BIBLIOGRAPHY COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013. Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given
Home- Mixed Ration. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the growth performance of Muscovy ducks
given home- mixed ration in terms of feed intake, feed conversion ratio, gain in weight,
morbidity and mortality rates, economics of producing a kilogram gain in weight and the
return on investment of ducks.
A total of 48 one month old Muscovy ducks were divided into two treatment groups
following the completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment had four replications
with six ducks making a total of 24 ducks per treatment.
The feed intake of ducks for a feeding period of 45 days old of age with an average
of 2.056 kg. The average initial weight of ducks at 45 days was 0.904 while the average
final weights was 2.227kg at 90 days of age. The total and average daily gain of ducks was
1.323kg and 0.029, respectively. Highly significant differences were observed among
treatments in the feed intake as (DM basis), feed conversion ratio (DM basis) and feed cost
to produce a kilogram gain in weight of ducks.
Ducks given ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato had
lower feed cost per kilogram gain in weight of Php 66.53with a better FCR DM basis of
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
1.465 than ducks given ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and soybean
with a feed cost of Php90.192 with an FCR DM basis of 1.556.
Higher return on investment (ROI) were also obtained from the ducks fed with
ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato (13.282 %), compared to the
ducks fed with ground corn, golden kuhol, rice bran, mongo bean and soybean which
registered an ROI of 10.127 %.
It is then recommended that ducks should be fed with ground corn, soybean, azolla,
coconut meat and sweet potato for better growth performance and to have higher income.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Due to the high cost of feeds, small scale raisers are encouraged to look on some
other poultry species on which they can give some other feedstuff that are available on
their locality.
One of the poultry species that can be raised organically and subsist on a variety of
feeds is the Muscovy duck or Barbary duck (Cairina moschata) that belongs to the cairina
tribe (perching ducks and geese). It is native of Central and South America, has a high
reproductive rate, run in flocks, and is easier to manage (Fuller, 2004).
Duck raising, one a small scale occupation but is slowly growing in importance to
the meat industry. With the growing demand for poultry meat, the duck industry has
commenced to follow the same pattern of the broiler industry. This could be seen in the
establishment of more specialized business venture with modern poultry abattoirs,
processing for better packaging and presentation to consumers.
Animals perform better when feed with proper mixture of feed stuffs and plants.
Plant leaves fed fresh make animals healthy and resistant to disease due to high vitamins
and minerals contents. Some possible feedstuff used by Muscovy duck raisers could be
corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran, azolla, coconut meat meal and sweet potato.
Information generated from the study can be used by interested raisers in making
their own ration using feedstuffs that are available for ducks. Data gathered can also serve
as a valuable resource to students and researchers alike.
The general objective of this study is to determine the growth performance of
Muscovy ducks fed with home – mixed ration. Specifically, to determine the gain in
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, morbidity and mortality, and feed producing a
kilogram live weight of Muscovy ducks given home – mixed ration.
The study was conducted at Comillas North, Cervantes, locos Sur from August
2012 to October 2012.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Among the avian species duck is considered as most versatile because it can subsist
under a range of climatic and nutritional conditions (Lambio 2002). Also duck raising is
inexpensive, requires non-elaborate housing facilities, and little attention and less space for
rearing compared to chickens. Moreover, ducks are shown to be relatively hardy, and
resistant to common avian diseases. The nutrient requirements are 20% crude protein and
2,800-2,900 kcal/kg metabolizable energy for the starter diet (first 3 weeks) and 17-18%
protein and 2,900-3,000 kcal/kg metabolizable energy for the grower/finisher diet
(PCARRD, 2006).
Corn is the most common grain used for feeding poultry and swine. There are two
types of corn used as feedstuff, the yellow and the white corn. Yellow corn is preferred to
white corn because of its carotene and xantophyll contents. Xantophyll provides a yellow
pigment to chicken and duck skin and egg yolk (PCARRD, 2000).
While golden kuhol is considered a pest, it can however, be used as a source of
nutrients for animals. Laquihon (1991) stated that the golden kuhol, being rich in protein
could minimize, if not solve the problem on inadequate nutrition for duck requires. The
nutrient content of a fresh snail is as follows: 7% ash, 7.6% crude protein, 7.3% nitrogen
free extract and 0.8% fat (Fronda, 1990). The shell is also a rich source of calcium,
phosphorus, and some vitamins. The high phosphorus content in golden snail makes it a
very good mineral supplement (Owatan, 1995).
Schaible (1970), stated that mungo is sometimes needed as poultry feeds. Each year
broken mungo becomes available and use in poultry feeds. They are ground in place of
soybean meals in poultry ration and also feeds as maintenance and egg production depends
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
mostly upon the feeds nutritional value combination in many feeds are conveniently group
as grain, green feeds, minerals, vitamins, and other supplement and liquid feeds.
