BIBLIOGRAPHY MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012. The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal
as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type French Chicken.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Benguet State University, Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from October to December 2011.
The study was conducted to determine the response meat-type French chicken
given different levels of saluyot leaf meal. Specifically, it aimed to determine the effect of
saluyot leaf meal as a feed supplement on the gain in body weight, find the best level of
saluyot leaf meal as a feed supplement for meat-type French chicken and determine the
most economical level of saluyot leaf meal as a feed supplement.
Results of the study showed no significant differences in the initial weight and total
feed consumption. The overall mean of initial and total feed consumption were 0.15064 kg
at 8 days of age and 5.64 kg for a period of 42 days. Highly significant differences were
observed in the final weight, total gain in weight, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per
kg gain. The overall mean of final weights at 50 days of age, total gain in weight for a
period of 42 days of age, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kg gain were 1.91 kg, 1.76
kg, 3.23 and Php118.61, respectively. Mortality and morbidity were not observed within
the duration of the study.
Although the net profit and return on investment (ROI) were not subjected to
statistical analysis, results of the study showed that better ROIs were obtained from the
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
treatment fed with pure commercial feeds with the ROI of 21.78% than the birds given
saluyot leaf meal at the levels of 20g saluyot/ kg of commercial feeds with the ROI of
16.97%, 40g saluyot/ kg of commercial feeds with the ROI of 9.37% and 60g saluyot/ kg
of pure commercial with the ROI of -1.76%.
It is therefore concluded that saluyot leaf meal can be used as supplement to
commercial feeds to French chicken without detrimental effect on their growth
performance. However, the cost in relation to ROI showed be considered. It is quite costly
because saluyot is also being utilized for human consumption. The use of saluyot as feed
supplement for chicken depends upon the discretion of the raiser.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Feeding has a great effect in the growth performance of broilers. It is important
that poultry raisers need to know and understand the nutritional requirements, care and
feeding management of broilers to come up with cheap nutritionally balance ration.
Broiler production is one of the major sources of livelihood for some farmers
because it generates profit that is in a short period of time. It can also be raised even in a
limited space and the meat is very good source of animal protein for human consumption.
However, the increasing demand for broiler can hardly be met by poultry produces due to
mainly increasing cost of production particularly feed costs.
High cost of commercial feeds is due to the fact that most of the feed ingredients
are imported. Aside from this, man also competes in the consumption of some products
that are used as animal feed such as corn, fish meal, and other. This situation leads to the
high cost of feed ingredients.
Because of high costs of feeds, poultry men keep on researching and trying to
establish other feed supplements that can be found locally. They do this in order to save
them from the very high cost of feed intake of poultry birds given them as supplements.
An example of this is saluyot leaf meal.
Saluyot leaf meal can be used as feed supplement for broilers. Like kangkong,
katuray leaves, malungay leaves, pechay, cabbage and other leafy vegetable. Saluyot
contains high levels of vitamin A value, vitamin C and minerals that are needed by the
birds in attaining the target body weight.
Specifically Chen and Saad (1981) as cited by Duke (1983) reported that saluyot
leaves contains:
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
NUTRIENT COMPOSITION
CONTENT
Moisture
84.1 g
Calories
58.0 g
Protein
5.6 g
Fat
0.3 g
Carbohydrate
12.4 g
Fiber
2.0 g
Ash
2.4 g
Potassium (K)
444 g
Vitamin A (Carotene)
7, 850 ug
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
0.15 mg
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
0.53 mg
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
80 mg
This study was conducted to find out the effect saluyot leaf meal as a feed
supplement on the growth performance meat-type French chickens. The result of this study
may be used by researchers, poultry raisers and students interested in poultry meat
production. It can also serves as basis for other researcher to come up with other researches.
The study generally aimed to determine the effect saluyot leaf meal as supplement
to commercial ration on the growth performance of Meat-type French chickens.
Specifically, this study aims to determine the effect of saluyot leaf meal as a feed
supplement on the gain in body weight, find the best level of saluyot leaf meal as a feed
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
supplent for meat-type French Chicken, and determine the most economical level of
saluyot leaf meal as feed supplement.
This study was conducted at the Poultry Experimental House of Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, and Benguet from October to December 2011 at the period of 50
days.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Bautista (1977) stated that green leafy vegetables such as Chinese cabbage, pechay,
mustard, kangkong, cabbage, saluyot, katuray leaves and leaves of sweet potato, ampalaya,
sitaw, gabi, chayote, malungay, squash, are rich in Vitamin A, Vitamin C have large
percentage of the allowing Vitamin A.and minerals. He also said the green leaf and yellow
supply of vegetable.
