BIBLIOGRAPHY TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013. The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a
Dewormer to Native Chicken. Benguet State University La, Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to find out the efficacy of native garlic juice as a
dewormer to native chicken. Specifically, this study aimed to determine the species of
parasites infesting the native chicken. Fecal analysis using the flotation method was used
to determine the number of egg per gram of each species present in the experimental birds.
Result of the fecal analysis revealed that there were five species of parasites infesting the
experimental birds as follows: Ascaridia galli species, Capillaria species, Heterakis
gallinae species, Rillietina tetragona species, and Strongyloides avium species.
Native garlic juice was administered as a dewormer to the experimental birds
based on the following treatments: T0-commercial dewormer (control); T1-10ml garlic
dewormer/ liter of water T2-15ml garlic dewormer/ liter of water; and T3-20ml garlic
dewomer/ liter of water
Results of the study showed that 10 to 15ml garlic juice per liter of water could
effectively eradicate the Capillrai spp., Ascaridia spp. and Heterakis spp. After ten days
of administration. The commercial dewormer was not able to eradicate the number of egg
per gram of the Hetarkis spp. The egg count per gram of Heterakis spp. was reduced to
12.5% and then 16.67% at three and seven days after deworming, respectively.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Native chickens are still very common in the backyards of most rural people in the
Philippines. The native chicken has evolved in a way that allows it to survive and reproduce
in a marginal environment and with minimal management. More important, the meat of
the native chicken has a unique flavor and texture which consumers prefer, the native
chicken remains an important source of high-quality protein food and additional income
for many rural dwellers. Concern over food safety and health issues has resulted in a shift
in consumer preferences towards meat products with good flavor, from chickens raised in
a more humane environment, with minimal antibiotics or chemical-based feed additives.
Increasingly, and especially in urban areas, these poultry products are derived from
intensive production, with control of parasitic infections through the use of veterinary
medication and good sanitation. Backyard chicken production is constrained by many
intrinsic Losses have also been attributed to limited housing and veterinary care services.
Furthermore, poor genetic potential due to lack of selection and predation are also potential
threats to productivity. Chickens are a common choice for backyard-scale food production.
Keeping a productive flock means taking care of your chickens' health. "Worms" can refer
to a wide range of internal parasites in chickens, many of which can cause serious harm,
loss of production and even death. Fortunately, farmers can use several natural methods to
worm their chickens and several technologies have been tested and shown to improve the
productivity of native chickens. How ever, most of these require financial and technical
inputs that are beyond the capacity of farmers. Garlic serves as a treatment for flocks that
have shown evidence of harboring internal parasites.Parasitism ranks high among factors
that threaten village chicken production factors among which malnutrition, poor
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
management and the absence of biosecurity are outstanding and parasitism causes reduced
growth, egg production, emaciation, and anemia as well as mortality. In addition, the roles
of poultry worms such as Heterakis galliae has been associated with the transmission of
Histomonas melagridis in turkeys and chicks. Moreover, parasitic infection or their
concurrent infections result in immune suppression, especially in response to vaccines
against some poultry diseases. Garlic contains vitamin A, B, and C. Its calcium, potassium,
and iron, and the antioxidants, carotenes, germanium, and selenium plus the countless
biologically active compound agents. But most important are garlic’s 33 sumptuous
compounds, especially the volatile amino acid allicin. Allicin is released when the cell
walls of the garlic clove are crushed or pressed. Garlic helps reverse asthma and acne, treats
ear drum disorders, and relieves bronchial congestion, gallbladder disorders, dyspepsia,
and diarrhea and Garlic is a simple, nonprescription drug that helps detoxify the body and
prevent disease. Garlic can cleanse the entire circulatory system in less than an hour. Garlic
as an anthelmenthics which produce the desired effect and most significant of these
compounds is allicin which is found in the garlic until it is crushed. Upon crushing this
precursor of allicin, known as alliin, is enzymatically converted by allinaseallicin. The
ability of crushed garlic containing large amount of allicin as an anthelmenthics is effective
in reducing parasite egg. The uses of traditional medicinal plants in relieving symptoms of
disease and curing various infections date back many centuries. In recent years,
considerable interest has developed in Asian countries in the collection and extended use
of indigenous and introduced plants, as well as garlic for medicinal purposes and scientific
evaluation of plants which are traditionally used against digestive troubles and or
helminthes.
This study was undertaken to find out the effect of native garlic cloves as a
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
dewormer for native chickens. With this homemade dewormer, poultry raiser in the rural
communities was able to control parasite infection in native chickens and will help produce
healthy native chickens for family consumption and income.
This
study aimed to determine the efficacy of garlic cloves as a dewormer to native chicken.
Specifically, it aimed to:
1. determine the best amount of extract garlic as dewormer ,
2. determine the percentage eggs of parasites eradicated after the first
administration of garlic dewormer; and
3. compare the efficacy of garlic with the commercial dewormer
The study was conducted at Kennon, Tuba Benguet. The experimental used a total
of 20 native chickens, which was subjected to seven days deworming.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In 2012,Dawton found that chopped horse chestnut could be a very effective
alternative to commercial dewormer for chicken. It is a safe and effective dewormer at 1ml
per kilogram live weight of chicken.
