA. The panel is in complete
agreement as to the unmatched efficacy of activated charcoal for the treatment of animal
poisoning. However, it should be clear that charcoal is inert and thus it is neither digested
nor assimilated by any animal.
The Food and Fertilizer Technology Center of the Asia Pacific Region in
cooperation with KwangHwa Jung National Livestock Research Institute in Korea (2012)
recommends that bamboo charcoal may be fed at a rate of 1-2% by volume of the feed mix
to cattle, 1-1.5% to fattening cattle, 1-5% for pigs, 1-1.5% for laying hens and 1% for
broilers.
They noted increase in milk production for cattle, decrease in mastitis and reduction
in mortality for pigs and laying hens as benefits when feeding charcoal powder to
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
domesticated animal. In addition, overall disease reduction, improve feed: weight ratio of
pigs and 50% reduction in the offensive smell of manure of manure were observed.
The same source cited in Europe, many small and large farmers widely follow the
age-old practice of mixing charcoal specifically designed to be added to cattle or poultry
feed or to the drinking water because animals are increasingly subjected to contaminated
water and feed. The activated charcoal supplement is able to adsorb many toxins from
water-borne organisms or toxins from decomposing feeds. An added benefit is the marked
reduction in waste odor.
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The study used a total of 144 straight-run day old chicks which was obtained from
a reliable supplier. Other materials required for the experiment includes brooding-rearing
cages partitioned into 12 pens, electric bulbs, commercial feed and biologics, newspapers
for bedding, watering facilities, weighing scale, and record book.
Methodology
House preparation. General cleaning of the house was done two weeks before the
chicks arrived. All adhering dirt and fecal droppings in the cages wasscrapped and brushed
off. After dry cleaning, thorough wetting was done to loosen up whatever residue left. This
was followed by scrubbing with a detergent sanitizer solution (detergent powder diluted in
water). Feeders, watering devices and sacks for curtains and dividers were likewise washed
in detergent solution.
Rinsing with water under high pressure was done to ensure that all facilities are
thoroughly clean. The cages were then divided using feed sacks into 12 pens following
recommended space requirements. The heating lamps were also installed in the pens.
Disinfection followed after the house and equipment were dry. The ceiling, walls
and floors including the feeders and drinkers was sprayed with disinfectant then allowed
to dry. A second disinfection was done after two days using an organic disinfectant. The
disinfected poultry house was closed and all unnecessary entry was prevented until the
chicks arrived.
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
Brooding and rearing management. Pre-heating of the brooders was done by
turning on the bulbs one hour prior to expected placement of the chicks. Feeds and water
mixed with dextrose was readily available. Newspapers laid on top of each other to about
ten layers was used as bedding material and feed receptacles during the first seven days to
allow the chicks to familiarize themselves with the feeds before feeders were introduced
on the second week.
The optimum brooding temperature requirements was followed throughout the
brooding stage. The brooding pens was also later served as rearing pens to minimize
unwanted stress which can be incurred when the chicks are transferred from a brooding to
a rearing area.
Experimental design and treatment. The experiment was laid out in a Completely
Randomized Design. There were three treatments replicated four times with 12 birds per
replicate. Therefore, there were 48 birds in each treatment comprising a total of 144 birds
for the whole study. Following manufacturer recommendations, the feeding regimes are as
follows:
T0 - commercial feeds (CF) + antibiotic premix (control)
T1- 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar/kg CF (Figure 1a)
T2- 20gactivated charcoal containing wood vinegar/kg CF (Figure 1b)
Procurement of the activated charcoal and wood vinegar mixture.Activated charcoal
containing wood vinegar (Figure 1c and d) was provided by the Japanese Agricultural
Exchange Cooperation (JAEC). The additive was added to the ration of the designated
experimental birds at 1% and 2% by weight of the commercial feeds per manufacturer
recommendation.
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
C
A
B
C
D
Figure 1.The treatments : (a) 10 g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar in 1 kg
commercial feed; (b) 20 g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar in 1 kg
commercial feed; (c) and (d) the activated charcoal containing wood vinegar in
1 kg commercial feed
Lighting Management.Sufficient light was provided to the birds to maximize their
growth potential. The intermittent lighting program was adopted by giving continuous light
for the first two weeks of brooding then shifted to 16 hrs light and 8 dark period starting
on the first day of the 3rd week. The dark period was from 10 o’clock in the morning to 5
o’clock in the afternoon. The lights were turned on only at 5:00 PM.
Water management. Water wasprovided ad libitum to all birds from the start (day 1) to the
end of the study (day 42). On the first day (day 1) to the last day of the third week (day 21),
antibiotic premix was added to the drinking water of all the birds. On the first day of the
fourth week (day 22), plain water was given to all birds until the end of the study.
Feed management. Feeds were given evenly on the newspaper matting during the first
week. Feeding troughs were introduced on the second week. The feeders were checked
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
every 6 hours to ensure that feeds were always available. All the chicks were fed a crumble
booster diet from 1 to 13 days of age, starter ration from 13 to 25 days then finisher ration
from 26 to 42 days which is the culmination of the study.
Activated charcoal containing wood vinegar was incorporated in the ration of the
designated birds (T1 and T2) from the first day until the end of the study (42nd day).
Data Gathered
1. Initial weight (kg). This is the weight of the chicks at day-old.
2. Weekly body weight (kg). This refers to the weekly weight increment of the
broilers while feeding on the experimental diets.
3. Final weight (kg). This was taken by weighing the birds individually at the end
of the study when they are 6 weeks old or 42 days of age.
4. Feed offered (kg). This is the amount of feed offered to the birds and weighed
daily for the 42 days of feeding experiment.
5. Feed left-over (kg). This is the amount of feed left in the feeders and collected
daily for the 42 days of experimental feeding.
6. Feed cost (Php). This refers to the prevailing cost of commercial ration at the
time of the study.
7. Morbidity. This refers to the number of birds that succumbed to disease from the
start to the end of the study.
8. Mortality. This refers to the number of birds that died during the conduct of the
experiment.
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
Data Computed
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was computed by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight.
2. Average daily gain in weight (kg). This reflects the daily weight increment of the
birds which was taken by dividing the total gain by the total number of feeding days.
