BIBLIOGRAPHY BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012. Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken
Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed Supplement. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University experimental project from
October to December 2011 to compare the level of garlic and with antibiotic premix on
water on the growth performance of sunshine chicken, feed consumption, feed efficiency,
morbidity and mortality, and lastly on the return of investment.
A total of 160 Sunshine Chicken day old chicks were randomly distributed after
having a 5 day trial feeding into four treatments following the Complete Randomized
Design (CRD). The four treatments were replicated four times with ten birds per replicate.
The result and observation showed after 56 days of the experiment that there were
no significant in terms of the initial weight and total feed intake. While on the feed
conversion ratio it was shown that it is significant same as through on the final weight, total
feed intake, average daily gain, and total feed cost required to produce a kilogram in weight
which has a result of highly significant.
Apparently, the treated sunshine chicken with 30 grams of garlic granules has a
better effect when it comes to its final weight, total gain in weight, average daily gain and
on the return on investment which has a higher percentage than those of the other
treatments of 31.75 %.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
INTRODUCTION
Animal raising is an important and diverse component of Philippines Agriculture
and one of it is poultry production which is a practice of raising domesticated birds, for the
purpose of meat and egg as a part of our diet.
Feeding has a great effect in the growth of poultry industry and almost research
now a day is focused on finding new supplement that improves animal performance that’s
why it is important to the raisers to know what the best feed is for their bird is. And we
know the fact that chickens are omnivores, eating most anything they find. This eating
habit of chicken makes them easy to feed a variety of supplemental feed. Though
commercial feed provides a good base diet for chicken, it is still efficient if we add an
herbal supplement on their diet which could boost its growth performance that will increase
our profit.
This study allows us to improve more on chicken traits such as performance, and
immune response. It was also conducted to find out the effect of garlic granules as a feed
supplement to sunshine chickens. The result of this study can serve as a guide in using
garlic granules as a feed supplement in chickens. Lastly, the research can be a good start to
enhance the performance of chickens that can result to high income and profit.
The Study specifically aimed to determine the effect of garlic in terms of: growth
performance, feed consumption, feed efficiency, morbidity and mortality of chickens, and
return on investment. And to determine the best level of granulated garlic to be utilized as
feed supplement for sunshine chicken.
This study was conducted at the Benguet State University (BSU) Poultry
Experimental House Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Chicken broiler and egg production are the most progressive animal enterprises in
the Philippines today. The poultry industry in fact began as a backyard enterprise but has
shifted to the formation of very large integrated contract farming operations. The growth
of poultry industry in the Philippines has indeed been impressive but its problems including
inefficient management and the prevalence of many destructive poultry diseases and
parasites cannot be ignored (EPA, 2005).
The practice of complementary and alternative medicine is now on the increase in
developing countries in response to World Health Organization directives culminating in
several pre-clinical and clinical studies that have provided the scientific basis for the
efficacy of many plants used in folk medicine to treat infections (Vijaya and Ananthan,
1997; Dilhuydy and Patients, 2003; Iwalokun et al., 2004). Previous studies have
demonstrated positive effects of herbal supplements on production performance and
carcass quality to chickens (Schleicher et al., 1998; Tekeli et al., 2006, 2008).
In pursuit of improved broilers health and in order to fulfill consumer expectation
in relation to food quality, poultry producers commonly apply natural feeding supplements,
mainly herbs (Gardzielewska et al., 2003).
Garlic is one of the most beneficial natural food supplements. This is because of
garlic's numerous significant health benefits. First of all, garlic helps to detoxify the body
while enhancing the immune system. This makes garlic beneficial for fighting colds and
infections. Garlic also is well known as a natural way to lower blood pressure while
improving circulation. However, the benefits of garlic don't stop here. Garlic lowers blood
lipid levels, helps to stabilize blood sugar levels, and may even help prevent ulcers. Garlic
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
is helpful for virtually any disease or infection, making it one of the most popular herbal
food supplements (Anonymous, 2007).
Garlic, a member of the Allium family (Liliaceae), has been used traditionally for
ages to treat a wide array of diseases, namely, respiratory infections, ulcers, diarrhea and
skin infections (Fenwick and Hanley, 1985). Reuter et al. (1996) reported garlic as a plant
with antibiotic, anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory,
hypoglycemic and cardiovascular- protecting effects.
Moreover, garlic is very rich in aromatic oils, which enhance digestion and
positively influenced respiratory system being inhaled into air sacs and lungs of birds. Also
it was found that garlic has strong antioxidative effects (Gardzielewska et al., 2003).
Garlic extract and/or garlic components were able to prevent chemically induced
tumors or acute toxic effects of chemicals. The chemo-preventive potential of garlic has
been attributed to the presence of several bioactive organosulfur compounds. These
compounds might act as antioxidants (Fanelli et al., 1998; Siegers et al., 1999). The
antioxidative stress properties of garlic might result from the contributions of its sulfur
component in different steps and not necessarily from the contribution of only one of them
(Fanelli et al., 1998). Garlic also has been shown to have strong antimicrobial action
(Iwalokun et al., 2004; Gbenga et al., 2009). Allicin and its derivatives have been shown
to be a larvicidal and bacteriostatic, active against both Gram positive or Gram negative
organisms as well as fungi such as Candida albicans and viruses including influenza
viruses (Chang and Cheong, 2008). Allium sativum taken at a low dose may have some
therapeutics potentials against gastric ulcers associated with H. pyloriinfection (Adeniyi et
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
al., 2006). Garlic extracts do have significant inhibitory effects against microorganisms
associated with dental caries (Masaadeh et al., 2006).
When garlic is crushed, its health-promoting properties are released. Allicin is an
antibiotic and an anti-fungal. Garlic also contains Vitamin B, enzymes, minerals and
flavonoids, which attack cancer-causing free-radicals. Garlic's composition offers many
healing possibilities (Paige, 1999).
Raw garlic is more potent; cooking garlic reduces the effect the green, dry 'folds' in
the center of the garlic clove are especially pungent. The sulfur compound allicin, produced
by crushing or chewing fresh garlic, produces other sulfur compounds: ajoene, allyl
sulfides, and vinyldithiins. Aged garlic lacks allicin, but may have some activity due to the
presence of S-allylcysteine. Allicin is released only by crushing or chewing raw garlic and
cannot be formed from cooked garlic.
Garlic
may
interact
with
warfarin, antiplatelets, saquinavir, antihypertensives, calcium channel blockers,
and hypoglycemic drugs, as well as other medications.Members of the alium family might
be toxic to cats or dogs. Some degree of liver toxicity has been demonstrated in rats,
particularly in extremely large quantities exceeding those that a rat would consume under
normal situations (Wikipedia, 2011).
A study conducted by Raeesi et al., 2010 on the effect of periodical use of Garlic
(allium sativum) powder on performance and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens
showed that birds which received 1 and 3% garlic powder had greater weight gain than
those who were fed 0.5% garlic powder or the control group. The weight gain did not show
significant differences between treatments from 0 to 21days. From day 22-42, treatments
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
which received 1% garlic powder had greater body weight gain than others. These
differences were significant except between these treatments and those which got 0.5%
garlic powder. Although birds who received garlic in their finisher diet only had greater
body weight gain than others, period of feeding garlic (starter, finisher or the whole of the
experiment) had no significant effect on body weight gain. In the whole duration of the
experiment (0-42 d), addition of 1 and 3% garlic to basal diets significantly increased body
weight gain as compared with 0.5% garlic supplemented groups but it was not significant
in comparison with control group. Groups which were fed garlic in the finisher diet had
greater body weight gain but, the period of using garlic did not affect body weight gain
significantly.
