BIBLIOGRAPHY GABINO, ANDRO T. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012. The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and
Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed Supplement on the Performance of Growing-
Finishing Pigs. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Myrna B. Walsiyen, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Brgy. Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet from November
2011 to February 2012 to determine the effect of chopped banana trunk and sweet potato
leaves and vines as feed supplement on the performance of growing- finishing pigs.
A total of 9 pigs, belonging to one litter and were more or less three months old,
were grouped into three treatments following the completely randomized design (CRD).
The different rations which composed the treatments were as follows: 100% commercial
feeds, 100% commercial feeds + 2 kg chopped banana trunk and 100% commercial feeds
+ 2kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines.
The parameters measured were initial and final weights, gain in weight, feed
consumption, feed conversion ratio, and returns on investment. Statistical analysis
revealed that the performance of pigs fed with commercial feeds plus chopped banana
trunk or sweet potato leaves and vines was comparable to those pigs fed with commercial
feeds only. This was proven by the non- significant differences in terms of body weights,
total and average daily gain in weight.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Though the ROI was not subjected to statistical analysis, results of the study
revealed that the pigs fed with commercial feeds alone had a higher ROI of 32.02%
compared to the pigs fed with commercial feeds plus chopped banana trunk and sweet
potato leaves and vines with ROIs of 21.62% and 26.29%, respectively.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Swine raising is one of the most profitable and well-developed sectors of animal
industry in our country. Swine are raised as a source of food and additional income
especially for backyard raisers. It is a fast growing home-based enterprise which has the
potential for high profits in relatively short period of time. No other backyard animal raised
has the same versatility as the swine. Every part of the animal is an important source of
essential and useful-product aside from being the source of high quality red meat.
At present, one of the problems on swine production revolves around shortage and
high cost of feedstuffs that supply the proper amount of nutrients needed by the animal.
Because of the above, swine raisers, most especially the backyard raisers, are adding non-
conventional feedstuffs into the feed of their pigs. Examples of these non-conventional
feedstuffs are banana trunks and sweet potato leaves and vines and this is what the
researcher is going to find out in the study. i.e. the effect of the above non-conventional
feedstuffs on the performance of growing-finishing pigs.
Banana and sweet potato are abundantly grown in the Cordillera Region. Generally,
from the sweet potato, what is used by man for food is the sweet potato roots and sweet
potato tops. So, the remaining sweet potato vines and leaves are considered wastes. On the
other hand, the banana trunks are actually left when their fruits are harvested and so these
are wasted. Most of the swine raisers, particularly those under backyard scale, feed their
pigs with the above so called waste materials and this is mainly to reduce feed cost.
The result of this study can serve as a guide not only to the swine raisers but also to
other students or researchers to come up with follow-up researches. It will also help the
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
banana and sweet potato growers because the parts of their crops that are usually wasted
will be valued.
Generally, this study was conducted to determine the effect of chopped banana
trunk and sweet potato leaves and vines as feed supplements on the performance of
growing-finishing pigs.
Specifically, it aimed to :( 1) determine the gain in weight, (2) feed conversion ratio,
(3) feed consumption, and (4) the profitability of raising pigs when fed with commercial
feeds supplemented with chopped banana trunk or sweet potato leaves and vines.
This study was conducted at Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet from November 2011
to February for a period of 90 days.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
From the different studies conducted on vegetable refuse as feed supplement, it was
noted that animals fed with these feedstuffs showed significant effects on their growth
performance, and feed consumption. Vegetable wastes are essential as feed supplements
for vegetable contains most food nutrients (Bautista and Mabesa, 1997).
Baker (1990) said that the interaction of crops and animals plays a key role in
achieving ecological sustain ability by intensifying nutrient energy cycles. Residues of
crops are important sources of animal feeds in a small scale farming systems. Therefore
and because banana trunk is rejected and it is left as non-economical, this would be a good
source of animal feeds.
The banana contains a fair amount of carbohydrates; it is rich in fiber, vitamin c
and potassium. Be emphasized that it contains no fat cholesterol that are known to be
harmful to our body. Other vitamins found in bananas are vitamin A, B1, B2, In Very
important is the presence of potassium, which provides several benefits for example, it is
essential for the functioning of the cardiovascular system. addition to potassium contains
calcium, phosphorus and iron.
Sweet potato is one of the world’s most important food crops. Its main nutritional
importance has been its starch content. However, it is also a source of other nutritional
important dietary factors, such as vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin.
Low protein, fat and fiber levels are found in the roots, but the high nitrogen-free-extract
fraction in this tuber is indicative of their main potential value as an energy source, Vines
have a lower carbohydrate content but are higher in fiber and protein and so their principal
nutritive value is as a source of vitamins and protein. The nutritional composition of sweet
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
potato vines and leaves are the following: Dry matter, 14.2; N x 6.25, 18.5; ash, 12.5; ADF,
25.5; and gross energy (MJ/kg), 14.4 (Gody and Elliot, 1981).
A number of sweet potato varieties were evaluated with respect to the biomass
yield of the leaves, stems and tubers under different leaf harvesting intervals and
defoliation techniques with the aim of selecting the best varieties for forage production.
