BIBLIOGRAPHY PANG-ETAN, LAARNI ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013. Acceptability of Different Herbs as
Flavoring Agents for Etag. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Meat Processing Laboratory, Department of
Animal Science, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from October to
November 2012. Following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD), 16 kilograms of
meat from a newly butchered eight months old pig was equally divided into four parts to
represent four treatments. Each treatment has four replications with one kilogram of pork
per replication. The treatments were as follows: Control (T0) - 150 g rock salt; (T1) - 150 g
salt + 30 g basil; (T2) - 150 g salt + 30 g oregano; and (T3) - 150 g salt + 30 g rosemary.
A total of 20 “etag” consumers were invited to evaluate the product. Data gathered
from the evaluation revealed that “etag” cured with plain salt, salt with basil and salt with
oregano were better in appearance, aroma, taste, flavor and overall acceptability compared
to “etag” cured with rosemary plus salt. The shrinkage which resulted from slating and
smoking was more or less similar across treatments while the cost of production varied
with the prices of the herbs added to the curing mix.
It is therefore concluded that herbs like basil and oregano could be used to enhance
the flavor of “etag”.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Meat processing is a practice typically originated in the prehistoric period. The most
common in this early age were salting, drying, and smoking. These early, the processed
meat products were prepared for preservation for future use. Meat preservation is delaying
or preventing storage through smoking or curing the meat. The purpose of curing meat is
to convert the meat of animals into high quality cured meat products.
“Etag”, often termed as “Igorot ham”, is usually prepared during occasions like
wedding, celebration of natal day, “kanyaws”, harvesting time and other occasions along
with rice wine and other locally brewed alcoholic beverages. In Mountain Province,
particularly the Western part, the dried salted meat called “etag” is an important ingredient
to a native delicacy called “pinikpikan”. It is also cooked with legumes, or plain vegetables
giving an exclusive aroma for the food.
Flavor is a complex one, referring to both odor and taste at the same time. Da Cunha
(2007) stated that consumers are looking for different, trendy, and ethnic style meat
products. Accordingly, the meat industry is trying more and more to top into these trends
with the richness and complexity provided by flavoring agents.
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) belongs to family Lamiaceae (mints). It is an annual
plant, a native of warm climates, about 30 cm (about 12 in.) high, with ovate stalked leaves
that are oftentimes pointed. They are green in color, although some varieties feature hint
of red or purple (Pogeyed, 2009).
Oregano (Origanum vulgare) is a perennial herb native to Europe, Asia and
Mediterranean region that belongs to family Lamiaceae. It is an aromatic herb (that grows
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
up to 0.9 m) with hairy, opposite leaves and white or pink flowers congested towards the
branch ends and has a bitter taste (Sandhyarani, 2011).
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a popular aromatic herb that can reach 1.5 (4
ft. 11 in.), rarely 2m (6 ft. 7 in.) and has an erect open habit, with narrow, aromatic, needle-
like, evergreen leaves that are mid to dark green in color with pale green undersides. The
tubular flowers, which range in color from white to blues, pink and mauves, are produced
in small clusters at the leaf joints (McHoy, 2001).
The study was conducted to know which herb is the best flavoring agent and to
encourage people in trying to process “etag using these herbs because these are not just
condiments but also have medicinal value.
People in today’s generation are more conscious about their health so they tend to
search for so-called healthy foods. The researcher responds by adding healthful herbs to
meat. If the result of this study will be satisfactory, the developed products can be
commercialized by interested individuals.
Along with researchers growing interest in medicinal plants such as herbs and
spices as alternative curative products, it is likewise interesting to try incorporating them
into processed meat products.
This study was conducted to provide basic information to homemakers and food
processors who are interested to engage in “etag” making and other processed products
using basil, oregano and rosemary. Also, the result of the study serves as reference to other
researchers for follow- up researches.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
The study aimed to:
1. determine the acceptability of the product in terms of appearance, flavor, aroma,
taste, and tenderness;
2. determine which herb is the best flavoring agent in making “etag ; and
3. determine the production cost of the processed “etag”.
The experiment was conducted at the Meat Processing Laboratory, Department of
Animal Science, Benguet State University; La Trinidad, Benguet from October to
November, 2012.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Meat
Meat is a general source of the water soluble B complex group, Phosphorus,
Potassium, and Iron but a poor source of Calcium, Vitamin C and Vitamin A, D, E and K.
Pork contains higher levels of the B complex Vitamins than beef and poultry. Essential
nutrients such as Iron, Zinc, Selenium, and Copper are found in the meat especially on the
lean portion. It is also a good source of Iron and Phosphorous.
Smoking meat is exactly what the name implies: flavoring meat with smoke. Smoke
composition is quite complex. They are made up of several groups of substances. Donoso
(2007) cited that phenolic acids are the ones responsible for the flavor, and also have anti-
oxidant and anti-bacterial properties. The acids work more in the physical properties and
can also help in the curing process. The carbonyl compounds add some softness to the taste,
but are most important by giving a golden brown superficial color, and a shiny aspect. The
best way to cure, however, is by smoking the salted meat by the preferred wood with some
herbal leaves for aroma and flavor.
Basil
Fragrant basils are annuals or short-lived perennials of subtropical and tropical
regions in the Old World. Clearly marked mint family features are 4-sided stems, leaves
opposite on the stem and small flower arranged in whorls usually in a terminal spike. Each
flower produces 4 nutlets or seeds. Some species show considerable variation in form, size,
color and shape of leaves, and aroma; other species remain noticeably uniform. Absorption
of essential oil mixtures produced in epidermal gland cells on the leaves are responsible
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
for variation in fragrance. Scents include anise, camphor, cloves, lemon, rose, floral, and
thyme- all variously blended. Basil is said to deter flies; a bee plant. The essential oils are
used in perfumery. Stored frozen leaves are more potent than dried. Dried basil leaves are
used in a preparation of salt and spice- free dietetic meat products (Wrensch, 1992).
Medicinal uses and properties. Basil is widely used in traditional medicine as tonics
and general medicines against indigestion, flatulence, loss of appetite and internal
parasites. Sweet basil has been considered as useful diuretic since ancient times and is
sometimes included in wound-healing ointment. Leaf infusions or fresh leaf juice of holy
basil is used in India, mainly against cough, upper respiratory infections, stress related skin
disorders and indigestion. The seeds are considered to be a nutritional tonic. The essential
oil (up to 1%) of O. basilicum has methychavicol (estragole) and linalool as main
component (both may reach 70% or more), together with eugenol, ocimene and cineole.
Also present are tannins and flavonoids. Estragole is carcinogenic at higher doses, so basil
should not be taken over long periods of time, or be given to pregnant women and young
children (Wyk and Wink, 2004).Traditionally, basil has been used as a medicinal plant in
treatment of headaches, coughs, diarrhea, constipation, warts, worms, and kidney
malfunctions. It is also thought to be an antispasmodic, stomachache, carminative,
stimulant and insect repellent. The oils of basil, especially the camphor-containing oil, have
antibacterial properties. Volatile compounds produced by sweet basil have been shown to
influence the composition, distribution, and spore germination of some fungal populations.
The volatile terpenes camphor and 1, 8-cineole present in basil and other members of the
Lamiaceae have been suggested as agents in allelopathic reactions (Simon, 1995).
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Pogeyed (2009) mentioned that the nutrient content of 1 serving or 4 tablespoon of
basil is as follows:
Vitamins
Nutrient
Minerals
Nutrient value
value
Vitamin C (mg)
1.900
Calcium (mg)
16.00
Thiamin (mg)
0.003
Iron (mg)
0.34
Riboflavin (mg)
0.008
Magnesium (mg)
9.00
Niacin (mg)
0.098
Phosphorus (mg)
7.00
Pantothenic Acid
0.025
Potassium (mg)
49.00
(mg)
Vitamin B6 (mg)
0.014
Zinc (mg)
0.09
Folate (mcg)
7.000
Copper (mg)
0.03
Vitamin A (IU)
559.000
Manganese (mg)
0.15
Vitamin K (mcg)
44.000
Macronutrients
Nutrient value
Fatty acids
Nutrient value
Calories (kcal)
3.00
Saturated fat (g)
0.004
Protein (g)
0.27
Monounsaturated fat (g)
0.009
Total Fat (g)
0.06
Polyunsaturated fat (g)
0.041
Total Carbohydrates
0.46
(g)
Dietary Fiber (g)
0.40
Sugar (g)
0.03
Culinary uses. Basil is used as condiment or spice; source of essential oil for use
in foods, flavors, and fragrances; garden ornamental. The green aromatic leaves are used
fresh and dried as flavorings or spices in sauces, stews, salad dressings, vegetables, poultry,
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
vinegar, confectionery products, and the liqueur chartreuse. Basil extract has been reported
to have antioxidant activity. Cultivars with purple foliage, such as 'Dark Opal' and var.
auranascens, are grown as ornamentals, but can also be used as flavorings. The essential
oils and oleoresin are used extensively, reducing the need for dried leaves in the food
industry; used in perfumes, soaps, and shampoos (Simon, 1995).
The essential oils of basil extracted via steam distillation from the leaves and
flavoring tops are used to flavor foods, dental and oral products, in fragrances, and in
traditional rituals and medicine. Extracted essential oils have also been shown to contain
biologically-active constituents that are insecticidal, nematicidal, fungistatic or which have
antimicrobial properties. These properties can frequently be attributed to predominant
essential oil constituents, such as methyl chavicol, eugenol linalool, camphor, and methyl
cinnamate. Two minor components of the essential oil of sweet basil, juvocimene I and II
have been reported as potent juvenile hormone analogs. There are several types of basil oil
in international commerce, each derived principally from different cultivars or chemotypes
of sweet basil. The oils of commerce are known as European French or Sweet Basil,
Egyptian, Reunion or Comoro; and to a lesser extent Bulgarian and Java basil oils. The
European type of basil oil considered to be the highest quality, and producing the finest
odor, characteristically contains: linalool; methyl chavicol; and to a lesser extent 1,8-
cineole, alpha-pinene; ß-pinene; myrcene; ocimene; terpinolene; camphor; terpinen-4-ol;
alpha-terpineol; eugenol; and sesquiterpenes. Egyptian basil oil of commerce is similar to
European basil oil except that the concentration of d-linalool is significantly lower while
the concentration of methyl chavicol is significantly higher. In contrast, Reunion or
Comoro basil oil contains little if any d-linalool and is a harsher, spicy oil due to the very
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
high concentration of methyl chavicol, and to a lesser extent, 1,8-cineole, borneol camphor
and eugenol. Bulgarian and Java basil oils are rich in methyl-cinnamate and eugenol
respectively. The essential oil content ranged from 0.04 to 0.70% (v/fresh weight) within
the Ocimum germplasm collection. Chemotypes high in 1,8-cineole, trans-ß-ocimene,
camphor, linalool methyl chavicolgeraniol, citraleugenol, methyl cinnamate, methyl
eugenol, ß-caryophyllene, and elemene, and ß-bisabolene were identified. Accessions
varied in essential oil content, and showed diversity in growth, form, flowering and
pigmentation (Simon, et al., 1990).
According to Pogeyed (2009), basil is best used as fresh, because fresh basil has a
stronger aroma than dried. The oil from this basil have also shown to repel insects and have
larvicidal activity against houseflies and mosquitoes, camphor, d-limonene, myrcene and
thymol are some of the compounds in the oil that may provide the repellant properties.
Besides its uses in the kitchen and insect repellant, the essential oil that comes from basil
is used in soaps, toothpaste, mouthwash and perfumes and even used fragrance of basil to
decrease fatigue.
