BIBLIOGRAPHY MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013. Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given
Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Mary Arnel D. Garcia, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to determine the effect of commercial feedsand sweet
potato leaves on the growth performance of native chickens. Specifically, it was conducted
to determine the growth performance of native chickens in terms of gain in weight, feed
consumption, feed conversion ratio, morbidity and mortality, and profitability of raising
native chicken given commercial feed and sweet potato leaves. This was conducted at the
BSU Poultry Experimental Area, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.
A total of thirty native chickens were distributed into two treatments following
Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD). Each treatment had three blocks with 5
birds per block making a total 15 birds per treatment. Birds in the control treatment were
given commercial feedsad libitum while in birds treatment 1 were given commercial feeds
and sweet potato leaves on a restricted time. All the birds wereconfined throughout the
study and subjected to the same care and management except for the kind of ration given.
Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the two treatments in terms
of initial and final weights, gains in weight (daily, weekly, total), feed intake (DM basis),
feed conversion ratio, and return on investment. A mean initial weight of the bird was
0.246 kg and a mean final weight of the bird was 1.429kg after 82 days of feeding.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
The Philippine native chicken is a type of chicken commonly raised in the
backyard. They are sometimes turned loose into scavenge while some are housed in semi-
confinement. Although, native chicken is comparatively poor in egg and meat producer,
they remain a very important source of protein and provide additional income to the
farmers (Wu, 1999).
Garcia (2006) added that it is not just a main source of eggs and meat for the family
but it also plays an important role in the culture of people. Elders or folk prefers native
chicken together with native pig as sacrificial animals for rituals. Pinikpikan, an indigenous
well known menu in the Cordillera, has native chicken as the main ingredient and is often
served to visitors and guests and on family gatherings.
Raising native chicken requires lesser production input and do not need much and
special feeds for survival. They are easy to maintain wherein they are just allowed to seek
their own food, or just given kitchen left over, palay, fruits, and vegetables. Native chickens
are relatively small in size, and have slow growth rate. Giving commercial feeds and green
supplement to the birds is a good way to find out if their growth rate will be improved.
Plant as feed supplement makes the animal healthy and resistant to disease due to
its large quantities of vitamins and minerals. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a well
known feed supplement for animals especially for pigs and poultry. This plant easily grows
in the backyards and free range chicken can have access to it during the day.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Results of this study would contribute data on the performance of native chickens
when given high energy diets and green supplements such as commercial feeds and sweet
potato leaves, respectively.
The study generally aimed to find out the effect of chopped sweet potato leaves and
commercial feeds on the growth performance of native chicken. Specifically, it aimed to
determine the gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, morbidity and
mortality, and profitability of raising native chicken given chopped sweet potato leaves and
commercial feeds.
This study was conducted at the BSU Poultry, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from
October 2012 to January 2013.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Philippine Native Chicken
The domestic native chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a mixture of different
breeds. They are small, active, sensitive and capable of great flight when frightened. The
hens have excellent mothering ability and excellent sitters. Under normal backyard
production, the native hen produces 30 to 60 eggs per year. However, when properly
managed, it may reach up to 120 to 200 eggs per year (Molitas, 1999).
Bondoc (1998) as cited by Garcia (2006), the adult size of native chickens is usually
small. Generally, the male weighs an average of 1.3kg and the female weighs 1kg. They
are nervous and flighty. The females are broody and have strong maternal instincts. A
chicken lay only about 40-60 eggs a year. This is because they are allowed to incubate their
eggs and their natural broodiness is allowed to set in. But with improved management and
a better nutrition, native hens lay 130- 200 eggs a year.
According to Scanes (2004) native chickens were raised essentially as scavengers
in the backyard and farmyards. There is still considerable potential for continuation and
expansion of this small scale approach in many communities. The addition of egg and meat
protein to protein deficient diets, together with cash income can make small scale poultry
production is very appealing.
There are few farms of native chicken found in the Philippines. Almost all native
chickens are raised in backyards just for households only. Only few farmers sell their native
chicken in the market. Farmer prefers native chicken because it does not require special
care and feeds but they have nutritious products that are free from toxins compared to
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
commercial broilers. Native chicken does not require high cost of production and capitals
and they could tribe under rugged conditions (Tolentino, 2009).
In the highlands, native chickens serve as a source of their food. Many claimed that
native chicken meat is more delicious than commercial broiler meat and to think that the
broilers are normally fed with balance diet. On the other hand, native chicken are simply
fed with palay, corn and even left over, cooked rice. However, in most cases they are let
loose and that they eat different plant leaves aside from what they get from the soil when
they go scratching (Catagan, 1997).