3. Total feed intake (kg). This is the amount of feed left-over subtracted from the
amount of feed offered.
4. Average daily feed intake (kg). This is the amount of feeds consumed by each
bird daily which was computed by dividing the total feed intake by the total number of
feeding days.
5. Feed conversion ratio. This parameter measures the amount of feed consumed to
produce a kg gain. It was computed by dividing the total feed intake by the total gain in
weight.
6. Feed cost to produce a kg of broiler (Php). This was obtained by multiplying the
feed conversion ratio by the cost per kg of feed.
7. Percent mortality. This refers to the quotient of the number of dead birds by their
initial number multiplied by 100.
8. Percent morbidity. This was the quotient of the number of sick birds by their
initial number multiplied by 100.
9. Harvest rate (%). This was computed using the following formula:
[HR= (# of harvested birds ÷ initial number of birds) x 100]
10. Productivity index (%). This was computed using the following formula
[PI = (live body weight, kg × 100) ÷ feed conversion ratio]
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
11. Cost: benefit analysis. This was measured in terms of return on investment
(ROI) which was computed by dividing the net profit by the total cost of production then
multiplying the quotient by 100.
Statistical Design and Analysis
Significant differences in all response variables were determined through Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA). Significant differences were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test.
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight
The initial weights of the birds in the different treatments are shown in Table 1.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences on the average initial
weight of the birds at day old on the start of the study. This implies that the body weight
of the experimental unit were more or less identical. The average initial weight of the birds
was 0.047 kg.
Weekly Weight Increment of Birds
Figure2shows the average weekly weight increment of the birds from day old up to
the 42nd days of age. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in
the weight increment of the birds in the three treatments. The birds fed with 20 g activated
charcoal per kilogram commercial feed had a higher growth pattern followed by the birds
fed 10 g activated charcoal per kilogram feed and then the birds fed with commercial feeds
only. All the birds followed an ascending growth trend showing
Table 1.Initial weight of the birds at day old
TREATMENT
INITIAL WEIGHT(kg)
Commercial feeds
0.048a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
0.047a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
0.048a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
6
5
4
T2
3
T1
2
T0
1
0
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Figure 2. Weekly weight increment of birds
that the feed additive given did not produce any adverse effect on a 42- days feeding period.
Final Weight
Table 2 presents the final weight of the experimental birds in the different
treatments. The average final weight was taken at the end of the study when the birds are
42 days old. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences on the final weight of
the birds. The average final weight of the birds given pure commercial feeds (1.601 kg)was
not far from the average final weight of the birds supplemented with 10g and 20g activated
charcoal containing wood vinegarhaving an average final weight of 1.713 kg and 1.664 kg,
respectively.
It can be observed that the body weights of the birds relatively low for their age and
expected genetic potential. This could possibly be attributed to the effect of activated
Table 2. Final weight of the birds at 42 days of age
TREATMENT
FINAL WEIGHT(kg)
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
Commercial feeds
1.601a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
1.713a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
1.664a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
charcoal. As stated by Cunha (2011), though the toxicity of charcoal is reduces up to 60%
and can absorb chemicals, it can also decrease the body’s absorption of certain nutrients
such as vitamins or minerals and also interfere with medications. Since the activated
charcoal is mixed with the feed, it could have interfered with the absorption of essential
nutrients, thereby slowing the growth of the chicken, which resulted to lower body weights.
Total and Average Daily Gain in Weight
Table 3 presents the total and average daily gain in weight of the birds in the
different treatments. In terms of average daily gain, analysis of variance revealed that there
were no significant differences of the birds in the different treatments. This implies that the
gain in weight of the birds from the different treatments were more or less similar.
Following the trend in the average daily gain in weight, there were no significant
differences in the total gain in weight of the birds in the different treatments. This portrays
that the birds given 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar had gained as much as
the birds fed commercial feeds only and also those birds given 20g activated
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
Table 3. Total gain in 42 feeding days and average daily gain in weight
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TOTAL DAILY
Commercial feeds
1.553a
0.037a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
1.666a
0.040a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
1.616a
0.038a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
charcoal containing wood vinegar. The total gain in weight of the birds in 42 daysranges
from 1.553 kg to 1.666 kg.
Total and Daily Feed Consumption
Table 4 presents the average total and daily feed consumption of birds within the
experimental period of 42 days. Average total and daily feed consumption of the birds on
the different treatments of 3.910 kg and 0.093 kg, 4.070 kg and 0.097 kg, 4.078 kg and
0.097 kg ,respectively. These did not differ from each other statistically. This could mean
that feed consumptions of the birds werenot affected whether the ration was incorporated
with activated charcoal containing wood vinegar or not.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Feed conversion ratio of the birds per treatment is presented on Table 5. The birds
fed with 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar per kilogram feed incurred an
FCR mean of 2.429 followed by the control birds with an average FCR of 2.524 and then
the birds fed 20g activated charcoal per kilogram feed (2.529). Statistical revealed
insignificant differences among treatments. This may imply that the addition of 10g or 20g
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
activated charcoal containing woodvinegar to the diet of broilers neither enhanced nor
decreased the ability of the birds to convert feed into meat.
Compared to the expected FCR of broilers at present, the FCR numerical values derived
from this study are quite high which indicates lesser efficiency relative to the industry FCR
standard according to BAS (2003) of 2.13 at 36-42 days of age. This may be attributed the
genetic make-up of the birds, having gained low despite ad libitum feeding and provision
of optimum growing environment. It may also be attributed to the fact that the feed
efficiency of broilers gets lower as they grow older.
Table 4. Feed consumption of thebirds from 1-42 days of age
TREATMENT
TOTAL FEED
DAILY FEED
CONSUMPTION(kg) CONSUMPTION(kg)
Commercial feeds
3.910a
0.093a
10g activated charcoal
containing
4.070a
0.097a
wood vinegar/kg CF
20g activated charcoal
4.078a
0.097a
containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Table 5. Feeds conversion ratio of the birds at 42 days of age
TREATMENT
FEED CONVERSION RATIO
Commercial feeds
2.524a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
2.429a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
2.526a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
Feed Cost to Produce a Kilogram of Broiler
Feed cost to produce a kilogram of the broilers is shown on Table 6. Birds
supplemented with 10gactivated charcoal containing wood vinegar had the lowest cost of
P65.583 and followed by the birds given pure commercial ration and those that was given
20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar supplementation of P68.141 and P68.195,
respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences on the feed cost to
produce a kilogram gain. This means that there was neither a significant increase nor a
significant decrease in the cost per kilogram gain with the addition of activated charcoal
containing wood vinegar.