Oregano
Oregano (Origanum vulgare) means “mountain joy”, belonging to the family
Lamiaceae, is a perennial herb native to Europe, Asia and Mediterranean region. It is a
highly aromatic plant with a bitter taste. Plants that are closely related to oregano are
Mexican oregano and marjoram. The amount of essential oils present in the oregano plant
varies depending upon the species and growing conditions. Dried leaves of oregano are
commonly used for the therapeutic purposes as well as for the culinary purpose to add
flavor in pickles, sauces and various food preparations. Regarding the nutritional value of
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
oregano herb, it contains iron, vitamins, calcium, magnesium, copper, niacin and thiamin
(Sandhyarani, 2011).
According to Wyk and Wink (2004), oregano is very similar to marjoram or sweet
marjoram (O. majorana) and the two species (both culinary herbs) are often confused.
Several species have been used in folk medicine, including O. compactum, O. dictamnus,
O. heracleoticum, O. onites and O. sytiacum. O. syriacum is the hyssop of the Bible
(mentioned at the the Crucifixion). O dictamnus, the dittany of Crete (or dictamon in
Greek), has woolly leaves and large floral bracts. In Greek mythology, it is the herb that
was used by Aphrodite to heal the wounds of the Trojan hero Aeneas. Oregano, sweet
marjoram and dittany are mainly used to treat bronchitis, catarrh, cold and flu, colic and
dyspepsia. These herbs or their dilute oils are sometimes used topically for mouth hygiene,
to treat nasal congestion, wounds and itching skin. The essential oils of oregano and
marjoram are used in aromatherapy. The essential oils of Origanum, species interfere with
biomembranes and are known to be antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, spasmolytic and
anti-inflammatory. Oregano and dittany oil contains carvacrol (40%-70%), p-cymene and
y- terpinen, while marjoram oil mainly has terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, sabinen, linalool and
carvacrol. Tea made from 1-2g of dried herb can be taken three times a day. The oil should
never be taken internally.
In 2004, Holmes stated that oregano is a perennial cushion- forming herb with
aromatic scented leaves; mostly hardy with range of golden, green and variegated foliage;
O. v. Album with white flowers; O. v. Aureum with golden leaves excellent for spring
effect and informal hedging; O. v. Aureum Crispum attractive crinkled golden leaves tidier
than type; O. v. Compactum tidy green mound with excellent flavor, lasts well into winter;
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
O. v. Gold Tip green leaves with attractive gold tips , excellent for edging; O. majorana
(sweet marjoram) more delicately scented and flavored; O. onites (Greek oregano) thyme-
like flavor; all excellent sweetly aromatic culinary herb.
Baggeo (2011) mentioned that the nutritive value per 100 g of oregano leaves is as
follows:
Nutrient
Nutrient
Macro-
Nutrient
Minerals
value
Vitamins
value
nutrients
value
Calcium
1576.00
Choline (mg) 32.30
Energy (kcal)
306.00
(mg)
Iron (mg)
44.00
Folate (mcg) 274.00
Protein (g)
11.00
Magnesium
270.00
Niacin (mg) 6.22
Total Fat (g)
10.25
(mg)
Phosphorus
200.00
Vitamin C
50.00
Total
64.43
(mg)
(mg)
Carbohydrates
(g)
Potassium 1669.00
Vitamin E
18.86
Dietary Fiber
42.80
(mg)
(mg)
(g)
Zinc (mg)
4.43
Vitamin K
621.70
(mcg)
Selenium
5.90
(mg)
Amrick and Bilkei (2002) stated that oregano stimulates organic and microbiotical
digestion. Carvacrol and thymol had an effect on the upper layer of mature enterocytes and
accelerated the renewal rate of mature enterocytes at the surface of the villi of the intestine.
This would reduce the pathogenic contamination of enterocytes and improve their capacity
for nutrient absorption. Oregano supports digestion and the regulation of processes in the
digestive tract of pig. It has been reported that in sows the essential oils of oregano act not
only as alternative anti-bacterial performance promoters, digestion aids, and appetite
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
enhancers, increasing daily intake (P<0.05), but, when used as natural feed additives, act
also as enhancers of growth, reproductive performance, and milk production.
Oregano essential oil is one of the many plant extracts that are used at present as
supplement s in animal’s diets. It contains mainly carvacrol, thymol and their precursors,
and it possesses intense in vitro antimicrobial antifungal antioxidant properties, making it
an appropriate candidate as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters (Symeon, 2000).
Oil pressed from oregano leaves that contain the active ingredient carvacrol may be an
effective treatment against sometimes drug-resistant bacterial infection. Georgetown
University researchers have found that oil of oregano appears to reduce infection “as
effectively as traditional antibiotics”. Oil of oregano at relatively low doses was found to
be efficacious against Staphylococcus bacteria and was comparable in its germ-killing
properties to antibiotic drugs such as streptomycin, penicillin and vancomycin. Earlier this
year researchers at the Department of Food Science at the University of Tennessee reported
that among various plant oils, oil of oregano exhibited the greatest antibacterial action
against common pathogenic germs such as Staph, E. coli and Listeria. British researchers
reported oregano oil had antibacterial activity against 25 different bacteria and a clinical
study in Italy has shown that oil of oregano can be used to treat intestinal parasites (Sardi,
2001).
According to Leung (1996), oregano is a powerful antifungal, working in the GI
tract as well as in the sinuses and lungs. It repeatedly has demonstrated the ability to
obliterate yeast, including Candida albicans. It has been demonstrated to stop the
production of a cancer causing fungal toxin, aflatoxin. No yeast species has been to
demonstrate resistance to oregano oil.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Culinary uses. Oregano is a condicio sine qua non in Italian cuisine, where it is
used for tomato sauces, fried vegetables and grilled meat. In Greece, oregano is one of the
more popular herbs and usually employed in the dried state. Like in Italy, it is valued
together with the acidic flavours of pickled olives and feta cheese, for example in the so-
called Greek salad (Choriatiki salata). Moreover, oregano flavour grilled meats; it is used
for the vertical rotating spit roast meat gyros, and also for its Turkish counterpart, döner;
also, the charcoal-roasted skewered lamb pieces souvlaki are sprinkled with oregano.
Outside the Mediterranean region, oregano is, rather surprisingly, little in use, except
among Italian immigrants. The very similar, but stronger, taste of Mexican oregano is
popular not only in its native country México, but also in the south of the US, where it is
frequently used to flavour chili con carne (meat stewed with chiles and sometimes beans)
or other México-inspired dishes (Katser, 2007).
Medicinal uses. In 2011, Sandhyarani stated that oregano plant has been used for
the treatment of various diseases since thousands of years ago. Medical researches reveal
that oregano contains antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-parasitic compounds.
Considering these medicinal properties, the studies are ongoing to use oregano for the
treatment of severe diseases such as heart disease and muscular degeneration. An
antioxidant nature of oregano is evident from the presence of thymol and rosmainic acid.
These compounds help in scavenging free radicals, thus preventing cell damage and
membrane alteration. The amount of antioxidant present in a tablespoon of fresh oregano
and a medium-sized apple are the same. The volatile oil carvacrol present in oregano
inhibits the growth of bacteria, and other parasitic microorganisms. Some studies found
this medicinal herb to be more effective in killing Giardia than the prescription drugs.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Oregano supplements are also used for external and internal fungal infections. Patients with
candidiasis have experienced a remarkable relief from the symptoms after using oregano.
Oregano is used for the treatment of flatulence, bloating and other indigestion problems. It
enhances the secretion of saliva and serves in improving digestion. It is also effective in
overcoming menstrual symptoms and promoting menstruation. Some people use oregano
as a natural remedy to treat cold and flu symptoms. Herbal tea prepared with oregano helps
in alleviation of headache, urinary problems, lung disorders, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
and jaundice. Oregano boiled in plain water can be used as a mouthwash. Gargling with
this water can help to prevent tooth infection and sore throat. Oregano oil applied directly
to the infected tooth helps in combating toothache. Ground oregano leaves soothe arthritis
pain, insect bites and other skin problems. Its bitter taste and strong aroma help in
controlling head lice.
Rosemary
Rosemary is an aromatic, much branded; evergreen shrub to 5 ft. high is a native of
the Mediterranean region growing among calcareous rocks on dry, warm slopes in view of
the blue sea. The association is evoked wherever leaves emit the resinous scent. Rosemary
penetrating aroma requires prudence in amounts added for a savory dish, from a joint of
lamb to a mess of fresh, green peas. Apple jelly delicately flavored with a rosemary
infusion is a fine accompaniment to poultry or ham. The spectrum in cuisine is wide; wise
is the cook who uses restraint. The volatile oil is an ingredient in “eu de Cologne”, and
high quality comes from flower calyces. Dry leaves and flowers are constituent of
potpourri. A wine with added rosemary was taken as a medicina. An infusion in a hair rinse
brightens black hair (Wrensch, 1992).
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Herst (2001) as cited by Amcay (2009) stated that rosemary leaves have a bitter,
astringent taste, which complement a wide variety of foods. The herb can be obtained in
whole-leaf form, fresh or dried, as well as in powdered form. A tisane can also be made
from them. When burned, they give off a distinct mustard smell, as well as a smell similar
to that of burning which can be used to flavor foods while barbecuing. Among dishes where
rosemary is used as a seasoning are soaps, vegetables, meats such as lamb, fish and egg
dishes, stuffing and dressings, and fruit salads. Rosemary is extremely high in Iron,
Calcium, and Vitamin B6.
BIMR in 2007 said that rosemary contains a number of potentially, biologically
active compounds, including antioxidants such as carsonic acid and rosmarinic acid. Other
bioactive compounds include caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, rosmaridiphenol,
and rosmarol. The results of the study suggest that carnosic acid, found in rosemary, may
shield the brain from free radicals, lowering the risk of strokes and neurodegenerative
diseases like Alzheimer’s and Lou Gehrig’s.
It has been stated by Burkhard (1999) that rosemary in culinary or therapeutic doses
is generally safe; however, precaution is necessary for those displaying allergic reaction or
prone to epileptic seizures. Rosemary essential oil maybe have epileptogenic properties, as
a handful of case reports over the past century have linked its use with seizures and
otherwise healthy adults or children. Rosemary essential oil is potentially toxic if ingested.
Large quantities of rosemary leaves can cause adverse reactions, such as coma, spasm,
vomiting, and pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) that can be fatal. Avoid consuming
large quantities of rosemary if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Rosemary has many uses besides culinary. It is used as a medicinal, an aromatic,
and an ornamental in the landscape, as a dye, in cosmetics and as a houseplant. Rosemary
essential oil adds a piney scent to soaps, creams, lotions, perfumes and toilet water. It is a
stimulating herb and makes a wonderful herbal bath when you feel worn out and want to
get your blood flowing under your skin again. Just put some in a muslin bag and get in the
tub with it. You can also treat yourself to a cleansing and pick-me-up facial stem with a
strong infusion. Blend it in potpourri. It can be woven into wreaths and garlands. Rosemary
sachets are very nice for scenting drawers. Dry needles can be added to other herbs and
made into closet sachets to repel moths. These smell a lot better than moth balls and are
not toxic. It yields a green dye. Medicinally, a warm tea is good for colds, flu, rheumatic
pain, indigestion, and as a stimulating drink for headache and fatigue. It is antiseptic and
promotes sweating and the flow of bile. It acts as an antidepressant, a circulatory stimulant,
and a tonic for the nervous system and the heart. It is a source of Vitamin A and Vitamin
C, Phosphorus, Iron, Magnesium, and Zinc. It and has also antioxidant properties. A strong
infusion makes an antiseptic mouthwash and gargle. The essential oil can be used
externally as an ingredient in salves for arthritis and to soothe aching muscles. Extracts are
found in shampoos. A hair rinse of a strong infusion can help dandruff and is good for dark
hair. Do not use the pure oil internally. Like all medicinal plants, be cautious when using
as a healing herb. In 1995, Brown stated that the essential oil of rosemary should not be
used internally and when used externally, it should be diluted as is true for all essential oils
except lavender. It should not be used in pregnancy, as it is a uterine stimulant. Large doses
are irritating to the kidneys and stomach, but used in lesser amounts as a seasoning, it is
perfectly safe.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Culinary use. Bosworth in 2001 stated that rosemary is numerous including the use
of its flowers in salads. The herb is a wonderful compliment to meat dishes, especially
lamb and pork. It can also be used to flavor baked potatoes, bread and in the herb butter of
vegetables. The stems can be used as skewer after removing the leaves. Dried sprigs of
rosemary can be tossed on barbecue coals or into wood fires for aromatic grilling.
