BIBLIOGRAPHY BASSIT, MARILOU B. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009. Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed Supplement. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: SAMUEL CRESCENCIO S. ARCELLANA. MSc.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Benguet State University, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet
from May to June 2009.
One hundred sixty (160) twenty-one days old Cob broiler chicks were randomly
distributed into four treatments following the completely randomized designed (CRD). The four
treatments were replicated four times with 10 birds per replication. The different treatments used
were as follows: T0 (control/pure commercial feeds), T1 (90% commercial feeds plus 10%
yacon leaf meal), T2 (80% commercial feeds plus 20 yacon leaf meal) and T3 (70% commercial
feeds plus 30% yacon leaf meal).
Results of the study found that there were no significant differences in terms of initial
weight, final weight, total gain in weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), cost of feed to produce a
kilogram of broiler and dressing percentage. The overall mean of initial weight, final weights and
total gain in weight of the birds were 0.6591kg, 1.8166kg and 1.16kg. Feed conversion ratio, cost
of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler and dressing percentage had a mean of 1.847 and
53.672Php and 97.77%. On the other hand, feed consumption and slaughter weight had
significant differences among treatments. The mean total of feed consumption observed from
those birds under T3 (70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal) was 2.065 kg while those
birds under To (pure commercial
feeds) was 2.178kg. Slaughter weight had an overall mean of 1.030kg. While, the dressed weight
has highly significant differences observed in all treatment which has the over all mean dressed
weight of 1.007kg.
Furthermore, a better ROI observed from those birds under T3 (70% commercial feeds +
30% yacon leaf meal) which is the highest ROI of 2.41%. The above result shows that yacon
leaves can also be converted into feed meal not only as a medicinal plant. This can be used to
substitute or add-on 10-30% of commercial feed allowance without harmful effect on the growth
performance of the birds as well as reduces feed cost.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
MATERIALS AND METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Initial and final weight of the birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Total gain in weight of the birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Feed consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Feeds conversion ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Cost of feed to produced a kilogram of broiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Slaughter weight of the birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Dressed weight and dressing percentage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Morbidity and mortality rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Net Income and Return on Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 16
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
INTRODUCTION
Feeding has a great effect in the growth performance of broilers. It is important that
poultry raisers need to know and understand the nutritional requirements, care and
feeding management of broilers to come up with a cheap nutritionally balanced ration.
Using locally feed resources is possible. One of this is a new popular root crop that goes
by the unusual name “yacon”.
Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is a perennial plant grown in the Andes of Perú
for its crisp, sweet-tasting tubers. The texture and flavor have been described as a cross
between a fresh apple and watermelon which is why it is sometimes referred to as the
apple of the earth. It has recently been introduced into farmer's markets and natural food
stores in the US. Yacon is a distant relative of sunflower with edible tubers and leaves. It
has a white or yellowish transparent flesh and green leaves. This is low in calories
content 54%, low sugar level, decrease cholesterol and triglycerides level. It contains
high inulin content 60-70% and froctooligosacharrides (FOS), 87% water, 0.30% protein,
0.30% fat, 0.6% lipids, 0.6% fiber, 54 Kcal energy and a certain traces of 22%
phosphorous, 23 mg calcium, and 11% glucides and has a moisture content of 70-85%.
Yacon also contains quantities of fructose, glucose, chlorogenic, caffeic, and ferulic acid.
(Wikipedia, 2008).
This study aims to utilize cheap feed resources to help poultry raisers produced
birds more economically so to lessen the cost of production.
Feeding birds using different kinds of feed resources is one of the most important
factors that affect the success of a farm enterprise. It is important to the poultry raisers to
know what the best feed for their birds is. Thus, this study helps the poultry raisers to
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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know how to manage and care their poultry species in terms of feeding management to
come out with the best result on the growth performance of broilers given varying levels
of yacon.
The general objective of this study was to determine the effect of yacon leaf meal
as feed supplement to Cobb broilers. Specifically, it aimed to determine the effect of
yacon leaf meal in terms of growth rate, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio,
morbidity and mortality rate and dressing percentage of the broilers and to determine
which level of yacon leaf meal will give the best result on the performance of broilers.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University (BSU) Experimental
Poultry House at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from May 2009 to June 2009.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The leaves of yacon contain quantities of fructose, glucose, chlorogenic, caffeic,
and ferulic acids, which give tea made from prebiotic and antioxidant properties of
leaves. As a result, some researchers have explored the use of yacon tea for treating
diabetes and for treating diseases caused by radicals (Wikipedia 2008).
Grau and Rea (2005) stated that the dried leaves of yacon are used to prepare
medicinal tea. Dried yacon leaves are used in Japan in mixing with common tealeaves.
Hypoglycemic, activity has been demonstrates in the water extract of dried yacon leaves
in feeding animals like rats with induce diabetes. Also, yacon carbohydrates including
oligofructants can be rapidly metabolized by animals, so tuberous roots and leaves can be
used to feed animals such as cattle, sheep and chickens.
According to Bernet and Hermann (2004) yacon leaves contains polyphenols with
anti-oxidant activity with the prevention of cancer and arteriosclerosis. Yacon leaf extract
is high in polyphenols that have been shown to reduce blood sugar levels in diabetic and
non-diabetic ruminant’s animal.
Bautista and Mabesa (1993) stated that the practice of poultry and livestock raisers
in giving daily feed supplement and other substances to the ration of animals is to
minimize production cost. Some feed supplements improve productivity by increasing
the appetite of the animals and improving the feed conversion efficiency as well as to
lessen the cost of production expenses.
The reason why poultry and livestock raisers practice in giving daily feed
supplement and other substances to the ration of the animals is to lessen the cost of
production and to improve feed efficiency and animal appetite (Francisco, 1992).
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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Burn (1985) mentioned that chicken meat production has grown at a faster rate.
The demand has also been driven by fast food chains. Profits from poultry meat products
are deal with the basis of feeds and output of poultry meat showing that the ration must
give optimum return.
The chemical chromatological study of the leaves has revealed it contains 11% of
protein among other components. For this reason, people in the sierra use yacon leaves as
fodder for their animals such as cattle, guinea pigs, etc. In Japan, scientists, producers and
consumers have formed the Japanese Yacon Association. This association and other
foreign analog groups are cultivating it and promoting consumption of “Andean tea”
based on the leaves of this plant (Michaels, 2008).
According to the Department of Science and Technology (2009) yacon leaves are
positive in alkaloid, tannins and steroids. Alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical
compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms. The name derives from the word alkaline
and was used to describe any nitrogen-containing base. Alkaloids are produced by a large
variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are part of the
group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). Many alkaloids can be
purified from crude extracts by acid-base extraction. Tannins have molecular weights
ranging from 500 to over 3,000. Tannins are incompatible with alkalis, gelatin, heavy
metals, iron, lime water, metallic salts, strong oxidizing agents and zinc sulfate
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials and equipments that were used in the study includes 160 day old
cobb broilers, brooding-rearing cages, broiler commercial feeds, disinfectant, feed
containers, drinking and feeding troughs, electric bulbs (100 watts), old newspapers,
waterers, feeders, weighing scale, NCD vaccine, record book and ground yacon leaf
meal.