The biomass yields of leaves, stems and tubers were found to vary according to variety,
season and defoliation technique. The best options in terms of leaf and stem production
were a cutting interval of 20 days and a defoliation of 50% of the total branches. Defoliation
reduced tuber production. Sweet potato leaves (SPL) had a crude protein (CP) content of
25.5-29.8% in dry matter, which was markedly higher than in the stems. The leaves can be
preserved as feed for pigs by ensiling with cassava root meal, sweet potato root meal or
sugarcane molasses as additives. The optimum level of additive is 60g/kg of the wilted
sweet potato leaves. The digestibility in growing pigs of dry matter, organic matter (OM)
and CP of ensiled sweet potato leaves was high, but that of crude fiber was low. Sweet
potato leaves can be used for feeding pigs in fresh, dry and ensiled forms. The total tract
and ideal digestibility values of CP, OM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ideal
digestibility of amino acids were not different among fresh, dry and ensiled sweet potato
leaves. The mean ideal and total tract digestibility of the CP of sweet potato leaves was
74% and 76%, respectively. Sweet potato leaves are high in protein content compared to
other protein-rich forages. Lysine is the first limiting amino acid. Growing pigs fed sweet
potato leaves with addition of synthetic lysine had daily live-weight gains of 536g/day,
which was similar to that of pigs fed a control diet with fish meal as the protein source
(542g/day). However, without addition of lysine to the SPL diet daily live-weight gain was
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
only 482g/day. It is concluded that SPL can be considered as a potentially valuable protein
source for pigs. The leaves can be used fresh, dried or as silage, and can replace fish meal
and groundnut cake as a protein source for growing pigs under small farm conditions in
central Vietnam.( An, Le Van, 2004).
Although bananas (Musa cavendishii) and plantains (Musa paradisiaca) are mainly
used as human food, a considerable amount of reject fruit could be fed to livestock,
particularly to pigs. The vegetative part of the plant, the pseudo-stems and leaves, contains
more than 60% of the dry matter of the whole plant and has been used experimentally as
meal for pigs in concentrate rations (Garcia, 1991).
Gerpacio and Castillo (1979) cited that the dry matter content of banana trunk
(Musa sapientum) is 5.27% and the dry matter content of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas)
leaves and vines is 14.4%.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials that were used in this study were nine 3 months old pigs obtained
from one litter that were more or less of the same weight; chopped (Saba) banana trunk
(Figure 1), sweet potato (Puerto Rican) leaves and vines (Figure 2), commercial feeds,
water, weighing scale, knives, stick brooms, pigpens, disinfectants, record book and pen
for recording data.
Methodology
Preparation of the pens. A week before the start of the study, the pigpens (Figure
3), including the feeding troughs as well as the whole area of the growing house were
cleaned and disinfected.
Procurement of banana trunks and camote leaves and vines. The banana trunks and
sweet potato leaves and vines were collected at Gaswiling, Kapangan. the place where the
study was conducted. After collection, these were washed and allowed to drain. These were
chopped into small pieces and weighed based on the specified amounts before giving to
the pigs. These were fed together with the commercial feeds (Figure 4).
Experimental design and treatments. Following the Completely Randomized
Design (CRD), the nine growers were grouped into three to compose the three treatments.
Each treatment was replicated three times with one grower per replication. However,
before the growers were placed into their respective pens, their weights were taken
individually and recorded.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Figure 1. Chopped (Saba) banana trunk
Figure 2. Sweet potato leaves and vines
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Figure 3. The experimental pig pens
Figure 4. One of the pigs fed with chopped banana trunk
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
The different treatments were as follows:
T0 = 100% Commercial Feeds (CF) control
T1 = CF + 2 kg chopped banana trunk/day
T2 = CF + 2 kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines/day
Management of the pigs. All the experimental animals were subjected to the same
management in all aspects except on the diet offered to them depending on the treatment
where they were assigned. The control pigs were fed with pure commercial feeds. The pigs
under treatment 1 were given commercial feeds plus chopped banana trunk and the pigs in
treatment 2 were fed with commercial feeds plus chopped sweet potato leaves and vines.
Feeding was done twice a day, one in the morning at 7:00 and another in the afternoon at
4:30. Adequate drinking water was always available and to avoid and protect the pigs from
diseases, cleaning of pigpens was done every day.
Data Gathered.
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Initial weight (kg). This was the weight of the pigs at the start of the study.
2.Final weight (kg). This was the weight of the pigs at the end of the study.
3.Feed offered (kg). This refers to the amount of feeds given to the pigs each day.
4.Feed leftover. This was the amount of feeds not consumed by the pigs which was
taken every morning before feeding the pigs.
5. Cost of production (Php). This refers to the cost of each of the materials used
during the duration of the study.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
From the data above the following parameters were computed:
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight.
2. Average daily gain in weight (ADG) kg. This was obtained by dividing the total
gain in weight by the number of experimental days.
3. Total feed consumption (kg). This was obtained by adding the amount of feed
consumed by the pigs from the start to the end of the study.
4. Feed conversion ratio (FCR). This was obtained by dividing the total feed intake
by the total gain in weight.
5. Net Profit. This was obtained by subtracting the total cost of production from the
gross sales.