According to Cabanayan (1981), cooked chopped kangkong, with higher
concentration protein-rich in Vitamin supplement, could be used as feed supplement. He
found that combination of 60% rice bran and 20% commercial feeds had the highest gain
in weight in the performance of broiler. In regards to feed consumption, the final
conversion efficiency and feed cost per kilogram gain in weight was the best treatment.
According to Relosa (1981) reveled the different level of katuray leaf meal there
was no highly significant compared to commercial feeds, in regards to total gain weight,
feed conversion ration, feed consumption cost feed to produce a kilogram in weight and
the final weight in the performance of broiler.
Dumaging (1981) stated that there were highly significant differences in the initial
weight and the total effect of malungay leaf meal on the performance of broilers. In
addition, the experimental revealed that 3% malungay leaf meal was not found the most
economical when added to commercial feeds. Malungay leaf meal can be used as feed
supplement without affecting their growth since no determinant effect was noted; neither
mortality in any of their treatment (Capua, 1981).
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used are 160 straight-run Sunshine chickens, commercial feeds,
brooding-rearing cages, weighing scale, newspapers sheets, feeding and drinking troughs,
record book, ball pen, stick brooms, disinfectant, 100 watts incandescent bulbs and saluyot
leaf meal (SLM).
Pre-experimental phase. A week before the arrival of the chicks, all equipments
were cleaned and disinfected. The floor of the brooders was covered with old newspaper
sheets to help conserve heat during brooding period and serve as feed receptacles during
the first days of brooding. The 100 watt bulbs were installed as a source of heat to the
chicks.
Upon arrival, the chicks was placed inside the brooder and fed with chick booster
feeds. Water was available to them at all times.
Saluyot leaves and shoots were collected from La Union. The fresh weight of the
collected leaves was taken and recorded. After getting the fresh weight, the leaves would
sun-dried until 80% of the moisture has evaporated as reflected by the dry weight (20%
DM).
Experimental design and treatments. Following the Completely Randomized
Design (CRD), the 160 broiler chick was divided into four treatments. Each treatment was
replicated four times with 10 birds per replication making a total of 40 birds per treatment.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
The different treatments were the following:
To= pure commercial feeds
T1= 20g SLM per kilogram of commercial feeds
T2= 40g SLM per kilogram of commercial feeds
T3= 60g SLM per kilogram of commercial feeds
Care and management of birds. All the experimental birds was subjected to the
same feeding and management practices except for the level of saluyot leaf meal that was
given in accordance to the different treatments. The saluyot leaf meal was mixed with the
feeds given to the birds. The addition of saluyot leaf meal was from the 8th day to the 50th
day of the study. Mash feeds were used to allow sufficient mixing of leaf meal and
commercial feeds.
Data Gathered
1. Initial weight of the birds (kg). This was the weight of the birds at the start of
the study on the 8th day.
2. Final weight of the birds (kg). This was the weight of the birds at the end of the
study at 50 days of age.
3. Feed leftover and feed refused (g). This was the amount of feeds not consumed,
or wasted which will be obtained every day before feeding in the morning.
4. Cost of production (Php). This includes the cost of stocks, feeds, labor and
other materials that was used in the study.
5. Morbidity. This was the number of birds that may get sick during the duration
of the study.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
6. Mortality. This was the number of birds that may die during the duration of
the study.
Data Computed:
1. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the
initial weight from the beginning until the termination of the study.
2. Total feed consumption (kg). This was obtained by adding the total amount of
feed eaten by the birds from the beginning until the termination of the study
3. Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed
consumption by the gain weight.
4. Feed cost/ Kg gain. This was the cost of feeds given to the birds per kg of gain
in weight
5. Morbidity rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of sick birds
by their initial number multiplied by 100.
6. Mortality rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of dead birds by
their initial number multiplied by 100.
7. Gross income. This was obtained by multiplying the final weight of the birds
by their price per kilogram live weight.
8. Net income. This was obtained by subtracting the total cost of production from
the total sales or gross income.
9. Return on investment. This was obtained by dividing the net income by the
total expenses multiplied by 100.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
The data gathered was consolidated, tabulated and analyzed using the Analysis of
Variance for Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and treatment means will be
compared using the Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial and Final Weight
The initial weights of the birds in different treatments are presented in Table 1.
Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in all treatments in the
initial weights of French chicken at 8 days of age while there were highly significant
differences in final weights of the birds. It implies that the birds at the start of the study had
comparable weights and at the end, the birds given commercial feeds, 40 g saluyot leaf
meal /kg of pure commercial feeds and 60 g saluyot leaf meal /kg pure commercial feeds
were heavier than the birds fed with 20 g saluyot leaf meal/kg pure commercial feeds. The
mean of the final body weight with comparable weights are 1.91kg, 1.97kg and 1.94 kg,
respectively and 1.81 kg for the mean of treatment fed with 20 g saluyot leaf meal /kg pure
commercial feeds. The heaviest body weight in the different treatment is attained in
treatment fed with 40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds followed by treatment fed
with 60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds and treatment fed with commercial feeds
and lastly treatment fed with 20 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds.
Table 1. Initial and final weights of the birds under different treatments (kg)
TREATMENT BODY WEIGHT________
INITIAL FINAL
(at 8 days of age) (at 50 days of age)
Control (commercial feeds) 0.15 1.91a
20 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 0.15 1.81b
40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 0.14 1.97a
60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 0.14 1.94a
Means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
Total Gain in Weight
The total gains in weights of the birds for in the different treatments are presented
in Table 2. Consequent with the trend in body weights, the gain in weights of the birds
given 40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds and pure commercial feeds were
comparable to the 60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds and higher than the group
fed with 20 g saluyot leaf meal. The total gain in weight of birds for 42 days given 20g
saluyot/ kg of commercial feeds (1.66) was significantly lower than the total gain in weight
of birds given pure commercial feeds (1.76), 40g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds (1.82) and
60g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds (1.71). The treatment with the highest mean was attained
in 40 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds with1.82 kg, followed by pure commercial feeds with
1.76kg, and 60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds with 1.71 kg and lastly was the
20 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds with 1.66 kg.
Total Feed Consumption
The feed consumption of birds in the different treatments is presented in Table 3.
Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences between treatment
means. The birds under pure commercial feeds had the mean total feed consumption of
5.63 kg and those birds under 20g of saluyot leaf meal /kg of commercial feeds, 40g of
saluyot leaf meal /kg of commercial feeds, 60g of saluyot leaf meal /kg of commercial
feeds had the mean of 5.64 kg, 5.64 kg, and 5.6 kg respectively. The feed consumed by the
French chicken were not significant because they are fed with the same amount of feeds
throughout the experiment which prove that there are no biases in feeding the experimental
birds.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Total gain in weight for 42 days
GAIN IN
TREATMENT WEIGHT (kg)
Control (commercial feeds) 1.76a
20 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 1.66b
40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 1.82a
60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 1.71a
Means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Table 3. Total feed consumption for 42 days
TREATMENT FEED CONSUMPTION
(kg)
Control (commercial feeds) 5.63
20 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 5.64
40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 5.64
60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 5.64
Means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Feed Conversion Ratio
The feed conversion ratio of the birds in the different treatments is presented in
Table 4. On this parameter, statistical analysis showed that there were highly significant
differences between the feed conversion ratio of the birds in all treatment. The best feed
conversion ratio recorded were 3.10 and 3.15 which were taken from the groups fed with
40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds and 60g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
12
feeds, respectively. On the contrary, the birds given pure commercial feed and those given
20 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds had FCR’s of 3.23 and 3.43, respectively and
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio
TREATMENT FCR
Control (commercial feeds) 3.23a
20 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 3.43a
40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 3.10b
60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 3.15b
Means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
the treatment fed with 40g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds has the highest feed conversion
ratio followed by 60g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds then fed with commercial feeds and
lastly the treatment fed with 20g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds which has the lowest feed
efficiency.
Feed Cost to Produce a Kilogram Broiler
The cost of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler in the different treatment is
presented in Table 5. Statistical analysis showed that there were highly significant
differences observed among treatments. The lowest feed cost among the treatment was
obtained in the group fed with pure feeds having a mean of Php89.55. Birds supplemented
with 60g saluyot leaf meal had the highest feed cost with a mean of Php144.45 compared
to treatments fed with 20g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds and 40 g saluyot/ kg commercial
feeds with the mean of Php114.65 and Php125.80, respectively. This shows that despite
the control group having lower feed efficiency, the feed cost to produce a kilogram gain
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
was cheaper. Commercial feed is therefore seen to be the most economical in terms of feed
cost per gain.
Mortality and Morbidity Rate
The good health of the birds was maintained all throughout the study period. This
indicates that the birds had more or less showed good performance against disease as well
as proper care and management of the researcher.