Rosemary being a fragrant herb can efficiently enhance the flavor of any food, be it savory
or sweet to which it is added. In general, rosemary can be used in a wide variety of culinary
preparations, like for example, to season lamb, rabbit, veal, pork, sausages as well as
poultry, egg dishes, fish, pickles and shellfish, rosemary is added to jellies, fruit jams, and
cookies. Salad and vegetable dishes that need asparagus, cauliflower, broccoli, eggplants,
green beans and peas, zucchini and potatoes, can use rosemary for that extra special flavor.
Herb bread and biscuits can derive the benefit of the flavor that rosemary will bring to the
dish being prepared. However, one must remember that the flavor can be quite strong, and
therefore, the herb must be used only sparingly. They have a bitter, astringent taste, which
compliments a wide variety of foods.
Medicinal use. Rosemary is a carminative and stomachic to treat stomach cramps
and flatulence, and to stimulate appetite and the secretion of gastric juices. It is considered
to be useful against headache and nervous complaints. When used externally (in ointments
and bath oils), the oil stimulates blood circulation antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic,
and mild analgesic activity (it provides some relief from muscle aches and joint pains).
Essential oil is present (2.5 %), with 1, 8-cineole, alpha- pinene, and camphor as main
components and smaller amounts of beta- pinene, borneol, isobornyl acetate, limonene,
linalool, 3- octanane, terpineol and verbinol. Also reported in leaves are phenolic acids
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
(Rosmarinus acid), bitter diterpenes (carnosol, rosmanol), triterpenes (uleanic and ursolic
acid), triterpene alcohols (alpha- amyrin, beta- amyrin, betulin), as well as several
flavonoids and their glycosides such as diosmetin, luteolinand genkwanin (Wyk and Wink,
2004).
Rosemary is widely used as a spice when cooking, especially in Mediterranean
dishes. It is also used for its fragrance in soaps and other cosmetics. Traditionally, rosemary
has been used medicinally to improve memory, relieve muscle pain and spasm, stimulate
hair growth, and support the circulatory and nervous systems. It is also believed to increase
menstrual flow, act as an abortifacient (causing miscarriage), increase urine flow, and treat
indigestion. One study in humans found that long term daily intake of rosemary prevents
thrombosis. In the lab, rosemary has been shown to have antioxidant properties.
Antioxidants can neutralize harmful particles in the body known as free radicals, which
damage cell membranes, tamper with DNA, and even cause cell death. Also, rosemary oil
appears to have antimicrobial properties (killing some bacteria and fungi in test tubes). It
isn't known whether rosemary would have the same effect in humans.
According to Moss (2003) as cited by Amcay (2009), when the smell of rosemary
was pumped into cubicles where people were working, those people showed improved
memory, though with slower recall.
Embar (2000) as cited by Amcay (2009) mentioned that the nutrient content of 1
serving or 2 tablespoon (3.4g) of fresh rosemary and 1 serving or 1 tablespoon (1.2g) of
dried rosemary is as follows:
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Nutrient value
Nutrient value
Minerals
Dried Fresh
Vitamins
Dried Fresh
Ca (mg)
11 (1%) 15 (2%)
Vitamin C (mg)
0.7 (1%) 0.7(1%)
Fe (mg)
0.23
0.35
Thiamin (mg)
0.001
0.006
(1%)
(2%)
Mg (mg)
3 (1%)
3 (1%)
Riboflavin (mg)
0.005
0.005
P (mg)
2
1
Niacin (mg)
0.031
0.012
K (mg)
23 (1%)
11
Pantothenic Acid
0.027
-
(mg)
Na (mg)
1
1
Vitamin B6 (mg)
0.001
0.021
Zn (mg)
0.03 0.04
Folate (mcg)
4 (1%) 4(1%)
Cu (mg)
0.010
0.007
Vitamin A (IU)
99(2%)
38(1%)
Mn (mg)
0.033
0.022
(2%)
(1%)
Se (mcg)
-
0.1
Macro-nutrients
Nutrient value
Fatty acids
Nutrient value
Dried Fresh
Dried Fresh
Serving size
2 tbsp
1 tsp
Saturated Fat (g)
0.096
0.088
(3.4g)
(1.2g)
Calories (kcal)
4
4
Monounsaturated
0.039
0.036
Fat (g)
Protein (g)
0.11
0.06
Polyunsaturated
0.031
0.028
Fat (g)
Total Fat (g)
0.20
0.18
Total Carbohydrates
0.70
0.77
(g)
Dietary Fiber (g)
0.5 (2%) 0.5 (2%)
It has been mentioned by Mayer (1999) that rosemary is one of those herbs that are
more potent in the dried than in the fresh state. Dried rosemary is among the most powerful
herbal spices, and care must be taken not to overdose which may result in a disagreeable
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
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perfumed odor. In contrast, applying fresh rosemary allows for more of a light hand. Many
cooks, especially those influences by Mediterranean cooking, consider fresh rosemary
superior to the dried one in every case, and use fresh rosemary whenever available.
Rosemary does not lose its flavor by long cooking, as many other leaves unfortunately do.
The fresh leaves have a more pure fragrance and are therefore preferred whenever avail-
able. We can also use rosemary for fish, meat (especially poultry), but also for vegetables.
It is frequently recommended for potatoes and suitable for vegetables fried in olive oil
(aubergines, zucchini, tomatoes), as commonly prepared in Mediterranean countries. In
Italian cuisine, mutton is hardly ever cooked without rosemary, and broiled poultry
wrapped in rosemary twigs is also very popular. A similar effect can be achieved by
sprinkling rosemary leaves on the glowing charcoal during grilling.
According to Falsetto (2009), rosemary is distilled into valuable oil from the steam
distillation of the flowers; rosemary has healing properties of being pain relieving,
restorative, stimulating, and anti-bacterial, decongestant, diuretic and anti-fungal.
Rosemary is used in the treatment of muscular pain, rheumatism, circulation problems,
mental fatigue, nervous exhaustion, cellulite, arthritis, colds, bronchitis, fluid retention, and
sinusitis is suitable for dry, mature skin and acne.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. These included
16 kilograms of fresh pork (belly and ham) from the carcass of a single eight months old
pig. The other ingredients used in the making of “etag” were the following: rock salt,
powdered basil, powdered oregano, and powdered rosemary. Other materials like knives,
drinking straw, digital weighing scale, chopping board, basin, pen, record book, and alnus
leaves fire woods (fresh and dried) were also used in the study.
Methodology
Experimental design and treatments. Following the Completely Randomized
Design (CRD), the meat was equally divided into four treatments. Each treatment had four
replications with one kilogram of pork per replication.
The different treatments were as follows:
T0= 150 g rock salt (control) per kg meat
T1= 150 g rock salt + 30 g powdered basil per kg meat
T2= 150 g rock salt + 30 g powdered oregano per kg meat
T3= 150 g rock salt + 30 g powdered rosemary per kg meat
To produce the “etag”, only one procedure was followed in all the treatments. The
only difference was on the type of herb used per treatment.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Figure 1. Some materials used in the study
Curing of meat. A total of 16 kg of fresh pork shown in Figure 2 from a single pig
were sliced into 1-inch thick strips containing the skin, fat and lean. After slicing, the pork
strips were placed in Ziploc bags for curing. The herbs used for curing (basil, oregano and
rosemary) were bought in commercial powdered form. The meat strips were cured with
rock salt, basil, oregano and rosemary following the amounts indicated under each
treatment. These herbs were mixed with the salt then rubbed thoroughly on all sides of the
meat strips. After rubbing, the meat strips were piled evenly in clean Ziploc bags, sealed
then stored in the dark at room temperature for seven days.
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a
b
c
d
e
a
b
c
d
e
Figure 2. Meat strips weighed in a digital weighing scale (a) and placed in
stainless pans for curing (b, c, d, e).
Hot smoking. Each meat strip was weighed and labeled for identification. The meat
strips were stringed by making a small cut with a narrow bladed knife, then inserting a
clean drinking straw into the cut; these were hanged in the smoking chamber. The hangers
were arranged in such a way that it prevent the pork strips from coming in contact with
each other, to ensure uniform penetration of smoke, and to guarantee the meat strips have
equal color development. The meat strips were suspended above the safety baffle in the
smoker which is shown in Figure 3.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
a
b
Figure 3. Meat strips hanged after 7 days curing (a) inside the smoking chamber
(b).
To produce the smoke, pieces of air-dried alnus firewood (about 1 kg) and air-dried
alnus leaves (about 1 kg) were lighted inside the fire pit. When the wood was lighted and
the fire emitted was stable, fresh alnus firewood and leaves were placed over the fire to
produce smoke. Initially, ½ of fresh alnus firewood and leaves were spread over the
burning wood to produce the smoke and then ½ kg was added every 20 minutes until the
end of the smoking duration. Slow fire was maintained and smoking was done continuously
for 24 hours. After smoking, the meat strips were placed in stainless pans for weighing
(shown in Figure 4) then placed in clean Ziploc bags and stored at room temperature for 2
weeks to age shown in Figure 5.
Eighteen kilograms of firewood and 18 kilograms of leaves were used per
treatment, for a total of 72 kilograms of wood and 72 kilograms of leaves.
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a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
Figure 4. Smoked meat placed in stainless pans for weighing, salt only (a), basil
(b), oregano (c), and rosemary (d)
a
b
Figure 5. Smoked meat placed in clean Ziploc bags (a) and placed in a clean cartoon
for 2 weeks storage (b).
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Sanitation and hygiene. To prevent or minimize microbial contamination, the
following good hygiene practices (DOH, 2004) in meat processing and handling of smoked
products were observed: (1) Adequate personal cleanliness was maintained; (2) Adequate
garments, and hand gloves were worn; (3) Hands were washed before starting work and
repeatedly during work; (4) No rings, watches and bracelets were worn during work; (5)
Tools, knives, chopping boards, utensils, and other materials for meat handling were
cleaned and disinfected; (6) Any necessary precautions to protect against contamination of
meat and finished product were taken.
Organoleptic testing. After two weeks of storage, samples from the “etag” produced
in each treatment was steamed for 30 minutes, sliced into bite sizes then offered to a taste
panel for organoleptic testing. Twenty persons who are consuming “etag” served as
members of the taste panel. This test was conducted four times to compose four replicates
per treatment and was held at the Department of Animal Science (Meat Laboratory),
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University Figure 6.
Figure 6. The organoleptic test
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
During the organoleptic test, each panel member was given a score card for her/him
to indicate her/his ratings. Each panel member was requested to drink water after each taste
to every sample to wash off any remains of the “etag” sample previously tasted that might
affect her/ his rating on the next “etag” sample.
Data Gathered
1. Appearance of the product. The panel evaluated each sample as: (1) Desirable,
(2) Moderately desirable, (3) Slightly desirable, (4) Slightly undesirable, (5) Undesirable.