PCCARD (2000), recommended the provision of shelter to native chicken made of
bamboo, scrap wood, wire mesh or net for their protection against predators and the effects
of the element of the weather, better control of disease, disturbance to vegetable gardens
and neighbor’s property by free-ranging.
Native Chicken Inventory
Based on the data gathered by the Bureau of Agriculture Statistics (BAS) in 2012,
the inventory of native chicken (heads) in the Philippines is 315,957,240 in 2009;
309,708,390 in 2010 and 305,310,167 in 2011. Cordillera Administrative Region
contributes to the said inventory with 5,366,048; 5,542,169; and 5,849,952 in 2009, 2010,
and 2011 respectively.
Sweet Potato as Feed Supplement
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a slender, perennial, herbaceous vine belonging
to the convulvulaceae family. Sweet potato leaves have high crude protein content ranging
from 25% to 29% in dry matter. It also contains iron, calcium, vit. A and E, riboflavin and
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
carotene. Sweet potatoes are relatively abundant in the Cordillera where in it is planted not
only for human consumption but also for animal feed. Cordillerans are continuing planting
sweet potato not only for human consumption, but for animal feeds. Almost all animals in
the locality are fed with sweet potato, like hogs, chickens, dogs and ducks (UPWARD,
1992).
Dried sweet potato leaves and vines can be used in poultry rations as a source of
protein and carotenoid, particularly beta-carotene and xanthophylls, and have been
included in diets to enhance the yellow pigmentations of broiler skins and egg yolks (Heuze
et al, 2011).
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The experimental animals that were used in this study were thirty native chickens
with ages ranging from four weeks to eight weeks. Experimental birds include those non
descript breeds of colored chicken raised in the backyards. Commercial feeds and sweet
potato leaves were used as experimental diets. Other materials that were used in the study
are cages, feeders and waterers, weighing scale, leg bands, and recording materials.
Methods
Preparation of cages, feeders, and waterers. The native chickens were raised in full
confinement throughout the study. A week before the start of the study the cages, feeders
and waterers were cleaned and disinfected.
Experimental design and treatments. Due to the varying ages of the birds, the lay
out for Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) was followed. The birds were
grouped in to three, as follows: block 1 = 4 weeks old; block 2 = 6 weeks old; and block 3
= 8 weeks old. Each group was then distributed at random into the two treatments with five
birds per block making a total of 15 birds per treatment. The diet to be given to each
treatment was introduced a week before the actual start of the study. After this adjustment
period, the birds were weighed for their initial weights.
The treatments used in the study are the following:
T0- commercial feeds
T1-commercial feeds + chopped sweet potato leaves
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Preparation of sweet potato leaves. Sweet potato leaves (Figure 1) were harvested
in the garden and washed thoroughly to remove unnecessary particles and air-dried for two
hours. The leaves were chopped into small pieces of about one cm (Figure 2)
Figure 1. Fresh sweet potato leaves
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Figure 2. Chopped sweet potato leaves
Feeding management. The birds in the control treatment were given commercial
feeds on ad libitum basis, while the birds in treatment 1 were given commercial feeds and
chopped sweet potato leaves separately on a restricted time. Commercial feed was given
twice a day from 6 am to 8 am in the morning, and 4 pm to 6 pm in the afternoon. After
the specified time, any left-over were withdrawn and measured as left over. On the other
hand, chopped sweet potato leaves were given ad libitum from 9 am to 3 pm. After the
specified time, any left-over were withdrawn. This feeding scheme was followed
throughout the study.
Care and management. All birds were subjected to the same care and management
except for the kind of ration that were given to them. The ration depended on the treatment
where they were assigned.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Data to be Gathered
1. Initial weight (kg). It was taken by weighing the birds individually at the start of
the study wherein the birds were about four to eight weeks of age.
2. Final weight (kg). It was taken by weighing the native chicken after eighty-two
days of feeding trial.
3. Weekly weight (kg). This was obtained by weighing the birds individually at
weekly interval.
4. Amount of feed offered (kg). It was determined by weighing the feed offered on
a dry matter basis from the start of the study until the end.
5. Amount of feed left-over (g). This was determined by weighing the refused feed
including the spilled ones.
6. Dry matter content of sweet potato. This was obtained by oven drying the feed
sample to constant weight.
7. Morbidity. This refers to the number of birds that got sick during the study.
8. Mortality. This refers to the number of birds that died during the study.
9. Production cost (Php). This is the cost of each item used like feeds, stock, etc.
Data Computed
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight of the bird.
2. Daily gain in weight (kg). This was the difference between the final weight and
initial weight of the experimental birds divided by 82 days.