Return on Investment
Table 6 shows the cost and return analysis per treatment and the details of
expenditures are presented in Appendix Table 8. Even though this was not subjected to
statistical analysis as presented in the table, it is shown their higher profit was obtained
from the birds fed with commercial feeds. This implies that supplementing 20g saluyot/ kg
commercial feeds, 40 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds and 60g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds
on broilers diet resulted to a lower income than feeding pure commercial feeds. The
treatment with highest ROI of 21.78% was in the pure commercial feeds followed by
treatment fed with 20 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds with ROI of 16.97%, hen treatment
fed with 40 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds with ROI of 9.37% , and lastly treatment fed
with 60 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds with ROI of -1.76%.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
Table 5. Feed Cost per Kilogram gain in weight (Php)
TREATMENT FEED COST (Php)
Control (commercial feeds) 89.55d
20 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 114.65c
40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 125.80b
60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 144.45a
Means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Table 6. Return on Investment (ROI) of birds under different treatment (Php)
TOTAL COST
TREATMENT TOTAL SALES OF PRODUCTION NET PROFIT ROI
(Php) (Php) (Php) (%)
Pure commercial feeds 10, 831.50 8, 894.00 1, 937.50 21.78
20g Saluyot leaf meal/ 11, 281.00 9, 644.00 1, 637.00 16.97
kg commercial feeds
40g saluyot leaf meal/ 11, 368.00 10, 394.00 974.00 9.37
Kg commercial feeds
60g saluyot leaf meal/ 10, 947.50 11, 144.00 -196.50 -1.76
Kg commercial feeds
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the effect of saluyot leaf meal on the growth
performance of meat- type French chicken. This was conducted at Benguet State University
Poultry Experimental House, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from October to December
2011.
One hundred sixty (160) 8 days old meat type French chicken were distributed into
four treatments following the Completely Randomized Designed (CRD). Four treatments
were replicated four times with 10 birds per replication. The treatments used were Pure
commercial feeds, 20g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds, 40g saluyot leaf meal/ kg
commercial feeds) and 60g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds.
Results of the study show no significant differences in term of initial weight and
total feed consumption. The overall mean of initial and total feed consumption were
0.15064 kg at 8 day of age and 5.64 kg for a period of 42 days. On the other hand,
significant differences were observed in the feed left over. The mean total of feed left over
was 0.62688 kg. Highly significant differences were observed in the final weight, total
gain in weight, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kg gain. The overall mean of final
weights, total gain in weight, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kg gain were1.91 kg,
1.76 kg, 3.23 and 118.61Php, respectively. Mortality and morbidity were not observed
within the duration of the study. Although the net profit and return on investment (ROI)
were not subjected to statistical analysis, results of the study showed that better ROIs were
obtained from the control groups than the birds given saluyot leaf meal at the levels of 20g
to 60g.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
Conclusion
There are highly significant differences in the performance of meat- type French
chicken, except in the feed left over which are highly significant and initial weights, total
feed consumption were no significant differences. Based on the results of the study, it is
therefore concluded that saluyot leaf meal can be supplemented with commercial feeds
allowable to the birds without detrimental effect on their growth performance and it is
therefore concluded that it has effect on the body weight of the birds fed of saluyot leaf
meal.
Recommendation
It is not recommended that saluyot leaf meal as a feed supplement due to its high
cost and competing for human consumption which means that man would rather prefer
saluyot as a food for humans than to give it to the animals and the ROI of birds fed with
commercial feeds has a higher return on investment than the birds fed with saluyot leaf
meal.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, O.K 1977. Vegetable production. University of the Philippines, Los Banos,
Laguna. P. 93.
CABANAYAN, P.C. 1981. Combination of rice bran, commercial feeds and chopped
Kangkong. Undergraduate thesis, MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 35-37.
CAPUA, J.F. 1981. The effect of Malungay leaves in the performance of broilers.
Undergraduate thesis, MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 45
CHEN, T.S. and S., SAAD. 1981. Folic acid in Egyptian vegetables: The Effect of
Drying Method as Storage on the Folacin Content of Corchorus olitorius.
Ecology of Food and Nutrient. P. 102-105
DUKE, J.A 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. http://www.hort.Newcrop/duke-
energy/corchorus olitorius.html.
DUMAGUING, E.E. 1981. The effect of malungay leaf meal on the performance of
broiler. Undergraduate thesis, MSAC, La Trinidad, Beguet. P. 40.
RELOSA, J.S. 1981. Effect of katuray leaf meal as feed supplement for broiler.
Undergraduate thesis, MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 29-30.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012. The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal
as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type French Chicken.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Benguet State University, Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from October to December 2011.