Feed intake was significantly higher in control group. Birds received garlic for the
whole of the experiment, had higher feed intake but generally, period of feeding garlic did
not affect feed intake significantly. Chowdhuury et al., 2002, added different levels of
garlic to layers diet. They reported no significant effects of this supplementation on growth,
feed intake and feed efficiency.
Supplementation of 1% garlic powder, decreased feed conversion rate (FCR)
compared with 0.5% supplemented and control group, significantly. Birds received 3%
garlic powder in their diets had better FCR than control group. Control groups significantly
consumed more feed than the others, except those which were supplemented with 0.5%
garlic powder. There were no significant differences between control and 0.5%
supplemented group, although the latter had lower FCR. Groups which were supplemented
with garlic powder in just the finisher diet had better FCR than those which were
supplemented for the whole of the experiment. Control groups consumed more feed than
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
the others but they had no significant difference with those which supplemented with garlic
in starter diet. Jamroz et al., 2005, reported that capsaicin, cinamaldehyde and carvacrol
decreased FCR significantly in broiler chickens. However they did not affect body weight
gain at all. Demir et al., 2003, added thyme and garlic powder to broilers diet. They
concluded that this supplementation did not affect growth, feed intake and feed conversion
rate in whole of the experiment. Konjufca et al., 1997, reported that although performance
was not affected when broiler diets were supplemented with 1.5, 3 and 4.5% garlic in
powder form, their serum and liver cholesterol decreased significantly. They also indicated
that this supplementation did not influence feed conversion rate. Lewis et al., 2003,
reported that garlic extract increased body weight gain and also improved feed conversion
rate in broilers between 7-27d. Alcicek et al., 2003, indicated that broilers which received
blend of essential oils, had higher weight and feed intake and also lower feed conversion
rate than control group.
In conclusion, 1 and 3% supplemented groups in finisher period had better
performance as compared with other groups. Since present study conducted in optimum
and antiseptic conditions, it seems that better or more responses could be expected in
performance if the raising conditions would not be healthy. The authors suggest it needs
more studies to conduct in more periods to achieve more accurate results.
According to USDA (2011). the Nutrient content of raw garlic per 100 g serving is
as follows:
Energy
623 kJ (149 kcal)
Carbohydrates
33.06 g
- Sugars
1.00g
- Dietary fiber
2.1 g
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Fat
0.5 g
Protein
6.39 g
- beta-carotene
5 μg (0%)
Thiamine (Vit. B1)
0.2 mg (15%)
Riboflavin (Vit. B2)
0.11 mg (7%)
Niacin (Vit. B3)
0.7 mg (5%)
Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.596 mg (12%)
Vitamin B6
1.235 mg (95%)
Folate (Vit. B9)
3 μg (1%)
Vitamin C
31.2 mg (52%)
Calcium
181 mg (18%)
Iron
1.7 mg (14%)
Magnesium
25 mg (7%)
Phosphorus
153 mg (22%)
Potassium
401 mg (9%)
Sodium
17 mg (1%)
Zinc
1.16 mg (12%)
Manganese
1.672 mg
Selenium
14.2 μg
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
METHODOLOGY
Materials
The material that was used were 160 heads of Sunshine Chicken, Commercial
Feeds (CF), Garlic, Antibiotic Premix, Brooding-rearing Cages, Feeders, Waterers, Sacks,
Incandescent Bulb (100 watts), Old Newspaper Sheets, Weighing Scales, Pails, Record
Book, and Disinfectant.
Methodology
Pre-experimental phase. Before the arrival of the chicks, the brooding pens together
with the feeding through and waterers was thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. The floor
was covered with old news paper sheets and the light was switched on a few hours before
the arrival of the chicks.
Upon arrival of the chicks, they were placed inside the brooder house (Figure 1)
where they were fed with B-Meg Integra 1000. Water was available to them at all times.
During this pre-experimental period which was lasted for five days, the birds were given
the same care and management. They were fed twice a day, once in a morning and once in
the afternoon.
Preparation of garlic supplement. Clean garlic was bought from the market, and
then diced (Figure 2). The resulting product was added on the basal diet of Sunshine
Chicken on specified amounts depending on treatment.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Figure 1. Chicks inside the brooding house
Figure 2. The diced garlic supplement
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Experimental design and treatment. After 5 days, the experimental birds was
weighed to obtain their initial weight, and was distributed at random into four treatments
following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) each treatment was replicated four
times with 10 birds per replication, making a total of 40 birds per treatment.
The four treatments were the following:
T0= Commercial Feeds with antibiotic premix in the water (Control)
T1= 15 g Garlic / kg of Commercial Feeds (Figure 3)
T2= 30 g Garlic / kg of Commercial Feeds (Figure 4)
T3= Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic premix
Figure 3. Commercial Feeds with 15g garlic
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Figure 4. Commercial Feeds with 30g garlic
Care and management of birds. The garlic was fed to the birds from six until fifty
six days of age. The birds in all treatments were given the same care and management
except on the levels of garlic that was added to their ration. The birds on the Control (T0)
was fed commercial feeds with antibiotic premix in the water; while the birds that were
assigned to T1 was given 15 grams garlic per kilogram of commercial feeds (Figure 3). The
T2 birds were given 30 grams garlic per kilogram of commercial feeds (Figure 4), and those
under T3 were given commercial feeds with no antibiotic premix. The birds were fed with
B-Meg Integra 1000 from day 1 up to 14 days, while B-Meg Integra 2000 during 15-42
days, and B-Meg Integra 3000 from 43 days to the end of the study at 56 days.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Data Gathered
The data gathered as follows:
1. Initial weight (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds at the start of the study.
This was taken after when the chicks were six days old.
2. Final weight (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds at 56 days of age.
3. Feed offered (kg). This refers to the total amount of feeds consumed by the birds
from the start of the study until the end of the experiment. This was taken by adding all the
feeds offered to the birds after the left-overs have been subtracted.
4. Feed leftover (kg). The weight of the feeds left in the feeding troughs taken every
morning before feeding.
5. Mortality. This refers to the number of dead birds during the experiment.
6. Morbidity. This refers to the number of birds that got sick during the duration of
the study.
7. Commercial feed cost. This refers to the cost of commercial feeds.
8. Cost of garlic granules. This refers to the cost of garlic.
7. Total feed cost. This refers to the cost of commercial feeds and the garlic.
From the data above, the following data was computed:
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was computed by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight.
2. Average daily gain (kg). This was obtained by the following formula:
Average daily gain = Total gain in weight
Experimental period
3. Total feed intake. This was obtained by adding the amount of feed offered after
the feed left-overs had been subtracted.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
4. Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed intake by the
total gain in weight.
5. Feed cost required to produce a kilogram gain in weight. This was obtained by
multiplying the cost of one kilogram feed mixture by the FCR.