Morbidity and Mortality
Table 7 presents the morbidity and mortality percentage of the birds in the different
treatments.Out of 144 birds, 20 birds got sick during the conduct of the studyand out of the
20 heads morbidity, 10 birds died. Morbidity from the birds supplemented with 10g and
20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegarof 18.750% is significantly higher than
those birds given commercial ration only of 4.167%. Lameness was observed
Table 6. Feed cost to produce a kilogram of broiler in 42 days
TREATMENT
FEED COST TO PRODUCE A
KILOGRAM OF
BROILER (Php)
Commercial feeds
68.141a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
65.583a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
68.195a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
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on the sick birds in T1 and T2 which has lead to reduced feed intake, emaciation and
eventually death.Medina (2010) found that while not fully proven, there is evidence that
long term use of vinegar could cause potassium loss and vinegar ingestion has one recorded
case of possibly causing hypocalcemia, hyperreninemia and osteoporosis. This may help
explain why the birds given activated charcoal containing wood vinegar eventually became
lame.
Two birds died from the birds given pure commercial ration. Bulging of the head and
hardened abdomen for anunknown cause was observed on these birds that died. Five from
the birds supplemented with 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar and the other
three were from the birds with supplementation of 20g activated charcoal containing wood
vinegar. Although statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences on
the mortality rate of the birds on the different treatments, the mortality head count was
higher on the birds given 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar of five heads,
followed by the birdssupplemented with 20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar
of three heads andthose with no supplementation of two heads.
Table 7. Morbidity and mortality of broilers in 42 experimental days
TREATMENT
MORBIDITY(%) MORTALITY(%)
Commercial feeds
4.167a
4.167a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
18.750b
10.416a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
18.750b
6.250a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Productivity Index and Harvest Rate
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
Productivity index and the harvest rate of the birds were presented on Table 8.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among treatments. This implies that
activated charcoal containing wood vinegar as feed supplement did not improve the
performance of broilers. The productivity index of the birds fed commercial feeds only
was 63.632, 70.604 for the birds given 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar and
65.944 for those that were given 20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar.
Meanwhile, the harvest rate of 95.833% of the birds fed commercial feeds onlywas not
significantly different to the 89.583% harvest rate of the birds supplemented with 10g or
the that of the birds given 20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar which is
93.750%.Despite setbacks brought about by morbidity and mortality, the productivity
index and harvest rate were relatively not affected.
Table 8. Productivity index and harvest rate of broilers at 42 days of age
TREATMENT
PRODUCTIVITY
HARVEST
INDEX
RATE(%)
Commercial feeds
63.632a
95.833a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
70.604a
89.583a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
65.944a
93.750a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMR
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Return on Investment
The returns on investment on the different treatments are shown in Table 9. Data
shows that negative ROI was obtained in all treatments. This was primarily caused by the
higher production cost due to the ad libitum feeding system, high cost of feeds and lower
sales due to lower live weights at market. Lower sales were also due tosignificant morbidity
and mortality losses.
Other Observations
Throughout the study, the manure of the broilers supplemented with activated
charcoal containing wood vinegar was found less odorous than the birds given pure
commercial feeds. This observation goes with the study of ACE Pte Ltd (2012) that wood
vinegar is an all-natural deodorant that could also reduced the foul odor of pigs manure.
Table 9. Return on investment
TREATMENTS
PARTICULARS
100% CF
10G ACTIVATED
20G ACTIVATED
CHARCOAL
CHARCOAL
CONTAININGWOOD CONTAINING WOOD
VINEGAR/KG CF
VINEGAR/KG CF
Total Sales
9588.15
9585.55
9740.25
TotalCost
10621.00
10971.00
11021.00
of Production
Net Income
-1032.85
-1385.45
-1280.45
ROI(%)
-9.72
-12.63
-11.62
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SUMMARY,CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Using Completely Randomized Design (CRD), a total of 144 birds were distributed into
three treatments replicated four times with 12 birds per replicate, making a total of 48 birds
per treatment. Following the manufacturer’s recommendations, the feeding regimes as
follows: commercial feeds (CF) + antibiotic premix (T0); 10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF (T1); 20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar/kg CF (T2).
Based on results, activated charcoal containing wood vinegar, added as part of the diet of
broilers at a rate of 10g and 20g per kilogram feed did not enhance their growth
performance in terms of body weight and ability to gain weight. The feed consumption and
feed: gain efficiency was likewise not improved. In terms of the cost of feed required to
produce a kilogram gain, it was found to be similar across treatments. The harvest rate and
productivity index were also comparable. However, a significantly higher morbidity rate
was observed in the group given 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar due to
lameness and some unknown causes, not the diet. A similarly negative ROI was realized
from all three treatments as a result of high cost of production and low revenue.
The average initial weight of the birds was 0.047kg while the average final weight was
1.659kg. The average daily gain observed was 0.038kg. At 42 days of age, the birds had
an FCR 2.493 at an average daily feed intake of 0.096kg. The cost per kilogram gain was
of Php67.307. A harvest rate of 93.055% and a productivity index of 66.726 was realized.
Conclusion
Activated charcoal containing wood vinegaradded to broiler rations at a rate of
either 10g or 20g per kilogram have no effect on the overall performance of broilers.The
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
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numerical differences on all growth parameters were found to be insignificant. This reflects
that the product is safe for animal consumption despite having produced no economic
advantage.
Recommendation
Activated charcoal containing wood vinegar may be used as feed additive for
broilers upon the discretion of the raisers. Although it was not found to have effectively
enhanced the growth of broilers, its ability to absorb harmful substances in the body can
still be considered using a different feeding regime designed in such a way that activated
charcoal will be fed separately after feeding the basal ration.
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
ACE Pte Ltd. 2012.Wood Vinegar.Retrieved on June 11, 2012 from http://www.ace-
agro.com/wood-vinegar.html.
