BIBLIOGRAPHY PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013. Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed
Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and
Azolla. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Barangay Poyopoy, Taloy Sur, Tuba Benguet from
June to October 2012 to determine the effect of fresh azolla and chopped sweet potato
leaves and vines as feed supplement on the performance of growing pigs.
A total of twelve (12) pigs, which were came in the same breed but belong to two
litters and were more or less three months of age, were grouped in to four treatment
following the completely randomize design (CRD). The different ratio which composed
the treatments was as follows: pure commercial feeds, commercial feeds plus azolla,
commercial feeds plus sweet potato and commercial feeds plus 1 part of azolla plus 1 part
of sweet potato leaves.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the gain in weight, feed
intake (dry matter basis), number of days to attain approximately 62 kg live weight and
feed conversion ratio of pigs among treatments. The average daily gain of pigs obtained
in the study was 0.687kg mean with a mean average feed intake of 1.845 kg for a period
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
of 63 days. Average feed conversion ratio, DM basis, of pigs fed with commercial feeds,
those fed with commercial feeds plus azolla and pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla
plus sweet potato were 2.449, 2.585, 2.621 and 3.071 respectively.
Although the ROI was not subjected to statistical analysis, results of the study
showed that only pigs fed with commercial feeds alone had a positive ROI of 6.556% with
a net profit of 1,379.75 and the rest of the treatments had negative ROI’s.
The negative return on investment is mainly due to high labor expense in the
collection and preparation of azolla and sweet potato leaves.
It can be concluded that supplementing azolla and chopped sweet potato to pigs
up to their growing period were no significant effect on the average gains in weight, feed
intake (as DM basis), number of days to attain approximately 62 kg, and feed conversion
ratio but affected the return on investment.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
In swine rising, shortage and high cost of feedstuff that supply the proper amount
of the nutrient needed of the pigs is greatest challenge to any swine raisers. In the Cordillera
region, the usual practice is to use any of the so many non-conventional feedstuffs that are
abundantly grown to reduce feed cost. Most of these feedstuffs however are relatively high
in fiber. Some of these feedstuffs include sweet potato, and azolla among others. The
addition of non-conventional fibrous feedstuffs is more commonly done during the
finishing period. It is however, interesting to document how growing pigs would respond
to the inclusion of these feedstuffs in the diet.
Generally, from the sweet potato, what is used by man for food is the sweet potato
tubers and sweet potato tops. In addition to being sold as raw tubers, sweet potato can be
used as feed ingredients for animals. To determine the economic feasibility of utilizing
sweet potato as feed, three price assumptions for the tubers, other feed ingredients and
various animal product were considered (Kenneth et al,1989)
On the other hand, azolla which is a floating aquatic fern that is naturally available
mostly on moist soils like in rice paddies. It is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in
the soil. It is abundant or available in our surrounding to be used as a biofertilizer. Azolla
is a rich protein source and may be used as a supplement in animal feed (Scagel et al,
1966).
The researcher studied on the growth performance of growing pigs when fed with
sweet potato leaves and azolla to determine the effect of above said non-conventional
feedstuff on the growth performance of growing pigs. The researcher also studied on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
above said non-conventional feedstuff to help the swine raisers (backyard raisers) on their
problem on high cost of commercial feeds.
The general objective of the study is to determine the effect of fresh sweet potato
leaves and azolla as feed supplement to growing swine.
Specific objectives:
1. To determine the gain in weight, average daily gain in weight, feed
consumption, feed conversion ratio, and the net profit as affected by fresh sweet potato
leaves and azolla as feed supplement to growing swine.
2. To determine the return on investment as affected by fresh sweet potato Leaves
and azolla as feed supplement to growing swine.
The research study was conducted at Poyopoy, Taloy Sur, Tuba Benguet from June
2012 to October 2012.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Moreover, pigs and other omnivorous species need very little roughage, although
pigs can digest diets containing a considerable proportion of fiber. Vegetable waste is very
useful for pigs; provided that growth rates and meat grading aimed at are based on other
production circumstances. The interactions of crops and animals play a key role in
achieving ecological sustain ability by intensifying nutrient energy cycle. In small scale
farming systems, residues of crops are important source of animal feeds (Ghosh, 2007).
In the upland northern Philippines, sweet potato are grown variety for subsistence
and especially as a supplement to rice , as a seasonable staple and/or as feed for swine.
Sweet potato are also rich source of vitamin A and vitamin C; thiamine, riboflavin, niacin
and carotene, however, they are low in protein, calcium and phosphorous. Sweet potato
leaves had a crude protein content of 25.5-29.8% in dry matter, which was markedly higher
than the stems. The digestibility in growing pigs of dry matter, organic matter (OM) and
CP of ensiled sweet potato leaves was high, but the crude protein was low. Sweet potato
leaves are used for feeding pigs in fresh, dry and ensiled forms (Mula, 1992).
Sweet potato contain large amount of starch and sugar and are used mainly as
energy supplement in livestock feeds. The commonly published average dry matter content
of sweet potato is 31%, while the USDA sweet potato indicates a value of 27%
(Westendorf, 2000).
Low protein, fat and fiber were found in the roots but the higher nitrogen-free
extract fraction this tuber is indicative of its potential value, mainly as an energy source.
The vines have a lower carbohydrate content but higher in fiber and protein and their
principal nutritive value is as a source of vitamins and proteins. Carbohydrates generally
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
make up between 80% to 90% dry weight of sweet potato roots but the uncooked starch of
the sweet potato is very resistant to the hydrolysis by-amylase. When cooked, their
susceptibility to the enzyme increases. Thus, after cooking, the easily hydrolysable starch
fraction of sweet potato increases from 4% to 55%. The content trypsin inhibitors of the
raw sweet potato roots could decrease the protein digestibility in mixed feed. The vines
will not produce this effect because they do not contain them in great quantities. This
trypsin inhibitor could be destroyed or lowered by pre-heating raw sweet potato roots
(Dominguez, 1992)
The azolla is a water fern. Its natural habitat is water spilled ponds, fields, lakes and
rivers. The name azolla was conjugated from two Greek works. Azolla: azo means to dry
and allyo means to kill, meaning “when dries it dies”. Azolla grows equally well on wet
soil and on deep standing water. Irrigated rice fields are ideal for its propagation. It grows
in dual culture with rice. The azolla is in toxic; it is use as fed for poultry, farm animals
and fishes. Azolla is not recommended as pure ration because it needs supplementation
with three essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, and histidine (Khan, 1993).