6. Return on Investment (ROI %). This was taken using the following formula.
ROI = Net Profit X 100%
Total Cost of Production
Data Analysis
All the data gathered were consolidated, tabulated and analyzed using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and treatment means were compared using the
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weights
Table 1 shows the mean initial and final weights of the pigs in the different
treatments. In terms of initial weight, statistical analysis showed that there were no
significant differences among the treatment means. This indicates that the pigs were more
or less of the same weights at the start of the study. The over all mean initial weight of the
pigs was 26.11 kg.
Table 1. Initial weight of the pigs at 90 days of age and final weights at 180 days of age.
MEAN (kg)
TREATMENT INITIAL
FINAL
100% Commercial Feeds (CF) control 26.00 74.67
CF + 2 kg chopped banana trunk/day 26.00 75.17
CF + 2 kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines 26.33 78.43
Means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Figure 5. One experimental pigs at the end of the study
In terms of final weight, differences between treatment means are noticeable as
shown in the Table 1; however, such differences were not enough to cause significant
effects as revealed by the statistical analysis. This indicates that the final weights of the
pigs in the three treatments were more or less the same. The mean final weight of the pigs
ranged from 74.67-78.43 kg. The pigs at the end of the study are shown in Fig.5
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Total and Average Daily
Gain (ADG) in weight
Presented in Table 2 are the total gains in weight and average daily gain (ADG) of
the experimental animals. Three to both parameters, no significant differences between
treatment means according to statistical analysis. This means that the gains in weight of
the pigs were more or less the same. It is also reflected that the ability of the animals to
gain weight has not been improved nor adversely affected by the addition of chopped
banana trunk and sweet potato leaves and vines in their rations. The overall mean total gain
in weight of the pigs was 49.98 kg and the mean ADG was 0.56kg.
Table 2. Total and average daily gains (ADG) in weight of the pigs at 90 to 180 days of
age.
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
_________
_
TREATMENT TOTAL DAILY
100% Commercial Feeds (CF)control 48.67 0.54
CF + 2 kg chopped banana trunk/day 49.17 0.55
CF + 2 kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines 52.10 0.58
Means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Total Feed Consumption
Table 3 presents the total feed consumptions of the experimental animals.
Practically the pigs in all the treatments had consumed the same amount of commercial
feeds as there were no feed left-over’s observed on commercial feeds. The feed left-over’s
observed, most especially the earlier duration of the study, were actually on the chopped
banana trunk and sweet potato leaves and vines.
Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences between treatment means
wherein the pigs given chopped banana trunks and sweet potato leaves and vines
significantly higher feed consumptions with means of 305.20 kg and 303.83 kg,
respectively compared to 127.50kg observed from the pigs in the control group. The above
result is expected because the chopped banana trunk and sweet potato leaves and vines
were given as feed supplements or add-ons plus the fact that there feedstuffs have high
moisture contents. According to Gerpacio and Castillo, banana trunk has a dry matter
content of 5.27% and 14.4% for sweet potato leaves and vines. This means that the moisture
contents of both are 94.73% and 85.6%, respectively.
Table 3. Total feed consumption (as feed basis) of the pigs from 90 to 180 days of age
(kg).
TREATMENT MEAN
100% Commercial Feeds (CF) control 127.50c
CF + 2 kg chopped banana trunk/day 305.20a
CF + 2 kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines 303.83b
Means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Feed Conversion Ratio
Table 4 presents the feed conversion ratio of the experimental animals registered in
the different treatments. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences among
treatments. It is revealed in the table that the pigs in the control group or the given
commercial feeds only were very much more efficient in converting feeds into a unit gain
in weight with a mean of 2.63 compared to the pigs given commercial feeds plus chopped
banana trunk and those given commercial feeds plus chopped sweet potato leaves and vines
with a mean FCRs of 6.23 and 5.84, respectively. It is revealed from the results that the
giving of chopped banana trunk or sweet potato leaves and vines to the pigs did not make
the animals more efficient in utilizing the feeds they ate.
Returns on Investment (ROI)
Table 5 shows the different returns on investment realized from the treatments.
though this was not subjected to statistical analysis, result revealed that the pigs in the
control or those fed with pure commercial feeds had the highest returns on investment of
35.02%, followed by those fed with commercial feeds + 2 kg chopped sweet potato
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of the pigs grown from 90 to 180 days of age
TREATMENT MEAN
100% Commercial Feeds (CF) control 2.63b
CF + 2 kg chopped banana trunk/day 6.23a
CF + 2 kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines 5.84a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
leaves and vines which was 26.29%; and those given commercial feeds + 2kg chopped
banana trunk they had the lowest returns on investment of 21.62%.
Chopped lower ROIs were observed from the pigs given banana trunk and sweet
potato leaves and vines because of the additional expenses on the above feedstuffs. Results
of the study revealed that adding 2kg of chopped banana trunk or sweet potato leaves and
vines into the commercial feeds fed to the growing-finishing pigs did not improve their
growth rates or gains in weight. Because no improvement was observed, their addition was
just an additional expense resulting to a higher total cost of production (see appendix Table
5) and hence the lower ROIs.
Table 5. Returns on Investment of the pigs at 90 to 180 days of age (%)
TREATMENT ROI
100% Commercial Feeds, control 35.02%
CF + 2 kg chopped banana trunk/day 21.62%
CF + 2 kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines/day
26.29%
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of chopped banana trunk and sweet
potato leaves and vines as feed supplement on the performance of growing-finishing pigs.