3. Total feed intake (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the total amount of
leftover feeds from the total feed offered.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
4. Percent dry matter (%DM). This was obtained by using the formula:
% DM = Oven dry weight of samples x100
Fresh weight of sample
5. Dry matter intake (DMI). This was obtained by using the formula:
DMI = Fresh weight intake x % DM
6. Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed consumption
by the gain in weight.
7. Feed cost per kg gain (Php). This was obtained by multiplying the feed
conversion ratio by the cost per kg of feeds.
8. Return on investment (ROI). This was calculated using the formula:
ROI (%) = Gross Sales- Total Expenses x 100
Total Expenses
Statistical Analysis
All data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) appropriate for
Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD). Means were compared using the Least
Significant Difference (LSD).
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weights
Initial weight. The initial weights and final weights of the birds are shown in Table
1. T0 (commercial feeds) had a mean of 0.225 kg, while the birds in T1 (commercial feeds
and sweet potato leaves) had a mean of 0.266 kg. Statistical analysis revealed that there is
no significant difference which means that the birds in the two treatments were more or
less of the same weight at the start of the study.
Highly significant differences were found on the initial weights among blocks. This
can be attributed to the two-week difference in the age of the birds per block. Another
factor that could be considered is the fact that the birds came from different broods and
received different care and management before the start of the study.
Final weight. In terms of the final weights, statistical analysis revealed that there
are no significant differences between the two treatments. The average final weights of the
birds given commercial feeds had a mean of 1.416 kg, while the birds given commercial
ration and sweet potato leaves had a mean of 1.429 kg. This implies that the birds between
the two treatments had comparable weights at the end of the study.
Table 1. Initial weight (4 to 6 weeks old) and final weight (16 to 18 weeks old) of the
birds
TREATMENTS INITIAL WEIGHTS
FINAL WEIGHTS
(kg)
(kg)
Commercial feeds 0.226a
1.43a
Commercial feeds 0.255a
1.42a
+ sweet potato leaves
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) LS
Initial weight (4 - 6 weeks old)
Final weight (16 - 20 weeks)
old)
Figure 3. Weighing for initial and final weight
Total Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the mean gain in weight of the birds on daily and weekly basis, as
well as the total gain after 82 days of feeding trial. Similar to the final weight, the birds
given commercial ration had comparable gain in weight to the birds given commercial
ration and sweet potato leaves as shown by statistical analysis. Birds fed with commercial
ration and those given commercial ration and sweet potato leaves gained a total weight and
average daily gain of 1.140 kg and 0.014 kg, respectively.
Figure 4 shows that the birds in the two treatments have almost the same growth
trend with consistent increase up to the 11th week. This is confirmed by the non significant
result of the statistical analysis. This means that the birds in both treatments had
comparable gain in weight on daily and weekly basis.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Table 2. Total and average daily gain in weight of the birds
TREATMENTS GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
_______________________________________
TOTAL
DAILY
Commercial feeds 1.178 0.014
Commercial feeds 1.012 0.013
+ sweet potato leaves
Means without superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) LSD
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
T0
0.6
T1
0.4
0.2
0
Figure 4. Weekly weight of the birds (kg)
Total Feed Intake
The mean feed intakes of the birds under the two treatments are shown in Table 3.
Feed intake as fed had a significant difference between the treatments. This is due to the
high moisture content of watercress which is 84%. However, when these are expressed on
dry matter basis, feed intakes of the birds are comparable. Birds given commercial
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Table 3. Total feed intake of the birds in 82 days of feeding
TREATMENTS TOTAL FEED INTAKE (kg)
__________________
________________
(AS FED) (DM BASIS)
Commercial feeds 6.05 5.32
Commercial feeds 6.81 4.66
+ sweet potato leaves
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) LSD
ration only consumed feeds a with a mean of 5.323 kg while those birds given commercial
ration and sweet potato leaves had a mean of 4.661 kg.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Table 4 presents the feed conversion ratio of birds given commercial ration (T0)
and birds given commercial ration and sweet potato leaves (T1). Statistical analysis shows
that there are no significant effects between the treatments. The FCR of the birds in T0 is
4.83 and 3.94 for the birds given commercial ration and sweet potato leaves. Both ratios
were found to be equally efficient in converting feeds to flesh.