The use of plant parts for medicines has long being in existence are widely
documented in records kept in ancient China, India and Egypt. These ancient indigenous
practices were discovered by a series of “trial and error” which then could not be
substantiated by proven scientific theories. However, these practices have produced results
of proven efficacies compared to conventional modern medicine. In recent times, herbal
medicines have become indispensable and are forming an integral part of the primary
health care system of many nations (Chopra et al., 1956).
For centuries, medicinal plants have been used to combat parasitism, and in many
parts of the world are still used for this purpose. In ethnoveterinary medicine, which draws
inspiration from traditional practice, there seems to be a range of plant/s or plant extract
suitable for treating almost every parasitic disease of livestock (International Institute of
Rural Reconstruction (IIRR, 1994).
It has been found by Guarrera (1999), seeds of garlic, onion and mint have been
used to treat animals that suffer from gastro-intestinal parasitism, whereas extracts of the
tobaco plants have been used treat the skin of livestock afflicted with external parasites.
Leaves, dried flowers and oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides, a shrub that originated
from Central America and has been distributed around the world, have all been used as
anthelmintics since the early 1900s.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
Garlic serves as a treatment for flocks that have show evidence of harboring internal
parasites. Parasitism ranks high among factor that threaten village chicken production
factors among which malnutrition, poor management and the absence of biosecurity are
outstanding and parasitism causes reduced growth, egg production, emaciation, and anemia
as well as mortality . In addition, the roles of poultry worms such as Heterakis galliae has
been associated with the transmission of histomonas melagridis in turkeys and chicks
(Obiora, 1992). Moreover, parasitic infection or their concurrent infections result in
immuno suppression, especially in response to vaccines against some poultry diseases.
Garlic contains vitamin A, B, and C. its calcium, potassium, iron, and the antioxidants,
carotenes, germanium, and selenium plus the countless biologically active compound
agents. But most important are garlic’33 sumptuous compounds, especially the volatile
amino acid allicin (Calisir and Demir, 2005).
Allicin is released when the cell walls of the garlic cloves are crushed or pressed,
garlic help reverse asthma and acne, treats ear drum disorders, and relieves bronchial
congestion, gallbladder disorders, dyspepsia, and diarrhea. Garlic is simple,
nonprescription drugs that helps detoxify the body and prevent disease. Garlic can cleanse
the entire circulatory system in less than an hour. Garlic as an anthelmenthics which is
produce the desired effect and the most significant of these compounds is allicin, known
as alliin. The ability of crushed garlic containing large amount of allicin as an
anthelmenthics is effective in reducing parasites egg. The uses of traditional medicinal
plants in relieving symptoms o disease and curing various infections date back many
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
The emergence of resistance to anthelmintic drugs, which is now a worldwide
phenomenon and the increased awareness of consumers about drug residues that potentially
enter the food chain have stimulated investigation into alternatives to commercially
available anthelmintics, such as medicinal plants. Their persistence in various
environments and the wealth of information available from ethno veterinary sources in
many parts of the world has resulted in medicinal plants attracting attention from the
scientific community. In an attempt to utilize as effectively as possible the information
available from ethno veterinary and medicinal reports on the anthelmintic activity of plants,
there is a current trend to validate such plants under controlled experimental conditions.
The variety of methodologies used for this purpose includes the provision of fresh,
conserved or dried plants or plant parts to parasitized animals (Schillhorn, 1997).
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials to be used in this study are as follows: garlic cloves, commercial
dewormer, cages, 8-9 mos. 20 native chickens (figure 1), Ziploc bags, ice box, weighing
scale, electric compound microscope, glass slide, cover slip, record book, vials and Mc
master counting chamber.
Figure 1. The experimental birds
Methodology
Experimental design and treatment. Following the Completely Randomized Design
(CRD), the 20 native chickens were divided into three treatments. Each treatment was
replicated five times with one bird per replication making a total of five birds per treatment.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
The different treatments were as follows:
T0- commercial dewormer
T1- 10ml garlic extract dewormer / liter of water
T2- 15ml garlic extract dewormer / liter of water
T3- 20ml garlic extract dewormer / liter of water
Preparation and administration of the garlic. The garlic was bought from the
market, crushed and extracted by juicer and diluted per liter of water for deworming.
Procurement of experimental birds. The experimental birds were taken from
Kennon, Tuba, Benguet. Twenty native chickens regardless of sex were used in the study
for the administration of garlic as dewormer. The feces of the experimental birds was
collected and placed in vials and examined at the Benguet State UniversityCollege of
Veterinary medicine for analysis prior to the conduct of the study to make sure that the
birds have parasite. The experimental animal were given dewormer based from the
treatment.
Collection of the fecal samples. There were three fecal collection periods for fecal
analysis. The first fecal collection was done before the administration of the extract garlic
or deworming. The succeeding fecal collection was done 3 days and 7 days continuos
administration of dewormer. At least 10 grams of fresh fecal samples were collected.