A total of 9 three months old pigs were grouped into three treatments following the
completely randomized design (CRD). Each of the three treatments were replicated three
times with 1 pig per replication. The different treatments were as follows: pure commercial
feeds (T0); commercial feeds + 2kg chopped banana trunk/day (T1); pure commercial feeds
+ 2kg sweet potato leaves and vines/day (T2). The banana trunk and sweet potato leaves
and vines were collected and washed, allowed to drain and finally were chopped into small
sizes, after which these were given to the pigs every meal. Feeding was done twice a day.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among
treatments in the parameters namely, initial weight, final weight, gain in weight, highly
significant differences, however, were observed in terms of total feed consumption, feed
conversion ratio. And feed cost to produce a kg gain in body weight.
The pigs in the three treatments had an overall mean initial weight of 26.11 kg and
as overall mean final weight of 79.09kg after 90 days of feeding.
As regards to the total gain in weight, the pigs in the control group had a mean of
48.67kg and an ADG of 0.54kg. The pigs given commercial feeds +2kg chopped banana
trunk registered a mean total gain in weight of 49.17kg and an ADG of 0.54kg. The pigs
given pure commercial feeds +2kg sweet potato leaves and vines had a mean total gain in
weight of 52.10kg and an ADG of 0.58kg.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
From 90-180 days old, the pigs given commercial feeds only had a mean feed
consumption of 127.50kg. On the other hand, the pigs given commercial feeds plus 2kg
chopped banana trunk had a mean feed consumption of 305.20kg and 303.83kg for the pigs
given commercial feeds plus 2kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines.
For the feed conversion ratio (FCR), the pigs given commercial feeds had a mean
of 2.63 and 6.23 and 5.84 for the pigs given commercial feeds plus chopped banana trunk
and for those given commercial feeds plus chopped sweet potato leaves and vines,
respectively.
Finally, in terms of returns on investment (ROI), the highest ROI was observed
from the pigs given a commercial feed only which was 35.02%. This was followed by the
pigs fed with commercial feeds plus sweet potato leaves and vines with an ROI of 26.29%.
The lowest ROI was observed from the pigs fed with commercial feeds plus chopped
banana trunk which was 21.62%
For the feed conversion ratio the means observed for the T1 (chopped banana trunk)
only ranged from 6.23a, 5.84a in the pigs given chopped sweet potato leaves and vines,
while 2.63b observed in the pigs given with pure commercial feeds.
The above results reveal the chopped banana trunk and sweet potato leaves and
vines given as supplements to growing-finishing commercial feeds is neither advantageous
nor dis advantageous to the growth performance of the pigs. Particularly on the gain in
weight.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Conclusion
Based from the results of the study, it can be concluded that supplementing the
commercial feeds given to growing-finishing pigs with either chopped banana trunk or
sweet potato leaves and vines gives no apparent effect on the body weights and to the gains
in weight but had adversely affected the feed conversion ratio, and the returns on
investment.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that chopped banana trunk and sweet potato leaves
and vines may or not be used depending upon the discretion of the swine raiser as it was
shown from the result of the study that no economic advantage can be obtained by utilizing
this feedstuff as add-on to the concentrate diet in terms of body weight and average daily
gain.
It is also recommended, however, that further studies should be conducted to
include the effect of the above feedstuffs on the carcass quality most especially so that
some are claiming that the meat derived from pigs fed with sweet potato leaves and vines
has thinner back fat and has a better taste.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
AN, LE VAN (2004).Sweet potato leaves for growing pigs. Diss.
(sammanfattning/summary) Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniv. Acta Universitatis
agriculturae sueciae agrarian, 1401-6249 470.
BAKER, F.H., 1990. The Relationship and Rules of Animals in Sustainable Agriculture
and on Sustainable Farms. Professional Scientist. 6(3) Pp.36-38.
BAUTISTA, O.K. and R.C. MABESA. 1997. Vegetable Production. University of the
Philippines at Los Baňos, Laguna Pp. 10, 194.
DALILING, M.K. 2006. The Effect of Banana Peeling as Feed Supplement on the
Performance of Growing-Finishing Pigs. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
GARCIA, A. DOMINQUEZ, P.L. and LY, J. 1991a. Estudios de composición
bromatológica de plantas de plátano (Musa spp) destinados a la alimentación
porcina. Resúmenes IV Congreso ALVEC Habana. Pp.108.
GERPACIO, A.L and L.S. CASTILLO. 1979. Nutrient Composition of some Philippine
Feedstuffs. Dept. of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, U.P.L.B.
GODY, R. and R, ELLIOT. 1981. E fecto de cinco forrales tropicales sobre algunos
parametros de la function ruminal y flujo de nutrientes al deudeno de bovinos
alimentados a base de melaza- urea. Produccion animal tropical 6 (2): 177-184.
MARTINEZ, D. DOMINQUEZ, P.L. and TELERRIA, M. 1991. Determinación de
factores antitrípticos en el tubérculo crudo y cocido de la Ipomoea batatas (L)
Lam. adecuación de una técnica analítica. NP-8 Resúmenes IV Congreso ALVEC
La Habana, Cuba.
WHITTERMORE, C.T., 1998. The Science and Practices of Pig Production. 2nd ed.
Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
YANES, M. V. 1981. Study on the levels of chopped and fermented banana trunks as a
feed supplement to growing-Fattening pigs. BS Thesis. Mountain State
Agricultural College, La Trinidad Benguet.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012. The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and
Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed Supplement on the Performance of Growing-
Finishing Pigs. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Myrna B. Walsiyen, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Brgy. Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet from November
2011 to February 2012 to determine the effect of chopped banana trunk and sweet potato
leaves and vines as feed supplement on the performance of growing- finishing pigs.
A total of 9 pigs, belonging to one litter and were more or less three months old,
were grouped into three treatments following the completely randomized design (CRD).
The different rations which composed the treatments were as follows: 100% commercial
feeds, 100% commercial feeds + 2 kg chopped banana trunk and 100% commercial feeds
+ 2kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines.
The parameters measured were initial and final weights, gain in weight, feed
consumption, feed conversion ratio, and returns on investment. Statistical analysis
revealed that the performance of pigs fed with commercial feeds plus chopped banana
trunk or sweet potato leaves and vines was comparable to those pigs fed with commercial
feeds only. This was proven by the non- significant differences in terms of body weights,
total and average daily gain in weight.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Though the ROI was not subjected to statistical analysis, results of the study
revealed that the pigs fed with commercial feeds alone had a higher ROI of 32.02%
compared to the pigs fed with commercial feeds plus chopped banana trunk and sweet
potato leaves and vines with ROIs of 21.62% and 26.29%, respectively.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Swine raising is one of the most profitable and well-developed sectors of animal
industry in our country. Swine are raised as a source of food and additional income
especially for backyard raisers. It is a fast growing home-based enterprise which has the
potential for high profits in relatively short period of time. No other backyard animal raised
has the same versatility as the swine. Every part of the animal is an important source of
essential and useful-product aside from being the source of high quality red meat.
At present, one of the problems on swine production revolves around shortage and
high cost of feedstuffs that supply the proper amount of nutrients needed by the animal.
Because of the above, swine raisers, most especially the backyard raisers, are adding non-
conventional feedstuffs into the feed of their pigs. Examples of these non-conventional
feedstuffs are banana trunks and sweet potato leaves and vines and this is what the
researcher is going to find out in the study. i.e. the effect of the above non-conventional
feedstuffs on the performance of growing-finishing pigs.
Banana and sweet potato are abundantly grown in the Cordillera Region. Generally,
from the sweet potato, what is used by man for food is the sweet potato roots and sweet
potato tops. So, the remaining sweet potato vines and leaves are considered wastes. On the
other hand, the banana trunks are actually left when their fruits are harvested and so these
are wasted. Most of the swine raisers, particularly those under backyard scale, feed their
pigs with the above so called waste materials and this is mainly to reduce feed cost.
The result of this study can serve as a guide not only to the swine raisers but also to
other students or researchers to come up with follow-up researches. It will also help the
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
banana and sweet potato growers because the parts of their crops that are usually wasted
will be valued.
Generally, this study was conducted to determine the effect of chopped banana
trunk and sweet potato leaves and vines as feed supplements on the performance of
growing-finishing pigs.
Specifically, it aimed to :( 1) determine the gain in weight, (2) feed conversion ratio,
(3) feed consumption, and (4) the profitability of raising pigs when fed with commercial
feeds supplemented with chopped banana trunk or sweet potato leaves and vines.
This study was conducted at Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet from November 2011
to February for a period of 90 days.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
From the different studies conducted on vegetable refuse as feed supplement, it was
noted that animals fed with these feedstuffs showed significant effects on their growth
performance, and feed consumption. Vegetable wastes are essential as feed supplements
for vegetable contains most food nutrients (Bautista and Mabesa, 1997).
Baker (1990) said that the interaction of crops and animals plays a key role in
achieving ecological sustain ability by intensifying nutrient energy cycles. Residues of
crops are important sources of animal feeds in a small scale farming systems. Therefore
and because banana trunk is rejected and it is left as non-economical, this would be a good
source of animal feeds.
The banana contains a fair amount of carbohydrates; it is rich in fiber, vitamin c
and potassium. Be emphasized that it contains no fat cholesterol that are known to be
harmful to our body. Other vitamins found in bananas are vitamin A, B1, B2, In Very
important is the presence of potassium, which provides several benefits for example, it is
essential for the functioning of the cardiovascular system. addition to potassium contains
calcium, phosphorus and iron.
Sweet potato is one of the world’s most important food crops. Its main nutritional
importance has been its starch content. However, it is also a source of other nutritional
important dietary factors, such as vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin.
Low protein, fat and fiber levels are found in the roots, but the high nitrogen-free-extract
fraction in this tuber is indicative of their main potential value as an energy source, Vines
have a lower carbohydrate content but are higher in fiber and protein and so their principal
nutritive value is as a source of vitamins and protein. The nutritional composition of sweet
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
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GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
potato vines and leaves are the following: Dry matter, 14.2; N x 6.25, 18.5; ash, 12.5; ADF,
25.5; and gross energy (MJ/kg), 14.4 (Gody and Elliot, 1981).
A number of sweet potato varieties were evaluated with respect to the biomass
yield of the leaves, stems and tubers under different leaf harvesting intervals and
defoliation techniques with the aim of selecting the best varieties for forage production.