The study was conducted to determine the response meat-type French chicken
given different levels of saluyot leaf meal. Specifically, it aimed to determine the effect of
saluyot leaf meal as a feed supplement on the gain in body weight, find the best level of
saluyot leaf meal as a feed supplement for meat-type French chicken and determine the
most economical level of saluyot leaf meal as a feed supplement.
Results of the study showed no significant differences in the initial weight and total
feed consumption. The overall mean of initial and total feed consumption were 0.15064 kg
at 8 days of age and 5.64 kg for a period of 42 days. Highly significant differences were
observed in the final weight, total gain in weight, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per
kg gain. The overall mean of final weights at 50 days of age, total gain in weight for a
period of 42 days of age, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kg gain were 1.91 kg, 1.76
kg, 3.23 and Php118.61, respectively. Mortality and morbidity were not observed within
the duration of the study.
Although the net profit and return on investment (ROI) were not subjected to
statistical analysis, results of the study showed that better ROIs were obtained from the
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
treatment fed with pure commercial feeds with the ROI of 21.78% than the birds given
saluyot leaf meal at the levels of 20g saluyot/ kg of commercial feeds with the ROI of
16.97%, 40g saluyot/ kg of commercial feeds with the ROI of 9.37% and 60g saluyot/ kg
of pure commercial with the ROI of -1.76%.
It is therefore concluded that saluyot leaf meal can be used as supplement to
commercial feeds to French chicken without detrimental effect on their growth
performance. However, the cost in relation to ROI showed be considered. It is quite costly
because saluyot is also being utilized for human consumption. The use of saluyot as feed
supplement for chicken depends upon the discretion of the raiser.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Feeding has a great effect in the growth performance of broilers. It is important
that poultry raisers need to know and understand the nutritional requirements, care and
feeding management of broilers to come up with cheap nutritionally balance ration.
Broiler production is one of the major sources of livelihood for some farmers
because it generates profit that is in a short period of time. It can also be raised even in a
limited space and the meat is very good source of animal protein for human consumption.
However, the increasing demand for broiler can hardly be met by poultry produces due to
mainly increasing cost of production particularly feed costs.
High cost of commercial feeds is due to the fact that most of the feed ingredients
are imported. Aside from this, man also competes in the consumption of some products
that are used as animal feed such as corn, fish meal, and other. This situation leads to the
high cost of feed ingredients.
Because of high costs of feeds, poultry men keep on researching and trying to
establish other feed supplements that can be found locally. They do this in order to save
them from the very high cost of feed intake of poultry birds given them as supplements.
An example of this is saluyot leaf meal.
Saluyot leaf meal can be used as feed supplement for broilers. Like kangkong,
katuray leaves, malungay leaves, pechay, cabbage and other leafy vegetable. Saluyot
contains high levels of vitamin A value, vitamin C and minerals that are needed by the
birds in attaining the target body weight.
Specifically Chen and Saad (1981) as cited by Duke (1983) reported that saluyot
leaves contains:
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
NUTRIENT COMPOSITION
CONTENT
Moisture
84.1 g
Calories
58.0 g
Protein
5.6 g
Fat
0.3 g
Carbohydrate
12.4 g
Fiber
2.0 g
Ash
2.4 g
Potassium (K)
444 g
Vitamin A (Carotene)
7, 850 ug
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
0.15 mg
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
0.53 mg
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
80 mg
This study was conducted to find out the effect saluyot leaf meal as a feed
supplement on the growth performance meat-type French chickens. The result of this study
may be used by researchers, poultry raisers and students interested in poultry meat
production. It can also serves as basis for other researcher to come up with other researches.
The study generally aimed to determine the effect saluyot leaf meal as supplement
to commercial ration on the growth performance of Meat-type French chickens.
Specifically, this study aims to determine the effect of saluyot leaf meal as a feed
supplement on the gain in body weight, find the best level of saluyot leaf meal as a feed
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
supplent for meat-type French Chicken, and determine the most economical level of
saluyot leaf meal as feed supplement.
This study was conducted at the Poultry Experimental House of Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, and Benguet from October to December 2011 at the period of 50
days.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Bautista (1977) stated that green leafy vegetables such as Chinese cabbage, pechay,
mustard, kangkong, cabbage, saluyot, katuray leaves and leaves of sweet potato, ampalaya,
sitaw, gabi, chayote, malungay, squash, are rich in Vitamin A, Vitamin C have large
percentage of the allowing Vitamin A.and minerals. He also said the green leaf and yellow
supply of vegetable.
