BIBLIOGRAPHY ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012. Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph.D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Banig, Tawang La Trinidad ,Benguet on February 2012
to determine the digestibility coefficient of nutrients in diets supplemented by carrot meal
in swine and determine the digestibility coefficient of nutrients of carrots.
A total of nine heads of crossbreed (Duroc x Largewhite) female finishing pigs at
an average of 85kg were randomly distributed into three treatments and each treatment was
replicated three times with one pig per replicate to make a total of three pigs per treatment.
The treatments were: pure commercial feeds, 200g carrot meal/ kg of commercial feeds,
and pure carrot meal.
Analysis showed carrot meal contains 85.53% for dry matter, 9.49% for ash, 6.70%
for crude protein, 2.43% for crude fat, 15.35% for crude fiber, 51.56% for nitrogen free
extract, and for 3,380 kcal GE/kg.
Results showed that supplementing carrot meal to pigs had effect on the apparent
digestibility and digestibility nutrient per kilogram in ash, crude protein, crude fat, gross
energy, nitrogen free extract, dry matter, and crude fiber.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
The digestibility of nutrient in carrot meal are as follow 91.87% for dry matter,
88.03% for ash, 74.21% for crude fat, 94.18% for nitrogen free extract, 92.21% for crude
fiber and 90.977% for gross energy.
While statistical analysis revealed significance differences between the treatments
in terms of ash, crude protein, crude fat, gross energy, nitrogen free extract, and dry matter
for apparent digestibility, it also revealed significant differences among the treatments in
terms of ash, crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber for digestible nutrient.
The digestible nutrient of carrot meal was computed as follows: 141.54g dry
matter, 83.54g ash, 57.010g crude protein, 18.03g crude fat, 485.61g nitrogen free extract
141.54, and 3073g gross energy.
Differences among the treatment in terms of digestible nutrient per kilogram are
not significant for gross energy, nitrogen free extract, and dry matter.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Digestibility is the percentage of a particular nutrient in the diet that an animal could
absorb from its digestive tract and made available to use for maintaining life and producing
offspring, body weight gain, milk, eggs, wool, and etc. By definition, apparent digestibility
is considered to be the difference between amounts fed and amounts recovered in feces.
Some of the previous nutrition researches had good estimates regarding apparent
digestibility of ingredients that can be combined to estimate total ration digestibility.
Farmers, often with the help from the consulting nutritionist, formulate rations of known
digestibility for animals based on performance expected from those animals. Knowing the
digestibility of nutrients in a feedstuff would permit us to estimate the amount that could
be incorporated in diets of animals.
Carrot is one of the popular vegetable crops in the Cordillera. It is a good source of
calcium and carotene and, a precursor of vitamin A (Knott and Deanon, 1967). In fact,
(Garcia, 1978) reported that every 100 grams edible portion of carrot gives 55 calories
(food energy), 1.3 grams of calcium, 283 grams potassium, and 18, 520 I.U. of vitamin A.
Carrot is also used as substitute for other succulent feeds in the regular dairy ration of
milking cows and it has a great value to human and animal nutrition. Nevertheless, the
student needs to explore and understand the possible effects of using carrot pulp meal as
feed for swine, particularly in knowing the digestibility of nutrients that it contain.
It is important to study the digestibility of the dried carrot meal in swine so that we
can have a clear view as to what extent we can use as the feedstuffs of carrot meal as a
source of nutrients for swine and it could be much good for the swine raisers.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
Specifically, this study was conducted to:
1. determine the digestibility coefficient of nutrients in diets supplemented by carrot
meal in swine; and
2. determine the digestibility coefficient of nutrients of carrots.
The study was conducted in February 2012 at Banig Tawang, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Significant improvements in grain processing technology have been made over the
past 30 years, resulting in improvements in nutrient utilization for pigs. Decreasing particle
size of grain in swine diets increases surface area, allowing for greater interaction with
digestive enzymes and improved digestibility (Healy et al., 1994). Feed costs are the
greatest economic cost of swine production, and improving the efficiency of feed
utilization has a tremendous impact on the cost of production (Goodband et al., 1995).
In nutrition, its most useful application is in determining the digestibility energy
value of feedstuffs, since the gross energy value has little or no direct application as it does
not give any indication on how much of the energy in feedstuffs is really used by the animal
for its various functions (Church and Pond, 1982). According to (Goby and Gidenne, 2001)
dehydrated whole carrot could be considered as good source of nutrients for the growing
rabbit (DE=2160 kcal/kg, protein digestibility=65%, for a raw product with a humidity of
107 g/kg). Its nutritive value could be improved by reducing the level of minerals in the
product. In a digestibility trial, the food under investigation is given to the animal in
known amounts and the output of feces measured. More than one animal is used, firstly
because animals, even when of the same species, and sex, differ slightly in their digestive
ability, and secondly because replication allows more opportunity for detecting errors of
measurement (Mc Donald et al., 1995). Dry matter digestibility of a diet is traditionally
evaluated by total collection of the feces from animals housed in metabolic crates or use of
external markers (Chromium oxide or chromium mordanted fibre).
Naturally occurring dietary markers have advantages over external markers and total
collection, particularly in field conditions where traditional methods are often expensive,
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
labour intensive, and impractical. The difficulty associated with the total collection method
in small animal species led to present study. Acid-insoluble ash (AIA) is naturally
occurring marker that has been used to asses digestibility of diets fed to monogastrics and
ruminants (McCarthy et al., 1974, pigs; and Moughan et al., 1991, pigs). Mc Donald et al.
(2002) mentioned that in digestibility trial, food under investigation is given to the animal
in known amounts and the output of feces is measured. It is desirable that meals should be
given at the same time each day and that the amounts of food eaten should not vary day to
day.
Gross energy is measured in an apparatus known as a bomb calorimeter, which in
its simplest form consists of a strong metal chamber (the bomb) resting in an insulated tank
of water. The food sample is placed in the bomb and oxygen admitted under pressure. The
temperature of the water taken and the sample is then ignited electrically. The heat
produced by the oxidation is absorbed by the bomb and the surrounding water, and when
equilibrium is reached the temperature of the water is taken again. The quality of heat
produced is then calculated from the rise in temperature and the weights and specific heats
of the water and the bomb. The bomb calorimeter can be used to determine the gross energy
content of whole foods or of their constituents and of animal tissues and excretory products
(Mc Donald et al., 2002)
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study include: 9 heads of crossbreed (Duroc x
Largewhite) female finishing pigs weighing about an average of 85 kg, “Takiis” variety of
carrot, commercial feeds, weighing scale, dehydrator, juicer, oven, pig pen, feeding trough,
disinfectants, stick broom, recording materials, chromic oxide, foil tray, and HDP for
storing samples.