Fecal analysis. Fecal analysis was performed at the BSU College of Veterinary
Medicine, LaTrinidad, Benguet.The procedures were as follows:
Four grams of feces of the experimental animals was suspended in 20cc. of water.
The suspension was mixed thoroughly with 36cc. of sugar solution and passed through a
sieve. The mixture was further mixed in vortex mixer for 3.5 minutes. While stirring, 3-
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
5cc was pipetted off and allow to flow into the chambers of Mc Master Slide and let it
stand for 15-20 minutes. The sample was examined under the microscope (LPO) and eggs
were counted.
Fecal analysis was performed before deworming and at three and seven days of the
administration of the dewormer.
Data Gathered
The data gathered are as follows:
1. Species of parasites present in the feces of experimental animals based on egg
morphology This was obtained through fecal analysis of the animal prior to the
administration of the dewormer.
2.
Egg per gram of feces This was taken by multiplying the reality of egg
frequency count from the microscope multiplying by 200.
3.
Number of egg per gram of feces This was taken before deworming and in
three and seven days of the administration of the dewormer.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General Observations
During the process of garlic cloves the chicken did not exhibit any salivation, and
also did not vomit after swallowing the liquid mixture inspite of the severe bitter taste of
garlic However, the process was done in such as way that the solution was dilute with water
as their drinking water to minimize the bitterness of the garlic juice. No mortality was
observed during the test of animals.
Species of Parasites and Egg Count
from the Experimental Birds
before Treatment
Before the administration of the garlic cloves dewormer, the feces of the
experimental birds were subjected for fecal analysis for the identify the internal parasites
present using the flotation method. There were five species of parasites identified in the
experimental birds as follows: Ascaridia galli (Figure 2), Capillaria spp. (Figure 3),
Heterakis galliae (Figure 4), Rillietina tetragona, and Strongyloides avium (Figure 5).
Result of Fecal Analysis
for Ascaridia spp. after the
3rd and 10th of Deworming
All experimental birds were infested with Ascaridia galli before the administration
of the garlic dewormer.
Before deworming, the average number of eggs per gram of feces was 280 for the
birds assigned in the control treatment. On the third day after the administration of
commercial dewormer, the mean egg count was reduced to 80 and 10 days after the
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
2.Acaridiagalli spp. egg Figure 3.Capllia spp. egg
Figure 4. Heterakis galliae spp. egg Figure 5. Strongyloides avium spp. egg
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
administration, there were no more eggs found in the feces of birds indicating that the
parasite was totally eradicated.
On the other hand, the birds given 10, 15 and 20 ml of garlic dewormer in drinking
had initial egg counts of 0, 240, and 440, respectively for Ascaridia galli. On the third day
of the administration of 10 ml garlic dewormer per l of water (T1), the egg count was
reduced to 80. The same egg count was obtained in feces of birds on the 10th day of
administering the garlic dewormer. On the other hand, in birds given 20ml garlic dewormer
per l of water (T3), there was a drastic drop of egg count of Ascaridia galli from 440 to 80
on the third day of administration and on the 10th day, there were no more eggs of the
parasite found in the feces of bird. This result showed that the 20 ml garlic dewormer per
liter of water was very effective in eradicating Ascaridia galli as reflected by the
remarkable reduction of eggs 10 days after continuous application.
Result of Fecal Analysis for
Capillaria spp. on the 3rd and
10th day of Dewormer Administration
Table 1 shows the mean number of eggs of Capillaria spp. per gram of feces during
the administration of garlic dewormer. The experimental birds in all treatments were
infested with the Capillaria spp. except for the birds given 15 ml garlic dewormer in of
drinking water. The numbers of eggs per g of feces before the application of the dewormer
in birds given the commercial dewormer, and those given 10, 15 and 20 ml garlic dewormer
per liter of water were 240, 360, 0 and 240, respectively. After three days of continuous
administration of 10ml garlic dewormer per liter of water, the egg count for Capillaria spp.
was reduced to 80 eggs per g feces (22.22%) and after ten days of continuous
administration, the egg count was further reduced to 40 egg per g feces (11.11%) of birds.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
For birds given 20 ml garlic dewormer per liter of water, the egg count was reduced to 80
eggs per g of feces on the third day of administration and on the 10th day of administration,
there were no more eggs of Capillaria spp. found in the feces of birds. This means that
giving 20ml garlic dewormer per liter of water continuously for 10 days is effective in
eradicating Capillaria spp. It is as effective as the commercial dewormer used as control.
The only difference was that the commercial dewormer was given only once while the 20
ml garlic dewormer had to be included in drinking water for a period of 10 days to have
the same effect as that of the commercial feed.