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS, STATISTICAL RESEARCH AND
TRAINING CENTER and LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL. 2003. Livestock
and Poultry Statistics Handbook on Definitions, Concepts, Parameters and Assumptions.
BAS: Los Baňos. P 121
ANONYMOUS. 2012. Pyroligneous acid. Retrieved on June 11, 2102 from http://en.
Wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid.
CHOI, J.H., P. L. SHINDE, I. K. KWON, Y. H. SONG, and B. J. CHAE. 2009. Effect of
wood vinegar on the performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microflora in
weanling pigs. Asian Aust Journal of Animal Science; 22(2):267-274.
CUNHA, J.P. 2011.Emedicine Health.Retrieved on 11 March 2013 from
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/activated_charcoal/article_em.htm.
MEDINA, V. 2010.Side Effect of Vinegar.Retrieved on 11 March 2013 from
http://www.ehow.com/facts_5507551_side-effects-vinegar.html.
JADHAV, N. V. and M. F. SIDDIQUI. 2007. Handbook of Poultry Production and
Management. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher (P) Ltd. P. 3.
RAKMAI, J. 2009. Chemical determinations, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of
Thai wood vinegars.Master in Pharmacy degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences Thesis.GS
Prince of Songkla University, Thailand.
SAMANYA,M. and YAMAUCHI, K. 2001. Morphological changes of the intestinal villi
of chickens fed the dietary charcoal powder including wood vinegar compounds. Journal
of Poultry Science; 38:289-301.
THE FOOD and FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY CENTER (Asia Pacific Rigion). 2012.
Activated Charcoal as Animal Feed Supplement. Retrieved on November 7, 2012 from
http://www.buyActivatedcharcoal.com/animal feed.
TIILIKKALA,K., FAGERNAS, L., and TIILIKKALA, J. 2010. History and use of wood
pyrolysis liquid as biocide and plant protection product. The Open Agriculture Journal;
4:111-118.
WATARAI,S., TANA, and M. KOIWA. 2008. Feeding activated charcoal from bark
containing wood vinegar liquid (Nekka-Rich) is effective as treatment for cryptosporidiosis
in calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 91:1458-1463.
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
WATARAI, S. and TANA. 2005. Eliminating the carriage of Salmonella
entericaserovarenteritidis in domestic fowls by feeding activated charcoal from bark
containing wood vinegar liquid (Nekka-Rich). Graduate School of Agriculture and
Biological Sciences. Osaka Prefecture University, Japan. Pp.515-521.
YOKOMORI, W. 2011. Manual: Organic Farming Technology in Japan. Koibuchi College
of Agriculture and Nutrition.Pp.3-31.
YOO,J. H, JI, S.C, and JEONG,G.S. 2007.Effect of dietary charcoal and wood vinegar
mixture (CV82) on body composition of Olive Flounder Paralichthysalivaceus. Journal of
World Aquaculture Society.36(2):203-208.
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013. Utilization of Activated Charcoal
Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers.Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, Msc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to obtain scientific data indicating the effectiveness of
using charcoal and mukusaku on broiler production. Specifically, the project aspired to
determine the effect of charcoal and mokusaku mixture as part of the total diet on the
growth of broilers in terms of body weight and gaining ability, to compare the feed
consumption and feed :gain efficiency of the broilers, to compute the cost per kilogram
gain of broiler produced as a result of the different feeding regimes, to observe differences
in morbidity and mortality rates among the treatment groups, and to interpret and compare
the harvest rate, broiler productivity index, and returns on investment derived from the
different feeding programs.
Using Completely Randomized Design (CRD), 144 birds were distributed into
three treatments. Each treatment had four replicates with 12 birds per replicate making a
total of 44 birds per treatment. The three treatments were commercial feeds (T0); 10g
activated charcoal containing wood vinegar per kg of CF(T1); and 20g activated charcoal
containing wood vinegar/kg of CF (T2)
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The results of this study showed that there were no significant differences among
the treatments in initial weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, harvest rate,
productivity index, and mortality rate. However, morbidity in the groups given 10g and
20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar per kg of CF was significantly higher than
the morbidity rate obtained on the birds given commercial feeds only.
Based onthe result of the study, supplementing either 10 or 20g activated charcoal
containing wood vinegaron the broilers did not produced any positive effect on their overall
performance.Although it was not found to have effectively enhanced the growth of broilers,
its ability to adsorb harmful substances in the body can still be considered.Activated
charcoal containing wood vinegar may be used as feed additive for broilers upon the
discretion of the raisers.
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INTRODUCTION
White meat such as chicken meat is considered superior in health aspects to red
meat because of comparably low content of fat and cholesterol. Consumers also
acknowledge the relatively low price, and the lack of religious restriction against its
consumption.
Poultry meat ranks quite higher than beef and red meat in conversion efficiency, in
spite of the use of forage crops by beef cattle and sheep, goat for meat production. Poultry
produce, eggs and meat, are cheaper sources of high quality proteinous food and are very
much useful to fight malnutrition (Jadhav and Siddiqui, 2007).
Globally changing consumer trends necessitate the need to look for alternative
products to minimize the dependence on chemicals in livestock and poultry feeding. The
need to minimize health risks resulting from the rampant use of growth enhancers,
antibiotics and various synthetic feed additives to livestock and poultry bolsters the use of
safer products. Furthermore, the growing awareness of consumers on better food choices
make it worthwhile to adopt technologies that aim to reduce the use or even replace
synthetic chemicals with plant-derived biocontrol agents and growth enhancers.
One such technology is the SAVERS technology in which farmers apparently have
seen its beneficial effects on vegetable and flower cultivation. One product being advocated
by this technology is Nekka-Rich, developed by Miyazaki-Midori Pharmaceuticals Inc. in
Japan which consists of a mixture of charcoal and wood vinegar (wood vinegar). However,
despite the fact that this product has been used for over a decade now in Japan, literature
search on its use in animal production resulted to only a limited number of scientific
publications.
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To date, there is very little scientific data available to support that charcoal and
wood vinegar are beneficial feed additives for swine and poultry. This study establishes
scientific evidence that the marketed product is indeed effective in producing positive
growth response in animals. It is imperative that its effect on animal growth was
investigated if the product is to be used in any feeding program. Additionally, research
results would help accelerate the dissemination of SAVERS technology in the locality.