Methodology
Pre- Experimental period. The stock were procured from reliable distributor of day
old chicks at Baguio City and the yacon leaves were purchased and collected from
reliable farmers of yacon at La Trinidad and Tublay, Benguet.
Preparation of brooding and rearing cages. The brooder and rearing cages were
clean thoroughly and were sprayed with disinfectant which includes drinking and feeding
troughs which was done one week before the arrival of the chicks. After three days, old
newspaper sheets were spread to cover the floor of the brooder to conserved heat and to
prevent the entrance of draft. It also serves as receptacles for the feeds in the first few
days and also maintaining the temperature desired by the chicks. Finally, two hours
before the arrival of the chicks, the brooder cages were lightened to ensure a uniform
brooding temperature requirement.
Arrival of the stocks. Upon the arrival of the chicks, they were placed in the
brooding cages and brooded as a group. They were subjected to the same care and
management. At seven days old, they were vaccinated against new castle disease (NCD)
vaccine. They were fed with commercial chick booster feeds until they reached their 15th
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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days old. To ensure good health of the birds, drinking water given to them was medicated
with vetracine multi-vitamin soluble particularly in their first two weeks.
Experimental period. At 21 days old of brooding, the chicks were divided
randomly into four treatments following the completely randomized design (CRD). Each
treatment was replicated four times with 10 birds per replication making a total of 40
birds per treatment. However, before the birds were placed into their respective cages,
their initial weights were taken.
The following treatments were as follows:
T0 – Control (pure commercial feeds)
T1 – 10% yacon leaf meal plus 90% commercial feeds
T2 – 20% yacon leaf meal plus 80% commercial feeds
T3 – 30% yacon leaf meal plus 70% commercial feeds
The birds in all treatments were subjected to the same care and management except
on the levels of yacon leaf meal added to their ration. The birds on the control (To) were
given pure commercial feeds, while the birds assigned to T1 were given 10% of yacon
leaf meal added to 90% commercial feeds, T2 birds were given 20% of yacon leaf meal
plus 80% commercial feeds, and those under T3 were given 30% of yacon leaf meal plus
70% commercial feeds. Feeding the birds was done three times a day, 6:00 in the
morning, 12:00 noontime, and 5:00 in the afternoon. During the first two weeks, the birds
were fed with chick booster, followed by broiler starter crumbles for the next two weeks
and lastly, finisher crumbles until the termination of the study. Fresh water was always
made available. Feeding and drinking troughs were cleaned daily to maintain the good
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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health of the birds. The light was switch-on 23 hours and switch-off one hour in a day
time.
Preparation of yacon leaf meal. Yacon leaves were washed thoroughly with clean
water then allowed to drip. It was later sundried until it can be ground into leaf meal. The
resulting meal added manually to the commercial feeds on the specified level of
treatments. 7.75kilograms of fresh yacon leaves produced 1kilogram of yacon leaf meal.
Slaughtering of the birds. At the termination of the stocks, one broiler taken as
sample per replication for a total of four birds per treatment. These were slaughtered
following the standard procedure by cutting up into different market cuts, thus, there
weights were taken.
Data gathered. The data gathered were as follows:
1. Initial weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by weighing the chicks
individually at the start of the study (21 days of age).
2. Final weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by getting the total weight of
the birds in each treatment and replication divided by the total number of birds per
treatment.
3. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the
initial weight from the corresponding final weight of the individual birds.
4 Total feed consumption (kg). This was taken by adding the total amount of feed
consumed by the birds from the beginning until the termination of the study.
5. Feed conversion ratio (FCR). This was obtained by dividing the total feed
consumption by the total gain in weight of the birds.
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6. Cost of feed to produce a kilogram gain in weight (Php). This was taken by
multiplying the feed conversion ratio by the average price of feeds per kilo.
7. Dressing percentage (%). This was obtained by dividing the carcass weight of
the birds by the slaughter weight of the birds multiplied by 100.
8. Net profit (Php). This was taken by multiplying the final weight of the birds
(input) by the price per kilogram live weight of birds (output).
9. Returned of investment (ROI). This was obtained by using this formula:
ROI = Net Profit
x 100
Total Cost of Production
All the data gathered were consolidated, tabulated and subjected to analysis of
variance for completely Randomized Design (CRD). The Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) was used to determine the significance between the treatment means.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial and Final Weight
The initial and final weights of the birds in different treatments are presented in
Table 1. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in all
treatments in terms of initial and final weights of the birds. It implies that the birds at the
start and end of the study were more or less of the same weight. The initial weights of the
birds had a total mean of 0.6591 kg and the final weight of the birds had a total mean of
1.8166 kg of replacing 10-30% yacon leaf meal. The result shows that increasing the
amount of yacon leaf meal can produce a little increased in final weight.
Total Gain in Weight
The total gains in weight of the birds in the different treatments are presented in
Table 2. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences between
treatment means. The total gain in weight of the birds given 10% yacon leaf meal and
those given 30% yacon leaf meal had a means of 1.17 kg each. While the birds in control
Table 1. Initial and final weights of the birds under the different treatments (kg)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Initial weight (kg) Final weight (kg)
Pure commercial feed
0.6622
1.8075
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
0.6516
1.8150
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal 0.6575
1.8175
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
0.6649
1.8262
ns= means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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(pure commercial feeds) and 20% yacon leaf meal had a mean of 1.15 kg and 1.16 kg.
The result below revealed that substituting 10-30% commercial feeds allowance of
the birds with yacon leaf meal does not have detrimental effect on the growth rate of the
birds.
Feed Consumption of the Birds
The feed consumption of the birds in the different treatments is presented in Table
3. Statistical analysis showed that the mean of feed consumption is significantly differ
from each other. The birds under To (pure commercial feeds) had the highest mean of
2.178kg and those birds under T3 (70% commercial feeds and 30% yacon leaf meal) had
the lowest mean of 2.065kg. The result below shows that replacing 10-30% commercial
feeds allowance of the birds with yacon leaf meal does not have detrimental effect on the
growth performance of the birds and would reduce commercial feeds.
Table 2. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT
WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feed
1.15
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
1.17
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal
1.16
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
1.17
ns= means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
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Table 3. Feed consumption of the birds from day 1 to 42 (kg)
TREATMENT
WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feed
2.178a
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
2.168a
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal 2.145a
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
2.065b
* = means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Feed Conversion Ratio
The feed conversion ratio of the birds in the different treatments is presented in
Table 4. On this parameter, statistical analysis showed that there were no significant
differences between the feed conversion ratio of the birds in all treatment. The birds
under To (pure commercial feeds) had the highest FCR mean of 1.905, followed by
1.863of those birds under T1 (90% commercial feeds +10% yacon leaf meal), then, those
birds under T2 (80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal) was 1.850 and lastly,
those birds under T3 (70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal) with mean of
1.768. They are not significantly differ from each other. The result shows that increasing
the amount of yacon leaf meal given to the birds would improve the FCR of the birds.