The biomass yields of leaves, stems and tubers were found to vary according to variety,
season and defoliation technique. The best options in terms of leaf and stem production
were a cutting interval of 20 days and a defoliation of 50% of the total branches. Defoliation
reduced tuber production. Sweet potato leaves (SPL) had a crude protein (CP) content of
25.5-29.8% in dry matter, which was markedly higher than in the stems. The leaves can be
preserved as feed for pigs by ensiling with cassava root meal, sweet potato root meal or
sugarcane molasses as additives. The optimum level of additive is 60g/kg of the wilted
sweet potato leaves. The digestibility in growing pigs of dry matter, organic matter (OM)
and CP of ensiled sweet potato leaves was high, but that of crude fiber was low. Sweet
potato leaves can be used for feeding pigs in fresh, dry and ensiled forms. The total tract
and ideal digestibility values of CP, OM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ideal
digestibility of amino acids were not different among fresh, dry and ensiled sweet potato
leaves. The mean ideal and total tract digestibility of the CP of sweet potato leaves was
74% and 76%, respectively. Sweet potato leaves are high in protein content compared to
other protein-rich forages. Lysine is the first limiting amino acid. Growing pigs fed sweet
potato leaves with addition of synthetic lysine had daily live-weight gains of 536g/day,
which was similar to that of pigs fed a control diet with fish meal as the protein source
(542g/day). However, without addition of lysine to the SPL diet daily live-weight gain was
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
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GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
only 482g/day. It is concluded that SPL can be considered as a potentially valuable protein
source for pigs. The leaves can be used fresh, dried or as silage, and can replace fish meal
and groundnut cake as a protein source for growing pigs under small farm conditions in
central Vietnam.( An, Le Van, 2004).
Although bananas (Musa cavendishii) and plantains (Musa paradisiaca) are mainly
used as human food, a considerable amount of reject fruit could be fed to livestock,
particularly to pigs. The vegetative part of the plant, the pseudo-stems and leaves, contains
more than 60% of the dry matter of the whole plant and has been used experimentally as
meal for pigs in concentrate rations (Garcia, 1991).
Gerpacio and Castillo (1979) cited that the dry matter content of banana trunk
(Musa sapientum) is 5.27% and the dry matter content of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas)
leaves and vines is 14.4%.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials that were used in this study were nine 3 months old pigs obtained
from one litter that were more or less of the same weight; chopped (Saba) banana trunk
(Figure 1), sweet potato (Puerto Rican) leaves and vines (Figure 2), commercial feeds,
water, weighing scale, knives, stick brooms, pigpens, disinfectants, record book and pen
for recording data.
Methodology
Preparation of the pens. A week before the start of the study, the pigpens (Figure
3), including the feeding troughs as well as the whole area of the growing house were
cleaned and disinfected.
Procurement of banana trunks and camote leaves and vines. The banana trunks and
sweet potato leaves and vines were collected at Gaswiling, Kapangan. the place where the
study was conducted. After collection, these were washed and allowed to drain. These were
chopped into small pieces and weighed based on the specified amounts before giving to
the pigs. These were fed together with the commercial feeds (Figure 4).
Experimental design and treatments. Following the Completely Randomized
Design (CRD), the nine growers were grouped into three to compose the three treatments.
Each treatment was replicated three times with one grower per replication. However,
before the growers were placed into their respective pens, their weights were taken
individually and recorded.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Figure 1. Chopped (Saba) banana trunk
Figure 2. Sweet potato leaves and vines
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Figure 3. The experimental pig pens
Figure 4. One of the pigs fed with chopped banana trunk
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
The different treatments were as follows:
T0 = 100% Commercial Feeds (CF) control
T1 = CF + 2 kg chopped banana trunk/day
T2 = CF + 2 kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines/day
Management of the pigs. All the experimental animals were subjected to the same
management in all aspects except on the diet offered to them depending on the treatment
where they were assigned. The control pigs were fed with pure commercial feeds. The pigs
under treatment 1 were given commercial feeds plus chopped banana trunk and the pigs in
treatment 2 were fed with commercial feeds plus chopped sweet potato leaves and vines.
Feeding was done twice a day, one in the morning at 7:00 and another in the afternoon at
4:30. Adequate drinking water was always available and to avoid and protect the pigs from
diseases, cleaning of pigpens was done every day.
Data Gathered.
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Initial weight (kg). This was the weight of the pigs at the start of the study.
2.Final weight (kg). This was the weight of the pigs at the end of the study.
3.Feed offered (kg). This refers to the amount of feeds given to the pigs each day.
4.Feed leftover. This was the amount of feeds not consumed by the pigs which was
taken every morning before feeding the pigs.
5. Cost of production (Php). This refers to the cost of each of the materials used
during the duration of the study.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
From the data above the following parameters were computed:
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight.
2. Average daily gain in weight (ADG) kg. This was obtained by dividing the total
gain in weight by the number of experimental days.
3. Total feed consumption (kg). This was obtained by adding the amount of feed
consumed by the pigs from the start to the end of the study.
4. Feed conversion ratio (FCR). This was obtained by dividing the total feed intake
by the total gain in weight.
5. Net Profit. This was obtained by subtracting the total cost of production from the
gross sales.