Azolla grown in fallow fields or on ponds and lakes can be as feed for livestock,
poultry, and fish, and as source of anthocyanin. Azolla fed to pigs increase pig weight
significantly. Growing pigs fed with azolla gained 26.6g/d more than those fed only with
concentrated feed, a 5.2% weight increase. Starter pigs fed with azolla gained 28.4g/d more
than those that did not receive azolla, a 9.4% weight increase. On an average 97.4 kg fresh
weight azolla produces 1 kg live weight in pigs. The factors increasing the weight gain in
pigs, geese and fish feed with azolla are mainly attributed to many kind of nutrient
contained in azolla. Azolla contains a large portion of crude protein, crude fat, and calcium
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
and phosphorus, crude protein content reaches 25%, more than that of the green forage
crops, such as sweet potato shoot, water hyacinth and water lettuce etc., amino acids is high
lysine content is 0.42% more than that of concentrated feed composed of rough, rice, maize
and bran (IRRI, 1987).
NAAP (1998) reported that azolla contains 17.59-23.69% CP, 1.99-2.93% ether
extract, 13.19-16.54% crude fiber, and 0.46-0.77% total protein. In a following study,
NAAP reported again that azolla contains 22-35% protein, 19-15% mineral content and 7-
10% a combination of amino acids, bio-active substance and biopolymers.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials that were used in the study were 12 piglets that were more or less
three months of age; piglets have the same breed but different parents, six piglets came
from Taloy Sur, Tuba and the other six piglets came from Km 4, La Trinidad. Chopped
sweet potato leaves, azolla, commercial feeds, water, weighing scale, bolo, stick brooms,
pig pens, disinfectant, record books, and pen for recording data.
Methodology
Three months before the start of the study, the researcher planted sweet potato on
the designated place where the studies were conducted. The azolla was taken from Bauko,
Mountain Province and Bokod, Benguet.
A week before the start of the study, the researcher prepared the pig pens. In
addition to this, the whole area around the growing house had been cleaned and disinfected.
After preparing all what was needed in the study, the initial weight of the piglets had been
taken before putting them in their designated pen during the first day of conduction of
study.
The experimental design that was used was the completely randomized design
(CRD). The 12 piglets had been distributed into four treatments which had been composed
of three replications. Each treatment had been replicated three times with one grower per
replication. The different treatments were as follows:
T0= CF only
T1 = CF plus fresh azolla (Figure 1)
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
T2 = CF plus chopped sweet potato leaves (Figure 2)
T3 = CF plus azolla and chopped sweet potato leaves, by weight (Figure 3)
Figure 1. Fresh azolla
Figure 2. Fresh chopped sweet potato leaves
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Figure 3. Mixed azolla and sweet potato leaves
Pigs had been fed with commercial feeds twice a day at 7:00-7:30 am and 4:30-
5:00 pm with pure commercial feed by following the feeding guide for growers as shown
in the Table 1a. The azolla and sweet potato leaves had been given to their respective
treatment as ad libitum at 9:00am to 3:00 pm daily.
For the first two weeks, three kg of azolla, three kg of sweet potato and three kg of
the mixture of azolla and sweet potato added to the suggested commercial feeds for
growing pigs (Entrepinoy, 2009). After two weeks the amount of roughages fed was
reduced to two kg due to lack of sources (of azolla and sweet potato leaves). So starting
from the third week until eleventh week the pigs were fed two kg roughages every day. For
the mixture, there were 1 kg azolla and 1 kg sweet potato was mixed thoroughly.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Preparation of the Feed
The sweet potato leaves and azolla had been collected at Poyopoy, Taloy Sur, Tuba
Benguet. After the collection, the sweet potato leaves had been washed and drained for five
minutes then chopped into small pieces. For azolla, it was drained for ten minutes then fed
to the pigs like what were shown in Figures 4-6.
Figure 4. One of the pigs eating azolla
Figure 5. One of the pigs eating chopped sweet potato leaves
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Figure 6. One of the pigs eating mixtures of the chopped sweet potato leaves and azolla
AGE IN WEEKS FEED/DAY (KG) AGE IN WEEKS FEED/DAY (KG)
10 1.0 18 1.8
11 1.1 19 1.9
12 1.2 20 2.0
13 1.3 21 2.1
14 1.4 22 2.2
15 1.5 23 2.3
16 1.6 24 2.4
17 1.7 25 2.5
Source: ENTREPINOY, 2009
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Data Gathered
1. Initial weight of the pigs (kg). This were obtained by weighing the pigs
individually at more or less 3 months of age.
2. Final weight of the pigs (kg).This were obtained by weighing the pigs
individually at the end of the study when the pig obtained approximately 62 kg live weight.
3. Feed offered (kg).This refers to the amount of the feeds that had been given to
the pigs every day.
4. Feed left over (kg).This is the amount of the feeds not consumed by the pigs
which had been collected every morning before feeding the pigs.
5. Dry matter of feed. This refers to the weight of the feed after drying to constant
weight on an oven.
6. Number of days to attain approximately 62 kg live weight.
7. Cost of production (Php).This refers to the cost of the materials used during the
study.
8. Total gain in weight (kg). This were obtained by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight.
9. Average daily gain in weight (kg).This were obtained by dividing the total gain
in weight by the number of the experimental days.
10. Feed consumption (kg). Total feed consumption were obtained by adding the
amount of feed consumed by the pig from the start to the end of the study.
11. Daily feed consumption (kg). It was obtained by dividing the total feed intake
by the number of the experimental days.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
12. DM intake (kg). This referred to the total and daily dry matter intake of pigs.
This was computed using the formula:
Total DM intake = Total feed intake x % DM
Daily DM intake = Total DM intake/experimental days
13. Feed cost per unit gain. It was obtained by multiplying the FCR by the feed
cost.
14. Feed conversion ratio (FCR).This were obtained by dividing the total feed
intake by the total gain in weight.
15. Net profit. It was obtained by subtracting the total cost of production from the
gross sales.
16. Return on investment (ROI %). This was computed using the following
formula:
ROI = Net Profit x 100%
Total cost of production
Data Analysis
All data gathered had been consolidated, tabulated, and analyzed by using the
Analysis of Variance appropriate for Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Treatment
means had been compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight
Table 1 show the initial weight of the pigs when they are three months of age
respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between treatment
means. This indicates that the pigs were more or less at the same weights at the start of
the study. The overall mean initial weight of the pigs was 22 kg.
Number of Days to Attain Approximately
62 Kg Live Weight
Numbers of days to attain approximately 62 kilogram live weight were shown in
table 2. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between treatments in the
number of days to attain approximately 62 kilogram live weight from an initial age of 63
days with an initial weight of 22 kg. Pigs fed with commercial feeds reached 62 kg after
an average of 65 days feeding; pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla took 62 days,
pigs fed with commercial feeds plus sweet potato took 63 days and pigs fed with
commercial feeds plus azolla
Table 1. Initial weight of the pigs at three months of age
TREATMENT INITIAL WEIGHT (kg)
Commercial feeds (CF) 21.667a
CF + fresh azolla 21.333a
CF + chopped sweet potato leave 22.333a
CF + 1 part of azolla + 1 part of chopped 22.667a
Sweet potato leaves, by weight
Mean with the same superscript are not significantly different (P≥0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Table 2. Number of days to attain approximately 62 kg live weight from an initial
Live Weight of 22 kg
TREATMENT DAYS
Commercial feeds (CF) 65a
CF + fresh azolla 62a
CF + chopped sweet potato leave 63a
CF + 1 part of azolla + 1 part of chopped
Sweet potato leaves, by weight 60a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P≥0.05) DMRT
and sweet potato took 60 days to attain approximately 62 live weight. The average days
for pigs in the four treatments were 63 days to attain a minimum live weight of 62 kg.