Preparation of the Carrot Meal
The carrot pulp was collected and washed thoroughly. Then, it was passed
through to a juicer to separate the juice from the pulp. Furthermore, the carrot pulp was
placed in the oven overnight to reduce the water content up to approximately 10% moisture.
Finally, it was weighed based on the specific amount per treatment before it was given to
the experimental animals.
Digestibility Trial
This digestibility trial was conducted simultaneously with the feeding trial. In
the digestibility trial, 5 days served as the pre- experimental period and the remaining 5
days, as the collection period. The experimental units were fed in restricted feeding
depending on the amount of feeds that the animal may eat. Indicator method was used in
the digestibility study.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
Feeding Trial
This study was conducted for 10 days. The amount of feeds offered to all the
animals is 2 kg/day/head in restricted feeding.
Experimental Designs and Treatments
The nine weaned pigs were distributed at random into 3 treatments following
the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated 3 times with
one pig per replication. Each pig was confined in one pen then the individual weights of
the experimental animals was taken first and was recorded before placing them into their
respective pens.
The different treatments that were used in the study are the following:
T0- pure commercial feeds
T1- 200 g carrot meal/ kg of commercial feeds
T2- pure carrot meal
The following were the data gathered:
1. Weight of the pigs at the start of collection (kg). This was the weight of
experimental animals at the start of the study or experimental period.
2. Feed intake (kg). This was the total feed intake of the individual animals
during the study wherein their fecal output will be collected.
3. Fecal output (kg). This was the total fecal output of the animal or the total
amount of feces voided by the animal during five days experimental period.
From the above data, the following were computed:
1. Nutrient content of feed and feces. The % dry matter, % crude protein, % crude
fiber, % ash, and % crude fat content of both feed and feces were determined using
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
appropriate analytical procedures in proximate analysis (AOAC, 1965). The % nitrogen
free extract was determined by difference. The energy content of both feed and feces was
determined by Bomb- calorimetry. The specific procedures were as follows:
a. Dry matter. Dry matter determinations of feed was done by oven-drying 3
x 50g samples for 24 hours at 102 0C;
% Dry Matter = Original Weight- Oven Dried Weight
Original Weight
b. Crude protein. This was determined by using this formula % CP= %N x
6.25, where nitrogen was determined using the Microkjedahl method. Percent nitrogen was
then computed using the formulas:
% N = (T-B) x N x 0.014 x 100
S
Where: T = Sample ml
B= Blank ml
N= Normality of standard acid- titrant
S= Weight of sample in grams
c. Crude fiber. This was determined by using an ether- extracted sample, boiling in
diluted acid, boiling diluted base, filtering, drying, and burning in a furnace.
d. Gross energy of feeds and feces. This was determined
using the bomb-calorimetry technique.
e. Ash. This was determined by the residue remaining after
all the combustible material has been burned off (oxidized completely)
in a furnace heated to 500 to 6000 C.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
f. Nitrogen Free Extract. This was determined by the difference of the original
sample weight and the sum of weights of water, ether extract, crude protein, crude fiber,
and ash.
2. Apparent digestibility of nutrients. This was computed using the formula:
% Indicator in feeds % Nutrient in Feces
AD% = 100 - 100 x x
% Indicator in feces % Nutrient in Feeds
3. Digestible nutrient of feeds and feces. This was determined by using the formula
Digestible Nutrient/kg of feed= 1000g x % Nutrient in feed x % Digestibility.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Nutrient Content of Feed Sample
The nutrient content of the different diets used in the study is presented in Table 1.
Analysis showed that the commercial feed contains 92.32 % DM, 4.43% ASH, 14.27%
CP, 5.90% CF, 3.56 CFi, 64.26% NFE, and 4,078 kcal GE/kg. The ration in which 200g
carrot meal was added to 1 kg of commercial contains 91.30%DM, 5.46%ASH, 11.75%CP,
5.38%CF, 6.73%CFi, 61.98% NFE, and/ 3,970 kcal GE/kg. On the other hand, carrot
meal contains 85.53%DM, 9.49% ASH, 6.70% CP, 2.43% CF, 15.35% CFi, 51.56% NFE
and 3,380 kcal GE/kg.
Cullison (1979) reported that dried carrots at 100% DM contain,10.3% CP and 9.7%CFi.
Although the dry matter content is not comparable, the percent CP content of carrot meal
which is 6.70% that is obtained in this study is much lower than the 10.3% reported by
Cullison (1979).
Dry matter. The dry matter content of the commercial feeds, 200g carrot meal per kilogram
of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 92.32%, 91.30%, and 85.53%.
Table1. Nutrient content of feeds or experimental diets
TREATMENT
% DM
% ASH
% CP %CFAT
%
C
FI
GE
Commercial feeds
92.32
4.43
14.17 5.90
3.56 4078
200 g carrot meal/kg
commercial feeds
91.30
5.46
11.75 5.38
6.73 3970
Carrot Meal
85.53
9.49
6.70 2.43
15.35 3380
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
The commercial feeds obtain the highest DM content of 92.32% followed by the
mixture of 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds that contain 91.30%. On the other
hand carrot meal has the lowest dry matter content of 85.53%
Ash. The ash content of the commercial feed, 200g carrot meal per kilogram of
commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 4.43%, 5.46%, and 9.49% .Carrot meal has the
highest ash content of 9.49% followed by 200g carrot meal per kilogram of commercial
feeds that contain 5.46% and commercial feeds has the lowest ash content of 4.43%.
National Science Development Board (NSDB) (1968) claimed that carrot contains 9% ash.
Crude protein. The crude protein content of commercial feeds, 200g carrot meal
per kilogram of commercial feeds and carrot meal were 14.17%, 11.75%, and 6.70%. It
shows that the commercial feed has the highest crude protein content of 14.17% compared
to the 200g carrot meal per kilogram of commercial feeds which has the crude protein
content of 11.75%. The content of carrot meal has the lowest value of 6.70% compared to
the contents of the crude protein reported by Cullison (1979) which is 10.3%.