6. Return on Investment (ROI %). This was taken using the following formula.
ROI = Net Profit X 100%
Total Cost of Production
Data Analysis
All the data gathered were consolidated, tabulated and analyzed using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and treatment means were compared using the
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weights
Table 1 shows the mean initial and final weights of the pigs in the different
treatments. In terms of initial weight, statistical analysis showed that there were no
significant differences among the treatment means. This indicates that the pigs were more
or less of the same weights at the start of the study. The over all mean initial weight of the
pigs was 26.11 kg.
Table 1. Initial weight of the pigs at 90 days of age and final weights at 180 days of age.
MEAN (kg)
TREATMENT INITIAL
FINAL
100% Commercial Feeds (CF) control 26.00 74.67
CF + 2 kg chopped banana trunk/day 26.00 75.17
CF + 2 kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines 26.33 78.43
Means with no superscript are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Figure 5. One experimental pigs at the end of the study
In terms of final weight, differences between treatment means are noticeable as
shown in the Table 1; however, such differences were not enough to cause significant
effects as revealed by the statistical analysis. This indicates that the final weights of the
pigs in the three treatments were more or less the same. The mean final weight of the pigs
ranged from 74.67-78.43 kg. The pigs at the end of the study are shown in Fig.5
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Total and Average Daily
Gain (ADG) in weight
Presented in Table 2 are the total gains in weight and average daily gain (ADG) of
the experimental animals. Three to both parameters, no significant differences between
treatment means according to statistical analysis. This means that the gains in weight of
the pigs were more or less the same. It is also reflected that the ability of the animals to
gain weight has not been improved nor adversely affected by the addition of chopped
banana trunk and sweet potato leaves and vines in their rations. The overall mean total gain
in weight of the pigs was 49.98 kg and the mean ADG was 0.56kg.
Table 2. Total and average daily gains (ADG) in weight of the pigs at 90 to 180 days of
age.
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
_________
_
TREATMENT TOTAL DAILY
100% Commercial Feeds (CF)control 48.67 0.54
CF + 2 kg chopped banana trunk/day 49.17 0.55
CF + 2 kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines 52.10 0.58
Means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Total Feed Consumption
Table 3 presents the total feed consumptions of the experimental animals.
Practically the pigs in all the treatments had consumed the same amount of commercial
feeds as there were no feed left-over’s observed on commercial feeds. The feed left-over’s
observed, most especially the earlier duration of the study, were actually on the chopped
banana trunk and sweet potato leaves and vines.
Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences between treatment means
wherein the pigs given chopped banana trunks and sweet potato leaves and vines
significantly higher feed consumptions with means of 305.20 kg and 303.83 kg,
respectively compared to 127.50kg observed from the pigs in the control group. The above
result is expected because the chopped banana trunk and sweet potato leaves and vines
were given as feed supplements or add-ons plus the fact that there feedstuffs have high
moisture contents. According to Gerpacio and Castillo, banana trunk has a dry matter
content of 5.27% and 14.4% for sweet potato leaves and vines. This means that the moisture
contents of both are 94.73% and 85.6%, respectively.
Table 3. Total feed consumption (as feed basis) of the pigs from 90 to 180 days of age
(kg).
TREATMENT MEAN
100% Commercial Feeds (CF) control 127.50c
CF + 2 kg chopped banana trunk/day 305.20a
CF + 2 kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines 303.83b
Means with no superscripts are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Feed Conversion Ratio
Table 4 presents the feed conversion ratio of the experimental animals registered in
the different treatments. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences among
treatments. It is revealed in the table that the pigs in the control group or the given
commercial feeds only were very much more efficient in converting feeds into a unit gain
in weight with a mean of 2.63 compared to the pigs given commercial feeds plus chopped
banana trunk and those given commercial feeds plus chopped sweet potato leaves and vines
with a mean FCRs of 6.23 and 5.84, respectively. It is revealed from the results that the
giving of chopped banana trunk or sweet potato leaves and vines to the pigs did not make
the animals more efficient in utilizing the feeds they ate.
Returns on Investment (ROI)
Table 5 shows the different returns on investment realized from the treatments.
though this was not subjected to statistical analysis, result revealed that the pigs in the
control or those fed with pure commercial feeds had the highest returns on investment of
35.02%, followed by those fed with commercial feeds + 2 kg chopped sweet potato
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of the pigs grown from 90 to 180 days of age
TREATMENT MEAN
100% Commercial Feeds (CF) control 2.63b
CF + 2 kg chopped banana trunk/day 6.23a
CF + 2 kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines 5.84a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
leaves and vines which was 26.29%; and those given commercial feeds + 2kg chopped
banana trunk they had the lowest returns on investment of 21.62%.
Chopped lower ROIs were observed from the pigs given banana trunk and sweet
potato leaves and vines because of the additional expenses on the above feedstuffs. Results
of the study revealed that adding 2kg of chopped banana trunk or sweet potato leaves and
vines into the commercial feeds fed to the growing-finishing pigs did not improve their
growth rates or gains in weight. Because no improvement was observed, their addition was
just an additional expense resulting to a higher total cost of production (see appendix Table
5) and hence the lower ROIs.
Table 5. Returns on Investment of the pigs at 90 to 180 days of age (%)
TREATMENT ROI
100% Commercial Feeds, control 35.02%
CF + 2 kg chopped banana trunk/day 21.62%
CF + 2 kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines/day
26.29%
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of chopped banana trunk and sweet
potato leaves and vines as feed supplement on the performance of growing-finishing pigs.