Gain in Weight
The total and daily gains in weight of pigs in different treatments are shown in
Table 3. Statistical analysis revealed no significant between treatment means. The total
gain in weight of pigs fed with pure commercial feeds, pigs fed with commercial feeds plus
azolla, pigs fed with differences commercial feeds plus sweet potato and pigs fed with
commercial feeds plus azolla and sweet potato meal were 44.667 kg, 40.333 kg, 41.00 kg,
and 42.333 kg, respectively. This result of the study conformed to the observation of
Gabino (2012) that the ability of the animal to gain weight was not was it adversely affected
by the addition of chopped sweet potato and chopped banana trunk in swine rations.
Similarly, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in daily gain in
weight of the pigs among treatment. The average daily gain of pigs feed with pure
commercial feed, pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla, pigs fed with commercial
feeds plus sweet potato, and then pigs fed with commercial feeds pus azolla and sweet
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
potato leaves were 0.683 kg, 0.711 kg, 0.643 kg and 0.712 kg, respectively. Results showed
that the dietary treatment imposed effected the same rate of growth.
This observation tend to support the findings of Puguon (2001) where he reported
that the inclusion of 15% and 30% meal azolla meal in diets of pigs caused no detrimental
effect on growth. Similarly, result of this study agreed with Dominguez (1992), who
reported that the average gain weight of pigs is good when fed with sweet
potato.
The weekly weights of pigs are shown in Figure 7. It can be seen in the graph that
the growth curves were similar in all treatments. There was a steady increase in the weight
of pigs with age in all treatments. This observation is supported by the insignificant
differences in the total gain and daily gain in weight of pigs in all treatments
used.
Table 3. Total and daily gain in weight
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TREATMENT TOTAL DAILY
Commercial feeds (CF) 44.667a 0.687a
CF + fresh azolla 40.333a 0.650a
CF + chopped sweet potato leaves 41.000a 0.656a
CF + 1 part of azolla + 1 part of chopped 42.333a 0.705a
sweet potato leaves, by weight
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P≥0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
70
60
W 50
e
i 40
g
control
30
h
CF+ azolla
t 20
s
CF + SP
10
CF + azolla + SP
0
Age in Weeks
Figure 7. Weekly weight of growing pigs from 22 kg to approximately 62 kg live
weight
In week one, it showed that the pigs fed with commercial feed has the lowest
weight, and for the pigs given CF plus azolla, pigs given CF plus sweet potato and pigs
given CF plus azolla and sweet potato consistently increasing in slight differences of
weight until it reached week five. Pigs given commercial feeds had the lowest weight,
though it shows steady increase.
In week 8, it appeared that pigs given pure commercial feed and those given azolla
did not gain weight, however it was on their week that one pig from each treatment reached
65 kg and were slaughtered. The average weight of the two pigs left was similar
to the average weight of the 3 pigs in week 7 in the 2 treatments.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Feed Intake
The total and daily feed intake of pigs is presented in Table 4. Statistical analysis
revealed significant differences in total feed intake as fed basis. The total feed intake of
pigs fed with commercial feeds was (119.633 kg) which were significantly lower than pigs
fed with commercial feeds plus azolla ( 243.566 kg), pigs fed with CF plus sweet potato
(252.833 kg) and those fed with commercial feeds plus azolla and sweet potato leaves
(241.766 kg).
The higher feed intake as fed basis of pigs given azolla, sweet potato and azolla +
sweet potato was due to the fact that these feeds are given as supplements commercial
feeds. All the treatments were given the same amount of commercial feeds during
experimental period.
On the other hand, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between
treatment means on total feed intake DM basis. The average total feed intakes (DM basis)
were 115.822 kg. It appears that while higher feed intake, as feed intake was observed as
fed basis, pigs tend to consume the same amount of dry matter to reach a particular weight.
The dry matter content of the different feedstuffs determined by oven drying
samples to constant weight were 8.71% for azolla, 11.38% for sweet potato and 8.89% for
a mixture of 1 part azolla and 1 part sweet potato.
In addition samples were sent to the Department of Science and Technology –
Cordillera Administrative Region, Regional Standard and Testing Laboratory to
determine crude protein content using the kjedahl method. Accordingly, azolla contains of
20.56% crude protein with 16.798% ash, sweet potato contain a 21.04% crude protein with
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
13.277% ash and the mixture of 1 part azolla and 1 part sweet potato were 24.31% crude
protein with 11.575% ash.
Like in total feed intake, statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences
in daily feed intake as feed basis between treatments. Daily intake of pigs fed with
commercial feeds were higher (1.869 kg ) than the daily feed intake of pigs give azolla
(3.928 kg), sweet potato (4.013 kg ) and 1 part azolla and sweet potato (4. 029 kg).
Highly significant between treatment means was also observed on daily feed intake
DM basis. Pigs fed with CF had the lower DM intake (1.697 kg) compared to the feed
intake DM basis of pigs fed with CF plus azolla (1.869 kg), pigs fed with CF plus sweet
potato (1.943 kg) and pigs fed with CF plus azolla and sweet potato (1.869 kg). While
total DM intake did not vary significantly, differences in daily DM intake was highly
significant. This is due to the fact pigs attained the final weight of approximately
62 kg live weight at different number of days.
Table 4. Total and daily feed intake, as fed and DM basis
FEED CONSUMPTION (kg)
TREATMENT
TOTAL (kg) DAILY (kg)
AS FED DM AS FED DM
Commercial feeds (CF) 119.633a 110.400a 1.869a 1.697b
CF+ fresh azolla 243.566b 116.026a 3.928b 1.869a
CF+chopped sweet potato leaves 252.833b 123.567a 4.013b 1.943a
CF+1 part of azolla+1 part of chopped
sweet potato leaves, by weight 241.766b 113.296a 4.029b 1.869a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P≥0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Feed Conversion Ratio, DM basis
The feed conversion ratios of pigs during the growing period are presented in Table
5. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between treatment means.
The average feed conversion ratio dry matter basis of pigs was 2.704. This indicates
that the feed conversion ratio of the pigs were comparable to each other. It is revealed from
the result that giving azolla or chopped sweet potato leaves or both to the pigs during the
growing period did not result in variation in efficiency of pigs in utilizing the feeds they
ate.