2. Aroma of the product. The panel evaluated each sample as: (1) Desirable, (2)
Moderately desirable, (3) Slightly desirable, (4) Slightly undesirable, (5) Undesirable.
3. Flavor of the product. The panel evaluated each sample as: (1) Very good, (2)
Good, (3) Fair, (4) Poor, (5) Very poor.
4. Taste of the product. This was evaluated by the panel of tasters as: (1) Very
good, (2) Good, (3) Fair, (4) Poor, (5) Very poor.
5. Tenderness of the product. The panel evaluated each sample as: (1) Extremely
tender, (2) Very tender, (3) Moderately tender, (4) Slightly tender, (5) Tough.
6. Acceptability of the product. The panel evaluated each sample as: (1) Like very
much, (2) Like moderately, (3) Dislike, (4) Dislike moderately, (5) Dislike very much.
7. Weight of “etag before drying (kg). This was the weight of the salted meat
before it was subjected to smoking and after 7 days curing.
8. Weight of “etag after drying (kg). This was the weight of the “etag” that was
dried over a smoke.
9. Volume of wood used (kg). This refers to the amount of wood that was used in
drying the “etag”.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Data Computed
1. Total cost of production (PhP). This was computed by adding all the cost of
meat and other materials used in producing the “etag” per treatment.
2. Shrinkage percentage. This was obtained by dividing the difference
of the weights of “etag , before and after smoking, by the weight of the “etag before
drying multiplied by 100.
Statistical Analysis
The data gathered were recorded, tabulated, and analyzed for their differences using
the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to determine significant differences
between treatment means.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 shows the mean appearance of the product produced in the different
treatments as rated by the panel of tasters. It also reveals the corresponding verbal rating
of the treatment numerical means.
Based on the verbal rating, meat which was cured with rock salt, rock salt +
oregano, rock salt + rosemary were all rated moderately desirable whereas meat with rock
salt + basil was rated slightly desirable. Considering the numerical ratings in all treatments,
it can gleaned that the rock salt + oregano-cured meat was the most desirable in appearance
while the meat cured with rock salt + basil was least desirable among the four products. In
comparison, plain rock salt and rock salt + oregano produced equally appealing products.
Furthermore, the appearance of meat cured with rock salt + rosemary and that which was
cured with rock salt + basil was also more or less similar.
Table 2 demonstrates the aroma of the products as rated by the panel of tasters.
Although statistical analysis found significant differences among treatment means, the
verbal description for all treatments was moderately desirable. From a numerical
standpoint, it can be implied that the panel may have found the odor of oregano and basil
more pleasant than rosemary. This implication can be validated by Mayer (1999) stating
that care must be observed is using rosemary as an overdose may result to a disagreeable
perfumed odor. On the overall, the aroma of meat cured with plain rock salt, rock salt +
oregano and rock salt + basil were similarly more preferred by the tasters than the aroma
of meat cured with rock salt + rosemary.
According to Donoso (2007) the best way to cure is by smoking the salted meat by
a preferred wood with some herbal leaves for aroma and flavor.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Appearance of the product
TREATMENT
NUMERICAL MEAN
VERBAL RATING
Rock salt only
2.05ab
Moderately desirable
Rock salt + Basil
2.61c
Slightly desirable
Rock salt + Oregano
1.98a
Moderately desirable
Rock salt + Rosemary
2.41bc
Moderately desirable
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Table 2. Aroma of the product
TREATMENT
NUMERICAL MEAN
VERBAL RATING
Rock salt only
2.14ab
Moderately desirable
Rock salt + Basil
2.12ab
Moderately desirable
Rock salt + Oregano
1.99a
Moderately desirable
Rock salt + Rosemary
2.39b
Moderately desirable
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
The ratings for the flavor of the product are illustrated in Table 3. Statistical analysis
showed highly significant differences among treatments. Following the trend on aroma, the
panel of tasters rated the flavor of meat cured with plain rock salt, rock salt + Basil and
rock salt + oregano as good while they find the flavor of the meat cured with rock salt +
rosemary to be fair.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
The herbs used in the study are traditionally used as flavoring agents and hence
they were able to enhance the flavor of the meat except for rosemary which produced a
flavor comparable to pine-tar. This was not very acceptable to the panel of tasters resulting
to the rating of fair.
The green aromatic leaves of basil are used fresh and dried as flavorings or spices
in sauces, stews, salad dressings, vegetables, poultry, vinegar, and confectionery products
(Simon, 1995), and it was also mentioned by Wrench (1992) that dried basil leaves are used
in a preparation of salt and spice- free dietetic meat products. Moreover, according to
Katser (2007) oregano flavors grilled meats; it is used for the vertical rotating spit roast
meat gyros. The very similar, but stronger, taste of Mexican oregano is popular not only in
its native country México, but also in the south of the US, where it is frequently used to
flavour chili con carne (meat stewed with chiles and sometimes beans) or other México-
inspired dishes.
Table 3. Flavor of the product
TREATMENT
NUMERICAL MEAN
VERBAL RATING
Rock salt only
2.38a
Good
Rock salt + Basil
2.31a
Good
Rock salt + Oregano
2.08a
Good
Rock salt + Rosemary
2.71b
Fair
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Table 4 represents the taste of the product. Statistical analysis showed highly
significant differences among treatment means. The taste of meat cured with plain rock
salt, rock salt + basil cured meat, and rock salt + oregano cured meat are comparable and
better than rock salt + rosemary-cured meat. It was then observed that rock salt + rosemary
cured meat had the least desired taste of all the products. This may be explained by
Bosworth’s statement (2001) that the taste and flavor of rosemary has a bitter, astringent
taste and can be quite strong, and therefore, the herb must be used only sparingly.
Table 5 illustrates the tenderness of the product. Verbal rating of the product shows
that all treatments garnered a rating of moderately tender. Tenderness of meat cured with
rock salt only, rock salt + basil, rock salt + oregano, and rock salt + rosemary is constant
because the pork came from the same pig.
Table 4. Taste of the product
TREATMENT
NUMERICAL MEAN
VERBAL RATING
Rock salt only
2.26a
Good
Rock salt + Basil
2.28a
Good
Rock salt + Oregano
2.13a
Good
Rock salt + Rosemary
2.94b
Fair
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
The ratings for the overall acceptability were presented in Table 6. Comparison of
numerical means reveal that rock salt + oregano-cured meat accounts appears most
acceptable similarly with the meat cured with plain rock salt and rock salt + basil. These
three treatments had significantly better means based on the hedonic scale than the rock
salt + rosemary treatment. Despite differences in numerical means, it can be noted that all
products from the four treatments were liked moderately. Figure7 shows the graphical
summary of the result of sensory traits evaluation.
Table 5. Tenderness of the Product
TREATMENT
NUMERICAL MEAN
VERBAL RATING
Rock salt only
2.86a
Moderately tender
Rock salt + Basil
2.74a
Moderately tender
Rock salt + Oregano
2.51a
Moderately tender
Rock salt + Rosemary
2.78a
Moderately tender
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Table 6. Acceptability of the Product
TREATMENT
NUMERICAL MEAN
VERBAL RATING
Rock salt only
2.00a
Like moderately
Rock salt + Basil
1.99a
Like moderately
Rock salt + Oregano
1.88a
Like moderately
Rock salt + Rosemary
2.45b
Like moderately
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
RS + Rosemary
RS + Oregano
4.000
RS + Basil
2.000
RS only
0.000
Figure7. Graphical summary of the result of sensory traits evaluation
The shrinkage of the different products is presented in Table 7. Salting and smoking
are factors responsible for water loss. Aside from helping reduce water, smoking also helps
in the curing process. Oregano-cured meat had the lowest shrinkage of 22.50% while the
meat cured with plain salt and salt +basil had 23.13% and 23.25% shrinkage, respectively.
Rosemary-cured meat was observed to have the highest shrinkage loss which is 24.38%.
There were no appreciable differences in the shrinkage largely due to the fact that the meat
came from the same cuts in the animal carcass (belly and ham) and that the salt and
smoking time were kept constant across all treatments.
Table 8 shows the production cost for four kilograms of “etag in each treatment.
It is shown in the table that the Oregano-cured meat had the highest cost of Php 1,853.68
and was followed by the Rosemary-cured meat with a cost of PhP 1,852.60. It was then
followed by the basil-cured meat which is PhP 1,852.06. The meat cured with plain salt
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
had the lowest cost which is PhP 1,824.52. The difference in the cost is due to the price
differences of flavoring agents used.
Table 7. Shrinkage of the product
TREATMENT
SHRINKAGE (%)
Rock salt only
23.13a
Rock salt + Basil
23.25a
Rock salt + Oregano
22.50a
Rock salt + Rosemary
24.38a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Table 8. Total cost of production
ITEM
T0
T1
T2
T3
EXPENSES (PhP)
Pork
640.00
640.00
640.00
640.00
Salt
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
Powdered basil
-
27.54
-
-
Powdered oregano
-
-
29.16
-
Powdered rosemary
-
-
-
28.08
Fire woods and leaves
92.50
92.50
92.50
92.50
Drinking straw
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
Ziploc bags
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
Labor
1,072.50
1,072.50
1,072.50
1,072.50
TOTAL COST OF
1,824.52
1,852.06
1,853.68
1,852.60
PRODUCTION
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine which herb is the best flavoring agent in
making “etag”. It also aimed to evaluate the product in terms of appearance, flavor, aroma,
taste, tenderness, and over all acceptability of the product.
The study was conducted at the Meat Processing Laboratory, Department of
Animal Science, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from October to
November 2012. Following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD), 8 kilograms of
belly and 8 kilograms of ham taken from a newly butchered eight months old pig was
equally divided into four parts to represent the four treatments. Each treatment has four
replications with one kilogram of pork per replication. Meat assigned to the control (T0)
treatment was salted with 150 g rock salt, 150 g salt + 30 g basil for T1, 150 g salt + 30 g
oregano for T2, and 150 g salt + 30 g rosemary for T3.
A total of 20 “etag” consumers were invited to evaluate the product. Data gathered
from the evaluation were analyzed using the analysis of variance for Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). Means were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT).
It was found that “etag” cured with plain rock salt, rock salt with basil and rock salt
with oregano were better in appearance, aroma, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability
compared to “etag” cured with rock salt plus rosemary.
In terms of shrinkage, the products were more or less similar. On the other hand,
differences in the production cost per treatment were observed as a result of the price
differences of the herbs used.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Conclusion
Based on the result of the study, it is therefore concluded that herbs like basil and
oregano could be used to enhance the flavor of “etag”. It was seen that the addition of these
herbs in the curing mix produced products which are similar in sensory traits as that which
was cured with plain rock salt.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that flavoring agents like oregano and basil can be
used as flavoring agents for “etag”. However, it is also recommended that “etag” producers
may try to vary the amount of herbs to be added to salt to produce the most desired results.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
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POGEYED, M. 2009. Evaluation of Embutido Processed with Basil (Ocimum basilicum).
Undergraduate thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 5-6.
SANDHYARANI, N. 2011. BUZZLE: Medicinal Uses of Oregano. Retrieved September
6, 2012 from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/medicinal-uses-of-oregano.html.
SARDI , B. 2001. Oil of Oregano Rivals Modern Antibiotic Drugs. Word of Knowledge
Agency, San Dimas, California. P 34.
SIMON, J. 1995. Basil. Retrieved July 12, 2012 from http://www.hort.purdue.
edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/basil.html
SIMON, J. E., J. QUINN, and R. G. MURRAY. 1990. Basil: A source of essential oils. In:
J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), Advances in new crops. Timber Press, Portland,
OR. Pp. 484-489.