Morrison (1959) claimed that rice bran and germs removed in milling rice contains
12.4% protein and 13.6% fat with 11.6% fiber, a composition which plays a very important
role in the body processes and which insures a fairly high gain in weight. A major rice bran
fraction contains about 13% oil and 44% of highly unsaponifiable components. It also
contains a major amount of dietary fibers like beta glucan, gum and pectin. The oil present
in the rice bran is a rich source of vitamin E, vitamin B, minerals and other essential acids.
Coconut meal can be added to poultry rations up to 15 to 20% total feeds if lysine
and energy contents of the total rations are well balanced (Schaible, 1970). In comparison
with other feed supplements, coconut oil meal of the usual kind was somewhat less protein
than corn gluten feeds but more than wheat bran, the average being 21.4% (Morrison,
1949). The protein content of coconut oil meal is of better quality than that soybean meal.
Coconut oil meal should therefore be fed not only as feed supplement.
The sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) belongs to the convolvulacae family, the
morning glory family generally used as food for human. The crop is grown for its edible
storage roots. It’s an important substitute for rice in mountainous region. Both storage roots
and vines are fed to animals. Storage roots are also used as a source of starch and for
fermentation products including wine, ethanol, lactic acid, acetone and butanol (Clark and
Moyer, 1988).
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study include 48 45 days old Muscovy ducklings, home
– mixed ration using ground corn (GC), golden kuhol (GK), mungo bean (MB), rice bran
(RB), soybean (SB), azolla (A), coconut meat (CM), and sweet potato (SP) rearing pen,
feeding troughs and waterers, cleaning materials, disinfectant, record book, weighing scale
and ball pen.
Before the arrival of the ducklings, pens, waterers and feeding throughs were
cleaned and be disinfected. Upon their arrival, they were weighed for their initial weight
Treatment
Upon weighing, the ducklings were randomly distributed in two treatments with
four replication in each and with six birds per replicate.
The treatments were:
T1– 35% ground corn, 15% golden kuhol, 15% mongo bean, 15% rice bran, 20%
soybean
T2– 35% ground corn, 15% soybean, 20%azolla, 15% coconut meat, 15% sweet
potato
The rations are formulated to contain about 17% CP, based on book values of the
feedstuff. The composition of the two rations is shown in Table 1. The rations were
subjected to proximate analysis to determine the crude protein content of the resulting
golden kuhol mixture.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
Preparation of the feedstuff. Kuhol was given with shell. Azolla was air dried
overnight to remove excess water. Sweet potato tuber was chopped and matured coconut
meat was grated before they were offered to the birds.
Formulated ration were offered for three hours twice a day from seven to ten in the
morning and three to six in the afternoon. Fresh water was always made available.
Data Gathered
1. Initial weight (kg). This was obtained by taking the weight of the birds at 45
days of age.
2. Final weight (kg). This was obtained by getting the total weight of the birds at
90 days of age in each treatment and replication and dividing it by the total number of birds
per replicate.
Table 1. Composition of the home mixed rations
INGREDIENT
RATION 1
RATION 2
(%)
(%)
ground corn
35
35
golden kuhol
15
-
mongo bean
15
-
rice bran
15
-
Soybean
20
15
Azolla
-
25
coconut meal
-
15
sweet potato
-
15
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
3. Feed offered (kg). This was taken by summing up the amount of feed offered to
ducks during the study.
4. Feed leftover (kg). This was obtained by summing up the weight of feed left
over of duck during the experimental period.
5. Cost of feeds (Php). This is the cost of each of the different ingredients used in
the dietary treatment.
From the above observation, the following were computed:
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight of the birds.
2. Feed consumption (kg). This was taken by subtracting the total feed offered from
the total feed left over.
3. Feed Conversion Ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed consumption
by the total gain in weight.
4. Cost of feeds to produce a kilogram gain in weight of duck (Php). This was taken
by multiplying the feed conversion efficiency by the cost of 1 kilogram feed mixture.
5. Morbidity rate. This was obtained by dividing the numbers of sick birds by the
initial number of birds multiply by 100%.
6. Mortality rate. This was obtained by dividing the numbers of dead birds by the
initial number of birds multiply by 100%.
7. Return on Investment. This was determined using the formula:
ROI = Total Sales – Total Cost of Production x 100%
Total Cost of Production
8. Statistical Analysis. The data were analyzed using the Tabular Test. Means were
compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weights of the Ducks
Table 1 presents the initial and final weights of the ducks fed with two different
rations.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the initial weight among
treatments. The initial weight of ducks at 45 days of age ranged from 0.901 to 0.907kg with
an average of 0.904. This means that ducks used in the study were more or less of the same
weights at the start of the study.