Feed Cost to Produce a Kilogram Gain
The feed cost to produce a unit gain in weight of native chicken is presented in
Table 5. Cost of commercial feeds was Php27.00 per kg while sweet potato leaves was
Php10.00per kg based on the labor spent for gathering and preparation. Analysis of
variance showed no significant on the costs between the treatments. Higher numerical
leaves with a mean of Php134.51. However, the difference of Php6.13 is still considered
as non significant. This numerical difference is due to the feeding scheme done where
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
cost was incurred from the birds given commercial ration only with a mean of Php140.64
and a lower feed cost on the birds given commercial ration and sweet potato
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio
TREATMENTS FEED CONVERSION RATIO
_________________________________
(AS FED) (DM BASIS)
Commercial feeds 5.75
4.93
Commercial feeds 5.21
3.95
+ sweet potato leaves
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) LSD
Table 5. Feed cost to produce a unit gain in weight
TREATMENTS FEED COST
(Php)
Commercial feeds only 140.64
Commercial feeds 134.51
+ sweet potato leaves
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) LSD
commercial feeds in treatment 0 is given ad libitum while commercial feeds and watercress
in treatment 1 is given on a restricted time.
Morbidity and Mortality
There were no incidents of mortality or morbidity among the birds from the start
up to the end of the study. Even the birds were just given commercial multivitamins only
at the first week of the study; they were able to maintain good health despite fluctuations
on the environmental temperature during the conduct of the study that could have made the
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
birds prone to diseases. The non incidence of mortality or morbidity proves the hardiness
of native chicken and their resistance to diseases.
Return on Investment
The returns on investment in raising native chicken in the different treatments are
presented in Table 6 and details on the cost and return analysis are shown in Appendix
Table 22. Sales from birds fed with commercial ration and chopped sweet potato leaves
produced a higher net profit of Php775.00 with a ROI of 14.83%. On the other hand, birds
fed with commercial ration had a lower net profit of Php650.00 and a ROI of 12.15%.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences on the ROI of the
two treatments.
Table 6. Return on investment
TREATMENTS TOTAL
TOTAL NET
COST SALES
INCOME ROI*
(Php)
(Php) (Php) (%)
Commercial feeds 5350.00 6000.00 650.00 12.15
Commercial feeds 5225.00 6000.00 775.00 14.83
+ sweet potato leaves
* Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) LSD
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of commercial feeds and sweet
potato leaves on the growth performance of native chickens. Specifically, it was conducted
to determine the growth performance of native chicken in terms of gain in weight, feed
consumption, feed conversion ratio, morbidity and mortality, and profitability of raising
native chicken given commercial feed and sweet potato leaves. This study was conducted
from October 2012 to January 2013 at the BSU Poultry, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.
A total of thirty birds were used in the study grouped into two treatments following
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Each treatment had three blocks which 5
birds per block making a total 15 birds per treatment. Birds under the control treatment
were given commercial feeds ad libitum while birds in treatment 1 were given commercial
feeds and sweet potato leaves on a restricted time. All the birds were confined throughout
the study and were subjected to the same care and management except for the kind of ration
given.
After 82 days of feeding trial, the birds were able to gain a mean of 1.140 kg from
a mean initial weight of 0.246 kg to a mean final weight of 1.429kg. Throughout the study,
each bird consumed a mean of 4.99kg (DM basis) with a mean daily gain of 0.014kg.
Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the two treatments in terms
of initial weights, final weights, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, dry matter intake and
return on investment. It means that the bird’s performances are comparable to each other
in the above parameters.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it could be concluded that giving commercial
feeds and sweet potato leaves on a restricted time to native chickens will result to the same
growth performance as the native chickens given ad libitum commercial feeds.
Recommendation
Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that commercial feeds and
sweet potato leaves can be fed to native chickens following the restricted time of giving
feeds to minimize wastage, hence, increasing profit. It is also recommended that other
studies will be conducted on the use of sweet potato leaves in combination with other
cheaper base feeds such as rice bran and cracked rice (pegpeg).
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISICS. 2012. Chicken Inventory by Farm Type,
Region
and
Province,
Retrieved
May
21
2012
from
http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/selection.asp.
CATAGAN, J. P. 1997. The acceptability of native chicken meat as processed product.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
GARCIA, MA. D. 2006. Case studies on production of native chickens in Mountain
Province.MS Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad, Benguet.
HEUZE, V. G. TRAN., and P. HASSOUN. 2011. Sweet Potato Forage. Feedingpedia.org.
A
project
by
INRA,
CIRAD,
AFZ
AND
FAO.
http://www.trc.zootechnie.fr/node/551.
MOLITAS, M. P. 1999. The effect of cage rearing and commercial feeds on the growth
performance of native chicken. BS thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 1.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 2001. Modern Management
of Native Chicken. DA-PCARRD Livestock Pro1ject, Los Banos, Laguna. Pp1-6.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 2000. Improved
Management of Philippine Native Chicken. http://blog.agriculture.ph/native-
chicken-production-in-the-philippines.html.