Result of Fecal Analysis For
Heterakis galliae on the 3rd and
10th Day of Dewormer Administration
Table 2 shows the mean number of eggs per gram feces of Heterakis galliae on the
third and tenth day of dewormer administration. As reflected in the Table, all treatments
were infested with the Heterakis galliae. In birds assigned to be given the commercial
dewormer, the initial egg count for Heterakis galliae was 480 per g of feces. Three days
after the dewormer was given to the birds, the egg count was reduced to 60 per g of feces
but 10 days after the application, the egg count increased to 80 per g of feces. For birds
given 10 ml garlic dewormer, the initial egg count prior to the administration of the
dewormer was 440 eggs per g of feces. On the third day of administration, the egg count.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Egg count of Capillaria spp. On the 3rd and 10th day of treatment
TREATMENT BEFORE DAYS OF ADMINISTRATION
DEWORMING 3 DAYS 10 DAYS
Commercial dewormer 240 53 0
10ml garlic dewormer
360 80 40
15ml garlic dewormer 0 0 0
20ml garlic dewormer 240 80 0
was reduced to 80 per g of feces but on the 10th day of administration, the egg count was
maintained at 80 per g of feces.
As to the birds given 15 ml garlic dewormer per liter of water, the initial egg count
prior to administration was 400 per g of feces. This decreased to 200 on the 3rd day of 15
ml garlic dewormer administration and on the 10th day of administration, no more eggs
were found in the feces of these birds. For birds given 20 ml garlic dewormer per liter of
water, the initial egg count was 280. On the 3rd day of administration, the egg count was
reduced to 120 and then later on the 10th day of administration, nor more eggs were found
in the feces of birds.
From these results, it appears that continuous administration of 15 and 20 ml of
garlic dewormer for 10 days is effective in eradicating Heterakis galliae.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
Table 2. Egg count of Heterakis galliae ssp. On the 3rd and 10th of treatment
TREATMENT BEFORE DAYS OF ADMINISTRATION
DEWORMING 3 DAYS 10 DAYS
To- commercial dewormer 480 60 80
T1- 10ml garlic 440 80 80
T2- 15ml garlic 440 200 0
T3- 20ml garlic 280 120 0
Result of Fecal Analysis for Strongyloides avium ssp. on the 3rd and 10th Day of Dewormer
administration
In the experimental birds used in this study, only the birds assigned to the treatment
of 10ml garlic per liter of water were infested with Strongyloide savium. The mean initial
egg count was 200 per g of feces. On the third day of administering 10ml garlic dewormer
to birds, egg count was reduced the egg count to 29 eggs per g of feces and on the 10th day
of administration, no more eggs were found in the feces of birds. This means that
continuous administration of 10ml garlic dewormer for 10 days can be effective eradicating
strongyloides avuim birds.
Result of Fecal Analysis For Rillietina Tetragona ssp. on the 3rd and 10th Day of Dewormer
administration
All experimental birds was not infested with Rillietina Tetragona only the birds
treated with 10 ml per liter of water were infested. Before the administration of the garlic
dewormer the total egg count was 800 and in three days of administering 10ml garlic
dewormer a total count of 20 egg were seen and on the tenth day of administering garlic
dewormer it was totally eradicated.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of garlic cloves as dewormer to
native chicken. Specifically, it aimed to determine the efficacy of garlic in eradicating the
species of parasites infesting native chickens.
Garlic cloves juice was administered as dewormer to the experimental birds based
on the treatment where they were assigned. The treatments were:
T0 - commercial dewormer (control)
T1 - 10 ml garlic extract dewormer/ liter of water
T2 - 15 ml garlic extract dewormer/ liter of water
T3 - 20 ml garlic extract dewormer/ liter of water
Fecal analysis using the floatation method was used to determine the number of
eggs per gram feces of each species present in the experimental birds.
Results of the fecal analysis reveal that there are five species of parasites infested
to the experimental birds as follows: Ascaridia galli, Capillaria spp, Heterakis gallinae,
Rillietina tetragona, and Strongyloides avuim.
Results of the study showed that the 15 to 20 ml garlic dewormer per liter of water
could effectively eradicate the Capillaria spp., ascaridia galli spp., and Heterakis gallinea
spp.when given to birds continuously for 10 days.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
Conclusion
From the findings of the study, it is concluded that garlic cloves at the dosage of
20ml per bird very is effective in expelling intestinal parasites particularly Capillaria
species, Ascaridia specie spp. and Heterakis galliae spp.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study native garlic dewormer could be a very effective
alternative to commercial dewormer for chicken.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
ANKI, S. and D. MIRELMAN. 1999. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from Garlic.
Microbes Infect. Department of Farm animal Health Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Utrecht University, Netherlands. Vol. 1, Pp. 125–129.
CHOPRA, R.N., S.L. NAYGAR., and I.C. CHOPRA.1956.Glossary of Indian Medicinal
Plants.Council of Sci. Industrial Res. New Delhi, Pp. 160.
CALISIR, S. and F. DEMIR. 2005. Some nutritional and technological properties of
Garlic (Allium sativum L.). J. Food Eng. Vol. 68, Pp. 463–469.
DAWATON, J.D. 2012. Efficacy of Pulvurized Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum) Seed as a Dewormers for Native Chicken. BS Thesis. Benguet
State University La Trinidad Benguet.Pp. 21.