Likewise, there were no significant differences observed in the final weights of
ducks obtained at 90 days of age between treatments. The average final weight obtained
from ducks fed with ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat, sweet potato was 2.371kg
and ducks fed with ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and soybean was
2.083kg.
This implies that two formulated ration had the same effect on the final weight of
the ducks at the end of the study.
Table 2. Average initial and final weights of the ducks
INITIAL WEIGHT
FINAL WEIGHT
TREATMENT
AT 45 DAYS OF AGE AT 90 DAYS OF AGE
(kg)
(kg)
Ground corn, golden kuhol,
0.901a
2.083a
mongo bean, rice bran
and soybean
Ground corn, soybean
azolla, coconut meat
0.907a
2.371a
and sweet potato
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0. 5% level by DMRT
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
Gain in Weight
The total and average daily gain in weight of ducks from 45 days of age to the 90
days of age is shown in Table 3. Statistical analysis shows that the differences between the
gain in weights of ducks were not significant. Ducks fed with ground corn, soybean, azolla,
coconut meat and sweet potato had a mean total gain in weight of 1.464 kg and ducks fed
with ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and soybean had mean gain in
weight of 1.182 kg. Generally an adult drake weighs about 5.5kg when they become
sexually matured at about seven months while an adult duck weighs 3.5kg at six month of
age (PCARRD, 1991).
In terms of average daily gain (ADG) in weight (Table 3) birds fed with ground
corn, soybean, azolla, soybean, sweet potato and coconut meat had a mean of 0.032 kg.,
and birds fed with ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran, soybean had a mean
ADG of 0.026kg.
Table 3.Gain in weight of the ducks after 45 days of feeding
TOTAL GAIN
AVERAGE DAILY
TREATMENT
IN WEIGHTS
GAIN IN WEIGHTS
(kg)
(kg)
Ground corn, Golden kuhol
mongo bean, rice bran
1.182a
0.026a
andsoybean
Ground corn, soybean,
azolla, coconut meat
1.464a
0.032a
and sweet potato
Mean with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
The insignificant differences on the total and daily gain in weight of the birds could
mean that the two formulated ration used in this study had the same effect on the growth
rate of ducks.
Feed Consumption
Table 4shows the total feed consumption of the birds. Statistical analysis revealed
no significant differences among treatments in total feed intake which ranged from 2.775
to 2.819kg. This implied that both formulated ration were similarly acceptable to ducks.
Likewise, Table 4 shows the feed consumption of birds in Dry Matter (DM) basis.
Statistical analysis reveals that the amount of feed consumed by birds in dry matter basis
in treatment one and treatment two differ significantly. The birds in treatment two
consumed higher feed amount of 2.095 kg followed by treatment one that consumed the
feed amount of 2.017 kg.
Table 4. Total feed consumption of the ducks in 45 days of feeding
TREATMENT
FEED CONSUMPTION (kg)
AS FED BASIS
DM BASIS
Ground corn, Golden kuhol
mongo bean, rice bran
2.775a
2.017
and soybean
Ground corn, soybean,
azolla, coconut meat
2.819a
2.095
and sweet potato
Mean with different letter are no significant different at 0.05% level, DMRT
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
The ration composed of ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and
soybean has an approximate of 86.47% DM content and 14.30% ash while ground corn,
soybean, azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato has 77.03% DM content and 3.59% ash.
Though the ration was formulated to contain about 17% CP the home - mixed
approximately 50g sample per treatment was analyzed on crude protein content at the
DOST- CAR (Regional Service and Testing Laboratory). Result showed that the ground
corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and soybean has 16.63 crude protein content
while the ground corn, soybean, azolla, sweet potato tubers and coconut meat has
14.44%crude protein content.
Feed Conversion Ratio
The conversion ratio as fed and dry matter basis of ducks in different treatment is
presented in Table 5.
No significant differences were observed between the treatments as revealed by the
statistical analysis. It is shown that ducks fed with ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut
meat, and sweet potato, has a feed conversion ratio of 1.971 as fed while ducks fed with
ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and soybean with a mean conversion
ratio of 2.347 as fed basis.
However, on dry matter basis highly significant difference was observed between
the two treatments. The birds given corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat, and sweet potato
consumed the feed amount of 1.556 kg followed by birds given corn, golden kuhol, mongo,
rice bran and soybean that consumed the feed amount of 1.465 kg.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kilogram gain in weight of ducks
TREATMENT
FEED CONVERSION RATIO FEED COST/
as FED DM kg GAIN
(PhP)
Ground corn, Golden kuhol
mongo bean, rice bran
2.347a 1.465b 90.192b
and soybean
ground corn, soybean,
azolla, coconut meat
1.971a 1.556a 66.53a
and sweet potato
Means with different letter are no significant different at 0.05 level, DMRT
Cost of Feed to Produce a Kilogram Gain
Choosing high quality cheap feed resources to minimizes feed cost and can result
in greater profit. As shown in Table 5, combination of ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo
bean, rice bran and soybean was more expensive with a mean cost of PhP 90.19 to produce
a kg gain in weight in ducks, which is highly significant on the ration composed of ground
corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat, sweet potato with a mean cost of PhP 66.53.