SCANES, C. G. 2004. Poultry Science. Pearson Education. Inc. New Jersey. Pp. 2-3
TOLENTINO, M. L. 2009. Native Chicken. Retrieved January 29, 2010 from http://
maidon.pcrrd.dost.gov.ph.
USERS
PERSPECTIVE
WITH
AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT. 1992. Sweet Potato Cultures of Asia and South Pacific.
Proceeding of 2nd Annual Upward International Conference. Los Banos,
Philippines. Pp. 117,430.
WU, M. G. 1999. Catalogue of the Poultry of South East Asia. Printed by Kuo Thai Color
Printing Co., Ltd.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013. Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given
Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Mary Arnel D. Garcia, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to determine the effect of commercial feedsand sweet
potato leaves on the growth performance of native chickens. Specifically, it was conducted
to determine the growth performance of native chickens in terms of gain in weight, feed
consumption, feed conversion ratio, morbidity and mortality, and profitability of raising
native chicken given commercial feed and sweet potato leaves. This was conducted at the
BSU Poultry Experimental Area, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.
A total of thirty native chickens were distributed into two treatments following
Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD). Each treatment had three blocks with 5
birds per block making a total 15 birds per treatment. Birds in the control treatment were
given commercial feedsad libitum while in birds treatment 1 were given commercial feeds
and sweet potato leaves on a restricted time. All the birds wereconfined throughout the
study and subjected to the same care and management except for the kind of ration given.
Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the two treatments in terms
of initial and final weights, gains in weight (daily, weekly, total), feed intake (DM basis),
feed conversion ratio, and return on investment. A mean initial weight of the bird was
0.246 kg and a mean final weight of the bird was 1.429kg after 82 days of feeding.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
The Philippine native chicken is a type of chicken commonly raised in the
backyard. They are sometimes turned loose into scavenge while some are housed in semi-
confinement. Although, native chicken is comparatively poor in egg and meat producer,
they remain a very important source of protein and provide additional income to the
farmers (Wu, 1999).
Garcia (2006) added that it is not just a main source of eggs and meat for the family
but it also plays an important role in the culture of people. Elders or folk prefers native
chicken together with native pig as sacrificial animals for rituals. Pinikpikan, an indigenous
well known menu in the Cordillera, has native chicken as the main ingredient and is often
served to visitors and guests and on family gatherings.
Raising native chicken requires lesser production input and do not need much and
special feeds for survival. They are easy to maintain wherein they are just allowed to seek
their own food, or just given kitchen left over, palay, fruits, and vegetables. Native chickens
are relatively small in size, and have slow growth rate. Giving commercial feeds and green
supplement to the birds is a good way to find out if their growth rate will be improved.
Plant as feed supplement makes the animal healthy and resistant to disease due to
its large quantities of vitamins and minerals. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a well
known feed supplement for animals especially for pigs and poultry. This plant easily grows
in the backyards and free range chicken can have access to it during the day.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Results of this study would contribute data on the performance of native chickens
when given high energy diets and green supplements such as commercial feeds and sweet
potato leaves, respectively.
The study generally aimed to find out the effect of chopped sweet potato leaves and
commercial feeds on the growth performance of native chicken. Specifically, it aimed to
determine the gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, morbidity and
mortality, and profitability of raising native chicken given chopped sweet potato leaves and
commercial feeds.
This study was conducted at the BSU Poultry, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from
October 2012 to January 2013.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Philippine Native Chicken
The domestic native chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a mixture of different
breeds. They are small, active, sensitive and capable of great flight when frightened. The
hens have excellent mothering ability and excellent sitters. Under normal backyard
production, the native hen produces 30 to 60 eggs per year. However, when properly
managed, it may reach up to 120 to 200 eggs per year (Molitas, 1999).
Bondoc (1998) as cited by Garcia (2006), the adult size of native chickens is usually
small. Generally, the male weighs an average of 1.3kg and the female weighs 1kg. They
are nervous and flighty. The females are broody and have strong maternal instincts. A
chicken lay only about 40-60 eggs a year. This is because they are allowed to incubate their
eggs and their natural broodiness is allowed to set in. But with improved management and
a better nutrition, native hens lay 130- 200 eggs a year.
According to Scanes (2004) native chickens were raised essentially as scavengers
in the backyard and farmyards. There is still considerable potential for continuation and
expansion of this small scale approach in many communities. The addition of egg and meat
protein to protein deficient diets, together with cash income can make small scale poultry
production is very appealing.