On a general perspective, this proposed research aimed to obtain scientific data
indicating the effectiveness of using charcoal and wood vinegar to animal production by
enhancing healthy growth of animals and improving productivity and product quality.
Specifically, the project aspired to achieve the following:
1. determine the effect of charcoal and wood vinegar mixture as part of the total
diet on the growth of broilers in terms of body weight and gaining ability.
2. compare the feed consumption and feed :gain efficiency of the broilers;
3. compute the cost per kilogram gain of broiler produced as a result of the different
feeding regimes;
4. observe differences in morbidity and mortality rates among the treatment groups;
and
5. interpret and compare the harvest rate, broiler productivity index, and returns on
investment derived from the different feeding programs.
This study was conducted at the Poultry Project, BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet from
October to December 2012.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Nekka-Rich
Nekka-Rich® (Miyazaki-Midori Pharmaceuticals Inc., Japan) is a product made by
mixing activated charcoal and wood vinegar (wood vinegar) liquid that contains organic
acids. The activated charcoal and wood vinegar liquid of Nekka-Rich are both obtained
from the bark of evergreen oak (Castanopsis cuspidate and Quercusacuta) by
carbonization.
Wataraiet al. (2008) found that activated charcoal from bark containing wood
vinegar liquid (Nekka-Rich) is an effective treatment for Cryptosporidiosis in calves by
reducing the viability and inhibiting adsorption of the C.parvumooctyes. Furthermore, the
calves that were fed milk enriched with Nekka-Rich showed recovery from diarrhea one
day after the start of treatment.
Mixture of charcoal and wood vinegar was proved to be useful as aqua feed(Yooet
al.,2007) while Samanya and Yamauchi (2001) found it a useful component in chicken
feed.
Watarai and Tana (2005) studied the protective efficacy of activated carbon
containing wood vinegar liquid (Nekka-Rich) against intestinal infection with Salmonella
Entericaserovarenteritidis in chicken and showed that S. enteritidis was effectively
adsorbed by activated charcoal. The wood vinegar included in Nekka-Rich inhibited the
growth of S. Enteritidis whereas the growth of the normal bacterial flora in the intestine,
Enterococcus faecum and Bifidobacteriumthermophilu, was enhanced. These results
suggest that Nekka-Rich would be a good product for eliminating the carriage of S.
enteritidis in domestic fowl.
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Wood Vinegar (Mokusaku)
Wood vinegar is liquid obtained from oil, juices, sap and other liquid contents of
organic materials such as wood, coconut shell, bamboo, grass and other plants after being
heated in a chamber. It is composed of a lot of organic chemical substances. Studies in
Japan have shown that there could be more than 300 chemical substances. However, these
substances are dependent on the materials to be heated as well as the burning /
carbonization process and the timing collecting cooled steam from the tube. Further
researches are still needed to validate the chemical components since the data are based on
few studies in Japan (Yokomori, 2011).
Wood vinegar is an all-natural deodorant derived from plant extracts. The skin
friendly plant chemicals bind themselves to odor-causing agents on the animal’s body and
wastes, effectively breaking down, absorbing and transforming them into a natural acidic
state and destroying suppressing bacteria, viruses, and other odor-causing pathogens (ACE
Pte Ltd, Singapore, 2012).
Sjostrom (1993), Goldstein (1983) and Fengeland Wegener (1984) as cited by
(Tiilikkalaet al., 2010) claimed that the main organic components of wood vinegar are
methanol and acetic acid. Other components are acetone, methyl acetone, acetaldehyde,
allyl alcohol, furan and formic, propionic and butyric acids.
Pyroligneous acid, also called wood vinegar, is a dark liquid produced through the
natural act of cabonization, which occurs when wood is heated in an airless container
during charcoal production. The principal components of pyroligneous acid are acetic acid,
acetone and methanol. It was once used as a commercial source for acetic acid. In addition,
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the vinegar often contains 80-90% water along with some 200 organic compounds
(Anonymous, 2012).
Japanese farmers have been using wood vinegar to improve crop and livestock
production. They use it as: (1) foliar spray, particularly for fungus (grey molds), (2)
insecticide when mixed with pepper, (3) enhancer for compost-making, (4) soil conditioner
to improve the soil when mixed with charcoal, and (5) feed supplement or additive for
livestock feeds (Yokomori, 2009).
He cited that in chicken egg production, farmers claimed that their hens improved
their egg-laying performance, had better rearing characteristics, and improved their
hatching efficiency. It also improved the quality of eggs such as better taste, reduced
cholesterol content and had harder egg shells.
Furthermore, studies on swine production showed that sows improved their
performance. They became healthier, their fertility rate improved, and piglet size became
uniform. The fatteners also improved their feeding efficiency and meat quality. The foul
odor from the manure of the pigs was also reduced. Reports from farmers indicated that
their sows increased their milk production and diarrhea among piglets were prevented or
cured. In cattle, it said wood vinegar also improved meat quality, fertility rate, milk
production and feed efficiency.
Choiet al. (2009), reported that apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter, gross
energy and crude protein was significantly higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed the antibiotic diet
when compared with pigs fed the control but comparable among pigs fed antibiotic, organic
acid and wood vinegar diets. Higher populations of Lactobacillus (p = 0.004) were noted
in the ileum of pigs fed the wood vinegar diet, while the population of coliforms in the
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ileum and cecum was higher (p<0.001) in pigs fed the control diet when compared with
pigs fed antibiotic, organic acid or wood vinegar diets. These results indicated that wood
vinegar could improve the performance of weanling pigs by improving the nutrient
digestibility and reducing harmful intestinal coliforms; moreover performance of pigs fed
wood vinegar was superior to those fed organic acid.
In 2009, Rakmai evaluated the chemical components and bio-efficacies of four
types of wood vinegar produced in Thailand. The results from her study indicated that all
tested Thai wood vinegar showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against dermatitis
bacteria and fungi and bacteria that cause gastrointestinal disorder. In addition the wood
vinegars presented antioxidant activity.