Morbidity and Mortality Rate
There were no mortality nor incidence of illness incurred during the duration of the
study in all the treatments. This implies that the ducks are resistant to many kind of disease.
According to Williamson and Payen (1978), ducks appear to excel all other domestic
poultry in their resistance to stress and they apparently exhibit a tolerance to most poultry
diseases.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
Cost and Return Analysis
Table 6 shows the returns on investment of ducks in the two treatments. The ROI
was not subjected to statistical analysis, however it is shown in the Table that ducks fed
with ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat, sweet potato registered the highest ROI
of 13. 282% while ducks fed with ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and
soybean had an ROI of 10.127%. This was taken by subtracting the total cost of production
from the sales of the ducks. Cost of expenditures was based on the prevailing prices during
the conduct of the study. The cost per kilogram of the ducks was based on the live weight
Php 130.00 per kilogram of ducks and for the drake is Php500 per head. The total cost of
production includes stocks, feeds, medication, housing and labor.
Table 6. Cost and return analysis
GROSS TOTAL COST NET INCOME ROI
TREATMENTS
SALE OF (Php) (%)
(Php) PRODUCTION
(Php)
Ground corn,
Golden kuhol
9,363
8,502
861
10.127
mongo bean,
rice bran and
soybean
ground corn,
soybean,
azolla,
9,493 8,380
1,113 13.282
coconut meat and
sweet potato
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to evaluate the growth of Muscovy duck given home-
mixed ration in terms of feed intake, feed conversion ratio, gain in weight and economics
of producing a kilogram gain in weight of duck.
A total of 48 Muscovy ducks that about one month old were divided into two
treatment groups following the completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment had
four replications with six ducks per replicate making a total of 24 ducks per treatment.
The different treatments used in the study were as follows: T1 - ration with golden
kuhol, mongo bean and rice bran, T2 - azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato. Statistical
analysis revealed no significant differences in the initial weight, final weight, gain in
weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio of ducks.
The feed intake of as fed basis of ducks for a feeding period of 45 days old of age
with an average of 2.056 kg. The average initial weight of ducks at 45 days was 0.904
while the average final weights were 2.227kg at 90 days of age. The total and average daily
gain of ducks was 1.323kg and 0.029, respectively. Highly significant differences were
observed in the feed intake as basis, feed conversion ratio (DM basis) and feed cost to
produce a kilogram gain in weight of ducks.
Ducks given ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato had
lower feed cost per kilogram gain in weight of Php 66.53with a better FCR DM basis of
1.465 than ducks given ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and soybean
with a feed cost of Php90.192 with an FCR DM basis of 1.556.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
The return on investment was not subjected to statistical analysis, however the
result of the study revealed that higher ROI was obtained from ducks fed with ground corn,
soybean, azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato (13.282 %), compared to the ducks fed
with ground corn, golden kuhol, rice bran, mongo bean and soybean which registered an
ROI of 10.127 %.
Conclusion
Base on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that feeding ducks with
ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato, result to higher gain in
weight and higher income compared to ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, soybean
and rice bran feeding.
Recommendation
It is then recommended that ducks could be fed with ground corn, soybean, azolla,
coconut meat and sweet potato for better growth performance and to have higher income.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
CLARK, C.A. and O.M. MOYER. 1988.Compendium of sweet potato disease.The
American Pytophatological Society. St. Paul Minnosota, U.S.A. Pp. 1-2.
FULLER, M.F. 2004. The Encyclopedia of Farm Animal Nutrition.CABI Publishing.
P.305.
FRONDA, F.A 1990. Poultry science and production. 3rd ed. Manila: GMA Publishing
cc., Pp. 55-60.
LAMBIO, R.B. 2002.Poultry Management In The Philippiness. Revised Ed Metro
Manila, Philippines: Brookman Printing House. P. 241.
LAQUIHON, W.A. 1991. Gulden apple snail a rich source of protein for egg
production. BS Thesis. (unpub.) Benguet State. La Trinidad Benguet. P. 17.
MORRISON, J. F. 1949. Feeds and feeding. 2nd ed. New York: The Marrison Publishing
Co., Inc. P.186.
MORRISON, M.C. 1959. Feeds and feeding. Cliton, Iowa. The Marrison Publishing
Company. P.396.