6. Percent Mortality. This was obtained by dividing the total number of dead birds
in each treatment and multiplied by 100%.
7. Net returns. This was obtained by subtracting the total cost of production from
the total sales.
8. Return on investment (ROI). This was computed using the following formula:
ROI = Total sales - total cost of production x 100
Total cost of production
9. Morbidity rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of sick birds by
their initial number multiplied by 100.
10. Mortality rate (%). This was obtained by dividing the number of dead birds
from the start until the end of the experiment by the total number of birds at the start of the
study multiplied by 100.
11. Cost of production (php). This includes the cost of stocks, feeds, labor and other
materials that used in the study.
12. Gross income. This was obtained by multiplying the final weight of the birds
by their price per kilogram live weight.
Data Analysis
The data was subjected to analysis of variance for Completely Randomized Design
(CRD). Comparison of treatment means was done using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT).
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight
The average initial weights shown in Table 1 were taken when the experimental
birds were 6 days old. Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences
among the treatments. While there are slight differences in the body weights of the
experimental birds presented in the table, such difference were very minimal to cause a
significant difference among the treatments. Result also implies that the experimental birds
had more or less the same in weight at the start of the study. The average initial weight is
0.380 kg.
Final Weight
The final weights of the sunshine chicken at 56 days of age in all treatments are
also shown in Table 1. The results indicate that the final weights of birds tend to increase
as the level of garlic in the diets was elevated. The birds given 30 g weighed the heaviest.
This was followed by the birds given 15 g garlic and those fed commercial feeds only but
with antibiotic premix in water, respectively. Meanwhile, the weights of the birds fed
commercial feeds with no antibiotic premix were comparable to the two former treatments.
The increase in weights could be attributed to the stimulating effect on the immune system
of the birds and its rich aromatic oils which enhanced their digestion as cited by
Gardzielewska et al. (2003).
Total Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the total gain in weight of the birds in the different treatments.
Statistical analysis shows highly significant differences among the treatment means.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Table 1. Initial weight at 6 days and final weight at 56 days of age of the birds
TREATMENT
WEIGHT (kg)
INITIAL
FINAL
Commercial Feeds(CF) with antibiotic
0.131a
1.908c
premix in the water
15 grams of garlic / kg of CF
0.131a
2.083b
30 grams of garlic / kg of CF
0.130a
2.205a
Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic
0.130a
1.966bc
premix
* Means with the same letters superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 by DMRT
Thirty grams of garlic supplementation resulted to a mean gain of 2.077 kg, same with the
group fed with fifteen grams which is 1.952. The group fed with commercial feeds and
lastly the one fed with commercial feeds with antibiotic premix in the water had
comparable means which were lower than the above mentioned means. This collaborates
with the study of Raeesi et al. which found that the addition of 1 and 3% garlic to basal
diets of broilers significantly increased body weight gain as compared with 0.5% garlic
supplemented groups. This implies that adding garlic granules on the feeds of the birds
positively affects the growth performance of the birds. The result revealed that
supplementing 15 to 30 grams garlic granules on sunshine chicken ration improves body
weight gain.
Average Daily Gain
The differences between the average daily gain in weight of the birds compared
among treatments were highly significant, wherein the experimental birds given with 15 to
30 grams garlic were found more capable to gain weight daily than those given commercial
feeds only with or without antibiotic premix as shown in Table 2.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Total Feed Intake
The average feed consumption of the birds is shown in Table 3. Statistical analysis
showed there were no significant differences among the different treatments. This is similar
to the study of Chowdhuury et al., where they added different levels of garlic to layers diet
where they reported no significant effects of supplementation on feed intake. This means
that all the experimental birds have eaten more or less the same amount of feeds. This
implies that the garlic incorporated with the ration of the experimental birds was very
minimal and did not significantly increase the feed consumption of the birds.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Table 4 likewise presents feed conversion ratio of the treatments. Statistical
analysis showed significant differences between treatments. The birds given 30 grams of
antibiotic premix on water. On the other hand, the feed conversion ratio of the birds fed
15 g garlic was comparable to that of the birds given commercial feeds with no antibiotic
premix. This result was similarly reported by Raeesi et al., where the birds which
Table 2. Total gain in weight and average daily gain of the birds
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TOTAL
DAILY
Commercial Feeds(CF) with antibiotic
1.777c
0.032c
premix in the water
15 grams of garlic / kg of CF
1.952b
0.035b
30 grams of garlic / kg of CF
2.077a
0.037a
Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic
1.836c
0.033c
premix
* Means with the same letters superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 by DMRT
Table 3. Total feed intake of the birds
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
TREATMENT
TOTAL FEED INTAKE (KG)
Commercial Feeds(CF) with antibiotic
4.884a
premix in the water
15 grams of garlic / kg of CF
4.907a
30 grams of garlic / kg of CF
4.950a
Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic
4.814a
premix
* Means with the same letters superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 by DMRT
received 3% garlic powder in their diets had better FCR than control group. This
indicates that the addition of garlic on the feeds makes them more efficient in converting
feeds to flesh. The overall mean feed conversion ratio of the birds was 2.567. These could
be possibly caused by capsaicin, cinamaldehyde and carvacrol which improved FCR in
broiler chickens as reported by Jamroz et al.
Feed Cost to Produce a Kilogram
of Sunshine Chicken
Presented in Table 5 is the feed cost to produce a kilogram increase in body
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of the birds
TREATMENT
FEED CONVERSION RATIO (KG)
Commercial Feeds(CF) with antibiotic
2.75a
premix in the water
15 grams of garlic / kg of CF
2.51ab
30 grams of garlic / kg of CF
2.39b
Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic
2.62ab
premix
* Means with the same letters superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 by DMRT
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
weight. Statistical analysis showed that there was a highly significant difference among the
treatment means. The birds given the highest amount of garlic (30 grams) has a higher feed
cost to produce kilogram gain in weight. There was a direct relationship between the levels
of garlic and the cost of feed to produce a kilogram gain due to the additional cost incurred
in the procurement of the garlic.
Morbidity Rate
Two birds got sick when they were 11 days old. However, at 21 days age it was
observed that the swollen and teary eyes got healed. Furthermore, birds given antibiotic
premix on water was the only group which had a morbidity rate of 5 %. This may proves
that garlic is a plant with antibiotic, anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-
inflammatory, hypoglycemic and cardiovascular- protecting effects.
Mortality Rate
Two birds died during the duration of the study. The group fed commercial feeds
with antibiotic premix in the water has 2.5% mortality rate similar with the group fed
Table 5. Total feed cost required to produce a kilogram in weight
TREATMENT
TOTAL FEED COST REQUIRED TO
PRODUCE A KILOGRAM IN WEIGHT
(KG)
Commercial Feeds(CF) with antibiotic
73.32c
premix in the water
15 grams of garlic / kg of CF
80.19b
30 grams of garlic / kg of CF
89.72a
Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic
69.78c
premix
* Means with the same letters superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 by DMRT
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
with commercial feeds without antibiotic. The first bird that died was from the group given
commercial feeds with no antibiotic 42 days of age. The other bird died at 43 days of age
from the group that fed with commercial feed with antibiotic premix. They were suspected
to have died because of heat stroke.