Cost of Feed to Produce a Kilogram of Broiler
The cost of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler in the different treatments is
presented in Table 5. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences
observed among treatments with means ranging from Php54.75 (pure commercial feeds)
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to Php53.50 (70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal). This study connotes that
the cost of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler was almost the same in all treatments.
Slaughter Weight of the Birds
The slaughter weight of the birds in the different treatment is presented in Table 6.
Statistical analysis shows that the mean slaughter weight significantly differ among
treatments with highest mean of 1.55kg (70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal)
and a lowest mean of 1.44kg under To (pure commercial feeds). The overall mean
slaughter weight of the birds was 1.51kg. This implies that replacing 10-30% commercial
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of the birds
TREATMENT
FCR
Pure commercial feed
1.905
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
1.863
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal
1.850
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
1.768
ns= means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Table 5. Cost of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler (Php)
TREATMENT
COST
(Php)
Pure commercial feed
54.75
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
53.125
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal
53.313
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
53.50
ns= means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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Table 6. Slaughter weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT
WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feed
0.993b
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
1.0175a
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal
1.045a
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
1.065a
*= means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
feed allowance of the birds with yacon leaf meal have a good effect on the slaughter
weight of the birds.
Dressed Weight and Dressing Percentage of the Birds
The dressed weight and dressing percentage of birds in the different treatments is
presented in Table 7. Statistical analysis shows that the dressed weights are highly
significant differences from each other while dressing percentage are not significant
differences in all treatment. The dressed weight ranged from 1.040 kg (97.68% dressing
percentage) obtained from the birds fed with 70% commercial feeds plus 30%yacon leaf
meal to 0.973kg (97.99% dressing percentage) obtained from the birds fed with pure
commercial feeds. The results imply that birds in the different treatments are not
comparable to each other in term of dressed weight and dressing percentage.
Mortality and Morbidity Rate
There was neither mortality nor morbidity among birds experimented from the start
until the termination of the study. This indicates that the birds had more or less showed
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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Table 7. Dressed weight (kg) and Dressing percentage (%)
TREATMENT
Dressed Weight Dressing Percentage
(kg) (%)
Pure commercial feed
0.973c
97.99
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
0.995b
97.79
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal 1.020a 97.63
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
1.040a
97.68
**= means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
good performance against diseases as well as proper care and management of the
researcher.
Net return and Return on Investment
The return on investment in the different treatments is presented in Table 8. The
ROI of the birds was not subjected into statistical analysis, however, it is shown in the
table that birds given 30% yacon leaf meal had the highest numerical ROI of 4.47
followed by birds given 20% yacon leaf meal with 3087% ROI, also the birds given 10%
yacon leaf meal with 3.02% ROI and finally, those given pure commercial feeds with an
ROI of 2.65%. Results showed that the birds given commercial feeds had a higher
income brought about by their heavy weights, but still they had a lowest ROI because of
the higher feed cost.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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Table 8. Net income and return on investment (%)
TREATMENT
TOTAL TOTAL NET ROI (%)
SALES COST INCOME
Pure commercial feed 5880.50 5729.75 151.75 2.65
90% commercial feeds +
10% yacon leaf meal
5805.00 5634.75 170.25 3.02
80% commercial feeds +
20% yacon leaf meal
5635.75 5425.75 210.00 3.87
70% commercial feeds +
30% yacon leaf meal
5475.00 5240.50 234.50 4.47
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the effect of yacon leaf meal on the growth
performance of cob broilers. This was conducted at the Benguet State University Poultry
Experimental House, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from May to June 2009.
One hundred sixty (160) twenty-one days old broiler chicks were used in the study.
This was divided into four treatments following the Completely Randomized Designed
(CRD). The four treatments were replicated four times with 10 birds per replication. The
different treatments used were as follows: To (control/pure commercial feeds), T2 (90%
commercial feeds plus 10% yacon leaf meal), T2 (80% commercial feeds plus 20 yacon
leaf meal) and T3 (70% commercial feeds plus 30% yacon leaf meal).
Results of the study found that there were no significant differences in terms of
initial weight, final weight, total gain in weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), cost of feed
to produce a kilogram of broiler and dressing percentage. The overall mean of initial
weight, final weights and total gain in weight of the birds were 0.6591kg, 1.8166kg and
1.16kg. Feed conversion ratio, cost of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler and dressing
percentage had a mean of 1.847 and 53.672Php and 97.77%. On the other hand, feed
consumption and slaughter weight had significant differences among treatments. The
mean total of feed consumption observed from those birds under T3 (70% commercial
feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal) was 2.065 kg while those birds under To (pure commercial
feeds) was 2.178kg. Slaughter weight had an overall mean of 1.030kg. While, the dressed
weight has highly significant differences observed in all treatment which has the over all
mean dressed weight of 1.007kg.
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Although the net profit and return on investment (ROI)) were not subjected to
statistical analysis, the study shows that the higher net profits and return on investment
observed numerically from those birds given the level of 10-30% add-on to commercial
feeds.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that yacon leaf meal can
replace 10-30% of commercial feeds allowable to the birds without detrimental affect on
their growth performance.
Recommendation
Based on the results showed in the study, it is recommended that yacon leaves can
be converted into meal that can be used to replace 10-30% of the commercial feeds
allowance to reduce feed cost especially this time of crisis. It is also recommended that
further studies of yacon leaf meal as feeds for broilers should be made; however, it
includes not only the growth performance but also the effect on the carcass quality.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, O.K. and R.C. MABESA. 1997. Vegetable Production. Revised Vegetable
Training Manual. U.P.C.A. Los Banos, Laguna. Page 41.
BERNET, T. and M. HERMANN. 2004. Yacon Fact Sheet. Retrieved October 28, 2008
from http://www.cipotato.org/artc/cip_crops/factsheetyacin.pdr.
BURN, G.B. 1985. Poultry Nutrition Australia. University of Sydney. Page 112.
FRANCISCO, C.C. 1992. Farmers Management Practice in Livestock and Poultry
Production. MS Thesis (Unpub.). UPLB. College of Laguna. Page 120.
DOST. 2009. A Guidebook to Plant Screening; Phytochemical and Biological of Yacon.
Department of Science and Technology. Km 6, La Trinidad, Benguet.
GRAU, A. and J. REA. 2005. Yacon (Smal anthus sonchifolius) BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
MICHAELS, J. 2008. Yacon Growing Information. Found at World Wide Web.
http://www.greenharvest.com.au/Plants/yacon_info.html retrieved on October 26,
2008
WIKIPEDIA. 2008.YACON NUTREINT COMPOSITION. Found at Worldwide Web.
http://www.gvdbiotech.com/yacon retrieved on September 16, 2008.