OWATAN, M.C. 1995. The effect of gulden kuhol apple snail on the growth
performance of swine mixed with commercial feed. BS Thesis. (unpub.) Benguet
State, La Trinidad Benguet. P.12.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 1991 The Philippine
Recommended for Duck Raising. Los Banos, Laguna. P.13.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 2000. The Philippine
Recommended for Duck Egg Production. Los Banos, Laguna. P.6.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 2006. The Philippine
Recommended for Duck Egg Production. Los Banos, Laguna. P.1.
SCHAIBLE.P.J. 1970. Poultry and Nutrition. West Port, Connecticut: The ACI
Publishing Co.,Inc. P.189.
WILLIAMSON, G. and W. J. PAYEN, 1978. An introduction to Animal Husbandry in
the Tropics. 3rd Edition Longman Inc., New York. P.150.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013. Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given
Home- Mixed Ration. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the growth performance of Muscovy ducks
given home- mixed ration in terms of feed intake, feed conversion ratio, gain in weight,
morbidity and mortality rates, economics of producing a kilogram gain in weight and the
return on investment of ducks.
A total of 48 one month old Muscovy ducks were divided into two treatment groups
following the completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment had four replications
with six ducks making a total of 24 ducks per treatment.
The feed intake of ducks for a feeding period of 45 days old of age with an average
of 2.056 kg. The average initial weight of ducks at 45 days was 0.904 while the average
final weights was 2.227kg at 90 days of age. The total and average daily gain of ducks was
1.323kg and 0.029, respectively. Highly significant differences were observed among
treatments in the feed intake as (DM basis), feed conversion ratio (DM basis) and feed cost
to produce a kilogram gain in weight of ducks.
Ducks given ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato had
lower feed cost per kilogram gain in weight of Php 66.53with a better FCR DM basis of
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
1.465 than ducks given ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and soybean
with a feed cost of Php90.192 with an FCR DM basis of 1.556.
Higher return on investment (ROI) were also obtained from the ducks fed with
ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato (13.282 %), compared to the
ducks fed with ground corn, golden kuhol, rice bran, mongo bean and soybean which
registered an ROI of 10.127 %.
It is then recommended that ducks should be fed with ground corn, soybean, azolla,
coconut meat and sweet potato for better growth performance and to have higher income.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Due to the high cost of feeds, small scale raisers are encouraged to look on some
other poultry species on which they can give some other feedstuff that are available on
their locality.
One of the poultry species that can be raised organically and subsist on a variety of
feeds is the Muscovy duck or Barbary duck (Cairina moschata) that belongs to the cairina
tribe (perching ducks and geese). It is native of Central and South America, has a high
reproductive rate, run in flocks, and is easier to manage (Fuller, 2004).
Duck raising, one a small scale occupation but is slowly growing in importance to
the meat industry. With the growing demand for poultry meat, the duck industry has
commenced to follow the same pattern of the broiler industry. This could be seen in the
establishment of more specialized business venture with modern poultry abattoirs,
processing for better packaging and presentation to consumers.
Animals perform better when feed with proper mixture of feed stuffs and plants.
Plant leaves fed fresh make animals healthy and resistant to disease due to high vitamins
and minerals contents. Some possible feedstuff used by Muscovy duck raisers could be
corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran, azolla, coconut meat meal and sweet potato.
Information generated from the study can be used by interested raisers in making
their own ration using feedstuffs that are available for ducks. Data gathered can also serve
as a valuable resource to students and researchers alike.
The general objective of this study is to determine the growth performance of
Muscovy ducks fed with home – mixed ration. Specifically, to determine the gain in
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, morbidity and mortality, and feed producing a
kilogram live weight of Muscovy ducks given home – mixed ration.
The study was conducted at Comillas North, Cervantes, locos Sur from August
2012 to October 2012.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Among the avian species duck is considered as most versatile because it can subsist
under a range of climatic and nutritional conditions (Lambio 2002). Also duck raising is
inexpensive, requires non-elaborate housing facilities, and little attention and less space for
rearing compared to chickens. Moreover, ducks are shown to be relatively hardy, and
resistant to common avian diseases. The nutrient requirements are 20% crude protein and
2,800-2,900 kcal/kg metabolizable energy for the starter diet (first 3 weeks) and 17-18%
protein and 2,900-3,000 kcal/kg metabolizable energy for the grower/finisher diet
(PCARRD, 2006).
Corn is the most common grain used for feeding poultry and swine. There are two
types of corn used as feedstuff, the yellow and the white corn. Yellow corn is preferred to
white corn because of its carotene and xantophyll contents. Xantophyll provides a yellow
pigment to chicken and duck skin and egg yolk (PCARRD, 2000).