Activated Charcoal
In 2002, Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) updated a previous evaluation
of activated charcoal as an animal feed supplement for the USDA. The panel is in complete
agreement as to the unmatched efficacy of activated charcoal for the treatment of animal
poisoning. However, it should be clear that charcoal is inert and thus it is neither digested
nor assimilated by any animal.
The Food and Fertilizer Technology Center of the Asia Pacific Region in
cooperation with KwangHwa Jung National Livestock Research Institute in Korea (2012)
recommends that bamboo charcoal may be fed at a rate of 1-2% by volume of the feed mix
to cattle, 1-1.5% to fattening cattle, 1-5% for pigs, 1-1.5% for laying hens and 1% for
broilers.
They noted increase in milk production for cattle, decrease in mastitis and reduction
in mortality for pigs and laying hens as benefits when feeding charcoal powder to
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domesticated animal. In addition, overall disease reduction, improve feed: weight ratio of
pigs and 50% reduction in the offensive smell of manure of manure were observed.
The same source cited in Europe, many small and large farmers widely follow the
age-old practice of mixing charcoal specifically designed to be added to cattle or poultry
feed or to the drinking water because animals are increasingly subjected to contaminated
water and feed. The activated charcoal supplement is able to adsorb many toxins from
water-borne organisms or toxins from decomposing feeds. An added benefit is the marked
reduction in waste odor.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The study used a total of 144 straight-run day old chicks which was obtained from
a reliable supplier. Other materials required for the experiment includes brooding-rearing
cages partitioned into 12 pens, electric bulbs, commercial feed and biologics, newspapers
for bedding, watering facilities, weighing scale, and record book.
Methodology
House preparation. General cleaning of the house was done two weeks before the
chicks arrived. All adhering dirt and fecal droppings in the cages wasscrapped and brushed
off. After dry cleaning, thorough wetting was done to loosen up whatever residue left. This
was followed by scrubbing with a detergent sanitizer solution (detergent powder diluted in
water). Feeders, watering devices and sacks for curtains and dividers were likewise washed
in detergent solution.
Rinsing with water under high pressure was done to ensure that all facilities are
thoroughly clean. The cages were then divided using feed sacks into 12 pens following
recommended space requirements. The heating lamps were also installed in the pens.
Disinfection followed after the house and equipment were dry. The ceiling, walls
and floors including the feeders and drinkers was sprayed with disinfectant then allowed
to dry. A second disinfection was done after two days using an organic disinfectant. The
disinfected poultry house was closed and all unnecessary entry was prevented until the
chicks arrived.
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Brooding and rearing management. Pre-heating of the brooders was done by
turning on the bulbs one hour prior to expected placement of the chicks. Feeds and water
mixed with dextrose was readily available. Newspapers laid on top of each other to about
ten layers was used as bedding material and feed receptacles during the first seven days to
allow the chicks to familiarize themselves with the feeds before feeders were introduced
on the second week.
The optimum brooding temperature requirements was followed throughout the
brooding stage. The brooding pens was also later served as rearing pens to minimize
unwanted stress which can be incurred when the chicks are transferred from a brooding to
a rearing area.
Experimental design and treatment. The experiment was laid out in a Completely
Randomized Design. There were three treatments replicated four times with 12 birds per
replicate. Therefore, there were 48 birds in each treatment comprising a total of 144 birds
for the whole study. Following manufacturer recommendations, the feeding regimes are as
follows:
T0 - commercial feeds (CF) + antibiotic premix (control)
T1- 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar/kg CF (Figure 1a)
T2- 20gactivated charcoal containing wood vinegar/kg CF (Figure 1b)
Procurement of the activated charcoal and wood vinegar mixture.Activated charcoal
containing wood vinegar (Figure 1c and d) was provided by the Japanese Agricultural
Exchange Cooperation (JAEC). The additive was added to the ration of the designated
experimental birds at 1% and 2% by weight of the commercial feeds per manufacturer
recommendation.
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C
A
B
C
D
Figure 1.The treatments : (a) 10 g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar in 1 kg
commercial feed; (b) 20 g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar in 1 kg
commercial feed; (c) and (d) the activated charcoal containing wood vinegar in
1 kg commercial feed
Lighting Management.Sufficient light was provided to the birds to maximize their
growth potential. The intermittent lighting program was adopted by giving continuous light
for the first two weeks of brooding then shifted to 16 hrs light and 8 dark period starting
on the first day of the 3rd week. The dark period was from 10 o’clock in the morning to 5
o’clock in the afternoon. The lights were turned on only at 5:00 PM.
Water management. Water wasprovided ad libitum to all birds from the start (day 1) to the
end of the study (day 42). On the first day (day 1) to the last day of the third week (day 21),
antibiotic premix was added to the drinking water of all the birds. On the first day of the
fourth week (day 22), plain water was given to all birds until the end of the study.
Feed management. Feeds were given evenly on the newspaper matting during the first
week. Feeding troughs were introduced on the second week. The feeders were checked
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every 6 hours to ensure that feeds were always available. All the chicks were fed a crumble
booster diet from 1 to 13 days of age, starter ration from 13 to 25 days then finisher ration
from 26 to 42 days which is the culmination of the study.
Activated charcoal containing wood vinegar was incorporated in the ration of the
designated birds (T1 and T2) from the first day until the end of the study (42nd day).
Data Gathered
1. Initial weight (kg). This is the weight of the chicks at day-old.
2. Weekly body weight (kg). This refers to the weekly weight increment of the
broilers while feeding on the experimental diets.
3. Final weight (kg). This was taken by weighing the birds individually at the end
of the study when they are 6 weeks old or 42 days of age.
4. Feed offered (kg). This is the amount of feed offered to the birds and weighed
daily for the 42 days of feeding experiment.
5. Feed left-over (kg). This is the amount of feed left in the feeders and collected
daily for the 42 days of experimental feeding.
6. Feed cost (Php). This refers to the prevailing cost of commercial ration at the
time of the study.
7. Morbidity. This refers to the number of birds that succumbed to disease from the
start to the end of the study.
8. Mortality. This refers to the number of birds that died during the conduct of the
experiment.
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Data Computed
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was computed by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight.
2. Average daily gain in weight (kg). This reflects the daily weight increment of the
birds which was taken by dividing the total gain by the total number of feeding days.
3. Total feed intake (kg). This is the amount of feed left-over subtracted from the
amount of feed offered.