According to the observation of Puguon (2001), levels of azolla of 15% and 30%
can be used in formulating ration for hogs without detrimental effect on growth.
Feed Cost per Unit Gain
Table 6 shows the feed cost per unit gain per replicate of the pigs. Statistical
analysis revealed no significant differences among treatment means. Pigs fed with
commercial feeds, pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla, pigs fed with commercial
Table 5. Feed conversion ratio of pigs reared approximately 22 kg to 62 kg live
weight (DM basis)
FEED CONVERSION
TREATMENT RATIO
Commercial feeds (CF) 2.449a
CF + fresh azolla 2.635a
CF + chopped sweet potato leave 3.080a
CF + 1 part of azolla + 1 part of chopped
sweet potato leaves, by weight 2.654a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P≥0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
feeds plus sweet potato and pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla and sweet potato
had a feed cost per unit gain of Php 68.581, Php 76.405, Php 89.310 and Php 76.956
respectively. The cheapest feed to produced a kg gain is noted in pigs fed with commercial
feeds and the most expensive is when sweet potato was mixed with commercial
ration.
Cost and Return Analysis
Table 7 shows the different return on investment and net profit realized from the
different treatment, Though this was not subjected to statistical analysis, result revealed
that pigs fed with pure commercial feeds had the highest return on investment of 6.556%
and Php 1,379.75 net profit, compared to the pig fed with commercial feeds plus azolla
plus sweet potato, pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla and pigs fed with commercial
feeds plus sweet potato with a negative ROI and net profit. This was because
of high labor cost in gathering and in preparing azolla and sweet potato.
Table 6. Feed cost per unit gain
TREATMENT FEED COST/KG
(Php)
Commercial feeds 68.581a
CF+ fresh azolla 76.405a
CF+ chopped sweet potato 89.310a
CF+ 1 part azolla+ 1 part chopped sweet
potato leaves, by weight 76.956a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P≥0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
While NAAP (1987) reported that indigenous source of nutrients to feed livestock
and farm animals are needed to offset the rising cost of commercial feed, this was not
observed in this study as using azolla and sweet potato vine resulted in higher labor cost
and this higher total cost of production.
Table 7. Cost and return analysis
TREATMENT
T0 T1 T2 T3
Stocks (Php) 6,900 6,900 6,900 6,900
Feeds (Php) 9,690.5 9,519 9,873.5 9,385
Disinfectant 37.25 37.25 37.25 37.25
Stick brooms 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
Vetracin60 60 60 60 60
Labor 4,225 8,060 8,190 9,750
Water 100 100 100 100
Electricity 20 20 20 20
________________________________________________________________________
Cost of Production 21,045.25 24,708.75 25,193.25 26,264.75
Gross Sales 22,425.00 22,425.00 22,425.00 22,425.00
Net Profit 1,379.75 -2,283.75 -2,768.25 -3,839.75
ROI % 6.556% -9.243% -10.988% -14.619%
Stock- 2,300.00 per head Feedstuff – 50 per sack
Feed- 28 per kilo Labor- 32.50 per hour (DOLE, 2013)
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of sweet potato leaves as feed
supplement on the performance of growing pigs.
A total of 12 three months old pigs were distributed into four treatments following
the completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated three times with
one pig per replication. The different treatment were: pure commercial feeds(T1),
commercial feeds plus azolla (T2), commercial feeds plus sweet potato (T3) and
commercial feeds plus azolla plus sweet potato (T3).
Sweet potato leaves were collected and washed, allowed to drain for five minutes
then chopped into small sizes. Azolla on other hand was collected from Bauko, Mt.
Province and Bokod, Benguet.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among treatments in the
initial weight, number of days to attain approximately 62 kg, gain in weight, average daily
gain, total dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per unit gain.
It took pigs with an average initial weight of 22 kg 63 days to attain approximately
62 kg live weight. The average daily gain of pigs in the study was 0.687 kg with a total
gain weight of 42.083 kg and a total dry matter intake of 115.822 kg.
The average feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 2.704 (dry matter basis) and the feed
cost to produced unit gain was PhP 77.81. On the other hand, statistical analysis revealed
significant differences on total feed intake as feed basis. Pigs fed commercial feeds
consumed lesser feed as fed basis (119.633 kg) compared to Pigs fed with commercial
feeds plus azolla (243.566 kg), pigs fed with commercial feeds plus sweet potato leaves
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
(252.833 kg) and pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla and sweet potato leaves
(241.766 kg).
Highly significant differences were observed in daily feed intake (as feed and DM
basis) between treatments, Pigs fed with commercial feeds consumed of 1.869 kg (as feed)
and 1.697 kg (DM basis) which is higher that feed consumed by pigs fed commercial feds
+ azolla, pig fed with commercial feeds + sweet potato and pigs fed commercial feeds +
azolla and sweet potato of 3.928 kg and 1.869 kg, 4.013 kg and 1.943 kg, 4. 029 kg and
1.869 kg, respectively.
In terms of cost and return analysis of the pigs fed with pure commercial feeds had
the highest of 6.556% and Php1, 379.75 net profit while pigs fed with commercial feeds
plus azolla plus sweet potato, pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla and pigs fed with
commercial feeds plus sweet potato had a negative cost and return analysis
profit because of high labor expended in the preparation of the forages.
Conclusion
Based from the result of the study, it can be concluded that supplementing
commercial rations of growing pigs with either fresh azolla or chopped sweet potato
leaves resulted in similar growth performance as with pure commercial feeds.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that fresh azolla and chopped sweet potato leaves may
be used depending upon the discretion of the swine raisers as there was no economic
advantage observed.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
ENTREPINOY. 2009. Guide to proper feeding of hog/swine. Retrieved on May 4, 2012.
http:// www mix ph. com/ 2009/11/ guide- to –proper –feeding -of-hog/swine.
DOMINGUEZ, P. L. 1992. In D. Machine and S. Nyvold (eds). 1992/ Roots Tubers,
Plantains and Bananas in Animal Feeding. FAO Animal Production and Health
Paper, No.95, 217-234.
.
GABINO, ANDRO T. 2012. Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves
as Feed Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing pigs. BS Thesis
(unpublished). Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
GHOSH, B. 2007.Trend and Issues of Livestock Production Ratio. Gene Tech. Books.
New Delhi. Pp. 5, 195.
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (IRRI). 1987. AZOLLA
Utilization. P.O Box 933, Los Baňos, Laguna Philippines. P6.
KENNETH, T. M., M.K. PALOMAR, and R.T. SANICO. 1989. Sweet Potato Research
and Development for Small Farmers. SEAMEO-SEARCA. College of Laguna,
Philippines. P17.
KHAN, M. 1993. A Primer on Azolla Production and Utilization in Agriculture. PDM.