According to Cabanayan (1981), cooked chopped kangkong, with higher
concentration protein-rich in Vitamin supplement, could be used as feed supplement. He
found that combination of 60% rice bran and 20% commercial feeds had the highest gain
in weight in the performance of broiler. In regards to feed consumption, the final
conversion efficiency and feed cost per kilogram gain in weight was the best treatment.
According to Relosa (1981) reveled the different level of katuray leaf meal there
was no highly significant compared to commercial feeds, in regards to total gain weight,
feed conversion ration, feed consumption cost feed to produce a kilogram in weight and
the final weight in the performance of broiler.
Dumaging (1981) stated that there were highly significant differences in the initial
weight and the total effect of malungay leaf meal on the performance of broilers. In
addition, the experimental revealed that 3% malungay leaf meal was not found the most
economical when added to commercial feeds. Malungay leaf meal can be used as feed
supplement without affecting their growth since no determinant effect was noted; neither
mortality in any of their treatment (Capua, 1981).
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used are 160 straight-run Sunshine chickens, commercial feeds,
brooding-rearing cages, weighing scale, newspapers sheets, feeding and drinking troughs,
record book, ball pen, stick brooms, disinfectant, 100 watts incandescent bulbs and saluyot
leaf meal (SLM).
Pre-experimental phase. A week before the arrival of the chicks, all equipments
were cleaned and disinfected. The floor of the brooders was covered with old newspaper
sheets to help conserve heat during brooding period and serve as feed receptacles during
the first days of brooding. The 100 watt bulbs were installed as a source of heat to the
chicks.
Upon arrival, the chicks was placed inside the brooder and fed with chick booster
feeds. Water was available to them at all times.
Saluyot leaves and shoots were collected from La Union. The fresh weight of the
collected leaves was taken and recorded. After getting the fresh weight, the leaves would
sun-dried until 80% of the moisture has evaporated as reflected by the dry weight (20%
DM).
Experimental design and treatments. Following the Completely Randomized
Design (CRD), the 160 broiler chick was divided into four treatments. Each treatment was
replicated four times with 10 birds per replication making a total of 40 birds per treatment.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
The different treatments were the following:
To= pure commercial feeds
T1= 20g SLM per kilogram of commercial feeds
T2= 40g SLM per kilogram of commercial feeds
T3= 60g SLM per kilogram of commercial feeds
Care and management of birds. All the experimental birds was subjected to the
same feeding and management practices except for the level of saluyot leaf meal that was
given in accordance to the different treatments. The saluyot leaf meal was mixed with the
feeds given to the birds. The addition of saluyot leaf meal was from the 8th day to the 50th
day of the study. Mash feeds were used to allow sufficient mixing of leaf meal and
commercial feeds.
Data Gathered
1. Initial weight of the birds (kg). This was the weight of the birds at the start of
the study on the 8th day.
2. Final weight of the birds (kg). This was the weight of the birds at the end of the
study at 50 days of age.
3. Feed leftover and feed refused (g). This was the amount of feeds not consumed,
or wasted which will be obtained every day before feeding in the morning.
4. Cost of production (Php). This includes the cost of stocks, feeds, labor and
other materials that was used in the study.
5. Morbidity. This was the number of birds that may get sick during the duration
of the study.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
6. Mortality. This was the number of birds that may die during the duration of
the study.
Data Computed:
1. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the
initial weight from the beginning until the termination of the study.
2. Total feed consumption (kg). This was obtained by adding the total amount of
feed eaten by the birds from the beginning until the termination of the study
3. Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed
consumption by the gain weight.
4. Feed cost/ Kg gain. This was the cost of feeds given to the birds per kg of gain
in weight
5. Morbidity rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of sick birds
by their initial number multiplied by 100.
6. Mortality rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of dead birds by
their initial number multiplied by 100.
7. Gross income. This was obtained by multiplying the final weight of the birds
by their price per kilogram live weight.
8. Net income. This was obtained by subtracting the total cost of production from
the total sales or gross income.
9. Return on investment. This was obtained by dividing the net income by the
total expenses multiplied by 100.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
The data gathered was consolidated, tabulated and analyzed using the Analysis of
Variance for Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and treatment means will be
compared using the Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial and Final Weight
The initial weights of the birds in different treatments are presented in Table 1.
Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in all treatments in the
initial weights of French chicken at 8 days of age while there were highly significant
differences in final weights of the birds. It implies that the birds at the start of the study had
comparable weights and at the end, the birds given commercial feeds, 40 g saluyot leaf
meal /kg of pure commercial feeds and 60 g saluyot leaf meal /kg pure commercial feeds
were heavier than the birds fed with 20 g saluyot leaf meal/kg pure commercial feeds. The
mean of the final body weight with comparable weights are 1.91kg, 1.97kg and 1.94 kg,
respectively and 1.81 kg for the mean of treatment fed with 20 g saluyot leaf meal /kg pure
commercial feeds. The heaviest body weight in the different treatment is attained in
treatment fed with 40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds followed by treatment fed
with 60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds and treatment fed with commercial feeds
and lastly treatment fed with 20 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds.
Table 1. Initial and final weights of the birds under different treatments (kg)
TREATMENT BODY WEIGHT________
INITIAL FINAL
(at 8 days of age) (at 50 days of age)
Control (commercial feeds) 0.15 1.91a
20 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 0.15 1.81b
40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 0.14 1.97a
60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 0.14 1.94a
Means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
Total Gain in Weight
The total gains in weights of the birds for in the different treatments are presented
in Table 2. Consequent with the trend in body weights, the gain in weights of the birds
given 40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds and pure commercial feeds were
comparable to the 60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds and higher than the group
fed with 20 g saluyot leaf meal. The total gain in weight of birds for 42 days given 20g
saluyot/ kg of commercial feeds (1.66) was significantly lower than the total gain in weight
of birds given pure commercial feeds (1.76), 40g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds (1.82) and
60g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds (1.71). The treatment with the highest mean was attained
in 40 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds with1.82 kg, followed by pure commercial feeds with
1.76kg, and 60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds with 1.71 kg and lastly was the
20 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds with 1.66 kg.
Total Feed Consumption
The feed consumption of birds in the different treatments is presented in Table 3.
Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences between treatment
means. The birds under pure commercial feeds had the mean total feed consumption of
5.63 kg and those birds under 20g of saluyot leaf meal /kg of commercial feeds, 40g of
saluyot leaf meal /kg of commercial feeds, 60g of saluyot leaf meal /kg of commercial
feeds had the mean of 5.64 kg, 5.64 kg, and 5.6 kg respectively. The feed consumed by the
French chicken were not significant because they are fed with the same amount of feeds
throughout the experiment which prove that there are no biases in feeding the experimental
birds.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Total gain in weight for 42 days
GAIN IN
TREATMENT WEIGHT (kg)
Control (commercial feeds) 1.76a
20 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 1.66b
40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 1.82a
60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 1.71a
Means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Table 3. Total feed consumption for 42 days
TREATMENT FEED CONSUMPTION
(kg)
Control (commercial feeds) 5.63
20 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 5.64
40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 5.64
60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 5.64
Means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Feed Conversion Ratio
The feed conversion ratio of the birds in the different treatments is presented in
Table 4. On this parameter, statistical analysis showed that there were highly significant
differences between the feed conversion ratio of the birds in all treatment. The best feed
conversion ratio recorded were 3.10 and 3.15 which were taken from the groups fed with
40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds and 60g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
12
feeds, respectively. On the contrary, the birds given pure commercial feed and those given
20 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds had FCR’s of 3.23 and 3.43, respectively and
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio
TREATMENT FCR
Control (commercial feeds) 3.23a
20 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 3.43a
40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 3.10b
60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 3.15b
Means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
the treatment fed with 40g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds has the highest feed conversion
ratio followed by 60g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds then fed with commercial feeds and
lastly the treatment fed with 20g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds which has the lowest feed
efficiency.
Feed Cost to Produce a Kilogram Broiler
The cost of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler in the different treatment is
presented in Table 5. Statistical analysis showed that there were highly significant
differences observed among treatments. The lowest feed cost among the treatment was
obtained in the group fed with pure feeds having a mean of Php89.55. Birds supplemented
with 60g saluyot leaf meal had the highest feed cost with a mean of Php144.45 compared
to treatments fed with 20g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds and 40 g saluyot/ kg commercial
feeds with the mean of Php114.65 and Php125.80, respectively. This shows that despite
the control group having lower feed efficiency, the feed cost to produce a kilogram gain
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
was cheaper. Commercial feed is therefore seen to be the most economical in terms of feed
cost per gain.
Mortality and Morbidity Rate
The good health of the birds was maintained all throughout the study period. This
indicates that the birds had more or less showed good performance against disease as well
as proper care and management of the researcher.