Crude fat. The crude fat content of commercial feeds, 200g carrot meal per
kilogram of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 5.90%, 5.38%, and 2.43%.
Commercial feed has the highest crude protein content of 5.90% followed by 200g carrot
meal per kilogram of commercial feeds that contain 5.38% and carrot meal has the lowest
crude content of 2.43%.
Crude fiber. The crude fiber content of the commercial feed, 200g carrot meal per
kilogram of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 3.56%, 6.73%, and 15.35%. The
analysis shows that the carrot meal has the highest crude fiber content of 15.35% followed
by 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds that contain 6.73%, and commercial feed
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
has the lowest crude fiber content of 3.56% .According to Cullison, the crude fiber of carrot
is 9.7% and this is lower than 15.35% which is the crude fiber of the experimental diet of
carrot meal. According to Cullison (1979) also the crude fiber in carrot consists of
cellulose, hemicelluloses, hemicelluloses and lignin, with cellulose being the most
abundant.
Gross energy. Commercial feed has the highest value of 4078kcal/kg followed by
the combination of 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds which has a value of 3970
kcal/kg. Lower value of gross energy was obtained by the carrot meal with the value of
3380 kcal/kg. The gross energy content of commercial feeds and carrot meal mixture
decrease compared to the gross energy content of commercial feed due to the reason of
lower gross energy content of carrot meal. According to Sauvant et al. (2004), corn
contains 16.2 kcal/kg gross energy and this is lower compared to the gross energy of carrot
meal which is 3380 kcal/kg.
Apparent Digestibility of Nutrient
The apparent digestibility of nutrient in the different ration in hogs weighing 85 kg
is presented in Table 2. The digestibility of nutrients in the commercial ration were 76.66%
for dry matter, 25.77% for ash, 80.233% for crude protein, 74.71% for crude fat, 77.270%
for gross energy, and 85.96% for nitrogen free extract. The commercial feeds and 200g
carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds contain 72.80% for dry matter, 38.31% for ash,
69.837% for crude protein, 69.27% for crude fat, 80.86% for nitrogen free extract, 34.62%
for crude fiber, and 74.740% for gross energy.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Apparent digestibility of Dry Matter, Ash, Crude Protein, Crude Fat, Nitrogen
Free Extract, Crude Fiber, and Gross Energy (%) obtained in 85kg hogs.
TREATMENT DM ASH CP CFAT NFE CFIBER GE
Commercial
Feeds 76.66b 25.77b 80.233a 74.71 85.96a - 77.270a
200g carrot meal 72.80b 38.31b 69.837b 69.27 80.86ab 34.62b 74.740b
Per kg of CF
Carrot meal 91.87a 88.03a 85.083a 74.21 94.18b 92.21a 90.977b
While the digestibility of nutrient in the carrot meal were 91.87% for dry matter,
88.03% for ash, 85.083% for crude protein, 74.21% for crude fat, 94.18% for nitrogen free
extract, 92.21% for crude fiber, and 90.977% for gross energy.
Dry matter. Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences
between hogs fed with commercial feeds and hogs given 200g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds and those hogs given pure carrot meal. Lower dry matter digestibility of
76.66% and 72.80% was obtained from commercial feeds and 200g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds respectively. The carrot meal has higher dry matter digestibility of
91.87%.
Ash. The digestibility of ash in commercial feeds, 200g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds and carrot meal were 25.77%, 38.31%, and 88.03%. Statistical analysis
revealed highly significant differences among treatment. It means that the digestibility of
ash that was fed with different dietary treatments was utilized by the animal. The carrot
meal has the highest ash digestibility of 88.03%.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
Crude protein. The digestibility of crude protein in commercial feeds and carrot
meal were 80.233% and 85.083% respectively. The 200g carrot meal per kg commercial
feeds had lower crude protein digestibility of 69.837%. Crude protein digestibility of pigs
given 200g carrot meal per kg commercial feeds was significantly different from the
commercial feeds and carrot meal.
Crude fat. The digestibility of crude fat content of commercial feeds, 200gram pure
carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 74.71%, 69.27% and 74.21%.
Based on the statistical analysis there is no significant differences among the treatments. It
means that the apparent digestibility of crude fat in hogs fed with different dietary treatment
was more or less the same.
Nitrogen free extract. Statistical analysis showed that there are significant
differences in the digestibility of nitrogen free extract between carrot meal and 200g carrot
meal per kg of commercial feeds. The commercial feeds, 200gram carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds, and carrot meal has the digestibility of nitrogen free extract of 85.96%,
80.86%, and 94.18%. Nitrogen free extract digestibility of commercial feeds was not
significantly different to the 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds and carrot meal.
Crude fiber. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences on the
digestibility of crude fiber given 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds, and carrot
meal. The 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds had the lowest crude fiber
digestibility of 34.62% and carrot meal has the highest crude fiber of 92.21%.
Gross energy. The digestibility of gross energy of the commercial feeds, 200gram
carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds, and carrot pulp meal were 77.270%, 74.740%, and
90.937% respectively. The statistical analysis shows that there was a significant difference
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
among the treatments. It shows that carrot meal has the highest gross energy digestibility
of 90.937% while the 200gram carrot meal per kg of feeds which is 74.740%.
Digestible Nutrient per Kilogram
Based on the nutrient content of the diets and the % digestibility obtained in 85kg
hogs, the digestible nutrients in the different ration are in Table 3.The digestible nutrients
of commercial feeds in hogs are 707.73g of dry matter ,11.41g of ash, 113.687g of crude
protein, 44.08g of crude fat, 525.35g of nitrogen free extract, and 3151 gross energy. On
the other hand 200g carrot meal per kilogram of commercial feeds contain digestible
nutrients of 664.71g of dry matter, 20.92g of ash, 82.053g of crude protein, 37.27g of crude
fat, 501.17g of nitrogen free extract, 23.29g of crude fiber, and 2967 of gross energy. The
digestible nutrients of carrot meal are 785.73g of dry matter, 83.54g of ash, 57.010g of
crude protein, 18.03 of crude fat, 485.61 of nitrogen free extract, 141.54g of crude fiber
and 3023.667g gross energy.