Return on Investment
Table 7 shows the return on investment in the different treatments. Even though it
was not subjected to statistical analysis, it is shown that the group fed with 30 g garlic has
a higher ROI of 31.71% followed by the group given 15 g of garlic having 26.50%. The
group fed commercial feeds without antibiotic, and the group fed commercial feeds with
antibiotic premix on the water recovered lower ROI. This implies that supplementing
garlic on the feed of chicken may result to a higher income.
Table 6. Morbidity and mortality rate
TREATMENT
MORBIDITY
MORTALITY
(%)
(%)
Commercial Feeds(CF) with antibiotic
5
0
premix in the water
15 grams of garlic / kg of CF
0
2.5
30 grams of garlic / kg of CF
0
0
Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic
0
2.5
premix
* Means with the same letters superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 by DMRT
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Table 7. Net return and return on investment
PARTICULARS
T0
T1
T2
T3
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
Stocks(Php.)
1,600.00
1,600
1,600
1,600
Feeds(Php.)
5,571.63
5,570.83
5565.29
5565.49
Garlic(Php.)
-----
212.10
438.20
-----
Antibiotic(Php.)
240.00
-----
-----
-----
Disinfectant(Php.)
33.50
33.50
33.50
33.50
Waterers(Php.)
140.00
140.00
140.00
140.00
Newspapers(Php.)
42.25
42.25
42.25
42.25
Sac (Php.)
90.00
90.00
90.00
90.00
Bulb(Php.)
339.50
339.50
339.50
339.50
Fixtures(Php.)
331.25
331.25
331.25
331.25
Fare(Php.)
94.25
94.25
94.25
94.25
Labor(Php.)
765.00
765.00
765.00
765.00
TOTAL
9,247.38
9,218.68
9,439.24
9,001.24
SALES
10,682.00
11,662.00
12,362.00
11,011.00
NET INCOME
1,434.62
2,443.32
2,922.76
2,009.76
ROI %
15.52 %
26.50 %
31.71 %
22.33 %
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of garlic on the
growth performance of Sunshine Chicken. One hundred sixty day-old chicks were
distributed at random following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) into four
treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with ten birds per replication, making
a total of 40 per treatment. The treatment were: T0-Commercial Feeds with antibiotic
premix in the water, T1-15g garlic / kg of Commercial Feeds, T2-30 g garlic / kg of
Commercial Feeds, and T3-Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic premix. This was
conducted from October to December, 2011 at Benguet State University Poultry
Experimental House at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Analysis of variance showed no significant differences in terms of initial weight
and total feed intake. However, the feed conversion ratio of the birds fed with garlic
relatively improved. The same effect was seen on the final weight, total gain, and feed cost
per kilogram gain in weight.
This shows that supplementation of 15-30 grams garlic may cause the birds to gain
more weight than those group fed with commercial feeds with antibiotic premix on water
and commercial feeds only. It did not lower the feed consumption of the birds but it has
made them more efficient in converting feed to flesh.
Though there were morbidity from the group fed commercial feeds with antibiotic
premix on the water and mortality from the group fed with 15 grams garlic and those given
only commercial feeds only, the values were low and thus did not affect the ROI. This
means that adding 30 grams garlic on the basal diet may have been effective in keeping the
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
birds healthy since there was no mortality like the control group given commercial
antibiotic.
The highest return on investment was observed in the birds given 30 grams garlic
followed by the group fed with 15 grams, commercial feeds only with no antibiotic and
lastly, the group given antibiotic premix on the water.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, the addition of garlic on the sunshine chicken
ration resulted to higher body weights and weight gain, better FCR and lower feed
conversion ratio, and total feed cost to produce a kilogram in weight. Therefore, it is
concluded that garlic can be incorporated in the feed of sunshine chickens to enhance
growth and feed efficiency.
Recommendation
Since supplementing garlic on sunshine chicken ration resulted to higher income, it
is recommended that garlic may be added in sunshine chicken diets during the brooding-
finishing period.
However, a similar study may be conducted to evaluate the effect if the level of
garlic is increased beyond 30g.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
LITERATURE CITED
ADENIYI, B.A., F.S. OLUWOLE and F.M. ANYIAM. 2006. Antimicrobial and
antiulcer activities of methanol extract of Allium sativum on helicobacter pylori. J.
Boil. Sci., 6: 521-526.
ALCICEK, A., M. BOZKURT AND M. CABUK, 2003. The effect of an essential oil
combination derived from selected herbs growing wild in Turkey on broiler
performance. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 33: 89-92.
ANONYMOUS. 2007. Garlic Supplement Info and Products. Retrieved from
http://www.nutritionalcenter.com/site/en/reference/nutrients/view/50
CHANG, K.J. and S.H. CHEONG. 2008. Volatile organosulfur and nutrient compounds
from garlic by cultivating areas and processing methods. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Bio.
J., 22: 1108-1112.
CHOWDHURY, S.R.‚ CHOWDHURY, S. D., SMITH,T.K. 2002. Effects of Dietary
Garlic on Cholesterol Metabolism in Laying Hens. Poultry Science 81:1856–1862
DEMIR, E., SARICA, S., OZCAN, M.A., AND SUICMEZ, M. 2003. The use of natural
feed additives as alternatives for an antibiotic growth promoter in broiler diets. Br.
J. Poultry Sci. 44:S44 S45.
DILHUYDY, J.M. and O. PATIENTS. 2003. Attraction to complementary and
alternative medicine (CAM): A reality which physicians can neither ignore nor
deny. Bull. Cancer, 90: 623-628.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. 2005. Chicken Poultry Raising.
Retrieved June 30, 2011 from http://www.mixph.com/2006/04/chicken-poultry-
raising.html
FANELLI, S.L., G.D. CASTRO, E.G. DE TORANZO and J.A. CASTRO. 1998.
Mechanisms of the preventive properties of some garlic components in the carbon
tetrachloride-promoted oxidative stress. Diallyl sulfide; diallyl disulfide; allyl
mercaptan and allyl methyl sulfide. Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol., 102:
163-174.
FENWICK, G.R. and A.B. HANLEY. 1985. The genus Allium. Crit. Rev. Food Sci.
Nutr., 23: 1-73.
GARDZIELEWSKA, J., K. PUDYSZAK, T. MAJEWSKA, M. JAKUBOWSKA and J.
POMIANOWSKI. 2003. Effect of plant-supplemented feeding on fresh and frozen
storage quality of broiler chicken meat. Electronic J. Polish Agric. Univ., 6: 12-12.
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GBENGA, O.E., O.E. ADEBISI, A.N. FAJEMISIN and A.V. ADETUNJI. 2009.
Response of broiler chickens in terms of performance and meat quality to garlic
Allium sativum supplementation. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 4: 511-517.
IWALOKUN, B.A., A. OGUNLEDUN, D.O. OGBOLU, S.B. BAMIRO and J. JIMI-
OMOJOLA. 2004. In vitro antimicrobial properties of aqueous garlic extract against
multidrug-resistant bacteria and Candida species from Nigeria. J. Med. Food, 7:
327-333.