Return on Investment
Table 6 shows the cost and return analysis per treatment and the details of
expenditures are presented in Appendix Table 8. Even though this was not subjected to
statistical analysis as presented in the table, it is shown their higher profit was obtained
from the birds fed with commercial feeds. This implies that supplementing 20g saluyot/ kg
commercial feeds, 40 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds and 60g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds
on broilers diet resulted to a lower income than feeding pure commercial feeds. The
treatment with highest ROI of 21.78% was in the pure commercial feeds followed by
treatment fed with 20 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds with ROI of 16.97%, hen treatment
fed with 40 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds with ROI of 9.37% , and lastly treatment fed
with 60 g saluyot/ kg commercial feeds with ROI of -1.76%.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
Table 5. Feed Cost per Kilogram gain in weight (Php)
TREATMENT FEED COST (Php)
Control (commercial feeds) 89.55d
20 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 114.65c
40 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 125.80b
60 g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds 144.45a
Means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Table 6. Return on Investment (ROI) of birds under different treatment (Php)
TOTAL COST
TREATMENT TOTAL SALES OF PRODUCTION NET PROFIT ROI
(Php) (Php) (Php) (%)
Pure commercial feeds 10, 831.50 8, 894.00 1, 937.50 21.78
20g Saluyot leaf meal/ 11, 281.00 9, 644.00 1, 637.00 16.97
kg commercial feeds
40g saluyot leaf meal/ 11, 368.00 10, 394.00 974.00 9.37
Kg commercial feeds
60g saluyot leaf meal/ 10, 947.50 11, 144.00 -196.50 -1.76
Kg commercial feeds
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the effect of saluyot leaf meal on the growth
performance of meat- type French chicken. This was conducted at Benguet State University
Poultry Experimental House, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from October to December
2011.
One hundred sixty (160) 8 days old meat type French chicken were distributed into
four treatments following the Completely Randomized Designed (CRD). Four treatments
were replicated four times with 10 birds per replication. The treatments used were Pure
commercial feeds, 20g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds, 40g saluyot leaf meal/ kg
commercial feeds) and 60g saluyot leaf meal/ kg commercial feeds.
Results of the study show no significant differences in term of initial weight and
total feed consumption. The overall mean of initial and total feed consumption were
0.15064 kg at 8 day of age and 5.64 kg for a period of 42 days. On the other hand,
significant differences were observed in the feed left over. The mean total of feed left over
was 0.62688 kg. Highly significant differences were observed in the final weight, total
gain in weight, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kg gain. The overall mean of final
weights, total gain in weight, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kg gain were1.91 kg,
1.76 kg, 3.23 and 118.61Php, respectively. Mortality and morbidity were not observed
within the duration of the study. Although the net profit and return on investment (ROI)
were not subjected to statistical analysis, results of the study showed that better ROIs were
obtained from the control groups than the birds given saluyot leaf meal at the levels of 20g
to 60g.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
Conclusion
There are highly significant differences in the performance of meat- type French
chicken, except in the feed left over which are highly significant and initial weights, total
feed consumption were no significant differences. Based on the results of the study, it is
therefore concluded that saluyot leaf meal can be supplemented with commercial feeds
allowable to the birds without detrimental effect on their growth performance and it is
therefore concluded that it has effect on the body weight of the birds fed of saluyot leaf
meal.
Recommendation
It is not recommended that saluyot leaf meal as a feed supplement due to its high
cost and competing for human consumption which means that man would rather prefer
saluyot as a food for humans than to give it to the animals and the ROI of birds fed with
commercial feeds has a higher return on investment than the birds fed with saluyot leaf
meal.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, O.K 1977. Vegetable production. University of the Philippines, Los Banos,
Laguna. P. 93.
CABANAYAN, P.C. 1981. Combination of rice bran, commercial feeds and chopped
Kangkong. Undergraduate thesis, MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 35-37.
CAPUA, J.F. 1981. The effect of Malungay leaves in the performance of broilers.
Undergraduate thesis, MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 45
CHEN, T.S. and S., SAAD. 1981. Folic acid in Egyptian vegetables: The Effect of
Drying Method as Storage on the Folacin Content of Corchorus olitorius.
Ecology of Food and Nutrient. P. 102-105
DUKE, J.A 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. http://www.hort.Newcrop/duke-
energy/corchorus olitorius.html.
DUMAGUING, E.E. 1981. The effect of malungay leaf meal on the performance of
broiler. Undergraduate thesis, MSAC, La Trinidad, Beguet. P. 40.
RELOSA, J.S. 1981. Effect of katuray leaf meal as feed supplement for broiler.
Undergraduate thesis, MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 29-30.
The Effect of Saluyot Leaf Meal as a Feed Supplement on the Performance of Meat-Type
French Chicken | MANGAOANG, AUGUSTO M. APRIL 2012