Table 3. Digestible nutrients in 1000g of the ration
TREATMENT DM ASH CP CFAT NFE CFIBER GE
Commercial 707.73 11.41b 113.687a 44.08a 552.35 - 13.19
Feeds
200g carrot meal 664.71 20.92b 82.053b 37.27a 501.17 23.29b 12.42
per kg of CF
Carrot meal 785.73 83.54a 57.010c 18.03b 485.61 141.54a 12.86
Dry matter. The digestible dry matter in rations of commercial feeds, 200g carrot
meal per kg of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 707.73%, 664.71%, and 785.73%.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
The statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatments. The carrot meal has the highest digestible dry matter of 785.73%.
Ash. Statistical analysis showed that there is highly significant among the treatments. 85kg
Hogs fed with carrot meal obtained the highest digestible nutrient per kilogram of ash
which contains 83.54%. While the commercial feed contains the lowest ash content of
11.41%, and the mixture of 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds obtained ash
content of 20.92%.
Crude protein. The crude protein content of the commercial feed, 200gram carrot meal per
kg of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 113.687%, 82.053% and 57.010%. Statistical
analysis revealed highly significant differences among the treatments. Commercial feeds
has the highest crude protein content of 113.687% followed by 200g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds that contain 82.053% and carrot meal which has the lowest crude
protein content of 18.03%.
Crude fat. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant difference among the
treatments in terms of digestible crude fat per kg. The crude fat content of the commercial
feed, 200gram carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 44.08%,
37.27% and 18.03% respectively. Commercial feeds has the highest crude fat content of
44.08% followed by 200g carrot meal per kg of feeds that contains 37.27% and hogs given
carrot meal which has the lowest crude fat content of 18.03%.
Nitrogen free extract. The nitrogen free extract content of the commercial feeds, 200gram
carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 525.35%, 501.17% and
485.61%. Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatment. Commercial feed has the highest nitrogen free extract content of 522.35%
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
followed by 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds which contain 501.17%, and
carrot meal which has the lowest nitrogen free extract content of 485.61%.
Crude fiber. The crude fiber content of 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds
and carrot meal was 23.29% and 141.54%. The statistical analysis revealed that there is
highly significant difference among the treatments. The carrot meal has the higher crude
fiber content of 141.54%. Due to some factors in computing the commercial feeds,
computation of the crude fiber is not included.
Gross energy. The statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant difference
among the treatments. It means that the digestible nutrient of gross energy per kg in the
different rations have no differences. The commercial feeds obtained the highest gross
energy content of 3151kcal/kg.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the apparent digestibility and nutrient
digestible per kilogram of commercial feeds, 200gram carrot meal per kg of commercial
feeds, and pure carrot meal in hogs in terms of ash, crude protein, crude fat, gross energy,
nitrogen free extract, dry matter, and crude fiber.
Results showed that supplementing carrot meal to pigs had effect on the apparent
digestibility and digestibility nutrient per kilogram in ash, crude protein, crude fat, gross
energy, nitrogen free extract, dry matter, and crude fiber. Analysis showed that the
commercial feed contains 92.32 % DM, 4.43% ASH, 14.27% CP, 5.90% CF, 3.56 CFi,
64.26% NFE, and 4,078 kcal GE/kg. The ration in which 200g carrot meal was added to
1 kg of commercial contains 91.30%DM, 5.46%ASH, 11.75%CP, 5.38%CF, 6.73%CFi,
61.98% NFE, and 3790 GE/kg. On the other hand, carrot meal contains 85.53%DM,
9.49% ASH, 6.70% CP, 2.43% CF, 15.35% CFi, 51.56% NFE, and 3,380 kcal GE/kg.
The digestibility nutrients of the commercial rations were 76.66%DM, 25.77%ASH,
80.233% CP, 74.71%CF, 77.270%GE, and 85.96% NFE. The ration that contain
commercial feeds and 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds contain 72.80%DM,
38.31% ASH, 69.837% CP, 69.27% CF, 80.86%NFE, 34.62%CFi, 74.740% GE. While
the digestibility of nutrient in the carrot meal were 91.87DM, 88.03%ASH, 85.083%CP,
74.21%CF, 94.18% NFE, 92.21% CFi, 90.977%GE/kg. The digestible nutrients of
commercial feeds in hogs contain 707.73g of DM, 11.41g ASH, 113.687g CP, 44.08g of
CF, 525.35g of NFE, and 3151GE. On the other hand 200g carrot meal per kilogram of
commercial feeds contain 664.71g of DM, 20.92g ASH, 82.053g CP, 37.27g of CF,
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
501.17g NFE, 23.29g of CFi, and 2967 GE. The digestible nutrients of carrot meal contain
785.73g DM, 83.54g ASH, 57.010gCP, 18.03 of CF, 485.61 of NFE, 141.54g of CFi and
3023.667g GE.
While statistical analysis revealed significance differences between the treatments
in terms of ash, crude protein, crude fat, gross energy, nitrogen free extract, and dry matter
for apparent digestibility, it also revealed significant differences among the treatments in
terms of ash, crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber for digestible nutrient.
Differences among the treatment in terms of digestible nutrient are not significant
for gross energy, NFE, and dry matter.
Conclusion
From the result of the study, carrot meal is a good feed supplement to swine because
it contains the necessary nutrients needed by the hogs for their optimum performance. It is
also highly digestible.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that carrot meal can be used as supplement diet for
pigs. Also, digestibility of carrot meal can be done in different growth stages of pigs from
weanling-finishing and further study can be done also in digestibility of carrot meal to
improve the study results.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
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.1995.Animal Nutrition, 5th edition, Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd.
MOUGHAN, P. J. 1991. Chromic oxide and acid-insoluble ash as a faecal markers in
digestibility Studies with young growing pigs. New Zealand Journal of
Agricultural Research 34:85-88, 1991.
TABON, G. R. 2008. Performance of native pigs given peanut butter processing by-
products and sweet potato rejects. MS Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 23-24.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012. Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph.D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Banig, Tawang La Trinidad ,Benguet on February 2012
to determine the digestibility coefficient of nutrients in diets supplemented by carrot meal
in swine and determine the digestibility coefficient of nutrients of carrots.