JAMROZ, D., WILICZKIEWICZ, A., WERTELECKI, T., ORDA, J., SKORUPIŃSKA,
J. 2005. Use of active substances of plant in the chickens diets based on maize and
domestical grains. Brit Poult. Sci., (in print)
KONJUFCA, V.H., PESTI, G.M., BAKALLI, R.I. 1997. Modulation of cholesterol
levels in broiler meat by dietary garlic and copper. Poult. Sci.76, 1264–1271.
LEWIS, M.R., ROSE, S.P., MACKENZIE, A.M., TUCKER, L.A. 2003. Effectsof
dietary inclusion of plant extracts on the growth performance of malebroiler
chickens. Brit. Poult. Sci. 44 (Suppl. 1), S43–S44.
MASAADEH, H.A., W.A. HAYAJNEH and N.M. MOMANI. 2006. Microbial ecology
of dental plaques of Jordanian patients and inhibitory effects of Allium sativum and
Allium cepa L. extracts. J. Medical Sci., 6: 650-653.
PAIGE, A. 1999. Raw Garlic Benefits. Retrieved 18 June 2011 from
http://www.ehow.com/about_4689031_raw-garlic-health-benefits.html
Reuter, H.D., H.P. Koch and L.D. Lawson, 1996. Therapeutic Effects and
Applications of Garlic and its Preparations. In: Garlic: The Science and Therapeutic
Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species, Koch, H.P. and L.D. Lawson
(Eds.). Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD., pp: 135-213.
RAEESI, M.S., HOSEINI- ALIABAD A., OOFCHAEEA A.R., ZARE SHAHNEH AND
PIRALI S. 2010. Effect of Periodically Use of Garlic (Alliumsativum) Powder on
Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Broiler Chickens. Retrieved from
http://www.waset.ac.nz/journals/waset/v68/v68-206.pdf
REUTER, H.D., H.P. KOCH AND L.D. LAWSON. 1996. Therapeutic Effects and
Applications of Garlic and its Preparations. In: Garlic: The Science and Therapeutic
Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species, Koch, H.P. and L.D. Lawson
(Eds.). Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD., pp: 135-213.
SIEGERS, C.P., B. STEFFEN, A. ROBKE and R. PENTZ. 1999. The effects of garlic
preparations against human tumor cell proliferation. Phytomedicine, 6: 7-11.
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SCHLEICHER, A., Z. FRITZ and S. KINAL. 1998. Zastosowanie wybranych zioł w
mieszankach tre ciwych dla kurcz_t rze_nych (The use of some herbs in
concentrates for broiler chickens). Rocz Nauk Zootech, 25: 213-244.
TEKELI, A., H.R. KUTLU, L. CELIK, I. VAR, E. YURDAKUL and A. AVCI. 2008.
The use of Propolis as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler diets.
Proceedings of 23rd World's Poultry Congress, June 30-July 4, Brisbane, Australia,
pp: 482-482.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 2011. The Nutrient Content
of Garlic Raw. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/garlic.
VIJAYA, K. and S. ANANTHAN. 1997. Microbiological screening of Indian medicinal
plants with special reference to enteropathogens. J. Altern. Complement Med., 3:
13-20.
WIKIPEDIA. 2011.Garlic. Retrieved November 02, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Garlic
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012. Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken
Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed Supplement. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University experimental project from
October to December 2011 to compare the level of garlic and with antibiotic premix on
water on the growth performance of sunshine chicken, feed consumption, feed efficiency,
morbidity and mortality, and lastly on the return of investment.
A total of 160 Sunshine Chicken day old chicks were randomly distributed after
having a 5 day trial feeding into four treatments following the Complete Randomized
Design (CRD). The four treatments were replicated four times with ten birds per replicate.
The result and observation showed after 56 days of the experiment that there were
no significant in terms of the initial weight and total feed intake. While on the feed
conversion ratio it was shown that it is significant same as through on the final weight, total
feed intake, average daily gain, and total feed cost required to produce a kilogram in weight
which has a result of highly significant.
Apparently, the treated sunshine chicken with 30 grams of garlic granules has a
better effect when it comes to its final weight, total gain in weight, average daily gain and
on the return on investment which has a higher percentage than those of the other
treatments of 31.75 %.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
INTRODUCTION
Animal raising is an important and diverse component of Philippines Agriculture
and one of it is poultry production which is a practice of raising domesticated birds, for the
purpose of meat and egg as a part of our diet.
Feeding has a great effect in the growth of poultry industry and almost research
now a day is focused on finding new supplement that improves animal performance that’s
why it is important to the raisers to know what the best feed is for their bird is. And we
know the fact that chickens are omnivores, eating most anything they find. This eating
habit of chicken makes them easy to feed a variety of supplemental feed. Though
commercial feed provides a good base diet for chicken, it is still efficient if we add an
herbal supplement on their diet which could boost its growth performance that will increase
our profit.
This study allows us to improve more on chicken traits such as performance, and
immune response. It was also conducted to find out the effect of garlic granules as a feed
supplement to sunshine chickens. The result of this study can serve as a guide in using
garlic granules as a feed supplement in chickens. Lastly, the research can be a good start to
enhance the performance of chickens that can result to high income and profit.
The Study specifically aimed to determine the effect of garlic in terms of: growth
performance, feed consumption, feed efficiency, morbidity and mortality of chickens, and
return on investment. And to determine the best level of granulated garlic to be utilized as
feed supplement for sunshine chicken.
This study was conducted at the Benguet State University (BSU) Poultry
Experimental House Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Chicken broiler and egg production are the most progressive animal enterprises in
the Philippines today. The poultry industry in fact began as a backyard enterprise but has
shifted to the formation of very large integrated contract farming operations. The growth
of poultry industry in the Philippines has indeed been impressive but its problems including
inefficient management and the prevalence of many destructive poultry diseases and
parasites cannot be ignored (EPA, 2005).
The practice of complementary and alternative medicine is now on the increase in
developing countries in response to World Health Organization directives culminating in
several pre-clinical and clinical studies that have provided the scientific basis for the
efficacy of many plants used in folk medicine to treat infections (Vijaya and Ananthan,
1997; Dilhuydy and Patients, 2003; Iwalokun et al., 2004). Previous studies have
demonstrated positive effects of herbal supplements on production performance and
carcass quality to chickens (Schleicher et al., 1998; Tekeli et al., 2006, 2008).
In pursuit of improved broilers health and in order to fulfill consumer expectation
in relation to food quality, poultry producers commonly apply natural feeding supplements,
mainly herbs (Gardzielewska et al., 2003).
Garlic is one of the most beneficial natural food supplements. This is because of
garlic's numerous significant health benefits. First of all, garlic helps to detoxify the body
while enhancing the immune system. This makes garlic beneficial for fighting colds and
infections. Garlic also is well known as a natural way to lower blood pressure while
improving circulation. However, the benefits of garlic don't stop here. Garlic lowers blood
lipid levels, helps to stabilize blood sugar levels, and may even help prevent ulcers. Garlic
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
is helpful for virtually any disease or infection, making it one of the most popular herbal
food supplements (Anonymous, 2007).
Garlic, a member of the Allium family (Liliaceae), has been used traditionally for
ages to treat a wide array of diseases, namely, respiratory infections, ulcers, diarrhea and
skin infections (Fenwick and Hanley, 1985). Reuter et al. (1996) reported garlic as a plant
with antibiotic, anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory,
hypoglycemic and cardiovascular- protecting effects.