WIKIPEDIA. 2008. Yacon (Smal anthus sonchifolius). Found at World Wide Web.
http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ yacon. retrieved on September 17, 2008.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
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APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Initial weight of the birds (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
0.6840 0.6523 0.6720 0.6405 2.6488 0.6622
T1
0.6580
0.6270 0.6700 0.6515 2.6067 0.6515
T2
0.6700 0.6415 0.6812 0.6375 2.6302 0.6575
T3 0.6265 0.6705 0.6900 0.6725 2.6595 0.6649
GRAND TOTAL
10.5452
GRAND MEAN
0.6591
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.0004 0.0001 0.28ns 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.0057 0.0005
TOTAL
15 0.0061
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Variance: 3.30%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
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Appendix Table 2: Final weight of the birds (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
1.885 1.860 1.750 1.735 7.23 1.8075
T1
1.815 1.800 1.865 1.780 7.26 1.8150
T2
1.855 1.825 1.515 1.775 7.27 1.8175
T3 1.785 1.855 1.845 1.820 7.30 1.8262
GRAND TOTAL
29.065
GRAND MEAN
1.8166
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.0007 0.0002 0.10ns 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.00275 0.0023
TOTAL
15 0.0282
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Variance: 2.63%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
21
Appendix Table 3. Total gain in weight (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
1.20 1.21 1.08 1.09 4.58 1.15
T1
1.16 1.17 1.20 1.13 4.66 1.17
T2
1.19 1.18 1.13 1.14 4.64 1.16
T3 1.16 1.18 1.16 1.17 4.67 1.17
GRAND TOTAL
18.55
GRAND MEAN
1.16
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.0012 0.0004 0.235ns 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.020 0.0017
TOTAL
15 0.0212
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Variance: 3.55%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
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Appendix Table 4.feed consumption of the birds (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
2.14 2.20 2.10 2.27 8.71 2.178
T1
2.13 2.18 2.16 2.20 8.67 2.168
T2
2.18 2.15 2.10 2.15 8.58 2.148
T3 2.14 2.10 2.0 2.02 8.26 2.065
GRAND TOTAL
34.22
GRAND MEAN
2.139
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.0313 0.01043 3.65* 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.0345 0.00286
TOTAL
15 0.0668
*= significant
Coefficient of Variance: 2.50%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
23
Appendix Table 5. Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
1.78 1.82 1.94 2.08 7.62 1.905
T1
1.84 1.86 1.80 1.95 7.45 1.863
T2
1.83 1.82 1.86 1.89 7.40 1.850
T3 1.84 1.78 1.72 1.73 7.07 1.768
GRAND TOTAL
29.54
GRAND MEAN
1.847
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.0398 0.013267 2.02ns 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.0788 0.006567
TOTAL
15 0.1186
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Variance: 4.39%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
24
Appendix Table 6. Cost of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler (Php)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
53.75 53.00 55.75 56.50 219.00 54.75
T1
52.75
52.25 52.50 55.00 212.50 53.125
T2
52.25 52.75 54.25 54.00 213.25 53.313
T3 53.75 52.50 54.00 53.75 214.00 53.50
GRAND TOTAL
858.75
GRAND MEAN
53.672
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 6.480465 2.16016 1.52ns 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
17.109279 1.42578
TOTAL
15 23.589844
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Variance: 2.22%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
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Appendix Table 7. Slaughter weight of the birds (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
1.0 1.0 0.98 0.99 3.97 0.993
T1
1.02
1.03 1.01 1.01 4.07 1.0175
T2
1.02 1.02 1.10 1.04 4.18 1.045
T3 1.03 1.04 1.14 1.05 4.26 1.065
GRAND TOTAL
16.48
GRAND MEAN
1.030
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.012 0.0040 3.64* 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.013 0.0011
TOTAL
15 0.025
*= significant
Coefficient of Variance: 3.22%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
26
Appendix Table 8. Dressed weight of the birds (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
0.98 0.98 0.96 0.97 3.89 0.973
T1
1.0
1.01 0.99 0.98 3.98 0.995
T2
1.0 1.0 1.06 1.02 4.08 1.020
T3 1.01 1.02 1.10 1.03 4.16 1.040
GRAND TOTAL
16.11
GRAND MEAN
1.007
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.0103 0.00515 7.57** 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.0082 0.00062
TOTAL
15 0.0185
**=highly significant
Coefficient of Variance: 2.60%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
27
Appendix Table 9. Dressing percentage of the birds (%)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
98 98 97.96 97.98 391.94 97.99
T1
98.04
98.06 98.02 97.03 391.15 97.79
T2
98.04 98.04 96.36 98.08 390.52 97.63
T3 98.06 98.08 96.49 98.10 390.73 97.68
GRAND TOTAL
1564.34
GRAND MEAN
97.77
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.294 0.098 0.24ns 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
4.816 0.401
TOTAL
15 5.110
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Variance: 0.65%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
28
Appendix Table 9. Return on investment
TREAMENTS
PARTICULARS
To (Php) T2(Php) T3(Php) T4 (Php)
Feeds
Chick booster 285.50 285.50 285.50 285.50
Chick starter 990.50 953.75 900.00 865.25
Broiler finisher 2,164.00 2,105.85 1,950.90 1,800.00
Bulb
192.25
192.25
192.25
192.25
Vetracin
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
Biocid 30
37.50
37.50
37.50
37.50
Vaccine NCD
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
Stocks
1,700.00
1,700.00
1,700.00 1,700.00
Transportation
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
Grand Total
5,829.50
5,634.60
5,425.90 5,240.25
Gross Income
5,935.00
5,760.50
5,555.00 5,370.00
Net income
105.50
125.90
129.10
129.75
Return on Investment (%) 1.77
2.18
2.32
2.41
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
29
CA-UR Form 9
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
La Trinidad, Benguet
November 10, 2009
Date
APPLICATION FOR MANUSCRIPT ORAL DEFFENSE
Name: MARILOU B. BASSIT
Degree (Major Field): BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE (Animal
Science).
Title of the Thesis: GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS FED WITH YACON
(Smallanthus sonchifolius) LEAF MEAL AS FEED SUPPLEMENT.
Date and Time of defense: November 10, 2009
Place of Defense: College of Agriculture (AC 201)
Endorsed: SAMUEL CRESCENCIO S. ARCELLANA
Adviser and Chairperson, Advisory Committee
(Printed Name and Signature)
Approved:
BEN B. LUIS
Member, Advisory Committee
and Department Chairperson
RESULT OF ORAL DEFENSE
Name and Signature * Remarks (Passed/Failed)
SAMUEL CRESCENCIO S. ARCELLANA
Adviser and chairperson, Advisory Committee
MADELINE S. KINGAN
Member, Advisory Committee
BEN B. LUIS
Member, Advisory Committee
and Department Chairperson
Copy Furnished:
Adviser
Member of Advisory Committee
Department Chairperson
College Secretary
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009. Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed Supplement. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: SAMUEL CRESCENCIO S. ARCELLANA. MSc.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Benguet State University, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet
from May to June 2009.