A total of nine heads of crossbreed (Duroc x Largewhite) female finishing pigs at
an average of 85kg were randomly distributed into three treatments and each treatment was
replicated three times with one pig per replicate to make a total of three pigs per treatment.
The treatments were: pure commercial feeds, 200g carrot meal/ kg of commercial feeds,
and pure carrot meal.
Analysis showed carrot meal contains 85.53% for dry matter, 9.49% for ash, 6.70%
for crude protein, 2.43% for crude fat, 15.35% for crude fiber, 51.56% for nitrogen free
extract, and for 3,380 kcal GE/kg.
Results showed that supplementing carrot meal to pigs had effect on the apparent
digestibility and digestibility nutrient per kilogram in ash, crude protein, crude fat, gross
energy, nitrogen free extract, dry matter, and crude fiber.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
The digestibility of nutrient in carrot meal are as follow 91.87% for dry matter,
88.03% for ash, 74.21% for crude fat, 94.18% for nitrogen free extract, 92.21% for crude
fiber and 90.977% for gross energy.
While statistical analysis revealed significance differences between the treatments
in terms of ash, crude protein, crude fat, gross energy, nitrogen free extract, and dry matter
for apparent digestibility, it also revealed significant differences among the treatments in
terms of ash, crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber for digestible nutrient.
The digestible nutrient of carrot meal was computed as follows: 141.54g dry
matter, 83.54g ash, 57.010g crude protein, 18.03g crude fat, 485.61g nitrogen free extract
141.54, and 3073g gross energy.
Differences among the treatment in terms of digestible nutrient per kilogram are
not significant for gross energy, nitrogen free extract, and dry matter.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Digestibility is the percentage of a particular nutrient in the diet that an animal could
absorb from its digestive tract and made available to use for maintaining life and producing
offspring, body weight gain, milk, eggs, wool, and etc. By definition, apparent digestibility
is considered to be the difference between amounts fed and amounts recovered in feces.
Some of the previous nutrition researches had good estimates regarding apparent
digestibility of ingredients that can be combined to estimate total ration digestibility.
Farmers, often with the help from the consulting nutritionist, formulate rations of known
digestibility for animals based on performance expected from those animals. Knowing the
digestibility of nutrients in a feedstuff would permit us to estimate the amount that could
be incorporated in diets of animals.
Carrot is one of the popular vegetable crops in the Cordillera. It is a good source of
calcium and carotene and, a precursor of vitamin A (Knott and Deanon, 1967). In fact,
(Garcia, 1978) reported that every 100 grams edible portion of carrot gives 55 calories
(food energy), 1.3 grams of calcium, 283 grams potassium, and 18, 520 I.U. of vitamin A.
Carrot is also used as substitute for other succulent feeds in the regular dairy ration of
milking cows and it has a great value to human and animal nutrition. Nevertheless, the
student needs to explore and understand the possible effects of using carrot pulp meal as
feed for swine, particularly in knowing the digestibility of nutrients that it contain.
It is important to study the digestibility of the dried carrot meal in swine so that we
can have a clear view as to what extent we can use as the feedstuffs of carrot meal as a
source of nutrients for swine and it could be much good for the swine raisers.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
Specifically, this study was conducted to:
1. determine the digestibility coefficient of nutrients in diets supplemented by carrot
meal in swine; and
2. determine the digestibility coefficient of nutrients of carrots.
The study was conducted in February 2012 at Banig Tawang, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Significant improvements in grain processing technology have been made over the
past 30 years, resulting in improvements in nutrient utilization for pigs. Decreasing particle
size of grain in swine diets increases surface area, allowing for greater interaction with
digestive enzymes and improved digestibility (Healy et al., 1994). Feed costs are the
greatest economic cost of swine production, and improving the efficiency of feed
utilization has a tremendous impact on the cost of production (Goodband et al., 1995).
In nutrition, its most useful application is in determining the digestibility energy
value of feedstuffs, since the gross energy value has little or no direct application as it does
not give any indication on how much of the energy in feedstuffs is really used by the animal
for its various functions (Church and Pond, 1982). According to (Goby and Gidenne, 2001)
dehydrated whole carrot could be considered as good source of nutrients for the growing
rabbit (DE=2160 kcal/kg, protein digestibility=65%, for a raw product with a humidity of
107 g/kg). Its nutritive value could be improved by reducing the level of minerals in the
product. In a digestibility trial, the food under investigation is given to the animal in
known amounts and the output of feces measured. More than one animal is used, firstly
because animals, even when of the same species, and sex, differ slightly in their digestive
ability, and secondly because replication allows more opportunity for detecting errors of
measurement (Mc Donald et al., 1995). Dry matter digestibility of a diet is traditionally
evaluated by total collection of the feces from animals housed in metabolic crates or use of
external markers (Chromium oxide or chromium mordanted fibre).
Naturally occurring dietary markers have advantages over external markers and total
collection, particularly in field conditions where traditional methods are often expensive,
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
labour intensive, and impractical. The difficulty associated with the total collection method
in small animal species led to present study. Acid-insoluble ash (AIA) is naturally
occurring marker that has been used to asses digestibility of diets fed to monogastrics and
ruminants (McCarthy et al., 1974, pigs; and Moughan et al., 1991, pigs). Mc Donald et al.
(2002) mentioned that in digestibility trial, food under investigation is given to the animal
in known amounts and the output of feces is measured. It is desirable that meals should be
given at the same time each day and that the amounts of food eaten should not vary day to
day.
Gross energy is measured in an apparatus known as a bomb calorimeter, which in
its simplest form consists of a strong metal chamber (the bomb) resting in an insulated tank
of water. The food sample is placed in the bomb and oxygen admitted under pressure. The
temperature of the water taken and the sample is then ignited electrically. The heat
produced by the oxidation is absorbed by the bomb and the surrounding water, and when
equilibrium is reached the temperature of the water is taken again. The quality of heat
produced is then calculated from the rise in temperature and the weights and specific heats
of the water and the bomb. The bomb calorimeter can be used to determine the gross energy
content of whole foods or of their constituents and of animal tissues and excretory products
(Mc Donald et al., 2002)
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study include: 9 heads of crossbreed (Duroc x
Largewhite) female finishing pigs weighing about an average of 85 kg, “Takiis” variety of
carrot, commercial feeds, weighing scale, dehydrator, juicer, oven, pig pen, feeding trough,
disinfectants, stick broom, recording materials, chromic oxide, foil tray, and HDP for
storing samples.