While golden kuhol is considered a pest, it can however, be used as a source of
nutrients for animals. Laquihon (1991) stated that the golden kuhol, being rich in protein
could minimize, if not solve the problem on inadequate nutrition for duck requires. The
nutrient content of a fresh snail is as follows: 7% ash, 7.6% crude protein, 7.3% nitrogen
free extract and 0.8% fat (Fronda, 1990). The shell is also a rich source of calcium,
phosphorus, and some vitamins. The high phosphorus content in golden snail makes it a
very good mineral supplement (Owatan, 1995).
Schaible (1970), stated that mungo is sometimes needed as poultry feeds. Each year
broken mungo becomes available and use in poultry feeds. They are ground in place of
soybean meals in poultry ration and also feeds as maintenance and egg production depends
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
mostly upon the feeds nutritional value combination in many feeds are conveniently group
as grain, green feeds, minerals, vitamins, and other supplement and liquid feeds.
Morrison (1959) claimed that rice bran and germs removed in milling rice contains
12.4% protein and 13.6% fat with 11.6% fiber, a composition which plays a very important
role in the body processes and which insures a fairly high gain in weight. A major rice bran
fraction contains about 13% oil and 44% of highly unsaponifiable components. It also
contains a major amount of dietary fibers like beta glucan, gum and pectin. The oil present
in the rice bran is a rich source of vitamin E, vitamin B, minerals and other essential acids.
Coconut meal can be added to poultry rations up to 15 to 20% total feeds if lysine
and energy contents of the total rations are well balanced (Schaible, 1970). In comparison
with other feed supplements, coconut oil meal of the usual kind was somewhat less protein
than corn gluten feeds but more than wheat bran, the average being 21.4% (Morrison,
1949). The protein content of coconut oil meal is of better quality than that soybean meal.
Coconut oil meal should therefore be fed not only as feed supplement.
The sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) belongs to the convolvulacae family, the
morning glory family generally used as food for human. The crop is grown for its edible
storage roots. It’s an important substitute for rice in mountainous region. Both storage roots
and vines are fed to animals. Storage roots are also used as a source of starch and for
fermentation products including wine, ethanol, lactic acid, acetone and butanol (Clark and
Moyer, 1988).
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study include 48 45 days old Muscovy ducklings, home
– mixed ration using ground corn (GC), golden kuhol (GK), mungo bean (MB), rice bran
(RB), soybean (SB), azolla (A), coconut meat (CM), and sweet potato (SP) rearing pen,
feeding troughs and waterers, cleaning materials, disinfectant, record book, weighing scale
and ball pen.
Before the arrival of the ducklings, pens, waterers and feeding throughs were
cleaned and be disinfected. Upon their arrival, they were weighed for their initial weight
Treatment
Upon weighing, the ducklings were randomly distributed in two treatments with
four replication in each and with six birds per replicate.
The treatments were:
T1– 35% ground corn, 15% golden kuhol, 15% mongo bean, 15% rice bran, 20%
soybean
T2– 35% ground corn, 15% soybean, 20%azolla, 15% coconut meat, 15% sweet
potato
The rations are formulated to contain about 17% CP, based on book values of the
feedstuff. The composition of the two rations is shown in Table 1. The rations were
subjected to proximate analysis to determine the crude protein content of the resulting
golden kuhol mixture.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
Preparation of the feedstuff. Kuhol was given with shell. Azolla was air dried
overnight to remove excess water. Sweet potato tuber was chopped and matured coconut
meat was grated before they were offered to the birds.
Formulated ration were offered for three hours twice a day from seven to ten in the
morning and three to six in the afternoon. Fresh water was always made available.
Data Gathered
1. Initial weight (kg). This was obtained by taking the weight of the birds at 45
days of age.
2. Final weight (kg). This was obtained by getting the total weight of the birds at
90 days of age in each treatment and replication and dividing it by the total number of birds
per replicate.
Table 1. Composition of the home mixed rations
INGREDIENT
RATION 1
RATION 2
(%)
(%)
ground corn
35
35
golden kuhol
15
-
mongo bean
15
-
rice bran
15
-
Soybean
20
15
Azolla
-
25
coconut meal
-
15
sweet potato
-
15
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
3. Feed offered (kg). This was taken by summing up the amount of feed offered to
ducks during the study.
4. Feed leftover (kg). This was obtained by summing up the weight of feed left
over of duck during the experimental period.
5. Cost of feeds (Php). This is the cost of each of the different ingredients used in
the dietary treatment.
From the above observation, the following were computed:
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight of the birds.
2. Feed consumption (kg). This was taken by subtracting the total feed offered from
the total feed left over.
3. Feed Conversion Ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed consumption
by the total gain in weight.