4. Average daily feed intake (kg). This is the amount of feeds consumed by each
bird daily which was computed by dividing the total feed intake by the total number of
feeding days.
5. Feed conversion ratio. This parameter measures the amount of feed consumed to
produce a kg gain. It was computed by dividing the total feed intake by the total gain in
weight.
6. Feed cost to produce a kg of broiler (Php). This was obtained by multiplying the
feed conversion ratio by the cost per kg of feed.
7. Percent mortality. This refers to the quotient of the number of dead birds by their
initial number multiplied by 100.
8. Percent morbidity. This was the quotient of the number of sick birds by their
initial number multiplied by 100.
9. Harvest rate (%). This was computed using the following formula:
[HR= (# of harvested birds ÷ initial number of birds) x 100]
10. Productivity index (%). This was computed using the following formula
[PI = (live body weight, kg × 100) ÷ feed conversion ratio]
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11. Cost: benefit analysis. This was measured in terms of return on investment
(ROI) which was computed by dividing the net profit by the total cost of production then
multiplying the quotient by 100.
Statistical Design and Analysis
Significant differences in all response variables were determined through Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA). Significant differences were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight
The initial weights of the birds in the different treatments are shown in Table 1.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences on the average initial
weight of the birds at day old on the start of the study. This implies that the body weight
of the experimental unit were more or less identical. The average initial weight of the birds
was 0.047 kg.
Weekly Weight Increment of Birds
Figure2shows the average weekly weight increment of the birds from day old up to
the 42nd days of age. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in
the weight increment of the birds in the three treatments. The birds fed with 20 g activated
charcoal per kilogram commercial feed had a higher growth pattern followed by the birds
fed 10 g activated charcoal per kilogram feed and then the birds fed with commercial feeds
only. All the birds followed an ascending growth trend showing
Table 1.Initial weight of the birds at day old
TREATMENT
INITIAL WEIGHT(kg)
Commercial feeds
0.048a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
0.047a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
0.048a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
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6
5
4
T2
3
T1
2
T0
1
0
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Figure 2. Weekly weight increment of birds
that the feed additive given did not produce any adverse effect on a 42- days feeding period.
Final Weight
Table 2 presents the final weight of the experimental birds in the different
treatments. The average final weight was taken at the end of the study when the birds are
42 days old. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences on the final weight of
the birds. The average final weight of the birds given pure commercial feeds (1.601 kg)was
not far from the average final weight of the birds supplemented with 10g and 20g activated
charcoal containing wood vinegarhaving an average final weight of 1.713 kg and 1.664 kg,
respectively.
It can be observed that the body weights of the birds relatively low for their age and
expected genetic potential. This could possibly be attributed to the effect of activated
Table 2. Final weight of the birds at 42 days of age
TREATMENT
FINAL WEIGHT(kg)
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
Commercial feeds
1.601a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
1.713a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
1.664a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
charcoal. As stated by Cunha (2011), though the toxicity of charcoal is reduces up to 60%
and can absorb chemicals, it can also decrease the body’s absorption of certain nutrients
such as vitamins or minerals and also interfere with medications. Since the activated
charcoal is mixed with the feed, it could have interfered with the absorption of essential
nutrients, thereby slowing the growth of the chicken, which resulted to lower body weights.
Total and Average Daily Gain in Weight
Table 3 presents the total and average daily gain in weight of the birds in the
different treatments. In terms of average daily gain, analysis of variance revealed that there
were no significant differences of the birds in the different treatments. This implies that the
gain in weight of the birds from the different treatments were more or less similar.
Following the trend in the average daily gain in weight, there were no significant
differences in the total gain in weight of the birds in the different treatments. This portrays
that the birds given 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar had gained as much as
the birds fed commercial feeds only and also those birds given 20g activated
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
Table 3. Total gain in 42 feeding days and average daily gain in weight
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TOTAL DAILY
Commercial feeds
1.553a
0.037a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
1.666a
0.040a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
1.616a
0.038a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
charcoal containing wood vinegar. The total gain in weight of the birds in 42 daysranges
from 1.553 kg to 1.666 kg.
Total and Daily Feed Consumption
Table 4 presents the average total and daily feed consumption of birds within the
experimental period of 42 days. Average total and daily feed consumption of the birds on
the different treatments of 3.910 kg and 0.093 kg, 4.070 kg and 0.097 kg, 4.078 kg and
0.097 kg ,respectively. These did not differ from each other statistically. This could mean
that feed consumptions of the birds werenot affected whether the ration was incorporated
with activated charcoal containing wood vinegar or not.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Feed conversion ratio of the birds per treatment is presented on Table 5. The birds
fed with 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar per kilogram feed incurred an
FCR mean of 2.429 followed by the control birds with an average FCR of 2.524 and then
the birds fed 20g activated charcoal per kilogram feed (2.529). Statistical revealed
insignificant differences among treatments. This may imply that the addition of 10g or 20g
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
activated charcoal containing woodvinegar to the diet of broilers neither enhanced nor
decreased the ability of the birds to convert feed into meat.
Compared to the expected FCR of broilers at present, the FCR numerical values derived
from this study are quite high which indicates lesser efficiency relative to the industry FCR
standard according to BAS (2003) of 2.13 at 36-42 days of age. This may be attributed the
genetic make-up of the birds, having gained low despite ad libitum feeding and provision
of optimum growing environment. It may also be attributed to the fact that the feed
efficiency of broilers gets lower as they grow older.
Table 4. Feed consumption of thebirds from 1-42 days of age
TREATMENT
TOTAL FEED
DAILY FEED
CONSUMPTION(kg) CONSUMPTION(kg)
Commercial feeds
3.910a
0.093a
10g activated charcoal
containing
4.070a
0.097a
wood vinegar/kg CF
20g activated charcoal
4.078a
0.097a
containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Table 5. Feeds conversion ratio of the birds at 42 days of age
TREATMENT
FEED CONVERSION RATIO
Commercial feeds
2.524a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
2.429a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
2.526a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
Feed Cost to Produce a Kilogram of Broiler
Feed cost to produce a kilogram of the broilers is shown on Table 6. Birds
supplemented with 10gactivated charcoal containing wood vinegar had the lowest cost of
P65.583 and followed by the birds given pure commercial ration and those that was given
20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar supplementation of P68.141 and P68.195,
respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences on the feed cost to
produce a kilogram gain. This means that there was neither a significant increase nor a
significant decrease in the cost per kilogram gain with the addition of activated charcoal
containing wood vinegar.