GUARRERA, P.M. 1999. Traditional antihelmintic, antiparasitic and repellent uses of
Plants in Central Italy.Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Vol. 68, Pp. 183–192.
INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTE
of
RURAL
RECONTRACTION.1994.
Ethnoveterinary medicine in Asia: an information kit on traditional animal health
care practices. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), second
edition. Silang, Cavite, Philippines. Vol. 62, Pp. 854.
OBIORA, F.C. 1992.a Guide to Poultry Production in the Tropics. 1st edition. Enugu,
Nigeria: Acena Vol.1 Pp.355.
SCHILLHORN, V. and VEEN T.W. 1997.Sense or nonsense? Traditional methods of
Animal parasitic disease control. Vet. Parasitol.Vol. 71, Pp.177–194.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013. The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a
Dewormer to Native Chicken. Benguet State University La, Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marlene B. Atinyao, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to find out the efficacy of native garlic juice as a
dewormer to native chicken. Specifically, this study aimed to determine the species of
parasites infesting the native chicken. Fecal analysis using the flotation method was used
to determine the number of egg per gram of each species present in the experimental birds.
Result of the fecal analysis revealed that there were five species of parasites infesting the
experimental birds as follows: Ascaridia galli species, Capillaria species, Heterakis
gallinae species, Rillietina tetragona species, and Strongyloides avium species.
Native garlic juice was administered as a dewormer to the experimental birds
based on the following treatments: T0-commercial dewormer (control); T1-10ml garlic
dewormer/ liter of water T2-15ml garlic dewormer/ liter of water; and T3-20ml garlic
dewomer/ liter of water
Results of the study showed that 10 to 15ml garlic juice per liter of water could
effectively eradicate the Capillrai spp., Ascaridia spp. and Heterakis spp. After ten days
of administration. The commercial dewormer was not able to eradicate the number of egg
per gram of the Hetarkis spp. The egg count per gram of Heterakis spp. was reduced to
12.5% and then 16.67% at three and seven days after deworming, respectively.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Native chickens are still very common in the backyards of most rural people in the
Philippines. The native chicken has evolved in a way that allows it to survive and reproduce
in a marginal environment and with minimal management. More important, the meat of
the native chicken has a unique flavor and texture which consumers prefer, the native
chicken remains an important source of high-quality protein food and additional income
for many rural dwellers. Concern over food safety and health issues has resulted in a shift
in consumer preferences towards meat products with good flavor, from chickens raised in
a more humane environment, with minimal antibiotics or chemical-based feed additives.
Increasingly, and especially in urban areas, these poultry products are derived from
intensive production, with control of parasitic infections through the use of veterinary
medication and good sanitation. Backyard chicken production is constrained by many
intrinsic Losses have also been attributed to limited housing and veterinary care services.
Furthermore, poor genetic potential due to lack of selection and predation are also potential
threats to productivity. Chickens are a common choice for backyard-scale food production.
Keeping a productive flock means taking care of your chickens' health. "Worms" can refer
to a wide range of internal parasites in chickens, many of which can cause serious harm,
loss of production and even death. Fortunately, farmers can use several natural methods to
worm their chickens and several technologies have been tested and shown to improve the
productivity of native chickens. How ever, most of these require financial and technical
inputs that are beyond the capacity of farmers. Garlic serves as a treatment for flocks that
have shown evidence of harboring internal parasites.Parasitism ranks high among factors
that threaten village chicken production factors among which malnutrition, poor
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
management and the absence of biosecurity are outstanding and parasitism causes reduced
growth, egg production, emaciation, and anemia as well as mortality. In addition, the roles
of poultry worms such as Heterakis galliae has been associated with the transmission of
Histomonas melagridis in turkeys and chicks. Moreover, parasitic infection or their
concurrent infections result in immune suppression, especially in response to vaccines
against some poultry diseases. Garlic contains vitamin A, B, and C. Its calcium, potassium,
and iron, and the antioxidants, carotenes, germanium, and selenium plus the countless
biologically active compound agents. But most important are garlic’s 33 sumptuous
compounds, especially the volatile amino acid allicin. Allicin is released when the cell
walls of the garlic clove are crushed or pressed. Garlic helps reverse asthma and acne, treats
ear drum disorders, and relieves bronchial congestion, gallbladder disorders, dyspepsia,
and diarrhea and Garlic is a simple, nonprescription drug that helps detoxify the body and
prevent disease. Garlic can cleanse the entire circulatory system in less than an hour. Garlic
as an anthelmenthics which produce the desired effect and most significant of these
compounds is allicin which is found in the garlic until it is crushed. Upon crushing this
precursor of allicin, known as alliin, is enzymatically converted by allinaseallicin. The
ability of crushed garlic containing large amount of allicin as an anthelmenthics is effective
in reducing parasite egg. The uses of traditional medicinal plants in relieving symptoms of
disease and curing various infections date back many centuries. In recent years,
considerable interest has developed in Asian countries in the collection and extended use
of indigenous and introduced plants, as well as garlic for medicinal purposes and scientific
evaluation of plants which are traditionally used against digestive troubles and or
helminthes.