One hundred sixty (160) twenty-one days old Cob broiler chicks were randomly
distributed into four treatments following the completely randomized designed (CRD). The four
treatments were replicated four times with 10 birds per replication. The different treatments used
were as follows: T0 (control/pure commercial feeds), T1 (90% commercial feeds plus 10%
yacon leaf meal), T2 (80% commercial feeds plus 20 yacon leaf meal) and T3 (70% commercial
feeds plus 30% yacon leaf meal).
Results of the study found that there were no significant differences in terms of initial
weight, final weight, total gain in weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), cost of feed to produce a
kilogram of broiler and dressing percentage. The overall mean of initial weight, final weights and
total gain in weight of the birds were 0.6591kg, 1.8166kg and 1.16kg. Feed conversion ratio, cost
of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler and dressing percentage had a mean of 1.847 and
53.672Php and 97.77%. On the other hand, feed consumption and slaughter weight had
significant differences among treatments. The mean total of feed consumption observed from
those birds under T3 (70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal) was 2.065 kg while those
birds under To (pure commercial
feeds) was 2.178kg. Slaughter weight had an overall mean of 1.030kg. While, the dressed weight
has highly significant differences observed in all treatment which has the over all mean dressed
weight of 1.007kg.
Furthermore, a better ROI observed from those birds under T3 (70% commercial feeds +
30% yacon leaf meal) which is the highest ROI of 2.41%. The above result shows that yacon
leaves can also be converted into feed meal not only as a medicinal plant. This can be used to
substitute or add-on 10-30% of commercial feed allowance without harmful effect on the growth
performance of the birds as well as reduces feed cost.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
MATERIALS AND METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Initial and final weight of the birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Total gain in weight of the birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Feed consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Feeds conversion ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Cost of feed to produced a kilogram of broiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Slaughter weight of the birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Dressed weight and dressing percentage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Morbidity and mortality rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Net Income and Return on Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 16
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
INTRODUCTION
Feeding has a great effect in the growth performance of broilers. It is important that
poultry raisers need to know and understand the nutritional requirements, care and
feeding management of broilers to come up with a cheap nutritionally balanced ration.
Using locally feed resources is possible. One of this is a new popular root crop that goes
by the unusual name “yacon”.
Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is a perennial plant grown in the Andes of Perú
for its crisp, sweet-tasting tubers. The texture and flavor have been described as a cross
between a fresh apple and watermelon which is why it is sometimes referred to as the
apple of the earth. It has recently been introduced into farmer's markets and natural food
stores in the US. Yacon is a distant relative of sunflower with edible tubers and leaves. It
has a white or yellowish transparent flesh and green leaves. This is low in calories
content 54%, low sugar level, decrease cholesterol and triglycerides level. It contains
high inulin content 60-70% and froctooligosacharrides (FOS), 87% water, 0.30% protein,
0.30% fat, 0.6% lipids, 0.6% fiber, 54 Kcal energy and a certain traces of 22%
phosphorous, 23 mg calcium, and 11% glucides and has a moisture content of 70-85%.
Yacon also contains quantities of fructose, glucose, chlorogenic, caffeic, and ferulic acid.
(Wikipedia, 2008).
This study aims to utilize cheap feed resources to help poultry raisers produced
birds more economically so to lessen the cost of production.
Feeding birds using different kinds of feed resources is one of the most important
factors that affect the success of a farm enterprise. It is important to the poultry raisers to
know what the best feed for their birds is. Thus, this study helps the poultry raisers to
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
2
know how to manage and care their poultry species in terms of feeding management to
come out with the best result on the growth performance of broilers given varying levels
of yacon.
The general objective of this study was to determine the effect of yacon leaf meal
as feed supplement to Cobb broilers. Specifically, it aimed to determine the effect of
yacon leaf meal in terms of growth rate, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio,
morbidity and mortality rate and dressing percentage of the broilers and to determine
which level of yacon leaf meal will give the best result on the performance of broilers.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University (BSU) Experimental
Poultry House at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from May 2009 to June 2009.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The leaves of yacon contain quantities of fructose, glucose, chlorogenic, caffeic,
and ferulic acids, which give tea made from prebiotic and antioxidant properties of
leaves. As a result, some researchers have explored the use of yacon tea for treating
diabetes and for treating diseases caused by radicals (Wikipedia 2008).
Grau and Rea (2005) stated that the dried leaves of yacon are used to prepare
medicinal tea. Dried yacon leaves are used in Japan in mixing with common tealeaves.
Hypoglycemic, activity has been demonstrates in the water extract of dried yacon leaves
in feeding animals like rats with induce diabetes. Also, yacon carbohydrates including
oligofructants can be rapidly metabolized by animals, so tuberous roots and leaves can be
used to feed animals such as cattle, sheep and chickens.
According to Bernet and Hermann (2004) yacon leaves contains polyphenols with
anti-oxidant activity with the prevention of cancer and arteriosclerosis. Yacon leaf extract
is high in polyphenols that have been shown to reduce blood sugar levels in diabetic and
non-diabetic ruminant’s animal.
Bautista and Mabesa (1993) stated that the practice of poultry and livestock raisers
in giving daily feed supplement and other substances to the ration of animals is to
minimize production cost. Some feed supplements improve productivity by increasing
the appetite of the animals and improving the feed conversion efficiency as well as to
lessen the cost of production expenses.
The reason why poultry and livestock raisers practice in giving daily feed
supplement and other substances to the ration of the animals is to lessen the cost of
production and to improve feed efficiency and animal appetite (Francisco, 1992).
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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Burn (1985) mentioned that chicken meat production has grown at a faster rate.
The demand has also been driven by fast food chains. Profits from poultry meat products
are deal with the basis of feeds and output of poultry meat showing that the ration must
give optimum return.
The chemical chromatological study of the leaves has revealed it contains 11% of
protein among other components. For this reason, people in the sierra use yacon leaves as
fodder for their animals such as cattle, guinea pigs, etc. In Japan, scientists, producers and
consumers have formed the Japanese Yacon Association. This association and other
foreign analog groups are cultivating it and promoting consumption of “Andean tea”
based on the leaves of this plant (Michaels, 2008).
According to the Department of Science and Technology (2009) yacon leaves are
positive in alkaloid, tannins and steroids. Alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical
compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms. The name derives from the word alkaline
and was used to describe any nitrogen-containing base. Alkaloids are produced by a large
variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are part of the
group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). Many alkaloids can be
purified from crude extracts by acid-base extraction. Tannins have molecular weights
ranging from 500 to over 3,000. Tannins are incompatible with alkalis, gelatin, heavy
metals, iron, lime water, metallic salts, strong oxidizing agents and zinc sulfate
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
5
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials and equipments that were used in the study includes 160 day old
cobb broilers, brooding-rearing cages, broiler commercial feeds, disinfectant, feed
containers, drinking and feeding troughs, electric bulbs (100 watts), old newspapers,
waterers, feeders, weighing scale, NCD vaccine, record book and ground yacon leaf
meal.