Morbidity and Mortality
Table 7 presents the morbidity and mortality percentage of the birds in the different
treatments.Out of 144 birds, 20 birds got sick during the conduct of the studyand out of the
20 heads morbidity, 10 birds died. Morbidity from the birds supplemented with 10g and
20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegarof 18.750% is significantly higher than
those birds given commercial ration only of 4.167%. Lameness was observed
Table 6. Feed cost to produce a kilogram of broiler in 42 days
TREATMENT
FEED COST TO PRODUCE A
KILOGRAM OF
BROILER (Php)
Commercial feeds
68.141a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
65.583a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
68.195a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
on the sick birds in T1 and T2 which has lead to reduced feed intake, emaciation and
eventually death.Medina (2010) found that while not fully proven, there is evidence that
long term use of vinegar could cause potassium loss and vinegar ingestion has one recorded
case of possibly causing hypocalcemia, hyperreninemia and osteoporosis. This may help
explain why the birds given activated charcoal containing wood vinegar eventually became
lame.
Two birds died from the birds given pure commercial ration. Bulging of the head and
hardened abdomen for anunknown cause was observed on these birds that died. Five from
the birds supplemented with 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar and the other
three were from the birds with supplementation of 20g activated charcoal containing wood
vinegar. Although statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences on
the mortality rate of the birds on the different treatments, the mortality head count was
higher on the birds given 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar of five heads,
followed by the birdssupplemented with 20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar
of three heads andthose with no supplementation of two heads.
Table 7. Morbidity and mortality of broilers in 42 experimental days
TREATMENT
MORBIDITY(%) MORTALITY(%)
Commercial feeds
4.167a
4.167a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
18.750b
10.416a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
18.750b
6.250a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Productivity Index and Harvest Rate
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
Productivity index and the harvest rate of the birds were presented on Table 8.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among treatments. This implies that
activated charcoal containing wood vinegar as feed supplement did not improve the
performance of broilers. The productivity index of the birds fed commercial feeds only
was 63.632, 70.604 for the birds given 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar and
65.944 for those that were given 20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar.
Meanwhile, the harvest rate of 95.833% of the birds fed commercial feeds onlywas not
significantly different to the 89.583% harvest rate of the birds supplemented with 10g or
the that of the birds given 20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar which is
93.750%.Despite setbacks brought about by morbidity and mortality, the productivity
index and harvest rate were relatively not affected.
Table 8. Productivity index and harvest rate of broilers at 42 days of age
TREATMENT
PRODUCTIVITY
HARVEST
INDEX
RATE(%)
Commercial feeds
63.632a
95.833a
10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
70.604a
89.583a
20g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF
65.944a
93.750a
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMR
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
Return on Investment
The returns on investment on the different treatments are shown in Table 9. Data
shows that negative ROI was obtained in all treatments. This was primarily caused by the
higher production cost due to the ad libitum feeding system, high cost of feeds and lower
sales due to lower live weights at market. Lower sales were also due tosignificant morbidity
and mortality losses.
Other Observations
Throughout the study, the manure of the broilers supplemented with activated
charcoal containing wood vinegar was found less odorous than the birds given pure
commercial feeds. This observation goes with the study of ACE Pte Ltd (2012) that wood
vinegar is an all-natural deodorant that could also reduced the foul odor of pigs manure.
Table 9. Return on investment
TREATMENTS
PARTICULARS
100% CF
10G ACTIVATED
20G ACTIVATED
CHARCOAL
CHARCOAL
CONTAININGWOOD CONTAINING WOOD
VINEGAR/KG CF
VINEGAR/KG CF
Total Sales
9588.15
9585.55
9740.25
TotalCost
10621.00
10971.00
11021.00
of Production
Net Income
-1032.85
-1385.45
-1280.45
ROI(%)
-9.72
-12.63
-11.62
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY,CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Using Completely Randomized Design (CRD), a total of 144 birds were distributed into
three treatments replicated four times with 12 birds per replicate, making a total of 48 birds
per treatment. Following the manufacturer’s recommendations, the feeding regimes as
follows: commercial feeds (CF) + antibiotic premix (T0); 10g activated charcoal containing
wood vinegar/kg CF (T1); 20g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar/kg CF (T2).
Based on results, activated charcoal containing wood vinegar, added as part of the diet of
broilers at a rate of 10g and 20g per kilogram feed did not enhance their growth
performance in terms of body weight and ability to gain weight. The feed consumption and
feed: gain efficiency was likewise not improved. In terms of the cost of feed required to
produce a kilogram gain, it was found to be similar across treatments. The harvest rate and
productivity index were also comparable. However, a significantly higher morbidity rate
was observed in the group given 10g activated charcoal containing wood vinegar due to
lameness and some unknown causes, not the diet. A similarly negative ROI was realized
from all three treatments as a result of high cost of production and low revenue.
The average initial weight of the birds was 0.047kg while the average final weight was
1.659kg. The average daily gain observed was 0.038kg. At 42 days of age, the birds had
an FCR 2.493 at an average daily feed intake of 0.096kg. The cost per kilogram gain was
of Php67.307. A harvest rate of 93.055% and a productivity index of 66.726 was realized.
Conclusion
Activated charcoal containing wood vinegaradded to broiler rations at a rate of
either 10g or 20g per kilogram have no effect on the overall performance of broilers.The
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
numerical differences on all growth parameters were found to be insignificant. This reflects
that the product is safe for animal consumption despite having produced no economic
advantage.
Recommendation
Activated charcoal containing wood vinegar may be used as feed additive for
broilers upon the discretion of the raisers. Although it was not found to have effectively
enhanced the growth of broilers, its ability to absorb harmful substances in the body can
still be considered using a different feeding regime designed in such a way that activated
charcoal will be fed separately after feeding the basal ration.
Utilization of Activated Charcoal Containing Wood Vinegar as Feed Additive for Broilers
LADU-AN, JERICHO L. APRIL 2013
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