Press, INC.UP Los Baňos. Pp. 108-109.
MULA, R. P. 1992. Farmers Indigenous Knowledge of Sweet potato Production and
Utilization in the Cordillera Region. UPWARD working paper. Los Baňos,
Philippines. P3.
NATIONAL AZOLLA ACTION PROGRAM. 1998. University of the Philippines,
University of the Philippines, Los Baňos, Laguna Philippines. P. 65.
PUGUON, JOEY L. 2001. Performance of pigs given levels of azolla. BS Thesis
(Unpublished). Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P17
SCAGEL, R. F., R. J. BANDONJ., G. E. ROUSE., W. B. SCHOFIELD., J. R. STEIN.,
and T. M. TAYLOR. 1966. An Evolutionary Survey of the Plant Kingdom.
Wadsworth Publishing Company. Mishawaka. IN, USA. P658
WESTERDORF, M. 2000. Food Waste to Animal Feed. IOWA State University Press,
IOWA. P169.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013. Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed
Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and
Azolla. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Barangay Poyopoy, Taloy Sur, Tuba Benguet from
June to October 2012 to determine the effect of fresh azolla and chopped sweet potato
leaves and vines as feed supplement on the performance of growing pigs.
A total of twelve (12) pigs, which were came in the same breed but belong to two
litters and were more or less three months of age, were grouped in to four treatment
following the completely randomize design (CRD). The different ratio which composed
the treatments was as follows: pure commercial feeds, commercial feeds plus azolla,
commercial feeds plus sweet potato and commercial feeds plus 1 part of azolla plus 1 part
of sweet potato leaves.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the gain in weight, feed
intake (dry matter basis), number of days to attain approximately 62 kg live weight and
feed conversion ratio of pigs among treatments. The average daily gain of pigs obtained
in the study was 0.687kg mean with a mean average feed intake of 1.845 kg for a period
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
of 63 days. Average feed conversion ratio, DM basis, of pigs fed with commercial feeds,
those fed with commercial feeds plus azolla and pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla
plus sweet potato were 2.449, 2.585, 2.621 and 3.071 respectively.
Although the ROI was not subjected to statistical analysis, results of the study
showed that only pigs fed with commercial feeds alone had a positive ROI of 6.556% with
a net profit of 1,379.75 and the rest of the treatments had negative ROI’s.
The negative return on investment is mainly due to high labor expense in the
collection and preparation of azolla and sweet potato leaves.
It can be concluded that supplementing azolla and chopped sweet potato to pigs
up to their growing period were no significant effect on the average gains in weight, feed
intake (as DM basis), number of days to attain approximately 62 kg, and feed conversion
ratio but affected the return on investment.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
In swine rising, shortage and high cost of feedstuff that supply the proper amount
of the nutrient needed of the pigs is greatest challenge to any swine raisers. In the Cordillera
region, the usual practice is to use any of the so many non-conventional feedstuffs that are
abundantly grown to reduce feed cost. Most of these feedstuffs however are relatively high
in fiber. Some of these feedstuffs include sweet potato, and azolla among others. The
addition of non-conventional fibrous feedstuffs is more commonly done during the
finishing period. It is however, interesting to document how growing pigs would respond
to the inclusion of these feedstuffs in the diet.
Generally, from the sweet potato, what is used by man for food is the sweet potato
tubers and sweet potato tops. In addition to being sold as raw tubers, sweet potato can be
used as feed ingredients for animals. To determine the economic feasibility of utilizing
sweet potato as feed, three price assumptions for the tubers, other feed ingredients and
various animal product were considered (Kenneth et al,1989)
On the other hand, azolla which is a floating aquatic fern that is naturally available
mostly on moist soils like in rice paddies. It is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in
the soil. It is abundant or available in our surrounding to be used as a biofertilizer. Azolla
is a rich protein source and may be used as a supplement in animal feed (Scagel et al,
1966).
The researcher studied on the growth performance of growing pigs when fed with
sweet potato leaves and azolla to determine the effect of above said non-conventional
feedstuff on the growth performance of growing pigs. The researcher also studied on the
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
above said non-conventional feedstuff to help the swine raisers (backyard raisers) on their
problem on high cost of commercial feeds.
The general objective of the study is to determine the effect of fresh sweet potato
leaves and azolla as feed supplement to growing swine.
Specific objectives:
1. To determine the gain in weight, average daily gain in weight, feed
consumption, feed conversion ratio, and the net profit as affected by fresh sweet potato
leaves and azolla as feed supplement to growing swine.
2. To determine the return on investment as affected by fresh sweet potato Leaves
and azolla as feed supplement to growing swine.
The research study was conducted at Poyopoy, Taloy Sur, Tuba Benguet from June
2012 to October 2012.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Moreover, pigs and other omnivorous species need very little roughage, although
pigs can digest diets containing a considerable proportion of fiber. Vegetable waste is very
useful for pigs; provided that growth rates and meat grading aimed at are based on other
production circumstances. The interactions of crops and animals play a key role in
achieving ecological sustain ability by intensifying nutrient energy cycle. In small scale
farming systems, residues of crops are important source of animal feeds (Ghosh, 2007).
In the upland northern Philippines, sweet potato are grown variety for subsistence
and especially as a supplement to rice , as a seasonable staple and/or as feed for swine.
Sweet potato are also rich source of vitamin A and vitamin C; thiamine, riboflavin, niacin
and carotene, however, they are low in protein, calcium and phosphorous. Sweet potato
leaves had a crude protein content of 25.5-29.8% in dry matter, which was markedly higher
than the stems. The digestibility in growing pigs of dry matter, organic matter (OM) and
CP of ensiled sweet potato leaves was high, but the crude protein was low. Sweet potato
leaves are used for feeding pigs in fresh, dry and ensiled forms (Mula, 1992).
Sweet potato contain large amount of starch and sugar and are used mainly as
energy supplement in livestock feeds. The commonly published average dry matter content
of sweet potato is 31%, while the USDA sweet potato indicates a value of 27%
(Westendorf, 2000).
Low protein, fat and fiber were found in the roots but the higher nitrogen-free
extract fraction this tuber is indicative of its potential value, mainly as an energy source.
The vines have a lower carbohydrate content but higher in fiber and protein and their
principal nutritive value is as a source of vitamins and proteins. Carbohydrates generally
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
make up between 80% to 90% dry weight of sweet potato roots but the uncooked starch of
the sweet potato is very resistant to the hydrolysis by-amylase. When cooked, their
susceptibility to the enzyme increases. Thus, after cooking, the easily hydrolysable starch
fraction of sweet potato increases from 4% to 55%. The content trypsin inhibitors of the
raw sweet potato roots could decrease the protein digestibility in mixed feed. The vines
will not produce this effect because they do not contain them in great quantities. This
trypsin inhibitor could be destroyed or lowered by pre-heating raw sweet potato roots
(Dominguez, 1992)
The azolla is a water fern. Its natural habitat is water spilled ponds, fields, lakes and
rivers. The name azolla was conjugated from two Greek works. Azolla: azo means to dry
and allyo means to kill, meaning “when dries it dies”. Azolla grows equally well on wet
soil and on deep standing water. Irrigated rice fields are ideal for its propagation. It grows
in dual culture with rice. The azolla is in toxic; it is use as fed for poultry, farm animals
and fishes. Azolla is not recommended as pure ration because it needs supplementation
with three essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, and histidine (Khan, 1993).