Methodology
Pre- Experimental period. The stock were procured from reliable distributor of day
old chicks at Baguio City and the yacon leaves were purchased and collected from
reliable farmers of yacon at La Trinidad and Tublay, Benguet.
Preparation of brooding and rearing cages. The brooder and rearing cages were
clean thoroughly and were sprayed with disinfectant which includes drinking and feeding
troughs which was done one week before the arrival of the chicks. After three days, old
newspaper sheets were spread to cover the floor of the brooder to conserved heat and to
prevent the entrance of draft. It also serves as receptacles for the feeds in the first few
days and also maintaining the temperature desired by the chicks. Finally, two hours
before the arrival of the chicks, the brooder cages were lightened to ensure a uniform
brooding temperature requirement.
Arrival of the stocks. Upon the arrival of the chicks, they were placed in the
brooding cages and brooded as a group. They were subjected to the same care and
management. At seven days old, they were vaccinated against new castle disease (NCD)
vaccine. They were fed with commercial chick booster feeds until they reached their 15th
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
6
days old. To ensure good health of the birds, drinking water given to them was medicated
with vetracine multi-vitamin soluble particularly in their first two weeks.
Experimental period. At 21 days old of brooding, the chicks were divided
randomly into four treatments following the completely randomized design (CRD). Each
treatment was replicated four times with 10 birds per replication making a total of 40
birds per treatment. However, before the birds were placed into their respective cages,
their initial weights were taken.
The following treatments were as follows:
T0 – Control (pure commercial feeds)
T1 – 10% yacon leaf meal plus 90% commercial feeds
T2 – 20% yacon leaf meal plus 80% commercial feeds
T3 – 30% yacon leaf meal plus 70% commercial feeds
The birds in all treatments were subjected to the same care and management except
on the levels of yacon leaf meal added to their ration. The birds on the control (To) were
given pure commercial feeds, while the birds assigned to T1 were given 10% of yacon
leaf meal added to 90% commercial feeds, T2 birds were given 20% of yacon leaf meal
plus 80% commercial feeds, and those under T3 were given 30% of yacon leaf meal plus
70% commercial feeds. Feeding the birds was done three times a day, 6:00 in the
morning, 12:00 noontime, and 5:00 in the afternoon. During the first two weeks, the birds
were fed with chick booster, followed by broiler starter crumbles for the next two weeks
and lastly, finisher crumbles until the termination of the study. Fresh water was always
made available. Feeding and drinking troughs were cleaned daily to maintain the good
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
7
health of the birds. The light was switch-on 23 hours and switch-off one hour in a day
time.
Preparation of yacon leaf meal. Yacon leaves were washed thoroughly with clean
water then allowed to drip. It was later sundried until it can be ground into leaf meal. The
resulting meal added manually to the commercial feeds on the specified level of
treatments. 7.75kilograms of fresh yacon leaves produced 1kilogram of yacon leaf meal.
Slaughtering of the birds. At the termination of the stocks, one broiler taken as
sample per replication for a total of four birds per treatment. These were slaughtered
following the standard procedure by cutting up into different market cuts, thus, there
weights were taken.
Data gathered. The data gathered were as follows:
1. Initial weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by weighing the chicks
individually at the start of the study (21 days of age).
2. Final weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by getting the total weight of
the birds in each treatment and replication divided by the total number of birds per
treatment.
3. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the
initial weight from the corresponding final weight of the individual birds.
4 Total feed consumption (kg). This was taken by adding the total amount of feed
consumed by the birds from the beginning until the termination of the study.
5. Feed conversion ratio (FCR). This was obtained by dividing the total feed
consumption by the total gain in weight of the birds.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
8
6. Cost of feed to produce a kilogram gain in weight (Php). This was taken by
multiplying the feed conversion ratio by the average price of feeds per kilo.
7. Dressing percentage (%). This was obtained by dividing the carcass weight of
the birds by the slaughter weight of the birds multiplied by 100.
8. Net profit (Php). This was taken by multiplying the final weight of the birds
(input) by the price per kilogram live weight of birds (output).
9. Returned of investment (ROI). This was obtained by using this formula:
ROI = Net Profit
x 100
Total Cost of Production
All the data gathered were consolidated, tabulated and subjected to analysis of
variance for completely Randomized Design (CRD). The Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) was used to determine the significance between the treatment means.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial and Final Weight
The initial and final weights of the birds in different treatments are presented in
Table 1. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in all
treatments in terms of initial and final weights of the birds. It implies that the birds at the
start and end of the study were more or less of the same weight. The initial weights of the
birds had a total mean of 0.6591 kg and the final weight of the birds had a total mean of
1.8166 kg of replacing 10-30% yacon leaf meal. The result shows that increasing the
amount of yacon leaf meal can produce a little increased in final weight.
Total Gain in Weight
The total gains in weight of the birds in the different treatments are presented in
Table 2. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences between
treatment means. The total gain in weight of the birds given 10% yacon leaf meal and
those given 30% yacon leaf meal had a means of 1.17 kg each. While the birds in control
Table 1. Initial and final weights of the birds under the different treatments (kg)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Initial weight (kg) Final weight (kg)
Pure commercial feed
0.6622
1.8075
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
0.6516
1.8150
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal 0.6575
1.8175
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
0.6649
1.8262
ns= means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
10
(pure commercial feeds) and 20% yacon leaf meal had a mean of 1.15 kg and 1.16 kg.
The result below revealed that substituting 10-30% commercial feeds allowance of
the birds with yacon leaf meal does not have detrimental effect on the growth rate of the
birds.
Feed Consumption of the Birds
The feed consumption of the birds in the different treatments is presented in Table
3. Statistical analysis showed that the mean of feed consumption is significantly differ
from each other. The birds under To (pure commercial feeds) had the highest mean of
2.178kg and those birds under T3 (70% commercial feeds and 30% yacon leaf meal) had
the lowest mean of 2.065kg. The result below shows that replacing 10-30% commercial
feeds allowance of the birds with yacon leaf meal does not have detrimental effect on the
growth performance of the birds and would reduce commercial feeds.
Table 2. Total gain in weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT
WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feed
1.15
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
1.17
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal
1.16
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
1.17
ns= means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
11
Table 3. Feed consumption of the birds from day 1 to 42 (kg)
TREATMENT
WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feed
2.178a
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
2.168a
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal 2.145a
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
2.065b
* = means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Feed Conversion Ratio
The feed conversion ratio of the birds in the different treatments is presented in
Table 4. On this parameter, statistical analysis showed that there were no significant
differences between the feed conversion ratio of the birds in all treatment. The birds
under To (pure commercial feeds) had the highest FCR mean of 1.905, followed by
1.863of those birds under T1 (90% commercial feeds +10% yacon leaf meal), then, those
birds under T2 (80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal) was 1.850 and lastly,
those birds under T3 (70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal) with mean of
1.768. They are not significantly differ from each other. The result shows that increasing
the amount of yacon leaf meal given to the birds would improve the FCR of the birds.