Moreover, garlic is very rich in aromatic oils, which enhance digestion and
positively influenced respiratory system being inhaled into air sacs and lungs of birds. Also
it was found that garlic has strong antioxidative effects (Gardzielewska et al., 2003).
Garlic extract and/or garlic components were able to prevent chemically induced
tumors or acute toxic effects of chemicals. The chemo-preventive potential of garlic has
been attributed to the presence of several bioactive organosulfur compounds. These
compounds might act as antioxidants (Fanelli et al., 1998; Siegers et al., 1999). The
antioxidative stress properties of garlic might result from the contributions of its sulfur
component in different steps and not necessarily from the contribution of only one of them
(Fanelli et al., 1998). Garlic also has been shown to have strong antimicrobial action
(Iwalokun et al., 2004; Gbenga et al., 2009). Allicin and its derivatives have been shown
to be a larvicidal and bacteriostatic, active against both Gram positive or Gram negative
organisms as well as fungi such as Candida albicans and viruses including influenza
viruses (Chang and Cheong, 2008). Allium sativum taken at a low dose may have some
therapeutics potentials against gastric ulcers associated with H. pyloriinfection (Adeniyi et
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
al., 2006). Garlic extracts do have significant inhibitory effects against microorganisms
associated with dental caries (Masaadeh et al., 2006).
When garlic is crushed, its health-promoting properties are released. Allicin is an
antibiotic and an anti-fungal. Garlic also contains Vitamin B, enzymes, minerals and
flavonoids, which attack cancer-causing free-radicals. Garlic's composition offers many
healing possibilities (Paige, 1999).
Raw garlic is more potent; cooking garlic reduces the effect the green, dry 'folds' in
the center of the garlic clove are especially pungent. The sulfur compound allicin, produced
by crushing or chewing fresh garlic, produces other sulfur compounds: ajoene, allyl
sulfides, and vinyldithiins. Aged garlic lacks allicin, but may have some activity due to the
presence of S-allylcysteine. Allicin is released only by crushing or chewing raw garlic and
cannot be formed from cooked garlic.
Garlic
may
interact
with
warfarin, antiplatelets, saquinavir, antihypertensives, calcium channel blockers,
and hypoglycemic drugs, as well as other medications.Members of the alium family might
be toxic to cats or dogs. Some degree of liver toxicity has been demonstrated in rats,
particularly in extremely large quantities exceeding those that a rat would consume under
normal situations (Wikipedia, 2011).
A study conducted by Raeesi et al., 2010 on the effect of periodical use of Garlic
(allium sativum) powder on performance and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens
showed that birds which received 1 and 3% garlic powder had greater weight gain than
those who were fed 0.5% garlic powder or the control group. The weight gain did not show
significant differences between treatments from 0 to 21days. From day 22-42, treatments
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
which received 1% garlic powder had greater body weight gain than others. These
differences were significant except between these treatments and those which got 0.5%
garlic powder. Although birds who received garlic in their finisher diet only had greater
body weight gain than others, period of feeding garlic (starter, finisher or the whole of the
experiment) had no significant effect on body weight gain. In the whole duration of the
experiment (0-42 d), addition of 1 and 3% garlic to basal diets significantly increased body
weight gain as compared with 0.5% garlic supplemented groups but it was not significant
in comparison with control group. Groups which were fed garlic in the finisher diet had
greater body weight gain but, the period of using garlic did not affect body weight gain
significantly.
Feed intake was significantly higher in control group. Birds received garlic for the
whole of the experiment, had higher feed intake but generally, period of feeding garlic did
not affect feed intake significantly. Chowdhuury et al., 2002, added different levels of
garlic to layers diet. They reported no significant effects of this supplementation on growth,
feed intake and feed efficiency.
Supplementation of 1% garlic powder, decreased feed conversion rate (FCR)
compared with 0.5% supplemented and control group, significantly. Birds received 3%
garlic powder in their diets had better FCR than control group. Control groups significantly
consumed more feed than the others, except those which were supplemented with 0.5%
garlic powder. There were no significant differences between control and 0.5%
supplemented group, although the latter had lower FCR. Groups which were supplemented
with garlic powder in just the finisher diet had better FCR than those which were
supplemented for the whole of the experiment. Control groups consumed more feed than
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
the others but they had no significant difference with those which supplemented with garlic
in starter diet. Jamroz et al., 2005, reported that capsaicin, cinamaldehyde and carvacrol
decreased FCR significantly in broiler chickens. However they did not affect body weight
gain at all. Demir et al., 2003, added thyme and garlic powder to broilers diet. They
concluded that this supplementation did not affect growth, feed intake and feed conversion
rate in whole of the experiment. Konjufca et al., 1997, reported that although performance
was not affected when broiler diets were supplemented with 1.5, 3 and 4.5% garlic in
powder form, their serum and liver cholesterol decreased significantly. They also indicated
that this supplementation did not influence feed conversion rate. Lewis et al., 2003,
reported that garlic extract increased body weight gain and also improved feed conversion
rate in broilers between 7-27d. Alcicek et al., 2003, indicated that broilers which received
blend of essential oils, had higher weight and feed intake and also lower feed conversion
rate than control group.
In conclusion, 1 and 3% supplemented groups in finisher period had better
performance as compared with other groups. Since present study conducted in optimum
and antiseptic conditions, it seems that better or more responses could be expected in
performance if the raising conditions would not be healthy. The authors suggest it needs
more studies to conduct in more periods to achieve more accurate results.
According to USDA (2011). the Nutrient content of raw garlic per 100 g serving is
as follows:
Energy
623 kJ (149 kcal)
Carbohydrates
33.06 g
- Sugars
1.00g
- Dietary fiber
2.1 g
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Fat
0.5 g
Protein
6.39 g
- beta-carotene
5 μg (0%)
Thiamine (Vit. B1)
0.2 mg (15%)
Riboflavin (Vit. B2)
0.11 mg (7%)
Niacin (Vit. B3)
0.7 mg (5%)
Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.596 mg (12%)
Vitamin B6
1.235 mg (95%)
Folate (Vit. B9)
3 μg (1%)
Vitamin C
31.2 mg (52%)
Calcium
181 mg (18%)
Iron
1.7 mg (14%)
Magnesium
25 mg (7%)
Phosphorus
153 mg (22%)
Potassium
401 mg (9%)
Sodium
17 mg (1%)
Zinc
1.16 mg (12%)
Manganese
1.672 mg
Selenium
14.2 μg
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
METHODOLOGY
Materials
The material that was used were 160 heads of Sunshine Chicken, Commercial
Feeds (CF), Garlic, Antibiotic Premix, Brooding-rearing Cages, Feeders, Waterers, Sacks,
Incandescent Bulb (100 watts), Old Newspaper Sheets, Weighing Scales, Pails, Record
Book, and Disinfectant.
Methodology
Pre-experimental phase. Before the arrival of the chicks, the brooding pens together
with the feeding through and waterers was thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. The floor
was covered with old news paper sheets and the light was switched on a few hours before
the arrival of the chicks.
Upon arrival of the chicks, they were placed inside the brooder house (Figure 1)
where they were fed with B-Meg Integra 1000. Water was available to them at all times.