Azolla grown in fallow fields or on ponds and lakes can be as feed for livestock,
poultry, and fish, and as source of anthocyanin. Azolla fed to pigs increase pig weight
significantly. Growing pigs fed with azolla gained 26.6g/d more than those fed only with
concentrated feed, a 5.2% weight increase. Starter pigs fed with azolla gained 28.4g/d more
than those that did not receive azolla, a 9.4% weight increase. On an average 97.4 kg fresh
weight azolla produces 1 kg live weight in pigs. The factors increasing the weight gain in
pigs, geese and fish feed with azolla are mainly attributed to many kind of nutrient
contained in azolla. Azolla contains a large portion of crude protein, crude fat, and calcium
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
and phosphorus, crude protein content reaches 25%, more than that of the green forage
crops, such as sweet potato shoot, water hyacinth and water lettuce etc., amino acids is high
lysine content is 0.42% more than that of concentrated feed composed of rough, rice, maize
and bran (IRRI, 1987).
NAAP (1998) reported that azolla contains 17.59-23.69% CP, 1.99-2.93% ether
extract, 13.19-16.54% crude fiber, and 0.46-0.77% total protein. In a following study,
NAAP reported again that azolla contains 22-35% protein, 19-15% mineral content and 7-
10% a combination of amino acids, bio-active substance and biopolymers.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials that were used in the study were 12 piglets that were more or less
three months of age; piglets have the same breed but different parents, six piglets came
from Taloy Sur, Tuba and the other six piglets came from Km 4, La Trinidad. Chopped
sweet potato leaves, azolla, commercial feeds, water, weighing scale, bolo, stick brooms,
pig pens, disinfectant, record books, and pen for recording data.
Methodology
Three months before the start of the study, the researcher planted sweet potato on
the designated place where the studies were conducted. The azolla was taken from Bauko,
Mountain Province and Bokod, Benguet.
A week before the start of the study, the researcher prepared the pig pens. In
addition to this, the whole area around the growing house had been cleaned and disinfected.
After preparing all what was needed in the study, the initial weight of the piglets had been
taken before putting them in their designated pen during the first day of conduction of
study.
The experimental design that was used was the completely randomized design
(CRD). The 12 piglets had been distributed into four treatments which had been composed
of three replications. Each treatment had been replicated three times with one grower per
replication. The different treatments were as follows:
T0= CF only
T1 = CF plus fresh azolla (Figure 1)
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
T2 = CF plus chopped sweet potato leaves (Figure 2)
T3 = CF plus azolla and chopped sweet potato leaves, by weight (Figure 3)
Figure 1. Fresh azolla
Figure 2. Fresh chopped sweet potato leaves
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Figure 3. Mixed azolla and sweet potato leaves
Pigs had been fed with commercial feeds twice a day at 7:00-7:30 am and 4:30-
5:00 pm with pure commercial feed by following the feeding guide for growers as shown
in the Table 1a. The azolla and sweet potato leaves had been given to their respective
treatment as ad libitum at 9:00am to 3:00 pm daily.
For the first two weeks, three kg of azolla, three kg of sweet potato and three kg of
the mixture of azolla and sweet potato added to the suggested commercial feeds for
growing pigs (Entrepinoy, 2009). After two weeks the amount of roughages fed was
reduced to two kg due to lack of sources (of azolla and sweet potato leaves). So starting
from the third week until eleventh week the pigs were fed two kg roughages every day. For
the mixture, there were 1 kg azolla and 1 kg sweet potato was mixed thoroughly.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Preparation of the Feed
The sweet potato leaves and azolla had been collected at Poyopoy, Taloy Sur, Tuba
Benguet. After the collection, the sweet potato leaves had been washed and drained for five
minutes then chopped into small pieces. For azolla, it was drained for ten minutes then fed
to the pigs like what were shown in Figures 4-6.
Figure 4. One of the pigs eating azolla
Figure 5. One of the pigs eating chopped sweet potato leaves
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Figure 6. One of the pigs eating mixtures of the chopped sweet potato leaves and azolla
AGE IN WEEKS FEED/DAY (KG) AGE IN WEEKS FEED/DAY (KG)
10 1.0 18 1.8
11 1.1 19 1.9
12 1.2 20 2.0
13 1.3 21 2.1
14 1.4 22 2.2
15 1.5 23 2.3
16 1.6 24 2.4
17 1.7 25 2.5
Source: ENTREPINOY, 2009
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Data Gathered
1. Initial weight of the pigs (kg). This were obtained by weighing the pigs
individually at more or less 3 months of age.
2. Final weight of the pigs (kg).This were obtained by weighing the pigs
individually at the end of the study when the pig obtained approximately 62 kg live weight.
3. Feed offered (kg).This refers to the amount of the feeds that had been given to
the pigs every day.
4. Feed left over (kg).This is the amount of the feeds not consumed by the pigs
which had been collected every morning before feeding the pigs.
5. Dry matter of feed. This refers to the weight of the feed after drying to constant
weight on an oven.
6. Number of days to attain approximately 62 kg live weight.
7. Cost of production (Php).This refers to the cost of the materials used during the
study.
8. Total gain in weight (kg). This were obtained by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight.
9. Average daily gain in weight (kg).This were obtained by dividing the total gain
in weight by the number of the experimental days.
10. Feed consumption (kg). Total feed consumption were obtained by adding the
amount of feed consumed by the pig from the start to the end of the study.
11. Daily feed consumption (kg). It was obtained by dividing the total feed intake
by the number of the experimental days.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
12. DM intake (kg). This referred to the total and daily dry matter intake of pigs.
This was computed using the formula:
Total DM intake = Total feed intake x % DM
Daily DM intake = Total DM intake/experimental days
13. Feed cost per unit gain. It was obtained by multiplying the FCR by the feed
cost.
14. Feed conversion ratio (FCR).This were obtained by dividing the total feed
intake by the total gain in weight.
15. Net profit. It was obtained by subtracting the total cost of production from the
gross sales.