There are few farms of native chicken found in the Philippines. Almost all native
chickens are raised in backyards just for households only. Only few farmers sell their native
chicken in the market. Farmer prefers native chicken because it does not require special
care and feeds but they have nutritious products that are free from toxins compared to
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
commercial broilers. Native chicken does not require high cost of production and capitals
and they could tribe under rugged conditions (Tolentino, 2009).
In the highlands, native chickens serve as a source of their food. Many claimed that
native chicken meat is more delicious than commercial broiler meat and to think that the
broilers are normally fed with balance diet. On the other hand, native chicken are simply
fed with palay, corn and even left over, cooked rice. However, in most cases they are let
loose and that they eat different plant leaves aside from what they get from the soil when
they go scratching (Catagan, 1997).
PCCARD (2000), recommended the provision of shelter to native chicken made of
bamboo, scrap wood, wire mesh or net for their protection against predators and the effects
of the element of the weather, better control of disease, disturbance to vegetable gardens
and neighbor’s property by free-ranging.
Native Chicken Inventory
Based on the data gathered by the Bureau of Agriculture Statistics (BAS) in 2012,
the inventory of native chicken (heads) in the Philippines is 315,957,240 in 2009;
309,708,390 in 2010 and 305,310,167 in 2011. Cordillera Administrative Region
contributes to the said inventory with 5,366,048; 5,542,169; and 5,849,952 in 2009, 2010,
and 2011 respectively.
Sweet Potato as Feed Supplement
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a slender, perennial, herbaceous vine belonging
to the convulvulaceae family. Sweet potato leaves have high crude protein content ranging
from 25% to 29% in dry matter. It also contains iron, calcium, vit. A and E, riboflavin and
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
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carotene. Sweet potatoes are relatively abundant in the Cordillera where in it is planted not
only for human consumption but also for animal feed. Cordillerans are continuing planting
sweet potato not only for human consumption, but for animal feeds. Almost all animals in
the locality are fed with sweet potato, like hogs, chickens, dogs and ducks (UPWARD,
1992).
Dried sweet potato leaves and vines can be used in poultry rations as a source of
protein and carotenoid, particularly beta-carotene and xanthophylls, and have been
included in diets to enhance the yellow pigmentations of broiler skins and egg yolks (Heuze
et al, 2011).
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The experimental animals that were used in this study were thirty native chickens
with ages ranging from four weeks to eight weeks. Experimental birds include those non
descript breeds of colored chicken raised in the backyards. Commercial feeds and sweet
potato leaves were used as experimental diets. Other materials that were used in the study
are cages, feeders and waterers, weighing scale, leg bands, and recording materials.
Methods
Preparation of cages, feeders, and waterers. The native chickens were raised in full
confinement throughout the study. A week before the start of the study the cages, feeders
and waterers were cleaned and disinfected.
Experimental design and treatments. Due to the varying ages of the birds, the lay
out for Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) was followed. The birds were
grouped in to three, as follows: block 1 = 4 weeks old; block 2 = 6 weeks old; and block 3
= 8 weeks old. Each group was then distributed at random into the two treatments with five
birds per block making a total of 15 birds per treatment. The diet to be given to each
treatment was introduced a week before the actual start of the study. After this adjustment
period, the birds were weighed for their initial weights.
The treatments used in the study are the following:
T0- commercial feeds
T1-commercial feeds + chopped sweet potato leaves
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Preparation of sweet potato leaves. Sweet potato leaves (Figure 1) were harvested
in the garden and washed thoroughly to remove unnecessary particles and air-dried for two
hours. The leaves were chopped into small pieces of about one cm (Figure 2)
Figure 1. Fresh sweet potato leaves
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Figure 2. Chopped sweet potato leaves
Feeding management. The birds in the control treatment were given commercial
feeds on ad libitum basis, while the birds in treatment 1 were given commercial feeds and
chopped sweet potato leaves separately on a restricted time. Commercial feed was given
twice a day from 6 am to 8 am in the morning, and 4 pm to 6 pm in the afternoon. After
the specified time, any left-over were withdrawn and measured as left over. On the other
hand, chopped sweet potato leaves were given ad libitum from 9 am to 3 pm. After the
specified time, any left-over were withdrawn. This feeding scheme was followed
throughout the study.
Care and management. All birds were subjected to the same care and management
except for the kind of ration that were given to them. The ration depended on the treatment
where they were assigned.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Data to be Gathered
1. Initial weight (kg). It was taken by weighing the birds individually at the start of
the study wherein the birds were about four to eight weeks of age.
2. Final weight (kg). It was taken by weighing the native chicken after eighty-two
days of feeding trial.
3. Weekly weight (kg). This was obtained by weighing the birds individually at
weekly interval.