During this pre-experimental period which was lasted for five days, the birds were given
the same care and management. They were fed twice a day, once in a morning and once in
the afternoon.
Preparation of garlic supplement. Clean garlic was bought from the market, and
then diced (Figure 2). The resulting product was added on the basal diet of Sunshine
Chicken on specified amounts depending on treatment.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Figure 1. Chicks inside the brooding house
Figure 2. The diced garlic supplement
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Experimental design and treatment. After 5 days, the experimental birds was
weighed to obtain their initial weight, and was distributed at random into four treatments
following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) each treatment was replicated four
times with 10 birds per replication, making a total of 40 birds per treatment.
The four treatments were the following:
T0= Commercial Feeds with antibiotic premix in the water (Control)
T1= 15 g Garlic / kg of Commercial Feeds (Figure 3)
T2= 30 g Garlic / kg of Commercial Feeds (Figure 4)
T3= Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic premix
Figure 3. Commercial Feeds with 15g garlic
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Figure 4. Commercial Feeds with 30g garlic
Care and management of birds. The garlic was fed to the birds from six until fifty
six days of age. The birds in all treatments were given the same care and management
except on the levels of garlic that was added to their ration. The birds on the Control (T0)
was fed commercial feeds with antibiotic premix in the water; while the birds that were
assigned to T1 was given 15 grams garlic per kilogram of commercial feeds (Figure 3). The
T2 birds were given 30 grams garlic per kilogram of commercial feeds (Figure 4), and those
under T3 were given commercial feeds with no antibiotic premix. The birds were fed with
B-Meg Integra 1000 from day 1 up to 14 days, while B-Meg Integra 2000 during 15-42
days, and B-Meg Integra 3000 from 43 days to the end of the study at 56 days.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Data Gathered
The data gathered as follows:
1. Initial weight (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds at the start of the study.
This was taken after when the chicks were six days old.
2. Final weight (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds at 56 days of age.
3. Feed offered (kg). This refers to the total amount of feeds consumed by the birds
from the start of the study until the end of the experiment. This was taken by adding all the
feeds offered to the birds after the left-overs have been subtracted.
4. Feed leftover (kg). The weight of the feeds left in the feeding troughs taken every
morning before feeding.
5. Mortality. This refers to the number of dead birds during the experiment.
6. Morbidity. This refers to the number of birds that got sick during the duration of
the study.
7. Commercial feed cost. This refers to the cost of commercial feeds.
8. Cost of garlic granules. This refers to the cost of garlic.
7. Total feed cost. This refers to the cost of commercial feeds and the garlic.
From the data above, the following data was computed:
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was computed by subtracting the initial weight
from the final weight.
2. Average daily gain (kg). This was obtained by the following formula:
Average daily gain = Total gain in weight
Experimental period
3. Total feed intake. This was obtained by adding the amount of feed offered after
the feed left-overs had been subtracted.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
4. Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed intake by the
total gain in weight.
5. Feed cost required to produce a kilogram gain in weight. This was obtained by
multiplying the cost of one kilogram feed mixture by the FCR.
6. Percent Mortality. This was obtained by dividing the total number of dead birds
in each treatment and multiplied by 100%.
7. Net returns. This was obtained by subtracting the total cost of production from
the total sales.
8. Return on investment (ROI). This was computed using the following formula:
ROI = Total sales - total cost of production x 100
Total cost of production
9. Morbidity rate (%). This was computed by dividing the number of sick birds by
their initial number multiplied by 100.
10. Mortality rate (%). This was obtained by dividing the number of dead birds
from the start until the end of the experiment by the total number of birds at the start of the
study multiplied by 100.
11. Cost of production (php). This includes the cost of stocks, feeds, labor and other
materials that used in the study.
12. Gross income. This was obtained by multiplying the final weight of the birds
by their price per kilogram live weight.
Data Analysis
The data was subjected to analysis of variance for Completely Randomized Design
(CRD). Comparison of treatment means was done using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT).
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial Weight
The average initial weights shown in Table 1 were taken when the experimental
birds were 6 days old. Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences
among the treatments. While there are slight differences in the body weights of the
experimental birds presented in the table, such difference were very minimal to cause a
significant difference among the treatments. Result also implies that the experimental birds
had more or less the same in weight at the start of the study. The average initial weight is
0.380 kg.
Final Weight
The final weights of the sunshine chicken at 56 days of age in all treatments are
also shown in Table 1. The results indicate that the final weights of birds tend to increase
as the level of garlic in the diets was elevated. The birds given 30 g weighed the heaviest.
This was followed by the birds given 15 g garlic and those fed commercial feeds only but
with antibiotic premix in water, respectively. Meanwhile, the weights of the birds fed
commercial feeds with no antibiotic premix were comparable to the two former treatments.
The increase in weights could be attributed to the stimulating effect on the immune system
of the birds and its rich aromatic oils which enhanced their digestion as cited by
Gardzielewska et al. (2003).
Total Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the total gain in weight of the birds in the different treatments.
Statistical analysis shows highly significant differences among the treatment means.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Table 1. Initial weight at 6 days and final weight at 56 days of age of the birds
TREATMENT
WEIGHT (kg)
INITIAL
FINAL
Commercial Feeds(CF) with antibiotic
0.131a
1.908c
premix in the water
15 grams of garlic / kg of CF
0.131a
2.083b
30 grams of garlic / kg of CF
0.130a
2.205a
Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic
0.130a
1.966bc
premix
* Means with the same letters superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 by DMRT
Thirty grams of garlic supplementation resulted to a mean gain of 2.077 kg, same with the
group fed with fifteen grams which is 1.952. The group fed with commercial feeds and
lastly the one fed with commercial feeds with antibiotic premix in the water had
comparable means which were lower than the above mentioned means. This collaborates
with the study of Raeesi et al. which found that the addition of 1 and 3% garlic to basal
diets of broilers significantly increased body weight gain as compared with 0.5% garlic
supplemented groups. This implies that adding garlic granules on the feeds of the birds
positively affects the growth performance of the birds. The result revealed that
supplementing 15 to 30 grams garlic granules on sunshine chicken ration improves body
weight gain.
Average Daily Gain
The differences between the average daily gain in weight of the birds compared
among treatments were highly significant, wherein the experimental birds given with 15 to
30 grams garlic were found more capable to gain weight daily than those given commercial
feeds only with or without antibiotic premix as shown in Table 2.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Total Feed Intake
The average feed consumption of the birds is shown in Table 3. Statistical analysis
showed there were no significant differences among the different treatments. This is similar
to the study of Chowdhuury et al., where they added different levels of garlic to layers diet
where they reported no significant effects of supplementation on feed intake. This means
that all the experimental birds have eaten more or less the same amount of feeds. This
implies that the garlic incorporated with the ration of the experimental birds was very
minimal and did not significantly increase the feed consumption of the birds.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Table 4 likewise presents feed conversion ratio of the treatments. Statistical
analysis showed significant differences between treatments. The birds given 30 grams of
antibiotic premix on water. On the other hand, the feed conversion ratio of the birds fed
15 g garlic was comparable to that of the birds given commercial feeds with no antibiotic
premix. This result was similarly reported by Raeesi et al., where the birds which
Table 2. Total gain in weight and average daily gain of the birds
TREATMENT
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
TOTAL
DAILY
Commercial Feeds(CF) with antibiotic
1.777c
0.032c
premix in the water
15 grams of garlic / kg of CF
1.952b
0.035b
30 grams of garlic / kg of CF
2.077a
0.037a
Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic
1.836c
0.033c
premix
* Means with the same letters superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 by DMRT
Table 3. Total feed intake of the birds
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
TREATMENT
TOTAL FEED INTAKE (KG)
Commercial Feeds(CF) with antibiotic
4.884a
premix in the water
15 grams of garlic / kg of CF
4.907a
30 grams of garlic / kg of CF
4.950a
Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic
4.814a
premix
* Means with the same letters superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 by DMRT
received 3% garlic powder in their diets had better FCR than control group. This
indicates that the addition of garlic on the feeds makes them more efficient in converting
feeds to flesh. The overall mean feed conversion ratio of the birds was 2.567. These could
be possibly caused by capsaicin, cinamaldehyde and carvacrol which improved FCR in
broiler chickens as reported by Jamroz et al.