16. Return on investment (ROI %). This was computed using the following
formula:
ROI = Net Profit x 100%
Total cost of production
Data Analysis
All data gathered had been consolidated, tabulated, and analyzed by using the
Analysis of Variance appropriate for Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Treatment
means had been compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight
Table 1 show the initial weight of the pigs when they are three months of age
respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between treatment
means. This indicates that the pigs were more or less at the same weights at the start of
the study. The overall mean initial weight of the pigs was 22 kg.
Number of Days to Attain Approximately
62 Kg Live Weight
Numbers of days to attain approximately 62 kilogram live weight were shown in
table 2. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between treatments in the
number of days to attain approximately 62 kilogram live weight from an initial age of 63
days with an initial weight of 22 kg. Pigs fed with commercial feeds reached 62 kg after
an average of 65 days feeding; pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla took 62 days,
pigs fed with commercial feeds plus sweet potato took 63 days and pigs fed with
commercial feeds plus azolla
Table 1. Initial weight of the pigs at three months of age
TREATMENT INITIAL WEIGHT (kg)
Commercial feeds (CF) 21.667a
CF + fresh azolla 21.333a
CF + chopped sweet potato leave 22.333a
CF + 1 part of azolla + 1 part of chopped 22.667a
Sweet potato leaves, by weight
Mean with the same superscript are not significantly different (P≥0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Table 2. Number of days to attain approximately 62 kg live weight from an initial
Live Weight of 22 kg
TREATMENT DAYS
Commercial feeds (CF) 65a
CF + fresh azolla 62a
CF + chopped sweet potato leave 63a
CF + 1 part of azolla + 1 part of chopped
Sweet potato leaves, by weight 60a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P≥0.05) DMRT
and sweet potato took 60 days to attain approximately 62 live weight. The average days
for pigs in the four treatments were 63 days to attain a minimum live weight of 62 kg.
Gain in Weight
The total and daily gains in weight of pigs in different treatments are shown in
Table 3. Statistical analysis revealed no significant between treatment means. The total
gain in weight of pigs fed with pure commercial feeds, pigs fed with commercial feeds plus
azolla, pigs fed with differences commercial feeds plus sweet potato and pigs fed with
commercial feeds plus azolla and sweet potato meal were 44.667 kg, 40.333 kg, 41.00 kg,
and 42.333 kg, respectively. This result of the study conformed to the observation of
Gabino (2012) that the ability of the animal to gain weight was not was it adversely affected
by the addition of chopped sweet potato and chopped banana trunk in swine rations.
Similarly, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in daily gain in
weight of the pigs among treatment. The average daily gain of pigs feed with pure
commercial feed, pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla, pigs fed with commercial
feeds plus sweet potato, and then pigs fed with commercial feeds pus azolla and sweet
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
potato leaves were 0.683 kg, 0.711 kg, 0.643 kg and 0.712 kg, respectively. Results showed
that the dietary treatment imposed effected the same rate of growth.
This observation tend to support the findings of Puguon (2001) where he reported
that the inclusion of 15% and 30% meal azolla meal in diets of pigs caused no detrimental
effect on growth. Similarly, result of this study agreed with Dominguez (1992), who
reported that the average gain weight of pigs is good when fed with sweet
potato.
The weekly weights of pigs are shown in Figure 7. It can be seen in the graph that
the growth curves were similar in all treatments. There was a steady increase in the weight
of pigs with age in all treatments. This observation is supported by the insignificant
differences in the total gain and daily gain in weight of pigs in all treatments
used.
Table 3. Total and daily gain in weight
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TREATMENT TOTAL DAILY
Commercial feeds (CF) 44.667a 0.687a
CF + fresh azolla 40.333a 0.650a
CF + chopped sweet potato leaves 41.000a 0.656a
CF + 1 part of azolla + 1 part of chopped 42.333a 0.705a
sweet potato leaves, by weight
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P≥0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
70
60
W 50
e
i 40
g
control
30
h
CF+ azolla
t 20
s
CF + SP
10
CF + azolla + SP
0
Age in Weeks
Figure 7. Weekly weight of growing pigs from 22 kg to approximately 62 kg live
weight
In week one, it showed that the pigs fed with commercial feed has the lowest
weight, and for the pigs given CF plus azolla, pigs given CF plus sweet potato and pigs
given CF plus azolla and sweet potato consistently increasing in slight differences of
weight until it reached week five. Pigs given commercial feeds had the lowest weight,
though it shows steady increase.
In week 8, it appeared that pigs given pure commercial feed and those given azolla
did not gain weight, however it was on their week that one pig from each treatment reached
65 kg and were slaughtered. The average weight of the two pigs left was similar
to the average weight of the 3 pigs in week 7 in the 2 treatments.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Feed Intake
The total and daily feed intake of pigs is presented in Table 4. Statistical analysis
revealed significant differences in total feed intake as fed basis. The total feed intake of
pigs fed with commercial feeds was (119.633 kg) which were significantly lower than pigs
fed with commercial feeds plus azolla ( 243.566 kg), pigs fed with CF plus sweet potato
(252.833 kg) and those fed with commercial feeds plus azolla and sweet potato leaves
(241.766 kg).
The higher feed intake as fed basis of pigs given azolla, sweet potato and azolla +
sweet potato was due to the fact that these feeds are given as supplements commercial
feeds. All the treatments were given the same amount of commercial feeds during
experimental period.
On the other hand, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between
treatment means on total feed intake DM basis. The average total feed intakes (DM basis)
were 115.822 kg. It appears that while higher feed intake, as feed intake was observed as
fed basis, pigs tend to consume the same amount of dry matter to reach a particular weight.
The dry matter content of the different feedstuffs determined by oven drying
samples to constant weight were 8.71% for azolla, 11.38% for sweet potato and 8.89% for
a mixture of 1 part azolla and 1 part sweet potato.
In addition samples were sent to the Department of Science and Technology –
Cordillera Administrative Region, Regional Standard and Testing Laboratory to
determine crude protein content using the kjedahl method. Accordingly, azolla contains of
20.56% crude protein with 16.798% ash, sweet potato contain a 21.04% crude protein with
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
13.277% ash and the mixture of 1 part azolla and 1 part sweet potato were 24.31% crude
protein with 11.575% ash.
Like in total feed intake, statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences
in daily feed intake as feed basis between treatments. Daily intake of pigs fed with
commercial feeds were higher (1.869 kg ) than the daily feed intake of pigs give azolla
(3.928 kg), sweet potato (4.013 kg ) and 1 part azolla and sweet potato (4. 029 kg).
Highly significant between treatment means was also observed on daily feed intake
DM basis. Pigs fed with CF had the lower DM intake (1.697 kg) compared to the feed
intake DM basis of pigs fed with CF plus azolla (1.869 kg), pigs fed with CF plus sweet
potato (1.943 kg) and pigs fed with CF plus azolla and sweet potato (1.869 kg). While
total DM intake did not vary significantly, differences in daily DM intake was highly
significant. This is due to the fact pigs attained the final weight of approximately
62 kg live weight at different number of days.