4. Amount of feed offered (kg). It was determined by weighing the feed offered on
a dry matter basis from the start of the study until the end.
5. Amount of feed left-over (g). This was determined by weighing the refused feed
including the spilled ones.
6. Dry matter content of sweet potato. This was obtained by oven drying the feed
sample to constant weight.
7. Morbidity. This refers to the number of birds that got sick during the study.
8. Mortality. This refers to the number of birds that died during the study.
9. Production cost (Php). This is the cost of each item used like feeds, stock, etc.
Data Computed
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight of the bird.
2. Daily gain in weight (kg). This was the difference between the final weight and
initial weight of the experimental birds divided by 82 days.
3. Total feed intake (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the total amount of
leftover feeds from the total feed offered.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
4. Percent dry matter (%DM). This was obtained by using the formula:
% DM = Oven dry weight of samples x100
Fresh weight of sample
5. Dry matter intake (DMI). This was obtained by using the formula:
DMI = Fresh weight intake x % DM
6. Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed consumption
by the gain in weight.
7. Feed cost per kg gain (Php). This was obtained by multiplying the feed
conversion ratio by the cost per kg of feeds.
8. Return on investment (ROI). This was calculated using the formula:
ROI (%) = Gross Sales- Total Expenses x 100
Total Expenses
Statistical Analysis
All data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) appropriate for
Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD). Means were compared using the Least
Significant Difference (LSD).
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weights
Initial weight. The initial weights and final weights of the birds are shown in Table
1. T0 (commercial feeds) had a mean of 0.225 kg, while the birds in T1 (commercial feeds
and sweet potato leaves) had a mean of 0.266 kg. Statistical analysis revealed that there is
no significant difference which means that the birds in the two treatments were more or
less of the same weight at the start of the study.
Highly significant differences were found on the initial weights among blocks. This
can be attributed to the two-week difference in the age of the birds per block. Another
factor that could be considered is the fact that the birds came from different broods and
received different care and management before the start of the study.
Final weight. In terms of the final weights, statistical analysis revealed that there
are no significant differences between the two treatments. The average final weights of the
birds given commercial feeds had a mean of 1.416 kg, while the birds given commercial
ration and sweet potato leaves had a mean of 1.429 kg. This implies that the birds between
the two treatments had comparable weights at the end of the study.
Table 1. Initial weight (4 to 6 weeks old) and final weight (16 to 18 weeks old) of the
birds
TREATMENTS INITIAL WEIGHTS
FINAL WEIGHTS
(kg)
(kg)
Commercial feeds 0.226a
1.43a
Commercial feeds 0.255a
1.42a
+ sweet potato leaves
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Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) LS
Initial weight (4 - 6 weeks old)
Final weight (16 - 20 weeks)
old)
Figure 3. Weighing for initial and final weight
Total Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the mean gain in weight of the birds on daily and weekly basis, as
well as the total gain after 82 days of feeding trial. Similar to the final weight, the birds
given commercial ration had comparable gain in weight to the birds given commercial
ration and sweet potato leaves as shown by statistical analysis. Birds fed with commercial
ration and those given commercial ration and sweet potato leaves gained a total weight and
average daily gain of 1.140 kg and 0.014 kg, respectively.
Figure 4 shows that the birds in the two treatments have almost the same growth
trend with consistent increase up to the 11th week. This is confirmed by the non significant
result of the statistical analysis. This means that the birds in both treatments had
comparable gain in weight on daily and weekly basis.
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Table 2. Total and average daily gain in weight of the birds
TREATMENTS GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
_______________________________________
TOTAL
DAILY
Commercial feeds 1.178 0.014
Commercial feeds 1.012 0.013
+ sweet potato leaves
Means without superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) LSD
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
T0
0.6
T1
0.4
0.2
0
Figure 4. Weekly weight of the birds (kg)
Total Feed Intake
The mean feed intakes of the birds under the two treatments are shown in Table 3.
Feed intake as fed had a significant difference between the treatments. This is due to the
high moisture content of watercress which is 84%. However, when these are expressed on
dry matter basis, feed intakes of the birds are comparable. Birds given commercial
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Table 3. Total feed intake of the birds in 82 days of feeding
TREATMENTS TOTAL FEED INTAKE (kg)
__________________
________________
(AS FED) (DM BASIS)
Commercial feeds 6.05 5.32
Commercial feeds 6.81 4.66
+ sweet potato leaves
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) LSD
ration only consumed feeds a with a mean of 5.323 kg while those birds given commercial
ration and sweet potato leaves had a mean of 4.661 kg.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Table 4 presents the feed conversion ratio of birds given commercial ration (T0)
and birds given commercial ration and sweet potato leaves (T1). Statistical analysis shows
that there are no significant effects between the treatments. The FCR of the birds in T0 is
4.83 and 3.94 for the birds given commercial ration and sweet potato leaves. Both ratios
were found to be equally efficient in converting feeds to flesh.
Feed Cost to Produce a Kilogram Gain
The feed cost to produce a unit gain in weight of native chicken is presented in
Table 5. Cost of commercial feeds was Php27.00 per kg while sweet potato leaves was
Php10.00per kg based on the labor spent for gathering and preparation. Analysis of
variance showed no significant on the costs between the treatments. Higher numerical
leaves with a mean of Php134.51. However, the difference of Php6.13 is still considered
as non significant. This numerical difference is due to the feeding scheme done where
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cost was incurred from the birds given commercial ration only with a mean of Php140.64
and a lower feed cost on the birds given commercial ration and sweet potato
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio
TREATMENTS FEED CONVERSION RATIO
_________________________________
(AS FED) (DM BASIS)
Commercial feeds 5.75
4.93
Commercial feeds 5.21
3.95
+ sweet potato leaves
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) LSD
Table 5. Feed cost to produce a unit gain in weight
TREATMENTS FEED COST
(Php)
Commercial feeds only 140.64
Commercial feeds 134.51
+ sweet potato leaves
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) LSD
commercial feeds in treatment 0 is given ad libitum while commercial feeds and watercress
in treatment 1 is given on a restricted time.
Morbidity and Mortality
There were no incidents of mortality or morbidity among the birds from the start
up to the end of the study. Even the birds were just given commercial multivitamins only
at the first week of the study; they were able to maintain good health despite fluctuations
on the environmental temperature during the conduct of the study that could have made the
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MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
birds prone to diseases. The non incidence of mortality or morbidity proves the hardiness
of native chicken and their resistance to diseases.
Return on Investment
The returns on investment in raising native chicken in the different treatments are
presented in Table 6 and details on the cost and return analysis are shown in Appendix
Table 22. Sales from birds fed with commercial ration and chopped sweet potato leaves
produced a higher net profit of Php775.00 with a ROI of 14.83%. On the other hand, birds
fed with commercial ration had a lower net profit of Php650.00 and a ROI of 12.15%.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences on the ROI of the
two treatments.
Table 6. Return on investment
TREATMENTS TOTAL
TOTAL NET
COST SALES
INCOME ROI*
(Php)
(Php) (Php) (%)
Commercial feeds 5350.00 6000.00 650.00 12.15
Commercial feeds 5225.00 6000.00 775.00 14.83
+ sweet potato leaves
* Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) LSD
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MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of commercial feeds and sweet
potato leaves on the growth performance of native chickens. Specifically, it was conducted
to determine the growth performance of native chicken in terms of gain in weight, feed
consumption, feed conversion ratio, morbidity and mortality, and profitability of raising
native chicken given commercial feed and sweet potato leaves. This study was conducted
from October 2012 to January 2013 at the BSU Poultry, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.
A total of thirty birds were used in the study grouped into two treatments following
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Each treatment had three blocks which 5
birds per block making a total 15 birds per treatment. Birds under the control treatment
were given commercial feeds ad libitum while birds in treatment 1 were given commercial
feeds and sweet potato leaves on a restricted time. All the birds were confined throughout
the study and were subjected to the same care and management except for the kind of ration
given.
After 82 days of feeding trial, the birds were able to gain a mean of 1.140 kg from
a mean initial weight of 0.246 kg to a mean final weight of 1.429kg. Throughout the study,
each bird consumed a mean of 4.99kg (DM basis) with a mean daily gain of 0.014kg.
Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the two treatments in terms
of initial weights, final weights, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, dry matter intake and
return on investment. It means that the bird’s performances are comparable to each other
in the above parameters.
Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it could be concluded that giving commercial
feeds and sweet potato leaves on a restricted time to native chickens will result to the same
growth performance as the native chickens given ad libitum commercial feeds.
Recommendation
Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that commercial feeds and
sweet potato leaves can be fed to native chickens following the restricted time of giving
feeds to minimize wastage, hence, increasing profit. It is also recommended that other
studies will be conducted on the use of sweet potato leaves in combination with other
cheaper base feeds such as rice bran and cracked rice (pegpeg).
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MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013
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GARCIA, MA. D. 2006. Case studies on production of native chickens in Mountain
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Benguet. P. 1.
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Growth Performance of Native Chicken Given Commercial Feeds and Sweet Potato Leaves
MANOLO, IRIS B. APRIL 2013