Preparation of the Carrot Meal
The carrot pulp was collected and washed thoroughly. Then, it was passed
through to a juicer to separate the juice from the pulp. Furthermore, the carrot pulp was
placed in the oven overnight to reduce the water content up to approximately 10% moisture.
Finally, it was weighed based on the specific amount per treatment before it was given to
the experimental animals.
Digestibility Trial
This digestibility trial was conducted simultaneously with the feeding trial. In
the digestibility trial, 5 days served as the pre- experimental period and the remaining 5
days, as the collection period. The experimental units were fed in restricted feeding
depending on the amount of feeds that the animal may eat. Indicator method was used in
the digestibility study.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
Feeding Trial
This study was conducted for 10 days. The amount of feeds offered to all the
animals is 2 kg/day/head in restricted feeding.
Experimental Designs and Treatments
The nine weaned pigs were distributed at random into 3 treatments following
the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated 3 times with
one pig per replication. Each pig was confined in one pen then the individual weights of
the experimental animals was taken first and was recorded before placing them into their
respective pens.
The different treatments that were used in the study are the following:
T0- pure commercial feeds
T1- 200 g carrot meal/ kg of commercial feeds
T2- pure carrot meal
The following were the data gathered:
1. Weight of the pigs at the start of collection (kg). This was the weight of
experimental animals at the start of the study or experimental period.
2. Feed intake (kg). This was the total feed intake of the individual animals
during the study wherein their fecal output will be collected.
3. Fecal output (kg). This was the total fecal output of the animal or the total
amount of feces voided by the animal during five days experimental period.
From the above data, the following were computed:
1. Nutrient content of feed and feces. The % dry matter, % crude protein, % crude
fiber, % ash, and % crude fat content of both feed and feces were determined using
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
appropriate analytical procedures in proximate analysis (AOAC, 1965). The % nitrogen
free extract was determined by difference. The energy content of both feed and feces was
determined by Bomb- calorimetry. The specific procedures were as follows:
a. Dry matter. Dry matter determinations of feed was done by oven-drying 3
x 50g samples for 24 hours at 102 0C;
% Dry Matter = Original Weight- Oven Dried Weight
Original Weight
b. Crude protein. This was determined by using this formula % CP= %N x
6.25, where nitrogen was determined using the Microkjedahl method. Percent nitrogen was
then computed using the formulas:
% N = (T-B) x N x 0.014 x 100
S
Where: T = Sample ml
B= Blank ml
N= Normality of standard acid- titrant
S= Weight of sample in grams
c. Crude fiber. This was determined by using an ether- extracted sample, boiling in
diluted acid, boiling diluted base, filtering, drying, and burning in a furnace.
d. Gross energy of feeds and feces. This was determined
using the bomb-calorimetry technique.
e. Ash. This was determined by the residue remaining after
all the combustible material has been burned off (oxidized completely)
in a furnace heated to 500 to 6000 C.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
f. Nitrogen Free Extract. This was determined by the difference of the original
sample weight and the sum of weights of water, ether extract, crude protein, crude fiber,
and ash.
2. Apparent digestibility of nutrients. This was computed using the formula:
% Indicator in feeds % Nutrient in Feces
AD% = 100 - 100 x x
% Indicator in feces % Nutrient in Feeds
3. Digestible nutrient of feeds and feces. This was determined by using the formula
Digestible Nutrient/kg of feed= 1000g x % Nutrient in feed x % Digestibility.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Nutrient Content of Feed Sample
The nutrient content of the different diets used in the study is presented in Table 1.
Analysis showed that the commercial feed contains 92.32 % DM, 4.43% ASH, 14.27%
CP, 5.90% CF, 3.56 CFi, 64.26% NFE, and 4,078 kcal GE/kg. The ration in which 200g
carrot meal was added to 1 kg of commercial contains 91.30%DM, 5.46%ASH, 11.75%CP,
5.38%CF, 6.73%CFi, 61.98% NFE, and/ 3,970 kcal GE/kg. On the other hand, carrot
meal contains 85.53%DM, 9.49% ASH, 6.70% CP, 2.43% CF, 15.35% CFi, 51.56% NFE
and 3,380 kcal GE/kg.
Cullison (1979) reported that dried carrots at 100% DM contain,10.3% CP and 9.7%CFi.
Although the dry matter content is not comparable, the percent CP content of carrot meal
which is 6.70% that is obtained in this study is much lower than the 10.3% reported by
Cullison (1979).
Dry matter. The dry matter content of the commercial feeds, 200g carrot meal per kilogram
of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 92.32%, 91.30%, and 85.53%.
Table1. Nutrient content of feeds or experimental diets
TREATMENT
% DM
% ASH
% CP %CFAT
%
C
FI
GE
Commercial feeds
92.32
4.43
14.17 5.90
3.56 4078
200 g carrot meal/kg
commercial feeds
91.30
5.46
11.75 5.38
6.73 3970
Carrot Meal
85.53
9.49
6.70 2.43
15.35 3380
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
The commercial feeds obtain the highest DM content of 92.32% followed by the
mixture of 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds that contain 91.30%. On the other
hand carrot meal has the lowest dry matter content of 85.53%
Ash. The ash content of the commercial feed, 200g carrot meal per kilogram of
commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 4.43%, 5.46%, and 9.49% .Carrot meal has the
highest ash content of 9.49% followed by 200g carrot meal per kilogram of commercial
feeds that contain 5.46% and commercial feeds has the lowest ash content of 4.43%.
National Science Development Board (NSDB) (1968) claimed that carrot contains 9% ash.
Crude protein. The crude protein content of commercial feeds, 200g carrot meal
per kilogram of commercial feeds and carrot meal were 14.17%, 11.75%, and 6.70%. It
shows that the commercial feed has the highest crude protein content of 14.17% compared
to the 200g carrot meal per kilogram of commercial feeds which has the crude protein
content of 11.75%. The content of carrot meal has the lowest value of 6.70% compared to
the contents of the crude protein reported by Cullison (1979) which is 10.3%.