Table 4. Total and daily feed intake, as fed and DM basis
FEED CONSUMPTION (kg)
TREATMENT
TOTAL (kg) DAILY (kg)
AS FED DM AS FED DM
Commercial feeds (CF) 119.633a 110.400a 1.869a 1.697b
CF+ fresh azolla 243.566b 116.026a 3.928b 1.869a
CF+chopped sweet potato leaves 252.833b 123.567a 4.013b 1.943a
CF+1 part of azolla+1 part of chopped
sweet potato leaves, by weight 241.766b 113.296a 4.029b 1.869a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P≥0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
Feed Conversion Ratio, DM basis
The feed conversion ratios of pigs during the growing period are presented in Table
5. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between treatment means.
The average feed conversion ratio dry matter basis of pigs was 2.704. This indicates
that the feed conversion ratio of the pigs were comparable to each other. It is revealed from
the result that giving azolla or chopped sweet potato leaves or both to the pigs during the
growing period did not result in variation in efficiency of pigs in utilizing the feeds they
ate.
According to the observation of Puguon (2001), levels of azolla of 15% and 30%
can be used in formulating ration for hogs without detrimental effect on growth.
Feed Cost per Unit Gain
Table 6 shows the feed cost per unit gain per replicate of the pigs. Statistical
analysis revealed no significant differences among treatment means. Pigs fed with
commercial feeds, pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla, pigs fed with commercial
Table 5. Feed conversion ratio of pigs reared approximately 22 kg to 62 kg live
weight (DM basis)
FEED CONVERSION
TREATMENT RATIO
Commercial feeds (CF) 2.449a
CF + fresh azolla 2.635a
CF + chopped sweet potato leave 3.080a
CF + 1 part of azolla + 1 part of chopped
sweet potato leaves, by weight 2.654a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P≥0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
feeds plus sweet potato and pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla and sweet potato
had a feed cost per unit gain of Php 68.581, Php 76.405, Php 89.310 and Php 76.956
respectively. The cheapest feed to produced a kg gain is noted in pigs fed with commercial
feeds and the most expensive is when sweet potato was mixed with commercial
ration.
Cost and Return Analysis
Table 7 shows the different return on investment and net profit realized from the
different treatment, Though this was not subjected to statistical analysis, result revealed
that pigs fed with pure commercial feeds had the highest return on investment of 6.556%
and Php 1,379.75 net profit, compared to the pig fed with commercial feeds plus azolla
plus sweet potato, pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla and pigs fed with commercial
feeds plus sweet potato with a negative ROI and net profit. This was because
of high labor cost in gathering and in preparing azolla and sweet potato.
Table 6. Feed cost per unit gain
TREATMENT FEED COST/KG
(Php)
Commercial feeds 68.581a
CF+ fresh azolla 76.405a
CF+ chopped sweet potato 89.310a
CF+ 1 part azolla+ 1 part chopped sweet
potato leaves, by weight 76.956a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P≥0.05) DMRT
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
While NAAP (1987) reported that indigenous source of nutrients to feed livestock
and farm animals are needed to offset the rising cost of commercial feed, this was not
observed in this study as using azolla and sweet potato vine resulted in higher labor cost
and this higher total cost of production.
Table 7. Cost and return analysis
TREATMENT
T0 T1 T2 T3
Stocks (Php) 6,900 6,900 6,900 6,900
Feeds (Php) 9,690.5 9,519 9,873.5 9,385
Disinfectant 37.25 37.25 37.25 37.25
Stick brooms 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
Vetracin60 60 60 60 60
Labor 4,225 8,060 8,190 9,750
Water 100 100 100 100
Electricity 20 20 20 20
________________________________________________________________________
Cost of Production 21,045.25 24,708.75 25,193.25 26,264.75
Gross Sales 22,425.00 22,425.00 22,425.00 22,425.00
Net Profit 1,379.75 -2,283.75 -2,768.25 -3,839.75
ROI % 6.556% -9.243% -10.988% -14.619%
Stock- 2,300.00 per head Feedstuff – 50 per sack
Feed- 28 per kilo Labor- 32.50 per hour (DOLE, 2013)
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of sweet potato leaves as feed
supplement on the performance of growing pigs.
A total of 12 three months old pigs were distributed into four treatments following
the completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated three times with
one pig per replication. The different treatment were: pure commercial feeds(T1),
commercial feeds plus azolla (T2), commercial feeds plus sweet potato (T3) and
commercial feeds plus azolla plus sweet potato (T3).
Sweet potato leaves were collected and washed, allowed to drain for five minutes
then chopped into small sizes. Azolla on other hand was collected from Bauko, Mt.
Province and Bokod, Benguet.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among treatments in the
initial weight, number of days to attain approximately 62 kg, gain in weight, average daily
gain, total dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per unit gain.
It took pigs with an average initial weight of 22 kg 63 days to attain approximately
62 kg live weight. The average daily gain of pigs in the study was 0.687 kg with a total
gain weight of 42.083 kg and a total dry matter intake of 115.822 kg.
The average feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 2.704 (dry matter basis) and the feed
cost to produced unit gain was PhP 77.81. On the other hand, statistical analysis revealed
significant differences on total feed intake as feed basis. Pigs fed commercial feeds
consumed lesser feed as fed basis (119.633 kg) compared to Pigs fed with commercial
feeds plus azolla (243.566 kg), pigs fed with commercial feeds plus sweet potato leaves
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
(252.833 kg) and pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla and sweet potato leaves
(241.766 kg).
Highly significant differences were observed in daily feed intake (as feed and DM
basis) between treatments, Pigs fed with commercial feeds consumed of 1.869 kg (as feed)
and 1.697 kg (DM basis) which is higher that feed consumed by pigs fed commercial feds
+ azolla, pig fed with commercial feeds + sweet potato and pigs fed commercial feeds +
azolla and sweet potato of 3.928 kg and 1.869 kg, 4.013 kg and 1.943 kg, 4. 029 kg and
1.869 kg, respectively.
In terms of cost and return analysis of the pigs fed with pure commercial feeds had
the highest of 6.556% and Php1, 379.75 net profit while pigs fed with commercial feeds
plus azolla plus sweet potato, pigs fed with commercial feeds plus azolla and pigs fed with
commercial feeds plus sweet potato had a negative cost and return analysis
profit because of high labor expended in the preparation of the forages.
Conclusion
Based from the result of the study, it can be concluded that supplementing
commercial rations of growing pigs with either fresh azolla or chopped sweet potato
leaves resulted in similar growth performance as with pure commercial feeds.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that fresh azolla and chopped sweet potato leaves may
be used depending upon the discretion of the swine raisers as there was no economic
advantage observed.
Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013
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Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Fresh
SweetPotato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) and Azolla
PATRAS, MAREIJEL E. APRIL 2013