A total of 9 three months old pigs were grouped into three treatments following the
completely randomized design (CRD). Each of the three treatments were replicated three
times with 1 pig per replication. The different treatments were as follows: pure commercial
feeds (T0); commercial feeds + 2kg chopped banana trunk/day (T1); pure commercial feeds
+ 2kg sweet potato leaves and vines/day (T2). The banana trunk and sweet potato leaves
and vines were collected and washed, allowed to drain and finally were chopped into small
sizes, after which these were given to the pigs every meal. Feeding was done twice a day.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among
treatments in the parameters namely, initial weight, final weight, gain in weight, highly
significant differences, however, were observed in terms of total feed consumption, feed
conversion ratio. And feed cost to produce a kg gain in body weight.
The pigs in the three treatments had an overall mean initial weight of 26.11 kg and
as overall mean final weight of 79.09kg after 90 days of feeding.
As regards to the total gain in weight, the pigs in the control group had a mean of
48.67kg and an ADG of 0.54kg. The pigs given commercial feeds +2kg chopped banana
trunk registered a mean total gain in weight of 49.17kg and an ADG of 0.54kg. The pigs
given pure commercial feeds +2kg sweet potato leaves and vines had a mean total gain in
weight of 52.10kg and an ADG of 0.58kg.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
From 90-180 days old, the pigs given commercial feeds only had a mean feed
consumption of 127.50kg. On the other hand, the pigs given commercial feeds plus 2kg
chopped banana trunk had a mean feed consumption of 305.20kg and 303.83kg for the pigs
given commercial feeds plus 2kg chopped sweet potato leaves and vines.
For the feed conversion ratio (FCR), the pigs given commercial feeds had a mean
of 2.63 and 6.23 and 5.84 for the pigs given commercial feeds plus chopped banana trunk
and for those given commercial feeds plus chopped sweet potato leaves and vines,
respectively.
Finally, in terms of returns on investment (ROI), the highest ROI was observed
from the pigs given a commercial feed only which was 35.02%. This was followed by the
pigs fed with commercial feeds plus sweet potato leaves and vines with an ROI of 26.29%.
The lowest ROI was observed from the pigs fed with commercial feeds plus chopped
banana trunk which was 21.62%
For the feed conversion ratio the means observed for the T1 (chopped banana trunk)
only ranged from 6.23a, 5.84a in the pigs given chopped sweet potato leaves and vines,
while 2.63b observed in the pigs given with pure commercial feeds.
The above results reveal the chopped banana trunk and sweet potato leaves and
vines given as supplements to growing-finishing commercial feeds is neither advantageous
nor dis advantageous to the growth performance of the pigs. Particularly on the gain in
weight.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
Conclusion
Based from the results of the study, it can be concluded that supplementing the
commercial feeds given to growing-finishing pigs with either chopped banana trunk or
sweet potato leaves and vines gives no apparent effect on the body weights and to the gains
in weight but had adversely affected the feed conversion ratio, and the returns on
investment.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that chopped banana trunk and sweet potato leaves
and vines may or not be used depending upon the discretion of the swine raiser as it was
shown from the result of the study that no economic advantage can be obtained by utilizing
this feedstuff as add-on to the concentrate diet in terms of body weight and average daily
gain.
It is also recommended, however, that further studies should be conducted to
include the effect of the above feedstuffs on the carcass quality most especially so that
some are claiming that the meat derived from pigs fed with sweet potato leaves and vines
has thinner back fat and has a better taste.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
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BAUTISTA, O.K. and R.C. MABESA. 1997. Vegetable Production. University of the
Philippines at Los Baňos, Laguna Pp. 10, 194.
DALILING, M.K. 2006. The Effect of Banana Peeling as Feed Supplement on the
Performance of Growing-Finishing Pigs. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
GARCIA, A. DOMINQUEZ, P.L. and LY, J. 1991a. Estudios de composición
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porcina. Resúmenes IV Congreso ALVEC Habana. Pp.108.
GERPACIO, A.L and L.S. CASTILLO. 1979. Nutrient Composition of some Philippine
Feedstuffs. Dept. of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, U.P.L.B.
GODY, R. and R, ELLIOT. 1981. E fecto de cinco forrales tropicales sobre algunos
parametros de la function ruminal y flujo de nutrientes al deudeno de bovinos
alimentados a base de melaza- urea. Produccion animal tropical 6 (2): 177-184.
MARTINEZ, D. DOMINQUEZ, P.L. and TELERRIA, M. 1991. Determinación de
factores antitrípticos en el tubérculo crudo y cocido de la Ipomoea batatas (L)
Lam. adecuación de una técnica analítica. NP-8 Resúmenes IV Congreso ALVEC
La Habana, Cuba.
WHITTERMORE, C.T., 1998. The Science and Practices of Pig Production. 2nd ed.
Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
YANES, M. V. 1981. Study on the levels of chopped and fermented banana trunks as a
feed supplement to growing-Fattening pigs. BS Thesis. Mountain State
Agricultural College, La Trinidad Benguet.
The Effect of Chopped Banana Trunk and Sweet Potato Leaves and Vines as Feed
Supplement on the Performance of Growing- Finishing Pigs
GABINO, ANDRO T. APRIL 2012