Cost of Feed to Produce a Kilogram of Broiler
The cost of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler in the different treatments is
presented in Table 5. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences
observed among treatments with means ranging from Php54.75 (pure commercial feeds)
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
12
to Php53.50 (70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal). This study connotes that
the cost of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler was almost the same in all treatments.
Slaughter Weight of the Birds
The slaughter weight of the birds in the different treatment is presented in Table 6.
Statistical analysis shows that the mean slaughter weight significantly differ among
treatments with highest mean of 1.55kg (70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal)
and a lowest mean of 1.44kg under To (pure commercial feeds). The overall mean
slaughter weight of the birds was 1.51kg. This implies that replacing 10-30% commercial
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of the birds
TREATMENT
FCR
Pure commercial feed
1.905
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
1.863
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal
1.850
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
1.768
ns= means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Table 5. Cost of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler (Php)
TREATMENT
COST
(Php)
Pure commercial feed
54.75
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
53.125
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal
53.313
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
53.50
ns= means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
13
Table 6. Slaughter weight of the birds (kg)
TREATMENT
WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feed
0.993b
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
1.0175a
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal
1.045a
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
1.065a
*= means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
feed allowance of the birds with yacon leaf meal have a good effect on the slaughter
weight of the birds.
Dressed Weight and Dressing Percentage of the Birds
The dressed weight and dressing percentage of birds in the different treatments is
presented in Table 7. Statistical analysis shows that the dressed weights are highly
significant differences from each other while dressing percentage are not significant
differences in all treatment. The dressed weight ranged from 1.040 kg (97.68% dressing
percentage) obtained from the birds fed with 70% commercial feeds plus 30%yacon leaf
meal to 0.973kg (97.99% dressing percentage) obtained from the birds fed with pure
commercial feeds. The results imply that birds in the different treatments are not
comparable to each other in term of dressed weight and dressing percentage.
Mortality and Morbidity Rate
There was neither mortality nor morbidity among birds experimented from the start
until the termination of the study. This indicates that the birds had more or less showed
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
14
Table 7. Dressed weight (kg) and Dressing percentage (%)
TREATMENT
Dressed Weight Dressing Percentage
(kg) (%)
Pure commercial feed
0.973c
97.99
90% commercial feeds + 10% yacon leaf meal
0.995b
97.79
80% commercial feeds + 20% yacon leaf meal 1.020a 97.63
70% commercial feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal
1.040a
97.68
**= means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
good performance against diseases as well as proper care and management of the
researcher.
Net return and Return on Investment
The return on investment in the different treatments is presented in Table 8. The
ROI of the birds was not subjected into statistical analysis, however, it is shown in the
table that birds given 30% yacon leaf meal had the highest numerical ROI of 4.47
followed by birds given 20% yacon leaf meal with 3087% ROI, also the birds given 10%
yacon leaf meal with 3.02% ROI and finally, those given pure commercial feeds with an
ROI of 2.65%. Results showed that the birds given commercial feeds had a higher
income brought about by their heavy weights, but still they had a lowest ROI because of
the higher feed cost.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
15
Table 8. Net income and return on investment (%)
TREATMENT
TOTAL TOTAL NET ROI (%)
SALES COST INCOME
Pure commercial feed 5880.50 5729.75 151.75 2.65
90% commercial feeds +
10% yacon leaf meal
5805.00 5634.75 170.25 3.02
80% commercial feeds +
20% yacon leaf meal
5635.75 5425.75 210.00 3.87
70% commercial feeds +
30% yacon leaf meal
5475.00 5240.50 234.50 4.47
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
16
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the effect of yacon leaf meal on the growth
performance of cob broilers. This was conducted at the Benguet State University Poultry
Experimental House, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from May to June 2009.
One hundred sixty (160) twenty-one days old broiler chicks were used in the study.
This was divided into four treatments following the Completely Randomized Designed
(CRD). The four treatments were replicated four times with 10 birds per replication. The
different treatments used were as follows: To (control/pure commercial feeds), T2 (90%
commercial feeds plus 10% yacon leaf meal), T2 (80% commercial feeds plus 20 yacon
leaf meal) and T3 (70% commercial feeds plus 30% yacon leaf meal).
Results of the study found that there were no significant differences in terms of
initial weight, final weight, total gain in weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), cost of feed
to produce a kilogram of broiler and dressing percentage. The overall mean of initial
weight, final weights and total gain in weight of the birds were 0.6591kg, 1.8166kg and
1.16kg. Feed conversion ratio, cost of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler and dressing
percentage had a mean of 1.847 and 53.672Php and 97.77%. On the other hand, feed
consumption and slaughter weight had significant differences among treatments. The
mean total of feed consumption observed from those birds under T3 (70% commercial
feeds + 30% yacon leaf meal) was 2.065 kg while those birds under To (pure commercial
feeds) was 2.178kg. Slaughter weight had an overall mean of 1.030kg. While, the dressed
weight has highly significant differences observed in all treatment which has the over all
mean dressed weight of 1.007kg.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
17
Although the net profit and return on investment (ROI)) were not subjected to
statistical analysis, the study shows that the higher net profits and return on investment
observed numerically from those birds given the level of 10-30% add-on to commercial
feeds.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that yacon leaf meal can
replace 10-30% of commercial feeds allowable to the birds without detrimental affect on
their growth performance.
Recommendation
Based on the results showed in the study, it is recommended that yacon leaves can
be converted into meal that can be used to replace 10-30% of the commercial feeds
allowance to reduce feed cost especially this time of crisis. It is also recommended that
further studies of yacon leaf meal as feeds for broilers should be made; however, it
includes not only the growth performance but also the effect on the carcass quality.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
18
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, O.K. and R.C. MABESA. 1997. Vegetable Production. Revised Vegetable
Training Manual. U.P.C.A. Los Banos, Laguna. Page 41.
BERNET, T. and M. HERMANN. 2004. Yacon Fact Sheet. Retrieved October 28, 2008
from http://www.cipotato.org/artc/cip_crops/factsheetyacin.pdr.
BURN, G.B. 1985. Poultry Nutrition Australia. University of Sydney. Page 112.
FRANCISCO, C.C. 1992. Farmers Management Practice in Livestock and Poultry
Production. MS Thesis (Unpub.). UPLB. College of Laguna. Page 120.
DOST. 2009. A Guidebook to Plant Screening; Phytochemical and Biological of Yacon.
Department of Science and Technology. Km 6, La Trinidad, Benguet.
GRAU, A. and J. REA. 2005. Yacon (Smal anthus sonchifolius) BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
MICHAELS, J. 2008. Yacon Growing Information. Found at World Wide Web.
http://www.greenharvest.com.au/Plants/yacon_info.html retrieved on October 26,
2008
WIKIPEDIA. 2008.YACON NUTREINT COMPOSITION. Found at Worldwide Web.
http://www.gvdbiotech.com/yacon retrieved on September 16, 2008.