SYMEON, G. 2000. Effects of Oregano Essential Oil Dietary Supplementation on the
Feeding and Drinking Behaviour as well as the Activity of Broilers. Department
of Animal Production, Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry,
Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, GR 118 55 Athens, Greece. P.
55.
WRENSCH, R. 1992. The Essence of Herbs, an Environmental Guide to Herb Gardening.
University Press of Mississipi, United States of America. Pp. 190-191, 247-248.
WYK, B. and M. WINK. 2004. Medicinal Plants of the World. Briza Publications, South
Africa. Pp. 221, 217, 276.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013. Acceptability of Different Herbs as
Flavoring Agents for Etag. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Meat Processing Laboratory, Department of
Animal Science, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from October to
November 2012. Following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD), 16 kilograms of
meat from a newly butchered eight months old pig was equally divided into four parts to
represent four treatments. Each treatment has four replications with one kilogram of pork
per replication. The treatments were as follows: Control (T0) - 150 g rock salt; (T1) - 150 g
salt + 30 g basil; (T2) - 150 g salt + 30 g oregano; and (T3) - 150 g salt + 30 g rosemary.
A total of 20 “etag” consumers were invited to evaluate the product. Data gathered
from the evaluation revealed that “etag” cured with plain salt, salt with basil and salt with
oregano were better in appearance, aroma, taste, flavor and overall acceptability compared
to “etag” cured with rosemary plus salt. The shrinkage which resulted from slating and
smoking was more or less similar across treatments while the cost of production varied
with the prices of the herbs added to the curing mix.
It is therefore concluded that herbs like basil and oregano could be used to enhance
the flavor of “etag”.
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INTRODUCTION
Meat processing is a practice typically originated in the prehistoric period. The most
common in this early age were salting, drying, and smoking. These early, the processed
meat products were prepared for preservation for future use. Meat preservation is delaying
or preventing storage through smoking or curing the meat. The purpose of curing meat is
to convert the meat of animals into high quality cured meat products.
“Etag”, often termed as “Igorot ham”, is usually prepared during occasions like
wedding, celebration of natal day, “kanyaws”, harvesting time and other occasions along
with rice wine and other locally brewed alcoholic beverages. In Mountain Province,
particularly the Western part, the dried salted meat called “etag” is an important ingredient
to a native delicacy called “pinikpikan”. It is also cooked with legumes, or plain vegetables
giving an exclusive aroma for the food.
Flavor is a complex one, referring to both odor and taste at the same time. Da Cunha
(2007) stated that consumers are looking for different, trendy, and ethnic style meat
products. Accordingly, the meat industry is trying more and more to top into these trends
with the richness and complexity provided by flavoring agents.
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) belongs to family Lamiaceae (mints). It is an annual
plant, a native of warm climates, about 30 cm (about 12 in.) high, with ovate stalked leaves
that are oftentimes pointed. They are green in color, although some varieties feature hint
of red or purple (Pogeyed, 2009).
Oregano (Origanum vulgare) is a perennial herb native to Europe, Asia and
Mediterranean region that belongs to family Lamiaceae. It is an aromatic herb (that grows
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up to 0.9 m) with hairy, opposite leaves and white or pink flowers congested towards the
branch ends and has a bitter taste (Sandhyarani, 2011).
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a popular aromatic herb that can reach 1.5 (4
ft. 11 in.), rarely 2m (6 ft. 7 in.) and has an erect open habit, with narrow, aromatic, needle-
like, evergreen leaves that are mid to dark green in color with pale green undersides. The
tubular flowers, which range in color from white to blues, pink and mauves, are produced
in small clusters at the leaf joints (McHoy, 2001).
The study was conducted to know which herb is the best flavoring agent and to
encourage people in trying to process “etag using these herbs because these are not just
condiments but also have medicinal value.
People in today’s generation are more conscious about their health so they tend to
search for so-called healthy foods. The researcher responds by adding healthful herbs to
meat. If the result of this study will be satisfactory, the developed products can be
commercialized by interested individuals.
Along with researchers growing interest in medicinal plants such as herbs and
spices as alternative curative products, it is likewise interesting to try incorporating them
into processed meat products.
This study was conducted to provide basic information to homemakers and food
processors who are interested to engage in “etag” making and other processed products
using basil, oregano and rosemary. Also, the result of the study serves as reference to other
researchers for follow- up researches.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
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The study aimed to:
1. determine the acceptability of the product in terms of appearance, flavor, aroma,
taste, and tenderness;
2. determine which herb is the best flavoring agent in making “etag ; and
3. determine the production cost of the processed “etag”.
The experiment was conducted at the Meat Processing Laboratory, Department of
Animal Science, Benguet State University; La Trinidad, Benguet from October to
November, 2012.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Meat
Meat is a general source of the water soluble B complex group, Phosphorus,
Potassium, and Iron but a poor source of Calcium, Vitamin C and Vitamin A, D, E and K.
Pork contains higher levels of the B complex Vitamins than beef and poultry. Essential
nutrients such as Iron, Zinc, Selenium, and Copper are found in the meat especially on the
lean portion. It is also a good source of Iron and Phosphorous.
Smoking meat is exactly what the name implies: flavoring meat with smoke. Smoke
composition is quite complex. They are made up of several groups of substances. Donoso
(2007) cited that phenolic acids are the ones responsible for the flavor, and also have anti-
oxidant and anti-bacterial properties. The acids work more in the physical properties and
can also help in the curing process. The carbonyl compounds add some softness to the taste,
but are most important by giving a golden brown superficial color, and a shiny aspect. The
best way to cure, however, is by smoking the salted meat by the preferred wood with some
herbal leaves for aroma and flavor.
Basil
Fragrant basils are annuals or short-lived perennials of subtropical and tropical
regions in the Old World. Clearly marked mint family features are 4-sided stems, leaves
opposite on the stem and small flower arranged in whorls usually in a terminal spike. Each
flower produces 4 nutlets or seeds. Some species show considerable variation in form, size,
color and shape of leaves, and aroma; other species remain noticeably uniform. Absorption
of essential oil mixtures produced in epidermal gland cells on the leaves are responsible
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for variation in fragrance. Scents include anise, camphor, cloves, lemon, rose, floral, and
thyme- all variously blended. Basil is said to deter flies; a bee plant. The essential oils are
used in perfumery. Stored frozen leaves are more potent than dried. Dried basil leaves are
used in a preparation of salt and spice- free dietetic meat products (Wrensch, 1992).
Medicinal uses and properties. Basil is widely used in traditional medicine as tonics
and general medicines against indigestion, flatulence, loss of appetite and internal
parasites. Sweet basil has been considered as useful diuretic since ancient times and is
sometimes included in wound-healing ointment. Leaf infusions or fresh leaf juice of holy
basil is used in India, mainly against cough, upper respiratory infections, stress related skin
disorders and indigestion. The seeds are considered to be a nutritional tonic. The essential
oil (up to 1%) of O. basilicum has methychavicol (estragole) and linalool as main
component (both may reach 70% or more), together with eugenol, ocimene and cineole.
Also present are tannins and flavonoids. Estragole is carcinogenic at higher doses, so basil
should not be taken over long periods of time, or be given to pregnant women and young
children (Wyk and Wink, 2004).Traditionally, basil has been used as a medicinal plant in
treatment of headaches, coughs, diarrhea, constipation, warts, worms, and kidney
malfunctions. It is also thought to be an antispasmodic, stomachache, carminative,
stimulant and insect repellent. The oils of basil, especially the camphor-containing oil, have
antibacterial properties. Volatile compounds produced by sweet basil have been shown to
influence the composition, distribution, and spore germination of some fungal populations.
The volatile terpenes camphor and 1, 8-cineole present in basil and other members of the
Lamiaceae have been suggested as agents in allelopathic reactions (Simon, 1995).
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Pogeyed (2009) mentioned that the nutrient content of 1 serving or 4 tablespoon of
basil is as follows:
Vitamins
Nutrient
Minerals
Nutrient value
value
Vitamin C (mg)
1.900
Calcium (mg)
16.00
Thiamin (mg)
0.003
Iron (mg)
0.34
Riboflavin (mg)
0.008
Magnesium (mg)
9.00
Niacin (mg)
0.098
Phosphorus (mg)
7.00
Pantothenic Acid
0.025
Potassium (mg)
49.00
(mg)
Vitamin B6 (mg)
0.014
Zinc (mg)
0.09
Folate (mcg)
7.000
Copper (mg)
0.03
Vitamin A (IU)
559.000
Manganese (mg)
0.15
Vitamin K (mcg)
44.000
Macronutrients
Nutrient value
Fatty acids
Nutrient value
Calories (kcal)
3.00
Saturated fat (g)
0.004
Protein (g)
0.27
Monounsaturated fat (g)
0.009
Total Fat (g)
0.06
Polyunsaturated fat (g)
0.041
Total Carbohydrates
0.46
(g)
Dietary Fiber (g)
0.40
Sugar (g)
0.03
Culinary uses. Basil is used as condiment or spice; source of essential oil for use
in foods, flavors, and fragrances; garden ornamental. The green aromatic leaves are used
fresh and dried as flavorings or spices in sauces, stews, salad dressings, vegetables, poultry,
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vinegar, confectionery products, and the liqueur chartreuse. Basil extract has been reported
to have antioxidant activity. Cultivars with purple foliage, such as 'Dark Opal' and var.
auranascens, are grown as ornamentals, but can also be used as flavorings. The essential
oils and oleoresin are used extensively, reducing the need for dried leaves in the food
industry; used in perfumes, soaps, and shampoos (Simon, 1995).
The essential oils of basil extracted via steam distillation from the leaves and
flavoring tops are used to flavor foods, dental and oral products, in fragrances, and in
traditional rituals and medicine. Extracted essential oils have also been shown to contain
biologically-active constituents that are insecticidal, nematicidal, fungistatic or which have
antimicrobial properties. These properties can frequently be attributed to predominant
essential oil constituents, such as methyl chavicol, eugenol linalool, camphor, and methyl
cinnamate. Two minor components of the essential oil of sweet basil, juvocimene I and II
have been reported as potent juvenile hormone analogs. There are several types of basil oil
in international commerce, each derived principally from different cultivars or chemotypes
of sweet basil. The oils of commerce are known as European French or Sweet Basil,
Egyptian, Reunion or Comoro; and to a lesser extent Bulgarian and Java basil oils. The
European type of basil oil considered to be the highest quality, and producing the finest
odor, characteristically contains: linalool; methyl chavicol; and to a lesser extent 1,8-
cineole, alpha-pinene; ß-pinene; myrcene; ocimene; terpinolene; camphor; terpinen-4-ol;
alpha-terpineol; eugenol; and sesquiterpenes. Egyptian basil oil of commerce is similar to
European basil oil except that the concentration of d-linalool is significantly lower while
the concentration of methyl chavicol is significantly higher. In contrast, Reunion or
Comoro basil oil contains little if any d-linalool and is a harsher, spicy oil due to the very
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high concentration of methyl chavicol, and to a lesser extent, 1,8-cineole, borneol camphor
and eugenol. Bulgarian and Java basil oils are rich in methyl-cinnamate and eugenol
respectively. The essential oil content ranged from 0.04 to 0.70% (v/fresh weight) within
the Ocimum germplasm collection. Chemotypes high in 1,8-cineole, trans-ß-ocimene,
camphor, linalool methyl chavicolgeraniol, citraleugenol, methyl cinnamate, methyl
eugenol, ß-caryophyllene, and elemene, and ß-bisabolene were identified. Accessions
varied in essential oil content, and showed diversity in growth, form, flowering and
pigmentation (Simon, et al., 1990).