4. Cost of feeds to produce a kilogram gain in weight of duck (Php). This was taken
by multiplying the feed conversion efficiency by the cost of 1 kilogram feed mixture.
5. Morbidity rate. This was obtained by dividing the numbers of sick birds by the
initial number of birds multiply by 100%.
6. Mortality rate. This was obtained by dividing the numbers of dead birds by the
initial number of birds multiply by 100%.
7. Return on Investment. This was determined using the formula:
ROI = Total Sales – Total Cost of Production x 100%
Total Cost of Production
8. Statistical Analysis. The data were analyzed using the Tabular Test. Means were
compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weights of the Ducks
Table 1 presents the initial and final weights of the ducks fed with two different
rations.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the initial weight among
treatments. The initial weight of ducks at 45 days of age ranged from 0.901 to 0.907kg with
an average of 0.904. This means that ducks used in the study were more or less of the same
weights at the start of the study.
Likewise, there were no significant differences observed in the final weights of
ducks obtained at 90 days of age between treatments. The average final weight obtained
from ducks fed with ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat, sweet potato was 2.371kg
and ducks fed with ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and soybean was
2.083kg.
This implies that two formulated ration had the same effect on the final weight of
the ducks at the end of the study.
Table 2. Average initial and final weights of the ducks
INITIAL WEIGHT
FINAL WEIGHT
TREATMENT
AT 45 DAYS OF AGE AT 90 DAYS OF AGE
(kg)
(kg)
Ground corn, golden kuhol,
0.901a
2.083a
mongo bean, rice bran
and soybean
Ground corn, soybean
azolla, coconut meat
0.907a
2.371a
and sweet potato
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0. 5% level by DMRT
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
Gain in Weight
The total and average daily gain in weight of ducks from 45 days of age to the 90
days of age is shown in Table 3. Statistical analysis shows that the differences between the
gain in weights of ducks were not significant. Ducks fed with ground corn, soybean, azolla,
coconut meat and sweet potato had a mean total gain in weight of 1.464 kg and ducks fed
with ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and soybean had mean gain in
weight of 1.182 kg. Generally an adult drake weighs about 5.5kg when they become
sexually matured at about seven months while an adult duck weighs 3.5kg at six month of
age (PCARRD, 1991).
In terms of average daily gain (ADG) in weight (Table 3) birds fed with ground
corn, soybean, azolla, soybean, sweet potato and coconut meat had a mean of 0.032 kg.,
and birds fed with ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran, soybean had a mean
ADG of 0.026kg.
Table 3.Gain in weight of the ducks after 45 days of feeding
TOTAL GAIN
AVERAGE DAILY
TREATMENT
IN WEIGHTS
GAIN IN WEIGHTS
(kg)
(kg)
Ground corn, Golden kuhol
mongo bean, rice bran
1.182a
0.026a
andsoybean
Ground corn, soybean,
azolla, coconut meat
1.464a
0.032a
and sweet potato
Mean with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
The insignificant differences on the total and daily gain in weight of the birds could
mean that the two formulated ration used in this study had the same effect on the growth
rate of ducks.
Feed Consumption
Table 4shows the total feed consumption of the birds. Statistical analysis revealed
no significant differences among treatments in total feed intake which ranged from 2.775
to 2.819kg. This implied that both formulated ration were similarly acceptable to ducks.
Likewise, Table 4 shows the feed consumption of birds in Dry Matter (DM) basis.
Statistical analysis reveals that the amount of feed consumed by birds in dry matter basis
in treatment one and treatment two differ significantly. The birds in treatment two
consumed higher feed amount of 2.095 kg followed by treatment one that consumed the
feed amount of 2.017 kg.
Table 4. Total feed consumption of the ducks in 45 days of feeding
TREATMENT
FEED CONSUMPTION (kg)
AS FED BASIS
DM BASIS
Ground corn, Golden kuhol
mongo bean, rice bran
2.775a
2.017
and soybean
Ground corn, soybean,
azolla, coconut meat
2.819a
2.095
and sweet potato
Mean with different letter are no significant different at 0.05% level, DMRT
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
The ration composed of ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and
soybean has an approximate of 86.47% DM content and 14.30% ash while ground corn,
soybean, azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato has 77.03% DM content and 3.59% ash.
Though the ration was formulated to contain about 17% CP the home - mixed
approximately 50g sample per treatment was analyzed on crude protein content at the
DOST- CAR (Regional Service and Testing Laboratory). Result showed that the ground
corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and soybean has 16.63 crude protein content
while the ground corn, soybean, azolla, sweet potato tubers and coconut meat has
14.44%crude protein content.
Feed Conversion Ratio
The conversion ratio as fed and dry matter basis of ducks in different treatment is
presented in Table 5.