Feed Cost to Produce a Kilogram
of Sunshine Chicken
Presented in Table 5 is the feed cost to produce a kilogram increase in body
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio of the birds
TREATMENT
FEED CONVERSION RATIO (KG)
Commercial Feeds(CF) with antibiotic
2.75a
premix in the water
15 grams of garlic / kg of CF
2.51ab
30 grams of garlic / kg of CF
2.39b
Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic
2.62ab
premix
* Means with the same letters superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 by DMRT
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
weight. Statistical analysis showed that there was a highly significant difference among the
treatment means. The birds given the highest amount of garlic (30 grams) has a higher feed
cost to produce kilogram gain in weight. There was a direct relationship between the levels
of garlic and the cost of feed to produce a kilogram gain due to the additional cost incurred
in the procurement of the garlic.
Morbidity Rate
Two birds got sick when they were 11 days old. However, at 21 days age it was
observed that the swollen and teary eyes got healed. Furthermore, birds given antibiotic
premix on water was the only group which had a morbidity rate of 5 %. This may proves
that garlic is a plant with antibiotic, anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-
inflammatory, hypoglycemic and cardiovascular- protecting effects.
Mortality Rate
Two birds died during the duration of the study. The group fed commercial feeds
with antibiotic premix in the water has 2.5% mortality rate similar with the group fed
Table 5. Total feed cost required to produce a kilogram in weight
TREATMENT
TOTAL FEED COST REQUIRED TO
PRODUCE A KILOGRAM IN WEIGHT
(KG)
Commercial Feeds(CF) with antibiotic
73.32c
premix in the water
15 grams of garlic / kg of CF
80.19b
30 grams of garlic / kg of CF
89.72a
Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic
69.78c
premix
* Means with the same letters superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 by DMRT
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
with commercial feeds without antibiotic. The first bird that died was from the group given
commercial feeds with no antibiotic 42 days of age. The other bird died at 43 days of age
from the group that fed with commercial feed with antibiotic premix. They were suspected
to have died because of heat stroke.
Return on Investment
Table 7 shows the return on investment in the different treatments. Even though it
was not subjected to statistical analysis, it is shown that the group fed with 30 g garlic has
a higher ROI of 31.71% followed by the group given 15 g of garlic having 26.50%. The
group fed commercial feeds without antibiotic, and the group fed commercial feeds with
antibiotic premix on the water recovered lower ROI. This implies that supplementing
garlic on the feed of chicken may result to a higher income.
Table 6. Morbidity and mortality rate
TREATMENT
MORBIDITY
MORTALITY
(%)
(%)
Commercial Feeds(CF) with antibiotic
5
0
premix in the water
15 grams of garlic / kg of CF
0
2.5
30 grams of garlic / kg of CF
0
0
Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic
0
2.5
premix
* Means with the same letters superscript are not significantly different at 0.05 by DMRT
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
Table 7. Net return and return on investment
PARTICULARS
T0
T1
T2
T3
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
Stocks(Php.)
1,600.00
1,600
1,600
1,600
Feeds(Php.)
5,571.63
5,570.83
5565.29
5565.49
Garlic(Php.)
-----
212.10
438.20
-----
Antibiotic(Php.)
240.00
-----
-----
-----
Disinfectant(Php.)
33.50
33.50
33.50
33.50
Waterers(Php.)
140.00
140.00
140.00
140.00
Newspapers(Php.)
42.25
42.25
42.25
42.25
Sac (Php.)
90.00
90.00
90.00
90.00
Bulb(Php.)
339.50
339.50
339.50
339.50
Fixtures(Php.)
331.25
331.25
331.25
331.25
Fare(Php.)
94.25
94.25
94.25
94.25
Labor(Php.)
765.00
765.00
765.00
765.00
TOTAL
9,247.38
9,218.68
9,439.24
9,001.24
SALES
10,682.00
11,662.00
12,362.00
11,011.00
NET INCOME
1,434.62
2,443.32
2,922.76
2,009.76
ROI %
15.52 %
26.50 %
31.71 %
22.33 %
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of garlic on the
growth performance of Sunshine Chicken. One hundred sixty day-old chicks were
distributed at random following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) into four
treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with ten birds per replication, making
a total of 40 per treatment. The treatment were: T0-Commercial Feeds with antibiotic
premix in the water, T1-15g garlic / kg of Commercial Feeds, T2-30 g garlic / kg of
Commercial Feeds, and T3-Commercial Feeds with no antibiotic premix. This was
conducted from October to December, 2011 at Benguet State University Poultry
Experimental House at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Analysis of variance showed no significant differences in terms of initial weight
and total feed intake. However, the feed conversion ratio of the birds fed with garlic
relatively improved. The same effect was seen on the final weight, total gain, and feed cost
per kilogram gain in weight.
This shows that supplementation of 15-30 grams garlic may cause the birds to gain
more weight than those group fed with commercial feeds with antibiotic premix on water
and commercial feeds only. It did not lower the feed consumption of the birds but it has
made them more efficient in converting feed to flesh.
Though there were morbidity from the group fed commercial feeds with antibiotic
premix on the water and mortality from the group fed with 15 grams garlic and those given
only commercial feeds only, the values were low and thus did not affect the ROI. This
means that adding 30 grams garlic on the basal diet may have been effective in keeping the
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
birds healthy since there was no mortality like the control group given commercial
antibiotic.
The highest return on investment was observed in the birds given 30 grams garlic
followed by the group fed with 15 grams, commercial feeds only with no antibiotic and
lastly, the group given antibiotic premix on the water.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, the addition of garlic on the sunshine chicken
ration resulted to higher body weights and weight gain, better FCR and lower feed
conversion ratio, and total feed cost to produce a kilogram in weight. Therefore, it is
concluded that garlic can be incorporated in the feed of sunshine chickens to enhance
growth and feed efficiency.
Recommendation
Since supplementing garlic on sunshine chicken ration resulted to higher income, it
is recommended that garlic may be added in sunshine chicken diets during the brooding-
finishing period.
However, a similar study may be conducted to evaluate the effect if the level of
garlic is increased beyond 30g.
Growth Performance of Sunshine Chicken Given Garlic (Allium sativum) as Feed
Supplement | BOSLENG, KRIS-AN T. APRIL 2012.
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