According to Pogeyed (2009), basil is best used as fresh, because fresh basil has a
stronger aroma than dried. The oil from this basil have also shown to repel insects and have
larvicidal activity against houseflies and mosquitoes, camphor, d-limonene, myrcene and
thymol are some of the compounds in the oil that may provide the repellant properties.
Besides its uses in the kitchen and insect repellant, the essential oil that comes from basil
is used in soaps, toothpaste, mouthwash and perfumes and even used fragrance of basil to
decrease fatigue.
Oregano
Oregano (Origanum vulgare) means “mountain joy”, belonging to the family
Lamiaceae, is a perennial herb native to Europe, Asia and Mediterranean region. It is a
highly aromatic plant with a bitter taste. Plants that are closely related to oregano are
Mexican oregano and marjoram. The amount of essential oils present in the oregano plant
varies depending upon the species and growing conditions. Dried leaves of oregano are
commonly used for the therapeutic purposes as well as for the culinary purpose to add
flavor in pickles, sauces and various food preparations. Regarding the nutritional value of
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oregano herb, it contains iron, vitamins, calcium, magnesium, copper, niacin and thiamin
(Sandhyarani, 2011).
According to Wyk and Wink (2004), oregano is very similar to marjoram or sweet
marjoram (O. majorana) and the two species (both culinary herbs) are often confused.
Several species have been used in folk medicine, including O. compactum, O. dictamnus,
O. heracleoticum, O. onites and O. sytiacum. O. syriacum is the hyssop of the Bible
(mentioned at the the Crucifixion). O dictamnus, the dittany of Crete (or dictamon in
Greek), has woolly leaves and large floral bracts. In Greek mythology, it is the herb that
was used by Aphrodite to heal the wounds of the Trojan hero Aeneas. Oregano, sweet
marjoram and dittany are mainly used to treat bronchitis, catarrh, cold and flu, colic and
dyspepsia. These herbs or their dilute oils are sometimes used topically for mouth hygiene,
to treat nasal congestion, wounds and itching skin. The essential oils of oregano and
marjoram are used in aromatherapy. The essential oils of Origanum, species interfere with
biomembranes and are known to be antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, spasmolytic and
anti-inflammatory. Oregano and dittany oil contains carvacrol (40%-70%), p-cymene and
y- terpinen, while marjoram oil mainly has terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, sabinen, linalool and
carvacrol. Tea made from 1-2g of dried herb can be taken three times a day. The oil should
never be taken internally.
In 2004, Holmes stated that oregano is a perennial cushion- forming herb with
aromatic scented leaves; mostly hardy with range of golden, green and variegated foliage;
O. v. Album with white flowers; O. v. Aureum with golden leaves excellent for spring
effect and informal hedging; O. v. Aureum Crispum attractive crinkled golden leaves tidier
than type; O. v. Compactum tidy green mound with excellent flavor, lasts well into winter;
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O. v. Gold Tip green leaves with attractive gold tips , excellent for edging; O. majorana
(sweet marjoram) more delicately scented and flavored; O. onites (Greek oregano) thyme-
like flavor; all excellent sweetly aromatic culinary herb.
Baggeo (2011) mentioned that the nutritive value per 100 g of oregano leaves is as
follows:
Nutrient
Nutrient
Macro-
Nutrient
Minerals
value
Vitamins
value
nutrients
value
Calcium
1576.00
Choline (mg) 32.30
Energy (kcal)
306.00
(mg)
Iron (mg)
44.00
Folate (mcg) 274.00
Protein (g)
11.00
Magnesium
270.00
Niacin (mg) 6.22
Total Fat (g)
10.25
(mg)
Phosphorus
200.00
Vitamin C
50.00
Total
64.43
(mg)
(mg)
Carbohydrates
(g)
Potassium 1669.00
Vitamin E
18.86
Dietary Fiber
42.80
(mg)
(mg)
(g)
Zinc (mg)
4.43
Vitamin K
621.70
(mcg)
Selenium
5.90
(mg)
Amrick and Bilkei (2002) stated that oregano stimulates organic and microbiotical
digestion. Carvacrol and thymol had an effect on the upper layer of mature enterocytes and
accelerated the renewal rate of mature enterocytes at the surface of the villi of the intestine.
This would reduce the pathogenic contamination of enterocytes and improve their capacity
for nutrient absorption. Oregano supports digestion and the regulation of processes in the
digestive tract of pig. It has been reported that in sows the essential oils of oregano act not
only as alternative anti-bacterial performance promoters, digestion aids, and appetite
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enhancers, increasing daily intake (P<0.05), but, when used as natural feed additives, act
also as enhancers of growth, reproductive performance, and milk production.
Oregano essential oil is one of the many plant extracts that are used at present as
supplement s in animal’s diets. It contains mainly carvacrol, thymol and their precursors,
and it possesses intense in vitro antimicrobial antifungal antioxidant properties, making it
an appropriate candidate as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters (Symeon, 2000).
Oil pressed from oregano leaves that contain the active ingredient carvacrol may be an
effective treatment against sometimes drug-resistant bacterial infection. Georgetown
University researchers have found that oil of oregano appears to reduce infection “as
effectively as traditional antibiotics”. Oil of oregano at relatively low doses was found to
be efficacious against Staphylococcus bacteria and was comparable in its germ-killing
properties to antibiotic drugs such as streptomycin, penicillin and vancomycin. Earlier this
year researchers at the Department of Food Science at the University of Tennessee reported
that among various plant oils, oil of oregano exhibited the greatest antibacterial action
against common pathogenic germs such as Staph, E. coli and Listeria. British researchers
reported oregano oil had antibacterial activity against 25 different bacteria and a clinical
study in Italy has shown that oil of oregano can be used to treat intestinal parasites (Sardi,
2001).
According to Leung (1996), oregano is a powerful antifungal, working in the GI
tract as well as in the sinuses and lungs. It repeatedly has demonstrated the ability to
obliterate yeast, including Candida albicans. It has been demonstrated to stop the
production of a cancer causing fungal toxin, aflatoxin. No yeast species has been to
demonstrate resistance to oregano oil.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Culinary uses. Oregano is a condicio sine qua non in Italian cuisine, where it is
used for tomato sauces, fried vegetables and grilled meat. In Greece, oregano is one of the
more popular herbs and usually employed in the dried state. Like in Italy, it is valued
together with the acidic flavours of pickled olives and feta cheese, for example in the so-
called Greek salad (Choriatiki salata). Moreover, oregano flavour grilled meats; it is used
for the vertical rotating spit roast meat gyros, and also for its Turkish counterpart, döner;
also, the charcoal-roasted skewered lamb pieces souvlaki are sprinkled with oregano.
Outside the Mediterranean region, oregano is, rather surprisingly, little in use, except
among Italian immigrants. The very similar, but stronger, taste of Mexican oregano is
popular not only in its native country México, but also in the south of the US, where it is
frequently used to flavour chili con carne (meat stewed with chiles and sometimes beans)
or other México-inspired dishes (Katser, 2007).
Medicinal uses. In 2011, Sandhyarani stated that oregano plant has been used for
the treatment of various diseases since thousands of years ago. Medical researches reveal
that oregano contains antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-parasitic compounds.
Considering these medicinal properties, the studies are ongoing to use oregano for the
treatment of severe diseases such as heart disease and muscular degeneration. An
antioxidant nature of oregano is evident from the presence of thymol and rosmainic acid.
These compounds help in scavenging free radicals, thus preventing cell damage and
membrane alteration. The amount of antioxidant present in a tablespoon of fresh oregano
and a medium-sized apple are the same. The volatile oil carvacrol present in oregano
inhibits the growth of bacteria, and other parasitic microorganisms. Some studies found
this medicinal herb to be more effective in killing Giardia than the prescription drugs.
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Oregano supplements are also used for external and internal fungal infections. Patients with
candidiasis have experienced a remarkable relief from the symptoms after using oregano.
Oregano is used for the treatment of flatulence, bloating and other indigestion problems. It
enhances the secretion of saliva and serves in improving digestion. It is also effective in
overcoming menstrual symptoms and promoting menstruation. Some people use oregano
as a natural remedy to treat cold and flu symptoms. Herbal tea prepared with oregano helps
in alleviation of headache, urinary problems, lung disorders, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
and jaundice. Oregano boiled in plain water can be used as a mouthwash. Gargling with
this water can help to prevent tooth infection and sore throat. Oregano oil applied directly
to the infected tooth helps in combating toothache. Ground oregano leaves soothe arthritis
pain, insect bites and other skin problems. Its bitter taste and strong aroma help in
controlling head lice.
Rosemary
Rosemary is an aromatic, much branded; evergreen shrub to 5 ft. high is a native of
the Mediterranean region growing among calcareous rocks on dry, warm slopes in view of
the blue sea. The association is evoked wherever leaves emit the resinous scent. Rosemary
penetrating aroma requires prudence in amounts added for a savory dish, from a joint of
lamb to a mess of fresh, green peas. Apple jelly delicately flavored with a rosemary
infusion is a fine accompaniment to poultry or ham. The spectrum in cuisine is wide; wise
is the cook who uses restraint. The volatile oil is an ingredient in “eu de Cologne”, and
high quality comes from flower calyces. Dry leaves and flowers are constituent of
potpourri. A wine with added rosemary was taken as a medicina. An infusion in a hair rinse
brightens black hair (Wrensch, 1992).
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Herst (2001) as cited by Amcay (2009) stated that rosemary leaves have a bitter,
astringent taste, which complement a wide variety of foods. The herb can be obtained in
whole-leaf form, fresh or dried, as well as in powdered form. A tisane can also be made
from them. When burned, they give off a distinct mustard smell, as well as a smell similar
to that of burning which can be used to flavor foods while barbecuing. Among dishes where
rosemary is used as a seasoning are soaps, vegetables, meats such as lamb, fish and egg
dishes, stuffing and dressings, and fruit salads. Rosemary is extremely high in Iron,
Calcium, and Vitamin B6.
BIMR in 2007 said that rosemary contains a number of potentially, biologically
active compounds, including antioxidants such as carsonic acid and rosmarinic acid. Other
bioactive compounds include caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, rosmaridiphenol,
and rosmarol. The results of the study suggest that carnosic acid, found in rosemary, may
shield the brain from free radicals, lowering the risk of strokes and neurodegenerative
diseases like Alzheimer’s and Lou Gehrig’s.
It has been stated by Burkhard (1999) that rosemary in culinary or therapeutic doses
is generally safe; however, precaution is necessary for those displaying allergic reaction or
prone to epileptic seizures. Rosemary essential oil maybe have epileptogenic properties, as
a handful of case reports over the past century have linked its use with seizures and
otherwise healthy adults or children. Rosemary essential oil is potentially toxic if ingested.
Large quantities of rosemary leaves can cause adverse reactions, such as coma, spasm,
vomiting, and pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) that can be fatal. Avoid consuming
large quantities of rosemary if pregnant or breastfeeding.