Crude fat. The crude fat content of commercial feeds, 200g carrot meal per
kilogram of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 5.90%, 5.38%, and 2.43%.
Commercial feed has the highest crude protein content of 5.90% followed by 200g carrot
meal per kilogram of commercial feeds that contain 5.38% and carrot meal has the lowest
crude content of 2.43%.
Crude fiber. The crude fiber content of the commercial feed, 200g carrot meal per
kilogram of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 3.56%, 6.73%, and 15.35%. The
analysis shows that the carrot meal has the highest crude fiber content of 15.35% followed
by 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds that contain 6.73%, and commercial feed
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
has the lowest crude fiber content of 3.56% .According to Cullison, the crude fiber of carrot
is 9.7% and this is lower than 15.35% which is the crude fiber of the experimental diet of
carrot meal. According to Cullison (1979) also the crude fiber in carrot consists of
cellulose, hemicelluloses, hemicelluloses and lignin, with cellulose being the most
abundant.
Gross energy. Commercial feed has the highest value of 4078kcal/kg followed by
the combination of 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds which has a value of 3970
kcal/kg. Lower value of gross energy was obtained by the carrot meal with the value of
3380 kcal/kg. The gross energy content of commercial feeds and carrot meal mixture
decrease compared to the gross energy content of commercial feed due to the reason of
lower gross energy content of carrot meal. According to Sauvant et al. (2004), corn
contains 16.2 kcal/kg gross energy and this is lower compared to the gross energy of carrot
meal which is 3380 kcal/kg.
Apparent Digestibility of Nutrient
The apparent digestibility of nutrient in the different ration in hogs weighing 85 kg
is presented in Table 2. The digestibility of nutrients in the commercial ration were 76.66%
for dry matter, 25.77% for ash, 80.233% for crude protein, 74.71% for crude fat, 77.270%
for gross energy, and 85.96% for nitrogen free extract. The commercial feeds and 200g
carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds contain 72.80% for dry matter, 38.31% for ash,
69.837% for crude protein, 69.27% for crude fat, 80.86% for nitrogen free extract, 34.62%
for crude fiber, and 74.740% for gross energy.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Apparent digestibility of Dry Matter, Ash, Crude Protein, Crude Fat, Nitrogen
Free Extract, Crude Fiber, and Gross Energy (%) obtained in 85kg hogs.
TREATMENT DM ASH CP CFAT NFE CFIBER GE
Commercial
Feeds 76.66b 25.77b 80.233a 74.71 85.96a - 77.270a
200g carrot meal 72.80b 38.31b 69.837b 69.27 80.86ab 34.62b 74.740b
Per kg of CF
Carrot meal 91.87a 88.03a 85.083a 74.21 94.18b 92.21a 90.977b
While the digestibility of nutrient in the carrot meal were 91.87% for dry matter,
88.03% for ash, 85.083% for crude protein, 74.21% for crude fat, 94.18% for nitrogen free
extract, 92.21% for crude fiber, and 90.977% for gross energy.
Dry matter. Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences
between hogs fed with commercial feeds and hogs given 200g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds and those hogs given pure carrot meal. Lower dry matter digestibility of
76.66% and 72.80% was obtained from commercial feeds and 200g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds respectively. The carrot meal has higher dry matter digestibility of
91.87%.
Ash. The digestibility of ash in commercial feeds, 200g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds and carrot meal were 25.77%, 38.31%, and 88.03%. Statistical analysis
revealed highly significant differences among treatment. It means that the digestibility of
ash that was fed with different dietary treatments was utilized by the animal. The carrot
meal has the highest ash digestibility of 88.03%.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
Crude protein. The digestibility of crude protein in commercial feeds and carrot
meal were 80.233% and 85.083% respectively. The 200g carrot meal per kg commercial
feeds had lower crude protein digestibility of 69.837%. Crude protein digestibility of pigs
given 200g carrot meal per kg commercial feeds was significantly different from the
commercial feeds and carrot meal.
Crude fat. The digestibility of crude fat content of commercial feeds, 200gram pure
carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 74.71%, 69.27% and 74.21%.
Based on the statistical analysis there is no significant differences among the treatments. It
means that the apparent digestibility of crude fat in hogs fed with different dietary treatment
was more or less the same.
Nitrogen free extract. Statistical analysis showed that there are significant
differences in the digestibility of nitrogen free extract between carrot meal and 200g carrot
meal per kg of commercial feeds. The commercial feeds, 200gram carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds, and carrot meal has the digestibility of nitrogen free extract of 85.96%,
80.86%, and 94.18%. Nitrogen free extract digestibility of commercial feeds was not
significantly different to the 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds and carrot meal.
Crude fiber. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences on the
digestibility of crude fiber given 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds, and carrot
meal. The 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds had the lowest crude fiber
digestibility of 34.62% and carrot meal has the highest crude fiber of 92.21%.
Gross energy. The digestibility of gross energy of the commercial feeds, 200gram
carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds, and carrot pulp meal were 77.270%, 74.740%, and
90.937% respectively. The statistical analysis shows that there was a significant difference
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
among the treatments. It shows that carrot meal has the highest gross energy digestibility
of 90.937% while the 200gram carrot meal per kg of feeds which is 74.740%.
Digestible Nutrient per Kilogram
Based on the nutrient content of the diets and the % digestibility obtained in 85kg
hogs, the digestible nutrients in the different ration are in Table 3.The digestible nutrients
of commercial feeds in hogs are 707.73g of dry matter ,11.41g of ash, 113.687g of crude
protein, 44.08g of crude fat, 525.35g of nitrogen free extract, and 3151 gross energy. On
the other hand 200g carrot meal per kilogram of commercial feeds contain digestible
nutrients of 664.71g of dry matter, 20.92g of ash, 82.053g of crude protein, 37.27g of crude
fat, 501.17g of nitrogen free extract, 23.29g of crude fiber, and 2967 of gross energy. The
digestible nutrients of carrot meal are 785.73g of dry matter, 83.54g of ash, 57.010g of
crude protein, 18.03 of crude fat, 485.61 of nitrogen free extract, 141.54g of crude fiber
and 3023.667g gross energy.