This study was undertaken to find out the effect of native garlic cloves as a
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
dewormer for native chickens. With this homemade dewormer, poultry raiser in the rural
communities was able to control parasite infection in native chickens and will help produce
healthy native chickens for family consumption and income.
This
study aimed to determine the efficacy of garlic cloves as a dewormer to native chicken.
Specifically, it aimed to:
1. determine the best amount of extract garlic as dewormer ,
2. determine the percentage eggs of parasites eradicated after the first
administration of garlic dewormer; and
3. compare the efficacy of garlic with the commercial dewormer
The study was conducted at Kennon, Tuba Benguet. The experimental used a total
of 20 native chickens, which was subjected to seven days deworming.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In 2012,Dawton found that chopped horse chestnut could be a very effective
alternative to commercial dewormer for chicken. It is a safe and effective dewormer at 1ml
per kilogram live weight of chicken.
The use of plant parts for medicines has long being in existence are widely
documented in records kept in ancient China, India and Egypt. These ancient indigenous
practices were discovered by a series of “trial and error” which then could not be
substantiated by proven scientific theories. However, these practices have produced results
of proven efficacies compared to conventional modern medicine. In recent times, herbal
medicines have become indispensable and are forming an integral part of the primary
health care system of many nations (Chopra et al., 1956).
For centuries, medicinal plants have been used to combat parasitism, and in many
parts of the world are still used for this purpose. In ethnoveterinary medicine, which draws
inspiration from traditional practice, there seems to be a range of plant/s or plant extract
suitable for treating almost every parasitic disease of livestock (International Institute of
Rural Reconstruction (IIRR, 1994).
It has been found by Guarrera (1999), seeds of garlic, onion and mint have been
used to treat animals that suffer from gastro-intestinal parasitism, whereas extracts of the
tobaco plants have been used treat the skin of livestock afflicted with external parasites.
Leaves, dried flowers and oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides, a shrub that originated
from Central America and has been distributed around the world, have all been used as
anthelmintics since the early 1900s.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
Garlic serves as a treatment for flocks that have show evidence of harboring internal
parasites. Parasitism ranks high among factor that threaten village chicken production
factors among which malnutrition, poor management and the absence of biosecurity are
outstanding and parasitism causes reduced growth, egg production, emaciation, and anemia
as well as mortality . In addition, the roles of poultry worms such as Heterakis galliae has
been associated with the transmission of histomonas melagridis in turkeys and chicks
(Obiora, 1992). Moreover, parasitic infection or their concurrent infections result in
immuno suppression, especially in response to vaccines against some poultry diseases.
Garlic contains vitamin A, B, and C. its calcium, potassium, iron, and the antioxidants,
carotenes, germanium, and selenium plus the countless biologically active compound
agents. But most important are garlic’33 sumptuous compounds, especially the volatile
amino acid allicin (Calisir and Demir, 2005).
Allicin is released when the cell walls of the garlic cloves are crushed or pressed,
garlic help reverse asthma and acne, treats ear drum disorders, and relieves bronchial
congestion, gallbladder disorders, dyspepsia, and diarrhea. Garlic is simple,
nonprescription drugs that helps detoxify the body and prevent disease. Garlic can cleanse
the entire circulatory system in less than an hour. Garlic as an anthelmenthics which is
produce the desired effect and the most significant of these compounds is allicin, known
as alliin. The ability of crushed garlic containing large amount of allicin as an
anthelmenthics is effective in reducing parasites egg. The uses of traditional medicinal
plants in relieving symptoms o disease and curing various infections date back many
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
The emergence of resistance to anthelmintic drugs, which is now a worldwide
phenomenon and the increased awareness of consumers about drug residues that potentially
enter the food chain have stimulated investigation into alternatives to commercially
available anthelmintics, such as medicinal plants. Their persistence in various
environments and the wealth of information available from ethno veterinary sources in
many parts of the world has resulted in medicinal plants attracting attention from the
scientific community. In an attempt to utilize as effectively as possible the information
available from ethno veterinary and medicinal reports on the anthelmintic activity of plants,
there is a current trend to validate such plants under controlled experimental conditions.
The variety of methodologies used for this purpose includes the provision of fresh,
conserved or dried plants or plant parts to parasitized animals (Schillhorn, 1997).
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials to be used in this study are as follows: garlic cloves, commercial
dewormer, cages, 8-9 mos. 20 native chickens (figure 1), Ziploc bags, ice box, weighing
scale, electric compound microscope, glass slide, cover slip, record book, vials and Mc
master counting chamber.
Figure 1. The experimental birds
Methodology
Experimental design and treatment. Following the Completely Randomized Design
(CRD), the 20 native chickens were divided into three treatments. Each treatment was
replicated five times with one bird per replication making a total of five birds per treatment.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
The different treatments were as follows:
T0- commercial dewormer
T1- 10ml garlic extract dewormer / liter of water
T2- 15ml garlic extract dewormer / liter of water
T3- 20ml garlic extract dewormer / liter of water
Preparation and administration of the garlic. The garlic was bought from the
market, crushed and extracted by juicer and diluted per liter of water for deworming.