No significant differences were observed between the treatments as revealed by the
statistical analysis. It is shown that ducks fed with ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut
meat, and sweet potato, has a feed conversion ratio of 1.971 as fed while ducks fed with
ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and soybean with a mean conversion
ratio of 2.347 as fed basis.
However, on dry matter basis highly significant difference was observed between
the two treatments. The birds given corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat, and sweet potato
consumed the feed amount of 1.556 kg followed by birds given corn, golden kuhol, mongo,
rice bran and soybean that consumed the feed amount of 1.465 kg.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kilogram gain in weight of ducks
TREATMENT
FEED CONVERSION RATIO FEED COST/
as FED DM kg GAIN
(PhP)
Ground corn, Golden kuhol
mongo bean, rice bran
2.347a 1.465b 90.192b
and soybean
ground corn, soybean,
azolla, coconut meat
1.971a 1.556a 66.53a
and sweet potato
Means with different letter are no significant different at 0.05 level, DMRT
Cost of Feed to Produce a Kilogram Gain
Choosing high quality cheap feed resources to minimizes feed cost and can result
in greater profit. As shown in Table 5, combination of ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo
bean, rice bran and soybean was more expensive with a mean cost of PhP 90.19 to produce
a kg gain in weight in ducks, which is highly significant on the ration composed of ground
corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat, sweet potato with a mean cost of PhP 66.53.
Morbidity and Mortality Rate
There were no mortality nor incidence of illness incurred during the duration of the
study in all the treatments. This implies that the ducks are resistant to many kind of disease.
According to Williamson and Payen (1978), ducks appear to excel all other domestic
poultry in their resistance to stress and they apparently exhibit a tolerance to most poultry
diseases.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
Cost and Return Analysis
Table 6 shows the returns on investment of ducks in the two treatments. The ROI
was not subjected to statistical analysis, however it is shown in the Table that ducks fed
with ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat, sweet potato registered the highest ROI
of 13. 282% while ducks fed with ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and
soybean had an ROI of 10.127%. This was taken by subtracting the total cost of production
from the sales of the ducks. Cost of expenditures was based on the prevailing prices during
the conduct of the study. The cost per kilogram of the ducks was based on the live weight
Php 130.00 per kilogram of ducks and for the drake is Php500 per head. The total cost of
production includes stocks, feeds, medication, housing and labor.
Table 6. Cost and return analysis
GROSS TOTAL COST NET INCOME ROI
TREATMENTS
SALE OF (Php) (%)
(Php) PRODUCTION
(Php)
Ground corn,
Golden kuhol
9,363
8,502
861
10.127
mongo bean,
rice bran and
soybean
ground corn,
soybean,
azolla,
9,493 8,380
1,113 13.282
coconut meat and
sweet potato
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to evaluate the growth of Muscovy duck given home-
mixed ration in terms of feed intake, feed conversion ratio, gain in weight and economics
of producing a kilogram gain in weight of duck.
A total of 48 Muscovy ducks that about one month old were divided into two
treatment groups following the completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment had
four replications with six ducks per replicate making a total of 24 ducks per treatment.
The different treatments used in the study were as follows: T1 - ration with golden
kuhol, mongo bean and rice bran, T2 - azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato. Statistical
analysis revealed no significant differences in the initial weight, final weight, gain in
weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio of ducks.
The feed intake of as fed basis of ducks for a feeding period of 45 days old of age
with an average of 2.056 kg. The average initial weight of ducks at 45 days was 0.904
while the average final weights were 2.227kg at 90 days of age. The total and average daily
gain of ducks was 1.323kg and 0.029, respectively. Highly significant differences were
observed in the feed intake as basis, feed conversion ratio (DM basis) and feed cost to
produce a kilogram gain in weight of ducks.
Ducks given ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato had
lower feed cost per kilogram gain in weight of Php 66.53with a better FCR DM basis of
1.465 than ducks given ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, rice bran and soybean
with a feed cost of Php90.192 with an FCR DM basis of 1.556.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
The return on investment was not subjected to statistical analysis, however the
result of the study revealed that higher ROI was obtained from ducks fed with ground corn,
soybean, azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato (13.282 %), compared to the ducks fed
with ground corn, golden kuhol, rice bran, mongo bean and soybean which registered an
ROI of 10.127 %.
Conclusion
Base on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that feeding ducks with
ground corn, soybean, azolla, coconut meat and sweet potato, result to higher gain in
weight and higher income compared to ground corn, golden kuhol, mongo bean, soybean
and rice bran feeding.
Recommendation
It is then recommended that ducks could be fed with ground corn, soybean, azolla,
coconut meat and sweet potato for better growth performance and to have higher income.
Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013
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Growth Performance of Muscovy Ducks Given Home- Mixed Ration
COLAS, NELIE B. APRIL 2013