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Rosemary has many uses besides culinary. It is used as a medicinal, an aromatic,
and an ornamental in the landscape, as a dye, in cosmetics and as a houseplant. Rosemary
essential oil adds a piney scent to soaps, creams, lotions, perfumes and toilet water. It is a
stimulating herb and makes a wonderful herbal bath when you feel worn out and want to
get your blood flowing under your skin again. Just put some in a muslin bag and get in the
tub with it. You can also treat yourself to a cleansing and pick-me-up facial stem with a
strong infusion. Blend it in potpourri. It can be woven into wreaths and garlands. Rosemary
sachets are very nice for scenting drawers. Dry needles can be added to other herbs and
made into closet sachets to repel moths. These smell a lot better than moth balls and are
not toxic. It yields a green dye. Medicinally, a warm tea is good for colds, flu, rheumatic
pain, indigestion, and as a stimulating drink for headache and fatigue. It is antiseptic and
promotes sweating and the flow of bile. It acts as an antidepressant, a circulatory stimulant,
and a tonic for the nervous system and the heart. It is a source of Vitamin A and Vitamin
C, Phosphorus, Iron, Magnesium, and Zinc. It and has also antioxidant properties. A strong
infusion makes an antiseptic mouthwash and gargle. The essential oil can be used
externally as an ingredient in salves for arthritis and to soothe aching muscles. Extracts are
found in shampoos. A hair rinse of a strong infusion can help dandruff and is good for dark
hair. Do not use the pure oil internally. Like all medicinal plants, be cautious when using
as a healing herb. In 1995, Brown stated that the essential oil of rosemary should not be
used internally and when used externally, it should be diluted as is true for all essential oils
except lavender. It should not be used in pregnancy, as it is a uterine stimulant. Large doses
are irritating to the kidneys and stomach, but used in lesser amounts as a seasoning, it is
perfectly safe.
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Culinary use. Bosworth in 2001 stated that rosemary is numerous including the use
of its flowers in salads. The herb is a wonderful compliment to meat dishes, especially
lamb and pork. It can also be used to flavor baked potatoes, bread and in the herb butter of
vegetables. The stems can be used as skewer after removing the leaves. Dried sprigs of
rosemary can be tossed on barbecue coals or into wood fires for aromatic grilling.
Rosemary being a fragrant herb can efficiently enhance the flavor of any food, be it savory
or sweet to which it is added. In general, rosemary can be used in a wide variety of culinary
preparations, like for example, to season lamb, rabbit, veal, pork, sausages as well as
poultry, egg dishes, fish, pickles and shellfish, rosemary is added to jellies, fruit jams, and
cookies. Salad and vegetable dishes that need asparagus, cauliflower, broccoli, eggplants,
green beans and peas, zucchini and potatoes, can use rosemary for that extra special flavor.
Herb bread and biscuits can derive the benefit of the flavor that rosemary will bring to the
dish being prepared. However, one must remember that the flavor can be quite strong, and
therefore, the herb must be used only sparingly. They have a bitter, astringent taste, which
compliments a wide variety of foods.
Medicinal use. Rosemary is a carminative and stomachic to treat stomach cramps
and flatulence, and to stimulate appetite and the secretion of gastric juices. It is considered
to be useful against headache and nervous complaints. When used externally (in ointments
and bath oils), the oil stimulates blood circulation antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic,
and mild analgesic activity (it provides some relief from muscle aches and joint pains).
Essential oil is present (2.5 %), with 1, 8-cineole, alpha- pinene, and camphor as main
components and smaller amounts of beta- pinene, borneol, isobornyl acetate, limonene,
linalool, 3- octanane, terpineol and verbinol. Also reported in leaves are phenolic acids
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
(Rosmarinus acid), bitter diterpenes (carnosol, rosmanol), triterpenes (uleanic and ursolic
acid), triterpene alcohols (alpha- amyrin, beta- amyrin, betulin), as well as several
flavonoids and their glycosides such as diosmetin, luteolinand genkwanin (Wyk and Wink,
2004).
Rosemary is widely used as a spice when cooking, especially in Mediterranean
dishes. It is also used for its fragrance in soaps and other cosmetics. Traditionally, rosemary
has been used medicinally to improve memory, relieve muscle pain and spasm, stimulate
hair growth, and support the circulatory and nervous systems. It is also believed to increase
menstrual flow, act as an abortifacient (causing miscarriage), increase urine flow, and treat
indigestion. One study in humans found that long term daily intake of rosemary prevents
thrombosis. In the lab, rosemary has been shown to have antioxidant properties.
Antioxidants can neutralize harmful particles in the body known as free radicals, which
damage cell membranes, tamper with DNA, and even cause cell death. Also, rosemary oil
appears to have antimicrobial properties (killing some bacteria and fungi in test tubes). It
isn't known whether rosemary would have the same effect in humans.
According to Moss (2003) as cited by Amcay (2009), when the smell of rosemary
was pumped into cubicles where people were working, those people showed improved
memory, though with slower recall.
Embar (2000) as cited by Amcay (2009) mentioned that the nutrient content of 1
serving or 2 tablespoon (3.4g) of fresh rosemary and 1 serving or 1 tablespoon (1.2g) of
dried rosemary is as follows:
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Nutrient value
Nutrient value
Minerals
Dried Fresh
Vitamins
Dried Fresh
Ca (mg)
11 (1%) 15 (2%)
Vitamin C (mg)
0.7 (1%) 0.7(1%)
Fe (mg)
0.23
0.35
Thiamin (mg)
0.001
0.006
(1%)
(2%)
Mg (mg)
3 (1%)
3 (1%)
Riboflavin (mg)
0.005
0.005
P (mg)
2
1
Niacin (mg)
0.031
0.012
K (mg)
23 (1%)
11
Pantothenic Acid
0.027
-
(mg)
Na (mg)
1
1
Vitamin B6 (mg)
0.001
0.021
Zn (mg)
0.03 0.04
Folate (mcg)
4 (1%) 4(1%)
Cu (mg)
0.010
0.007
Vitamin A (IU)
99(2%)
38(1%)
Mn (mg)
0.033
0.022
(2%)
(1%)
Se (mcg)
-
0.1
Macro-nutrients
Nutrient value
Fatty acids
Nutrient value
Dried Fresh
Dried Fresh
Serving size
2 tbsp
1 tsp
Saturated Fat (g)
0.096
0.088
(3.4g)
(1.2g)
Calories (kcal)
4
4
Monounsaturated
0.039
0.036
Fat (g)
Protein (g)
0.11
0.06
Polyunsaturated
0.031
0.028
Fat (g)
Total Fat (g)
0.20
0.18
Total Carbohydrates
0.70
0.77
(g)
Dietary Fiber (g)
0.5 (2%) 0.5 (2%)
It has been mentioned by Mayer (1999) that rosemary is one of those herbs that are
more potent in the dried than in the fresh state. Dried rosemary is among the most powerful
herbal spices, and care must be taken not to overdose which may result in a disagreeable
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
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perfumed odor. In contrast, applying fresh rosemary allows for more of a light hand. Many
cooks, especially those influences by Mediterranean cooking, consider fresh rosemary
superior to the dried one in every case, and use fresh rosemary whenever available.
Rosemary does not lose its flavor by long cooking, as many other leaves unfortunately do.
The fresh leaves have a more pure fragrance and are therefore preferred whenever avail-
able. We can also use rosemary for fish, meat (especially poultry), but also for vegetables.
It is frequently recommended for potatoes and suitable for vegetables fried in olive oil
(aubergines, zucchini, tomatoes), as commonly prepared in Mediterranean countries. In
Italian cuisine, mutton is hardly ever cooked without rosemary, and broiled poultry
wrapped in rosemary twigs is also very popular. A similar effect can be achieved by
sprinkling rosemary leaves on the glowing charcoal during grilling.
According to Falsetto (2009), rosemary is distilled into valuable oil from the steam
distillation of the flowers; rosemary has healing properties of being pain relieving,
restorative, stimulating, and anti-bacterial, decongestant, diuretic and anti-fungal.
Rosemary is used in the treatment of muscular pain, rheumatism, circulation problems,
mental fatigue, nervous exhaustion, cellulite, arthritis, colds, bronchitis, fluid retention, and
sinusitis is suitable for dry, mature skin and acne.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. These included
16 kilograms of fresh pork (belly and ham) from the carcass of a single eight months old
pig. The other ingredients used in the making of “etag” were the following: rock salt,
powdered basil, powdered oregano, and powdered rosemary. Other materials like knives,
drinking straw, digital weighing scale, chopping board, basin, pen, record book, and alnus
leaves fire woods (fresh and dried) were also used in the study.
Methodology
Experimental design and treatments. Following the Completely Randomized
Design (CRD), the meat was equally divided into four treatments. Each treatment had four
replications with one kilogram of pork per replication.
The different treatments were as follows:
T0= 150 g rock salt (control) per kg meat
T1= 150 g rock salt + 30 g powdered basil per kg meat
T2= 150 g rock salt + 30 g powdered oregano per kg meat
T3= 150 g rock salt + 30 g powdered rosemary per kg meat
To produce the “etag”, only one procedure was followed in all the treatments. The
only difference was on the type of herb used per treatment.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
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Figure 1. Some materials used in the study
Curing of meat. A total of 16 kg of fresh pork shown in Figure 2 from a single pig
were sliced into 1-inch thick strips containing the skin, fat and lean. After slicing, the pork
strips were placed in Ziploc bags for curing. The herbs used for curing (basil, oregano and
rosemary) were bought in commercial powdered form. The meat strips were cured with
rock salt, basil, oregano and rosemary following the amounts indicated under each
treatment. These herbs were mixed with the salt then rubbed thoroughly on all sides of the
meat strips. After rubbing, the meat strips were piled evenly in clean Ziploc bags, sealed
then stored in the dark at room temperature for seven days.
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a
b
c
d
e
a
b
c
d
e
Figure 2. Meat strips weighed in a digital weighing scale (a) and placed in
stainless pans for curing (b, c, d, e).
Hot smoking. Each meat strip was weighed and labeled for identification. The meat
strips were stringed by making a small cut with a narrow bladed knife, then inserting a
clean drinking straw into the cut; these were hanged in the smoking chamber. The hangers
were arranged in such a way that it prevent the pork strips from coming in contact with
each other, to ensure uniform penetration of smoke, and to guarantee the meat strips have
equal color development. The meat strips were suspended above the safety baffle in the
smoker which is shown in Figure 3.
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a
b
Figure 3. Meat strips hanged after 7 days curing (a) inside the smoking chamber
(b).
To produce the smoke, pieces of air-dried alnus firewood (about 1 kg) and air-dried
alnus leaves (about 1 kg) were lighted inside the fire pit. When the wood was lighted and
the fire emitted was stable, fresh alnus firewood and leaves were placed over the fire to
produce smoke. Initially, ½ of fresh alnus firewood and leaves were spread over the
burning wood to produce the smoke and then ½ kg was added every 20 minutes until the
end of the smoking duration. Slow fire was maintained and smoking was done continuously
for 24 hours. After smoking, the meat strips were placed in stainless pans for weighing
(shown in Figure 4) then placed in clean Ziploc bags and stored at room temperature for 2
weeks to age shown in Figure 5.
Eighteen kilograms of firewood and 18 kilograms of leaves were used per
treatment, for a total of 72 kilograms of wood and 72 kilograms of leaves.
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a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
Figure 4. Smoked meat placed in stainless pans for weighing, salt only (a), basil
(b), oregano (c), and rosemary (d)
a
b
Figure 5. Smoked meat placed in clean Ziploc bags (a) and placed in a clean cartoon
for 2 weeks storage (b).
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Sanitation and hygiene. To prevent or minimize microbial contamination, the
following good hygiene practices (DOH, 2004) in meat processing and handling of smoked
products were observed: (1) Adequate personal cleanliness was maintained; (2) Adequate
garments, and hand gloves were worn; (3) Hands were washed before starting work and
repeatedly during work; (4) No rings, watches and bracelets were worn during work; (5)
Tools, knives, chopping boards, utensils, and other materials for meat handling were
cleaned and disinfected; (6) Any necessary precautions to protect against contamination of
meat and finished product were taken.
Organoleptic testing. After two weeks of storage, samples from the “etag” produced
in each treatment was steamed for 30 minutes, sliced into bite sizes then offered to a taste
panel for organoleptic testing. Twenty persons who are consuming “etag” served as
members of the taste panel. This test was conducted four times to compose four replicates
per treatment and was held at the Department of Animal Science (Meat Laboratory),
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University Figure 6.