Procurement of experimental birds. The experimental birds were taken from
Kennon, Tuba, Benguet. Twenty native chickens regardless of sex were used in the study
for the administration of garlic as dewormer. The feces of the experimental birds was
collected and placed in vials and examined at the Benguet State UniversityCollege of
Veterinary medicine for analysis prior to the conduct of the study to make sure that the
birds have parasite. The experimental animal were given dewormer based from the
treatment.
Collection of the fecal samples. There were three fecal collection periods for fecal
analysis. The first fecal collection was done before the administration of the extract garlic
or deworming. The succeeding fecal collection was done 3 days and 7 days continuos
administration of dewormer. At least 10 grams of fresh fecal samples were collected.
Fecal analysis. Fecal analysis was performed at the BSU College of Veterinary
Medicine, LaTrinidad, Benguet.The procedures were as follows:
Four grams of feces of the experimental animals was suspended in 20cc. of water.
The suspension was mixed thoroughly with 36cc. of sugar solution and passed through a
sieve. The mixture was further mixed in vortex mixer for 3.5 minutes. While stirring, 3-
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
5cc was pipetted off and allow to flow into the chambers of Mc Master Slide and let it
stand for 15-20 minutes. The sample was examined under the microscope (LPO) and eggs
were counted.
Fecal analysis was performed before deworming and at three and seven days of the
administration of the dewormer.
Data Gathered
The data gathered are as follows:
1. Species of parasites present in the feces of experimental animals based on egg
morphology This was obtained through fecal analysis of the animal prior to the
administration of the dewormer.
2.
Egg per gram of feces This was taken by multiplying the reality of egg
frequency count from the microscope multiplying by 200.
3.
Number of egg per gram of feces This was taken before deworming and in
three and seven days of the administration of the dewormer.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General Observations
During the process of garlic cloves the chicken did not exhibit any salivation, and
also did not vomit after swallowing the liquid mixture inspite of the severe bitter taste of
garlic However, the process was done in such as way that the solution was dilute with water
as their drinking water to minimize the bitterness of the garlic juice. No mortality was
observed during the test of animals.
Species of Parasites and Egg Count
from the Experimental Birds
before Treatment
Before the administration of the garlic cloves dewormer, the feces of the
experimental birds were subjected for fecal analysis for the identify the internal parasites
present using the flotation method. There were five species of parasites identified in the
experimental birds as follows: Ascaridia galli (Figure 2), Capillaria spp. (Figure 3),
Heterakis galliae (Figure 4), Rillietina tetragona, and Strongyloides avium (Figure 5).
Result of Fecal Analysis
for Ascaridia spp. after the
3rd and 10th of Deworming
All experimental birds were infested with Ascaridia galli before the administration
of the garlic dewormer.
Before deworming, the average number of eggs per gram of feces was 280 for the
birds assigned in the control treatment. On the third day after the administration of
commercial dewormer, the mean egg count was reduced to 80 and 10 days after the
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
2.Acaridiagalli spp. egg Figure 3.Capllia spp. egg
Figure 4. Heterakis galliae spp. egg Figure 5. Strongyloides avium spp. egg
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
administration, there were no more eggs found in the feces of birds indicating that the
parasite was totally eradicated.
On the other hand, the birds given 10, 15 and 20 ml of garlic dewormer in drinking
had initial egg counts of 0, 240, and 440, respectively for Ascaridia galli. On the third day
of the administration of 10 ml garlic dewormer per l of water (T1), the egg count was
reduced to 80. The same egg count was obtained in feces of birds on the 10th day of
administering the garlic dewormer. On the other hand, in birds given 20ml garlic dewormer
per l of water (T3), there was a drastic drop of egg count of Ascaridia galli from 440 to 80
on the third day of administration and on the 10th day, there were no more eggs of the
parasite found in the feces of bird. This result showed that the 20 ml garlic dewormer per
liter of water was very effective in eradicating Ascaridia galli as reflected by the
remarkable reduction of eggs 10 days after continuous application.
Result of Fecal Analysis for
Capillaria spp. on the 3rd and
10th day of Dewormer Administration
Table 1 shows the mean number of eggs of Capillaria spp. per gram of feces during
the administration of garlic dewormer. The experimental birds in all treatments were
infested with the Capillaria spp. except for the birds given 15 ml garlic dewormer in of
drinking water. The numbers of eggs per g of feces before the application of the dewormer
in birds given the commercial dewormer, and those given 10, 15 and 20 ml garlic dewormer
per liter of water were 240, 360, 0 and 240, respectively. After three days of continuous
administration of 10ml garlic dewormer per liter of water, the egg count for Capillaria spp.
was reduced to 80 eggs per g feces (22.22%) and after ten days of continuous
administration, the egg count was further reduced to 40 egg per g feces (11.11%) of birds.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
For birds given 20 ml garlic dewormer per liter of water, the egg count was reduced to 80
eggs per g of feces on the third day of administration and on the 10th day of administration,
there were no more eggs of Capillaria spp. found in the feces of birds. This means that
giving 20ml garlic dewormer per liter of water continuously for 10 days is effective in
eradicating Capillaria spp. It is as effective as the commercial dewormer used as control.