WIKIPEDIA. 2008. Yacon (Smal anthus sonchifolius). Found at World Wide Web.
http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ yacon. retrieved on September 17, 2008.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
19
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Initial weight of the birds (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
0.6840 0.6523 0.6720 0.6405 2.6488 0.6622
T1
0.6580
0.6270 0.6700 0.6515 2.6067 0.6515
T2
0.6700 0.6415 0.6812 0.6375 2.6302 0.6575
T3 0.6265 0.6705 0.6900 0.6725 2.6595 0.6649
GRAND TOTAL
10.5452
GRAND MEAN
0.6591
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.0004 0.0001 0.28ns 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.0057 0.0005
TOTAL
15 0.0061
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Variance: 3.30%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
20
Appendix Table 2: Final weight of the birds (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
1.885 1.860 1.750 1.735 7.23 1.8075
T1
1.815 1.800 1.865 1.780 7.26 1.8150
T2
1.855 1.825 1.515 1.775 7.27 1.8175
T3 1.785 1.855 1.845 1.820 7.30 1.8262
GRAND TOTAL
29.065
GRAND MEAN
1.8166
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.0007 0.0002 0.10ns 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.00275 0.0023
TOTAL
15 0.0282
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Variance: 2.63%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
21
Appendix Table 3. Total gain in weight (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
1.20 1.21 1.08 1.09 4.58 1.15
T1
1.16 1.17 1.20 1.13 4.66 1.17
T2
1.19 1.18 1.13 1.14 4.64 1.16
T3 1.16 1.18 1.16 1.17 4.67 1.17
GRAND TOTAL
18.55
GRAND MEAN
1.16
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.0012 0.0004 0.235ns 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.020 0.0017
TOTAL
15 0.0212
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Variance: 3.55%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
22
Appendix Table 4.feed consumption of the birds (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
2.14 2.20 2.10 2.27 8.71 2.178
T1
2.13 2.18 2.16 2.20 8.67 2.168
T2
2.18 2.15 2.10 2.15 8.58 2.148
T3 2.14 2.10 2.0 2.02 8.26 2.065
GRAND TOTAL
34.22
GRAND MEAN
2.139
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.0313 0.01043 3.65* 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.0345 0.00286
TOTAL
15 0.0668
*= significant
Coefficient of Variance: 2.50%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
23
Appendix Table 5. Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
1.78 1.82 1.94 2.08 7.62 1.905
T1
1.84 1.86 1.80 1.95 7.45 1.863
T2
1.83 1.82 1.86 1.89 7.40 1.850
T3 1.84 1.78 1.72 1.73 7.07 1.768
GRAND TOTAL
29.54
GRAND MEAN
1.847
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.0398 0.013267 2.02ns 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.0788 0.006567
TOTAL
15 0.1186
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Variance: 4.39%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
24
Appendix Table 6. Cost of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler (Php)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
53.75 53.00 55.75 56.50 219.00 54.75
T1
52.75
52.25 52.50 55.00 212.50 53.125
T2
52.25 52.75 54.25 54.00 213.25 53.313
T3 53.75 52.50 54.00 53.75 214.00 53.50
GRAND TOTAL
858.75
GRAND MEAN
53.672
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 6.480465 2.16016 1.52ns 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
17.109279 1.42578
TOTAL
15 23.589844
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Variance: 2.22%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
25
Appendix Table 7. Slaughter weight of the birds (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
1.0 1.0 0.98 0.99 3.97 0.993
T1
1.02
1.03 1.01 1.01 4.07 1.0175
T2
1.02 1.02 1.10 1.04 4.18 1.045
T3 1.03 1.04 1.14 1.05 4.26 1.065
GRAND TOTAL
16.48
GRAND MEAN
1.030
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.012 0.0040 3.64* 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.013 0.0011
TOTAL
15 0.025
*= significant
Coefficient of Variance: 3.22%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
26
Appendix Table 8. Dressed weight of the birds (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
0.98 0.98 0.96 0.97 3.89 0.973
T1
1.0
1.01 0.99 0.98 3.98 0.995
T2
1.0 1.0 1.06 1.02 4.08 1.020
T3 1.01 1.02 1.10 1.03 4.16 1.040
GRAND TOTAL
16.11
GRAND MEAN
1.007
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.0103 0.00515 7.57** 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
0.0082 0.00062
TOTAL
15 0.0185
**=highly significant
Coefficient of Variance: 2.60%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
27
Appendix Table 9. Dressing percentage of the birds (%)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T0
98 98 97.96 97.98 391.94 97.99
T1
98.04
98.06 98.02 97.03 391.15 97.79
T2
98.04 98.04 96.36 98.08 390.52 97.63
T3 98.06 98.08 96.49 98.10 390.73 97.68
GRAND TOTAL
1564.34
GRAND MEAN
97.77
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
TREATMENT 3 0.294 0.098 0.24ns 3.05 5.95
ERROR
12
4.816 0.401
TOTAL
15 5.110
ns= not significant
Coefficient of Variance: 0.65%
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
28
Appendix Table 9. Return on investment
TREAMENTS
PARTICULARS
To (Php) T2(Php) T3(Php) T4 (Php)
Feeds
Chick booster 285.50 285.50 285.50 285.50
Chick starter 990.50 953.75 900.00 865.25
Broiler finisher 2,164.00 2,105.85 1,950.90 1,800.00
Bulb
192.25
192.25
192.25
192.25
Vetracin
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
Biocid 30
37.50
37.50
37.50
37.50
Vaccine NCD
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
Stocks
1,700.00
1,700.00
1,700.00 1,700.00
Transportation
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
Grand Total
5,829.50
5,634.60
5,425.90 5,240.25
Gross Income
5,935.00
5,760.50
5,555.00 5,370.00
Net income
105.50
125.90
129.10
129.75
Return on Investment (%) 1.77
2.18
2.32
2.41
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
29
CA-UR Form 9
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
La Trinidad, Benguet
November 10, 2009
Date
APPLICATION FOR MANUSCRIPT ORAL DEFFENSE
Name: MARILOU B. BASSIT
Degree (Major Field): BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE (Animal
Science).
Title of the Thesis: GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS FED WITH YACON
(Smallanthus sonchifolius) LEAF MEAL AS FEED SUPPLEMENT.
Date and Time of defense: November 10, 2009
Place of Defense: College of Agriculture (AC 201)
Endorsed: SAMUEL CRESCENCIO S. ARCELLANA
Adviser and Chairperson, Advisory Committee
(Printed Name and Signature)
Approved:
BEN B. LUIS
Member, Advisory Committee
and Department Chairperson
RESULT OF ORAL DEFENSE
Name and Signature * Remarks (Passed/Failed)
SAMUEL CRESCENCIO S. ARCELLANA
Adviser and chairperson, Advisory Committee
MADELINE S. KINGAN
Member, Advisory Committee
BEN B. LUIS
Member, Advisory Committee
and Department Chairperson
Copy Furnished:
Adviser
Member of Advisory Committee
Department Chairperson
College Secretary
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
Document Outline
- Growth Performance of Broilers Fed withYacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed Supplement
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES