BIBLIOGRAPHY LICDAN, REAHLYN A. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013. A Study on the Profitability of
Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Andrew K. Del-ong, BSc.
ABSTRACT
The study sought to determine the profitability of backyard swine production and
marketing in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. Specifically the study aimed to determine the (1)
purposes of household in engaging swine production, (2) management practices of
backyard swine raisers as to: a) selecting breeding stock b) feeding c) care and management
and d) marketing (3) the problems and consultations encountered in backyard swine raising
operation and (4) the cost and return in production and marketing of backyard swine raiser.
The study was conducted in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur particularly in barangays: Poblacion,
Comilias South, and Malaya who are the major swine producing barangays in the
municipality. The study was conducted from January to February 2013. Data were gathered
through personal interview using survey questionaire.
Most of the respondents feed their swine with commercial feeds, mixed feed and
cooked vegetables. For care and management they bathed their swine using soap for the
reason that the cleanliness of animal skin contributes good impression for their physical
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
appearance especially to the large white. To control disease like LBM they consulted
veterinarian rather than consulting other swine raisers.
For the marketing practices they sold their fattened swine by carcass or live weight.
They sold and bought the piglets from P1,800-P2,000 and sold then after 1-2 months. The
fattened swine, were sold either wholesale or retail and the given prices for live weight
were P80-P90 per kilo and P100-P120 per kilo for butchered pig.
Problems encountered by the swine raisers were; high cost of feeds, lack of capital,
LBM, lack of veterinarian service and lack of technical knowledge. For problems in
production, swine raisers gave solution through applying the new knowledge learned from
attending seminar, control using feeds, consulting other swine raisers, consulting
veterinarian, self remedy and making credit. The marketing problems identified were low
price of the swine, absence of buyers, inaccurate weighing scale and the location of the
area. The solution they identified was to organize cooperative, look for market outlet and
change business. This study showed that the respondents had different ways in caring,
managing, feeding and method of selling swine.
Cost and return analysis of swine production for litter production had the average
cost of P11,139.50 with the average of 7 piglets sold at the average value of P1,800. Given
that average cost, the average sale was P12,600.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
Marketing is one important strategy for the creation of new employment
opportunities and hastening the economy and growth of the country. The government
nowadays is giving a strong emphasis on the marketing establishment specially that the
country is facing a lot of economic problems, which results to a high rate of poverty and
unemployment.
Establishing one’s own business would not only alleviate and increase employment
but also lead to economic progress. In Cervantes, Ilocos Sur, rice planting is the major
source of livelihood. Swine raising is now becoming an alternative for their additional
source of livelihood. This is because Filipinos are meat eaters. Swine are prolific; easily
increase in numbers as composed to other livestock’s, which gave the idea to the residents
of Cervantes to raise swine for extra income. Going into swine production is a means of
employing themselves especially for those who did not finish their schooling it is an
alternative source of income aside from rice planting.
Swine raising whether backyard or commercial scale offers several advantages to
the raisers. This study could be used to provide information that is necessary and useful to
assess the condition of the swine industry, cooperatives and associations to formulate plans
for the development of the swine production. It is therefore imperative to undertake this
study to generate necessary data, which may be useful in developing or improving the
swine industry, thus improved the livelihood of swine producers.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Basis of selection for Breeding and Feeder Stock
Supnet and Gatmaitan (1980) stated that there are a number of swine breeds in the
country today and it is sometimes difficult to determine the best breed or breeds that are
adopted under local conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the merits and identify
the undesirable characteristics of the following breeds of swine before making the final
choice which is likely to prove most suitable for the purpose. Some of the following are
type of swine raised in the Philippines namely; Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc, Berkshire,
Poland, Hypor and Lacombre.
There are two factors to be considered in selecting swine for breeding as stated by
Puyaoan, et al., (1970). These two factors include individual appearances and the
performance of the pig. Selection based on individual appearances includes considerations
of types and soundness.
The guidelines given by Bogart (1997) that may be used in selection of pigs
intended for breeding and feeder stocks. These are the following: 1.) If possible, selection
should be based on reliable production records. 2.) Determine the trait, which your
breeding herd should posses. 3.) Select from large and healthy litter of at least eight pigs at
weanling. 4.) Select potential breeders from the biggest pigs within the litter. 5.) Select pigs
that have 12 or more evenly spaced and sound teats. 6.) Breeding pigs must have sound
feet and strong legs. 7.) Breeding pigs should be free from abnormalities. 8.) Select
breeding boars with well defined sex characteristics. 9.) Gilts and sow should be free from
abnormalities. 10). When selecting with your own herd, initial selection from your stock
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
should be done when the pigs are at least 2-3 months old to give enough time to undergo a
performance test. Final selection should be done at 6-8 months old. 11.) One should by
feeder stocks for fattening that are really healthy, vigorous and rapid growers. A healthy
pig has a fine and smooth hair coat with clean and shiny skin. It is alert, has a good appetite
and sucks the company of pen mates never purchase runts.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur particularly in barangays:
Poblacion, Comilias South, and Malaya. These are the major swine producing barangays
in the municipality.
The study was conducted from January to February 2013.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study were the backyard swine raisers of Cervantes, Ilocos
Sur. They were identified with the help of community leaders in the locality. There were
60 respondents of the study coming from different barangays of Cervantes. These
composed of 20 respondents who are in Malaya, there were also 20 respondents in
Poblacion and 20 respondents in Comilias South with a total of 60 respondents.
Data Collection
Data gathering was done through personal interview. The researcher conducted
with the use of interview schedule used in collecting the needed data and necessary
information on the production and marketing of swine.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the: socio-demographic profile of swine raisers, their
purpose in raising swine, their practices, and problems encountered in swine production
and marketing.
Data Analysis
The data gathered were tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted with the use of
appropriate statistical tools according to the objectives of the study.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents according to age, sex, civil status,
place of birth, dialect spoken, occupation, number of children, number of years in raising
swine, highest educational attainment, other sources of income and number of head owned
in swine production.
Age. The age of the respondents ranges from 21-70 years old. Most of them (20 or
33.33%) belonged to age bracket 51-60 years old. This was followed by the age bracket
ranging from 41-50 with 14 or 23.33%; ages 31-40 with 12 or 20%; ages 21-30 with 9 or
15% and the least was 61-70 years old with 5 or 8.33%. The result shows that there was a
wide distribution in the age of respondents. This implies that young or old people can
engage in swine production.
Gender. Out of the 60 respondents 43 or 71.67% were female and only 17 or
28.33% were male. Result shows that majority of the swine raisers were female.
Civil status. Majority of the respondents 34 or 56.67% were married. There were
18 or 30% single and 8 or 13.34% were widowed.
Place of birth. Most if the respondents (37 or 61.66%) were born in Cervantes. This
was followed by Abatan with only 8 or 13.33%, Mankayan with 6 or 10%, Mountain
Province with 4 or 6.67%, Pangasinan with 3 or 5 % and Tarlac with 2 or 3.33%. The result
shows that most of the respondents still came from Cervantes.
Dialect or Language spoken. Kankanaey was the common (43 or 71.67% dialect
spoken by the respondents. This was followed by Ilocano with 14 or 23.33% then tagalong
with 3 or 5%.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
Occupation. Majority of the respondents (31 or 51.67%) had farming as their main
occupation. Fourteen or 23.33% of the respondents cited that their occupation were swine
production while the 10 or 16. 67% stated that they work under government.
Number of years in swine raising. Most of the respondents (13 or 21.67%) were
engaged in swine production for 21-25 years, 11 or 18.33% for 6-10 years including 11-15
years, 10 or 16.67% for 16-20 years, 8 or 13.33% for 1-5 years and 7 of 11.67% for 20-30
years. The result shows that majority of the swine raisers had been in the business of swine
production for several years already.
Number of children. Among married respondents, 22 or 30.67% have zero to 2
children. About 8 or 13.33% of the respondents have 3-5 children. 18 or 30% had 6-8
children, 12 or 20% had 9-11 children. This means that the swine raisers had to have a
good income from their business in order to provide the needs of their children.
Educational attainment. The educational attainment was classified into four
classifications: no formal education, elementary, high school and college. Most of the
respondents, 20 or 33.33% finished their elementary level, 22 or 36.67% finished high
school level, 11 or 18.83% reached college level while 7 or 22.67% had no formal
education. As gathered from the respondents, educational attainment is not a factor but
knowledge in swine production is more important since majority considered swine
production as their business.
Source of income. Most of the respondents (45 or 75%) mentioned sale of swine
and farming as the main sources of their income. 10 or 16.67% mentioned that their salary
from government as other source of their income. And lastly, 5 or 8.33% of the respondents
income are coming from their established own business.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
Number of swine raised. The number of swine raised by swine producers ranged
from 3-10 heads. Among of the 60 respondents, 29 or 48.33% 6-8 heads per cropping; 22
or 36.67% for 9-10 heads and 12 or 205% raised 3-5 heads. The mean number of heads
raised by the respondents was 5 heads or 5.31 heads.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study provided an overview of the production and marketing of swine raisers
in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. The study was conducted in 3 different barangay specifically
aimed to answer the following: (1) purposes of household in engaging swine production,
(2) management practices of backyard swine raisers as to: a) selecting breeding stock b)
feeding c) care and management and d) marketing (3) what are the problems and
consultations encountered in backyard swine raising operation and (4) the cost and return
in production and marketing of backyard swine raiser. There were 60 respondents; the
study was conducted in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur particularly in barangays: Poblacion,
Comilias South, and Malaya. These are the major swine producing barangays in the
municipality. The study was conducted from January to February 2013. Data were gathered
with the use of personal interview.
Most of the swine raisers came from Cervantes Ilocos Sur. The ages of the
respondents’ ranges from 21-70 years old. Majority of them were female and mostly spoke
the kankanaey dialect. As to their occupation majority of them had farming as their main
job and had been raising swine from 1-30 years. They had been in the same area from 1-
30 years also. Majorities were married and most of them were undergraduate and their
incomes come mostly from swine production and farming. They raised 3-11 heads of pigs
and they considered swine production as their business, source of revolving funds, past
time and sidelines to help them from their family consumption.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
All of them raised Hybrid swine and their breeds raised were large white, landrance,
hempshire, Berkshire and mestiso for others they don’t know the breed. Most of them were
using natural breeding and they considered the physical appearance and the performance
of the swine in selecting the breed to raise.
Most of the respondents feed their swine using commercial feeds, mixed feed and
cooked vegetable. For care and management they bath their swine using soap for the reason
that the cleanliness of animal skin contributes good impression for their physical
appearance especially to the large white. To control disease like LBM they consulted
veterinarian rather than to consult other swine raisers.
For the marketing practices they sold their fattened swine by carcass or live weight.
They sold and bought the piglets from P1,800-P2,000 and sold it at the age ranging from
1-2 months. Going back to fattened swine, the methods for selling were either wholesale
or retail and the given prices for live weight were P80-P90 per kilo and P100-P120 per kilo
for butchered pig.
Problems encountered by the swine raisers were; high cost of feeds, lack of capital,
LBM, lack of veterinarian service and lack of technical knowledge. For problems in
production, swine raisers gave solution through applying the new knowledge learned from
attending seminar, control using feeds, consulting other swine raisers, consulting
veterinarian, self remedy and making credit. The marketing problems identified were low
price of the swine, absence of buyers, inaccurate weighing scale and the location of the
area. The solution they identified was to organize cooperative, look for market outlet and
change business. This study showed that the respondents had different ways in caring,
managing, feeding and method of selling under swine production.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
Cost and return analysis of swine production in litter production had the average
cost of P11,139.50 with the average of 7 piglets sold at the average value of P1,800. Given
that average cost, the average sale was P12,600.
For fattening production, they were classified into two groups; pure feed and
mixture of feed and cooked vegetable.
Conclusion
1. Most of the respondents were married belonging to the middle age group. Most
of them were undergraduate;
2. Swine raisers continue their cultural management in swine production. They feed
their swine with the combination of commercial feeds with cooked vegetable. They raised
improve breed using cross breed and the animal stock were marketed directly to the
middlemen or neighbors;
3. The swine raisers in the area were thinking of organizing an association for the
swine raisers to help in swine marketing. Problems were encountered by swine raisers
namely; high cost of feeds, lack of capital, disease and parasite, lack of veterinarian
services, lack of technical knowledge, low price, absence of buyers, inaccurate weighing
scale and the location of the area; and,
4. Cost of return for 60 swine raisers from piglets and fattening production has
different cost in production and returns in marketing.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
Recommendation
1. Organize an association or cooperative in the area for further development of the
business and as for source of solution to the problems encountered in swine raising;
2. Market information should be established specially in standard pricing to
encourage swine raisers; and,
3. Swine raisers should be aware of attending seminars regarding on swine
production and marketing for more gain or to enhance their knowledge in managing their
swine.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BANWAGEN, G. P. 1994. Observations on the Production and Management of Slaughter
Hogs at Pangasinan Tropical Swine Breeding Farm, Inc. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet. P.39
BISHOP, C. E. and W. D TOUSSAINT. 1969. Introduction to Agricultural Economic
Analysis. John Wiley and Sons Inc. P. 256
BLAKELY, J. and BADE DH. 1983. The Animal Husbandry. Part 2. College of
Veterinary Medicine, Library. Pp. 355-414
BOGART, R. 1997. Scientific Farm Animal Production. Department of Animal Science.
Oregon State University. Corvallis, Oregon. Pp. 211-232
CULLISON, AE. and ROBERT LS. 1987. Feeds and Feeding. Fourth Edition. Prentice-
Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs. P. 3
DAGOON, J. 1990. Poultry, Swine, and Goat Production. Quezon City. Philippines. Rex
Bookstore. P. 83
DE GUZMAN, VM. 2003. Marketing Practices of Swine Raisers and Traders in Baguio,
City. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 16-22
HERRICK, B. and KINDLEBERGER. 1983. Economic Development. Fourth Edition.
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. GVM Entrepreneur. P. 98
LITILIT, W.T. 1997. Marketing Practices of Swine Producers in Poblacion, Sabangan,
Mountain Province. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 16
PUYAOAN, R. B. J. EUSEBIO and P. ALCANTARA. 1970. Laboratory Manual for
Swine Production and Management. College of Agriculture, UPLB. Laguna,
Philippines. P. 28
SERRES, H. 1992. Manual of Pig Production in the Tropics. Published by CAB
International. P. 45
STOCKHILL, P. 1990. Water: Why it should not be the Neglected Nutrient to Pigs. Feed
International Pp. 10-11
SUPNET, M. G. and GATMAITAN D. 1980. Swine Farming Manual. Makati Squibb.
and and Sons, Corp. Pp.114-122
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013. A Study on the Profitability of
Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Andrew K. Del-ong, BSc.
ABSTRACT
The study sought to determine the profitability of backyard swine production and
marketing in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. Specifically the study aimed to determine the (1)
purposes of household in engaging swine production, (2) management practices of
backyard swine raisers as to: a) selecting breeding stock b) feeding c) care and management
and d) marketing (3) the problems and consultations encountered in backyard swine raising
operation and (4) the cost and return in production and marketing of backyard swine raiser.
The study was conducted in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur particularly in barangays: Poblacion,
Comilias South, and Malaya who are the major swine producing barangays in the
municipality. The study was conducted from January to February 2013. Data were gathered
through personal interview using survey questionaire.
Most of the respondents feed their swine with commercial feeds, mixed feed and
cooked vegetables. For care and management they bathed their swine using soap for the
reason that the cleanliness of animal skin contributes good impression for their physical
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
appearance especially to the large white. To control disease like LBM they consulted
veterinarian rather than consulting other swine raisers.
For the marketing practices they sold their fattened swine by carcass or live weight.
They sold and bought the piglets from P1,800-P2,000 and sold then after 1-2 months. The
fattened swine, were sold either wholesale or retail and the given prices for live weight
were P80-P90 per kilo and P100-P120 per kilo for butchered pig.
Problems encountered by the swine raisers were; high cost of feeds, lack of capital,
LBM, lack of veterinarian service and lack of technical knowledge. For problems in
production, swine raisers gave solution through applying the new knowledge learned from
attending seminar, control using feeds, consulting other swine raisers, consulting
veterinarian, self remedy and making credit. The marketing problems identified were low
price of the swine, absence of buyers, inaccurate weighing scale and the location of the
area. The solution they identified was to organize cooperative, look for market outlet and
change business. This study showed that the respondents had different ways in caring,
managing, feeding and method of selling swine.
Cost and return analysis of swine production for litter production had the average
cost of P11,139.50 with the average of 7 piglets sold at the average value of P1,800. Given
that average cost, the average sale was P12,600.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
Marketing is one important strategy for the creation of new employment
opportunities and hastening the economy and growth of the country. The government
nowadays is giving a strong emphasis on the marketing establishment specially that the
country is facing a lot of economic problems, which results to a high rate of poverty and
unemployment.
Establishing one’s own business would not only alleviate and increase employment
but also lead to economic progress. In Cervantes, Ilocos Sur, rice planting is the major
source of livelihood. Swine raising is now becoming an alternative for their additional
source of livelihood. This is because Filipinos are meat eaters. Swine are prolific; easily
increase in numbers as composed to other livestock’s, which gave the idea to the residents
of Cervantes to raise swine for extra income. Going into swine production is a means of
employing themselves especially for those who did not finish their schooling it is an
alternative source of income aside from rice planting.
Swine raising whether backyard or commercial scale offers several advantages to
the raisers. This study could be used to provide information that is necessary and useful to
assess the condition of the swine industry, cooperatives and associations to formulate plans
for the development of the swine production. It is therefore imperative to undertake this
study to generate necessary data, which may be useful in developing or improving the
swine industry, thus improved the livelihood of swine producers.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Basis of selection for Breeding and Feeder Stock
Supnet and Gatmaitan (1980) stated that there are a number of swine breeds in the
country today and it is sometimes difficult to determine the best breed or breeds that are
adopted under local conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the merits and identify
the undesirable characteristics of the following breeds of swine before making the final
choice which is likely to prove most suitable for the purpose. Some of the following are
type of swine raised in the Philippines namely; Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc, Berkshire,
Poland, Hypor and Lacombre.
There are two factors to be considered in selecting swine for breeding as stated by
Puyaoan, et al., (1970). These two factors include individual appearances and the
performance of the pig. Selection based on individual appearances includes considerations
of types and soundness.
The guidelines given by Bogart (1997) that may be used in selection of pigs
intended for breeding and feeder stocks. These are the following: 1.) If possible, selection
should be based on reliable production records. 2.) Determine the trait, which your
breeding herd should posses. 3.) Select from large and healthy litter of at least eight pigs at
weanling. 4.) Select potential breeders from the biggest pigs within the litter. 5.) Select pigs
that have 12 or more evenly spaced and sound teats. 6.) Breeding pigs must have sound
feet and strong legs. 7.) Breeding pigs should be free from abnormalities. 8.) Select
breeding boars with well defined sex characteristics. 9.) Gilts and sow should be free from
abnormalities. 10). When selecting with your own herd, initial selection from your stock
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
should be done when the pigs are at least 2-3 months old to give enough time to undergo a
performance test. Final selection should be done at 6-8 months old. 11.) One should by
feeder stocks for fattening that are really healthy, vigorous and rapid growers. A healthy
pig has a fine and smooth hair coat with clean and shiny skin. It is alert, has a good appetite
and sucks the company of pen mates never purchase runts.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur particularly in barangays:
Poblacion, Comilias South, and Malaya. These are the major swine producing barangays
in the municipality.
The study was conducted from January to February 2013.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study were the backyard swine raisers of Cervantes, Ilocos
Sur. They were identified with the help of community leaders in the locality. There were
60 respondents of the study coming from different barangays of Cervantes. These
composed of 20 respondents who are in Malaya, there were also 20 respondents in
Poblacion and 20 respondents in Comilias South with a total of 60 respondents.
Data Collection
Data gathering was done through personal interview. The researcher conducted
with the use of interview schedule used in collecting the needed data and necessary
information on the production and marketing of swine.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the: socio-demographic profile of swine raisers, their
purpose in raising swine, their practices, and problems encountered in swine production
and marketing.
Data Analysis
The data gathered were tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted with the use of
appropriate statistical tools according to the objectives of the study.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents according to age, sex, civil status,
place of birth, dialect spoken, occupation, number of children, number of years in raising
swine, highest educational attainment, other sources of income and number of head owned
in swine production.
Age. The age of the respondents ranges from 21-70 years old. Most of them (20 or
33.33%) belonged to age bracket 51-60 years old. This was followed by the age bracket
ranging from 41-50 with 14 or 23.33%; ages 31-40 with 12 or 20%; ages 21-30 with 9 or
15% and the least was 61-70 years old with 5 or 8.33%. The result shows that there was a
wide distribution in the age of respondents. This implies that young or old people can
engage in swine production.
Gender. Out of the 60 respondents 43 or 71.67% were female and only 17 or
28.33% were male. Result shows that majority of the swine raisers were female.
Civil status. Majority of the respondents 34 or 56.67% were married. There were
18 or 30% single and 8 or 13.34% were widowed.
Place of birth. Most if the respondents (37 or 61.66%) were born in Cervantes. This
was followed by Abatan with only 8 or 13.33%, Mankayan with 6 or 10%, Mountain
Province with 4 or 6.67%, Pangasinan with 3 or 5 % and Tarlac with 2 or 3.33%. The result
shows that most of the respondents still came from Cervantes.
Dialect or Language spoken. Kankanaey was the common (43 or 71.67% dialect
spoken by the respondents. This was followed by Ilocano with 14 or 23.33% then tagalong
with 3 or 5%.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
Occupation. Majority of the respondents (31 or 51.67%) had farming as their main
occupation. Fourteen or 23.33% of the respondents cited that their occupation were swine
production while the 10 or 16. 67% stated that they work under government.
Number of years in swine raising. Most of the respondents (13 or 21.67%) were
engaged in swine production for 21-25 years, 11 or 18.33% for 6-10 years including 11-15
years, 10 or 16.67% for 16-20 years, 8 or 13.33% for 1-5 years and 7 of 11.67% for 20-30
years. The result shows that majority of the swine raisers had been in the business of swine
production for several years already.
Number of children. Among married respondents, 22 or 30.67% have zero to 2
children. About 8 or 13.33% of the respondents have 3-5 children. 18 or 30% had 6-8
children, 12 or 20% had 9-11 children. This means that the swine raisers had to have a
good income from their business in order to provide the needs of their children.
Educational attainment. The educational attainment was classified into four
classifications: no formal education, elementary, high school and college. Most of the
respondents, 20 or 33.33% finished their elementary level, 22 or 36.67% finished high
school level, 11 or 18.83% reached college level while 7 or 22.67% had no formal
education. As gathered from the respondents, educational attainment is not a factor but
knowledge in swine production is more important since majority considered swine
production as their business.
Source of income. Most of the respondents (45 or 75%) mentioned sale of swine
and farming as the main sources of their income. 10 or 16.67% mentioned that their salary
from government as other source of their income. And lastly, 5 or 8.33% of the respondents
income are coming from their established own business.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
Number of swine raised. The number of swine raised by swine producers ranged
from 3-10 heads. Among of the 60 respondents, 29 or 48.33% 6-8 heads per cropping; 22
or 36.67% for 9-10 heads and 12 or 205% raised 3-5 heads. The mean number of heads
raised by the respondents was 5 heads or 5.31 heads.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study provided an overview of the production and marketing of swine raisers
in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. The study was conducted in 3 different barangay specifically
aimed to answer the following: (1) purposes of household in engaging swine production,
(2) management practices of backyard swine raisers as to: a) selecting breeding stock b)
feeding c) care and management and d) marketing (3) what are the problems and
consultations encountered in backyard swine raising operation and (4) the cost and return
in production and marketing of backyard swine raiser. There were 60 respondents; the
study was conducted in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur particularly in barangays: Poblacion,
Comilias South, and Malaya. These are the major swine producing barangays in the
municipality. The study was conducted from January to February 2013. Data were gathered
with the use of personal interview.
Most of the swine raisers came from Cervantes Ilocos Sur. The ages of the
respondents’ ranges from 21-70 years old. Majority of them were female and mostly spoke
the kankanaey dialect. As to their occupation majority of them had farming as their main
job and had been raising swine from 1-30 years. They had been in the same area from 1-
30 years also. Majorities were married and most of them were undergraduate and their
incomes come mostly from swine production and farming. They raised 3-11 heads of pigs
and they considered swine production as their business, source of revolving funds, past
time and sidelines to help them from their family consumption.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
All of them raised Hybrid swine and their breeds raised were large white, landrance,
hempshire, Berkshire and mestiso for others they don’t know the breed. Most of them were
using natural breeding and they considered the physical appearance and the performance
of the swine in selecting the breed to raise.
Most of the respondents feed their swine using commercial feeds, mixed feed and
cooked vegetable. For care and management they bath their swine using soap for the reason
that the cleanliness of animal skin contributes good impression for their physical
appearance especially to the large white. To control disease like LBM they consulted
veterinarian rather than to consult other swine raisers.
For the marketing practices they sold their fattened swine by carcass or live weight.
They sold and bought the piglets from P1,800-P2,000 and sold it at the age ranging from
1-2 months. Going back to fattened swine, the methods for selling were either wholesale
or retail and the given prices for live weight were P80-P90 per kilo and P100-P120 per kilo
for butchered pig.
Problems encountered by the swine raisers were; high cost of feeds, lack of capital,
LBM, lack of veterinarian service and lack of technical knowledge. For problems in
production, swine raisers gave solution through applying the new knowledge learned from
attending seminar, control using feeds, consulting other swine raisers, consulting
veterinarian, self remedy and making credit. The marketing problems identified were low
price of the swine, absence of buyers, inaccurate weighing scale and the location of the
area. The solution they identified was to organize cooperative, look for market outlet and
change business. This study showed that the respondents had different ways in caring,
managing, feeding and method of selling under swine production.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
Cost and return analysis of swine production in litter production had the average
cost of P11,139.50 with the average of 7 piglets sold at the average value of P1,800. Given
that average cost, the average sale was P12,600.
For fattening production, they were classified into two groups; pure feed and
mixture of feed and cooked vegetable.
Conclusion
1. Most of the respondents were married belonging to the middle age group. Most
of them were undergraduate;
2. Swine raisers continue their cultural management in swine production. They feed
their swine with the combination of commercial feeds with cooked vegetable. They raised
improve breed using cross breed and the animal stock were marketed directly to the
middlemen or neighbors;
3. The swine raisers in the area were thinking of organizing an association for the
swine raisers to help in swine marketing. Problems were encountered by swine raisers
namely; high cost of feeds, lack of capital, disease and parasite, lack of veterinarian
services, lack of technical knowledge, low price, absence of buyers, inaccurate weighing
scale and the location of the area; and,
4. Cost of return for 60 swine raisers from piglets and fattening production has
different cost in production and returns in marketing.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
Recommendation
1. Organize an association or cooperative in the area for further development of the
business and as for source of solution to the problems encountered in swine raising;
2. Market information should be established specially in standard pricing to
encourage swine raisers; and,
3. Swine raisers should be aware of attending seminars regarding on swine
production and marketing for more gain or to enhance their knowledge in managing their
swine.
A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013
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A Study on the Profitability of Backyard Swine Production and Marketing in
Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. | LICDAN, REAHLYN A. APRIL 2013