Table 3. Digestible nutrients in 1000g of the ration
TREATMENT DM ASH CP CFAT NFE CFIBER GE
Commercial 707.73 11.41b 113.687a 44.08a 552.35 - 13.19
Feeds
200g carrot meal 664.71 20.92b 82.053b 37.27a 501.17 23.29b 12.42
per kg of CF
Carrot meal 785.73 83.54a 57.010c 18.03b 485.61 141.54a 12.86
Dry matter. The digestible dry matter in rations of commercial feeds, 200g carrot
meal per kg of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 707.73%, 664.71%, and 785.73%.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
The statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatments. The carrot meal has the highest digestible dry matter of 785.73%.
Ash. Statistical analysis showed that there is highly significant among the treatments. 85kg
Hogs fed with carrot meal obtained the highest digestible nutrient per kilogram of ash
which contains 83.54%. While the commercial feed contains the lowest ash content of
11.41%, and the mixture of 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds obtained ash
content of 20.92%.
Crude protein. The crude protein content of the commercial feed, 200gram carrot meal per
kg of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 113.687%, 82.053% and 57.010%. Statistical
analysis revealed highly significant differences among the treatments. Commercial feeds
has the highest crude protein content of 113.687% followed by 200g carrot meal per kg of
commercial feeds that contain 82.053% and carrot meal which has the lowest crude
protein content of 18.03%.
Crude fat. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant difference among the
treatments in terms of digestible crude fat per kg. The crude fat content of the commercial
feed, 200gram carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 44.08%,
37.27% and 18.03% respectively. Commercial feeds has the highest crude fat content of
44.08% followed by 200g carrot meal per kg of feeds that contains 37.27% and hogs given
carrot meal which has the lowest crude fat content of 18.03%.
Nitrogen free extract. The nitrogen free extract content of the commercial feeds, 200gram
carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds, and carrot meal were 525.35%, 501.17% and
485.61%. Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatment. Commercial feed has the highest nitrogen free extract content of 522.35%
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
followed by 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds which contain 501.17%, and
carrot meal which has the lowest nitrogen free extract content of 485.61%.
Crude fiber. The crude fiber content of 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds
and carrot meal was 23.29% and 141.54%. The statistical analysis revealed that there is
highly significant difference among the treatments. The carrot meal has the higher crude
fiber content of 141.54%. Due to some factors in computing the commercial feeds,
computation of the crude fiber is not included.
Gross energy. The statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant difference
among the treatments. It means that the digestible nutrient of gross energy per kg in the
different rations have no differences. The commercial feeds obtained the highest gross
energy content of 3151kcal/kg.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the apparent digestibility and nutrient
digestible per kilogram of commercial feeds, 200gram carrot meal per kg of commercial
feeds, and pure carrot meal in hogs in terms of ash, crude protein, crude fat, gross energy,
nitrogen free extract, dry matter, and crude fiber.
Results showed that supplementing carrot meal to pigs had effect on the apparent
digestibility and digestibility nutrient per kilogram in ash, crude protein, crude fat, gross
energy, nitrogen free extract, dry matter, and crude fiber. Analysis showed that the
commercial feed contains 92.32 % DM, 4.43% ASH, 14.27% CP, 5.90% CF, 3.56 CFi,
64.26% NFE, and 4,078 kcal GE/kg. The ration in which 200g carrot meal was added to
1 kg of commercial contains 91.30%DM, 5.46%ASH, 11.75%CP, 5.38%CF, 6.73%CFi,
61.98% NFE, and 3790 GE/kg. On the other hand, carrot meal contains 85.53%DM,
9.49% ASH, 6.70% CP, 2.43% CF, 15.35% CFi, 51.56% NFE, and 3,380 kcal GE/kg.
The digestibility nutrients of the commercial rations were 76.66%DM, 25.77%ASH,
80.233% CP, 74.71%CF, 77.270%GE, and 85.96% NFE. The ration that contain
commercial feeds and 200g carrot meal per kg of commercial feeds contain 72.80%DM,
38.31% ASH, 69.837% CP, 69.27% CF, 80.86%NFE, 34.62%CFi, 74.740% GE. While
the digestibility of nutrient in the carrot meal were 91.87DM, 88.03%ASH, 85.083%CP,
74.21%CF, 94.18% NFE, 92.21% CFi, 90.977%GE/kg. The digestible nutrients of
commercial feeds in hogs contain 707.73g of DM, 11.41g ASH, 113.687g CP, 44.08g of
CF, 525.35g of NFE, and 3151GE. On the other hand 200g carrot meal per kilogram of
commercial feeds contain 664.71g of DM, 20.92g ASH, 82.053g CP, 37.27g of CF,
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
501.17g NFE, 23.29g of CFi, and 2967 GE. The digestible nutrients of carrot meal contain
785.73g DM, 83.54g ASH, 57.010gCP, 18.03 of CF, 485.61 of NFE, 141.54g of CFi and
3023.667g GE.
While statistical analysis revealed significance differences between the treatments
in terms of ash, crude protein, crude fat, gross energy, nitrogen free extract, and dry matter
for apparent digestibility, it also revealed significant differences among the treatments in
terms of ash, crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber for digestible nutrient.
Differences among the treatment in terms of digestible nutrient are not significant
for gross energy, NFE, and dry matter.
Conclusion
From the result of the study, carrot meal is a good feed supplement to swine because
it contains the necessary nutrients needed by the hogs for their optimum performance. It is
also highly digestible.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that carrot meal can be used as supplement diet for
pigs. Also, digestibility of carrot meal can be done in different growth stages of pigs from
weanling-finishing and further study can be done also in digestibility of carrot meal to
improve the study results.
Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012
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John Wiley and Sons Inc. P. 37.
CHURCH, D.C and W.G.POND. 1982. Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding. 2nd ed. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. Pp. 153, 159.
GARCIA, L. C. 1978. Response of carrot on the frequency of watering under La
Trinidad ,Benguet. BS Thesis. Pp. 1-23.
KNOTT, J.E. and J.R. DEANON. 1967. Vegetable production in Southeast Asia.
University of the Philippines, College of Agriculture. Pp. 222-255.
MC CARTHY, J.F. 1974. Use of HCI insoluble ash as an index material for determining
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Digestibility of Carrot Meal in Swine
ALLAN, RANDY B. APRIL 2012