Figure 6. The organoleptic test
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
During the organoleptic test, each panel member was given a score card for her/him
to indicate her/his ratings. Each panel member was requested to drink water after each taste
to every sample to wash off any remains of the “etag” sample previously tasted that might
affect her/ his rating on the next “etag” sample.
Data Gathered
1. Appearance of the product. The panel evaluated each sample as: (1) Desirable,
(2) Moderately desirable, (3) Slightly desirable, (4) Slightly undesirable, (5) Undesirable.
2. Aroma of the product. The panel evaluated each sample as: (1) Desirable, (2)
Moderately desirable, (3) Slightly desirable, (4) Slightly undesirable, (5) Undesirable.
3. Flavor of the product. The panel evaluated each sample as: (1) Very good, (2)
Good, (3) Fair, (4) Poor, (5) Very poor.
4. Taste of the product. This was evaluated by the panel of tasters as: (1) Very
good, (2) Good, (3) Fair, (4) Poor, (5) Very poor.
5. Tenderness of the product. The panel evaluated each sample as: (1) Extremely
tender, (2) Very tender, (3) Moderately tender, (4) Slightly tender, (5) Tough.
6. Acceptability of the product. The panel evaluated each sample as: (1) Like very
much, (2) Like moderately, (3) Dislike, (4) Dislike moderately, (5) Dislike very much.
7. Weight of “etag before drying (kg). This was the weight of the salted meat
before it was subjected to smoking and after 7 days curing.
8. Weight of “etag after drying (kg). This was the weight of the “etag” that was
dried over a smoke.
9. Volume of wood used (kg). This refers to the amount of wood that was used in
drying the “etag”.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Data Computed
1. Total cost of production (PhP). This was computed by adding all the cost of
meat and other materials used in producing the “etag” per treatment.
2. Shrinkage percentage. This was obtained by dividing the difference
of the weights of “etag , before and after smoking, by the weight of the “etag before
drying multiplied by 100.
Statistical Analysis
The data gathered were recorded, tabulated, and analyzed for their differences using
the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to determine significant differences
between treatment means.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 shows the mean appearance of the product produced in the different
treatments as rated by the panel of tasters. It also reveals the corresponding verbal rating
of the treatment numerical means.
Based on the verbal rating, meat which was cured with rock salt, rock salt +
oregano, rock salt + rosemary were all rated moderately desirable whereas meat with rock
salt + basil was rated slightly desirable. Considering the numerical ratings in all treatments,
it can gleaned that the rock salt + oregano-cured meat was the most desirable in appearance
while the meat cured with rock salt + basil was least desirable among the four products. In
comparison, plain rock salt and rock salt + oregano produced equally appealing products.
Furthermore, the appearance of meat cured with rock salt + rosemary and that which was
cured with rock salt + basil was also more or less similar.
Table 2 demonstrates the aroma of the products as rated by the panel of tasters.
Although statistical analysis found significant differences among treatment means, the
verbal description for all treatments was moderately desirable. From a numerical
standpoint, it can be implied that the panel may have found the odor of oregano and basil
more pleasant than rosemary. This implication can be validated by Mayer (1999) stating
that care must be observed is using rosemary as an overdose may result to a disagreeable
perfumed odor. On the overall, the aroma of meat cured with plain rock salt, rock salt +
oregano and rock salt + basil were similarly more preferred by the tasters than the aroma
of meat cured with rock salt + rosemary.
According to Donoso (2007) the best way to cure is by smoking the salted meat by
a preferred wood with some herbal leaves for aroma and flavor.
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PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Appearance of the product
TREATMENT
NUMERICAL MEAN
VERBAL RATING
Rock salt only
2.05ab
Moderately desirable
Rock salt + Basil
2.61c
Slightly desirable
Rock salt + Oregano
1.98a
Moderately desirable
Rock salt + Rosemary
2.41bc
Moderately desirable
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Table 2. Aroma of the product
TREATMENT
NUMERICAL MEAN
VERBAL RATING
Rock salt only
2.14ab
Moderately desirable
Rock salt + Basil
2.12ab
Moderately desirable
Rock salt + Oregano
1.99a
Moderately desirable
Rock salt + Rosemary
2.39b
Moderately desirable
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
The ratings for the flavor of the product are illustrated in Table 3. Statistical analysis
showed highly significant differences among treatments. Following the trend on aroma, the
panel of tasters rated the flavor of meat cured with plain rock salt, rock salt + Basil and
rock salt + oregano as good while they find the flavor of the meat cured with rock salt +
rosemary to be fair.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
The herbs used in the study are traditionally used as flavoring agents and hence
they were able to enhance the flavor of the meat except for rosemary which produced a
flavor comparable to pine-tar. This was not very acceptable to the panel of tasters resulting
to the rating of fair.
The green aromatic leaves of basil are used fresh and dried as flavorings or spices
in sauces, stews, salad dressings, vegetables, poultry, vinegar, and confectionery products
(Simon, 1995), and it was also mentioned by Wrench (1992) that dried basil leaves are used
in a preparation of salt and spice- free dietetic meat products. Moreover, according to
Katser (2007) oregano flavors grilled meats; it is used for the vertical rotating spit roast
meat gyros. The very similar, but stronger, taste of Mexican oregano is popular not only in
its native country México, but also in the south of the US, where it is frequently used to
flavour chili con carne (meat stewed with chiles and sometimes beans) or other México-
inspired dishes.
Table 3. Flavor of the product
TREATMENT
NUMERICAL MEAN
VERBAL RATING
Rock salt only
2.38a
Good
Rock salt + Basil
2.31a
Good
Rock salt + Oregano
2.08a
Good
Rock salt + Rosemary
2.71b
Fair
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Table 4 represents the taste of the product. Statistical analysis showed highly
significant differences among treatment means. The taste of meat cured with plain rock
salt, rock salt + basil cured meat, and rock salt + oregano cured meat are comparable and
better than rock salt + rosemary-cured meat. It was then observed that rock salt + rosemary
cured meat had the least desired taste of all the products. This may be explained by
Bosworth’s statement (2001) that the taste and flavor of rosemary has a bitter, astringent
taste and can be quite strong, and therefore, the herb must be used only sparingly.
Table 5 illustrates the tenderness of the product. Verbal rating of the product shows
that all treatments garnered a rating of moderately tender. Tenderness of meat cured with
rock salt only, rock salt + basil, rock salt + oregano, and rock salt + rosemary is constant
because the pork came from the same pig.
Table 4. Taste of the product
TREATMENT
NUMERICAL MEAN
VERBAL RATING
Rock salt only
2.26a
Good
Rock salt + Basil
2.28a
Good
Rock salt + Oregano
2.13a
Good
Rock salt + Rosemary
2.94b
Fair
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
The ratings for the overall acceptability were presented in Table 6. Comparison of
numerical means reveal that rock salt + oregano-cured meat accounts appears most
acceptable similarly with the meat cured with plain rock salt and rock salt + basil. These
three treatments had significantly better means based on the hedonic scale than the rock
salt + rosemary treatment. Despite differences in numerical means, it can be noted that all
products from the four treatments were liked moderately. Figure7 shows the graphical
summary of the result of sensory traits evaluation.
Table 5. Tenderness of the Product
TREATMENT
NUMERICAL MEAN
VERBAL RATING
Rock salt only
2.86a
Moderately tender
Rock salt + Basil
2.74a
Moderately tender
Rock salt + Oregano
2.51a
Moderately tender
Rock salt + Rosemary
2.78a
Moderately tender
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Table 6. Acceptability of the Product
TREATMENT
NUMERICAL MEAN
VERBAL RATING
Rock salt only
2.00a
Like moderately
Rock salt + Basil
1.99a
Like moderately
Rock salt + Oregano
1.88a
Like moderately
Rock salt + Rosemary
2.45b
Like moderately
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
RS + Rosemary
RS + Oregano
4.000
RS + Basil
2.000
RS only
0.000
Figure7. Graphical summary of the result of sensory traits evaluation
The shrinkage of the different products is presented in Table 7. Salting and smoking
are factors responsible for water loss. Aside from helping reduce water, smoking also helps
in the curing process. Oregano-cured meat had the lowest shrinkage of 22.50% while the
meat cured with plain salt and salt +basil had 23.13% and 23.25% shrinkage, respectively.
Rosemary-cured meat was observed to have the highest shrinkage loss which is 24.38%.
There were no appreciable differences in the shrinkage largely due to the fact that the meat
came from the same cuts in the animal carcass (belly and ham) and that the salt and
smoking time were kept constant across all treatments.
Table 8 shows the production cost for four kilograms of “etag in each treatment.
It is shown in the table that the Oregano-cured meat had the highest cost of Php 1,853.68
and was followed by the Rosemary-cured meat with a cost of PhP 1,852.60. It was then
followed by the basil-cured meat which is PhP 1,852.06. The meat cured with plain salt
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
had the lowest cost which is PhP 1,824.52. The difference in the cost is due to the price
differences of flavoring agents used.
Table 7. Shrinkage of the product
TREATMENT
SHRINKAGE (%)
Rock salt only
23.13a
Rock salt + Basil
23.25a
Rock salt + Oregano
22.50a
Rock salt + Rosemary
24.38a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Table 8. Total cost of production
ITEM
T0
T1
T2
T3
EXPENSES (PhP)
Pork
640.00
640.00
640.00
640.00
Salt
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
Powdered basil
-
27.54
-
-
Powdered oregano
-
-
29.16
-
Powdered rosemary
-
-
-
28.08
Fire woods and leaves
92.50
92.50
92.50
92.50
Drinking straw
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
Ziploc bags
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
Labor
1,072.50
1,072.50
1,072.50
1,072.50
TOTAL COST OF
1,824.52
1,852.06
1,853.68
1,852.60
PRODUCTION
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PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine which herb is the best flavoring agent in
making “etag”. It also aimed to evaluate the product in terms of appearance, flavor, aroma,
taste, tenderness, and over all acceptability of the product.
The study was conducted at the Meat Processing Laboratory, Department of
Animal Science, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from October to
November 2012. Following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD), 8 kilograms of
belly and 8 kilograms of ham taken from a newly butchered eight months old pig was
equally divided into four parts to represent the four treatments. Each treatment has four
replications with one kilogram of pork per replication. Meat assigned to the control (T0)
treatment was salted with 150 g rock salt, 150 g salt + 30 g basil for T1, 150 g salt + 30 g
oregano for T2, and 150 g salt + 30 g rosemary for T3.
A total of 20 “etag” consumers were invited to evaluate the product. Data gathered
from the evaluation were analyzed using the analysis of variance for Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). Means were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT).
It was found that “etag” cured with plain rock salt, rock salt with basil and rock salt
with oregano were better in appearance, aroma, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability
compared to “etag” cured with rock salt plus rosemary.
In terms of shrinkage, the products were more or less similar. On the other hand,
differences in the production cost per treatment were observed as a result of the price
differences of the herbs used.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
Conclusion
Based on the result of the study, it is therefore concluded that herbs like basil and
oregano could be used to enhance the flavor of “etag”. It was seen that the addition of these
herbs in the curing mix produced products which are similar in sensory traits as that which
was cured with plain rock salt.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that flavoring agents like oregano and basil can be
used as flavoring agents for “etag”. However, it is also recommended that “etag” producers
may try to vary the amount of herbs to be added to salt to produce the most desired results.
Acceptability of Different Herbs as Flavoring Agents for Etag
PANG-ETAN, LAARNI B. APRIL 2013
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AMRIK, B. and G. BILKEI. 2002. Influence of Farm Application of Oregano on
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S.
2001.
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10,
2012
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