The only difference was that the commercial dewormer was given only once while the 20
ml garlic dewormer had to be included in drinking water for a period of 10 days to have
the same effect as that of the commercial feed.
Result of Fecal Analysis For
Heterakis galliae on the 3rd and
10th Day of Dewormer Administration
Table 2 shows the mean number of eggs per gram feces of Heterakis galliae on the
third and tenth day of dewormer administration. As reflected in the Table, all treatments
were infested with the Heterakis galliae. In birds assigned to be given the commercial
dewormer, the initial egg count for Heterakis galliae was 480 per g of feces. Three days
after the dewormer was given to the birds, the egg count was reduced to 60 per g of feces
but 10 days after the application, the egg count increased to 80 per g of feces. For birds
given 10 ml garlic dewormer, the initial egg count prior to the administration of the
dewormer was 440 eggs per g of feces. On the third day of administration, the egg count.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Egg count of Capillaria spp. On the 3rd and 10th day of treatment
TREATMENT BEFORE DAYS OF ADMINISTRATION
DEWORMING 3 DAYS 10 DAYS
Commercial dewormer 240 53 0
10ml garlic dewormer
360 80 40
15ml garlic dewormer 0 0 0
20ml garlic dewormer 240 80 0
was reduced to 80 per g of feces but on the 10th day of administration, the egg count was
maintained at 80 per g of feces.
As to the birds given 15 ml garlic dewormer per liter of water, the initial egg count
prior to administration was 400 per g of feces. This decreased to 200 on the 3rd day of 15
ml garlic dewormer administration and on the 10th day of administration, no more eggs
were found in the feces of these birds. For birds given 20 ml garlic dewormer per liter of
water, the initial egg count was 280. On the 3rd day of administration, the egg count was
reduced to 120 and then later on the 10th day of administration, nor more eggs were found
in the feces of birds.
From these results, it appears that continuous administration of 15 and 20 ml of
garlic dewormer for 10 days is effective in eradicating Heterakis galliae.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
Table 2. Egg count of Heterakis galliae ssp. On the 3rd and 10th of treatment
TREATMENT BEFORE DAYS OF ADMINISTRATION
DEWORMING 3 DAYS 10 DAYS
To- commercial dewormer 480 60 80
T1- 10ml garlic 440 80 80
T2- 15ml garlic 440 200 0
T3- 20ml garlic 280 120 0
Result of Fecal Analysis for Strongyloides avium ssp. on the 3rd and 10th Day of Dewormer
administration
In the experimental birds used in this study, only the birds assigned to the treatment
of 10ml garlic per liter of water were infested with Strongyloide savium. The mean initial
egg count was 200 per g of feces. On the third day of administering 10ml garlic dewormer
to birds, egg count was reduced the egg count to 29 eggs per g of feces and on the 10th day
of administration, no more eggs were found in the feces of birds. This means that
continuous administration of 10ml garlic dewormer for 10 days can be effective eradicating
strongyloides avuim birds.
Result of Fecal Analysis For Rillietina Tetragona ssp. on the 3rd and 10th Day of Dewormer
administration
All experimental birds was not infested with Rillietina Tetragona only the birds
treated with 10 ml per liter of water were infested. Before the administration of the garlic
dewormer the total egg count was 800 and in three days of administering 10ml garlic
dewormer a total count of 20 egg were seen and on the tenth day of administering garlic
dewormer it was totally eradicated.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of garlic cloves as dewormer to
native chicken. Specifically, it aimed to determine the efficacy of garlic in eradicating the
species of parasites infesting native chickens.
Garlic cloves juice was administered as dewormer to the experimental birds based
on the treatment where they were assigned. The treatments were:
T0 - commercial dewormer (control)
T1 - 10 ml garlic extract dewormer/ liter of water
T2 - 15 ml garlic extract dewormer/ liter of water
T3 - 20 ml garlic extract dewormer/ liter of water
Fecal analysis using the floatation method was used to determine the number of
eggs per gram feces of each species present in the experimental birds.
Results of the fecal analysis reveal that there are five species of parasites infested
to the experimental birds as follows: Ascaridia galli, Capillaria spp, Heterakis gallinae,
Rillietina tetragona, and Strongyloides avuim.
Results of the study showed that the 15 to 20 ml garlic dewormer per liter of water
could effectively eradicate the Capillaria spp., ascaridia galli spp., and Heterakis gallinea
spp.when given to birds continuously for 10 days.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
Conclusion
From the findings of the study, it is concluded that garlic cloves at the dosage of
20ml per bird very is effective in expelling intestinal parasites particularly Capillaria
species, Ascaridia specie spp. and Heterakis galliae spp.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study native garlic dewormer could be a very effective
alternative to commercial dewormer for chicken.
The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013
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The Efficacy of Native Garlic as a Dewormer to Native Chicken
TAYABAN, PETER B. JR. APRIL 2013