BIBLIOGRAPHY MILAN, JOANNE VHALE...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013. Evaluation of Benguet State
University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book Produced by Regional
Development Council.Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Christine Grace B. Sidchogan, MDevComm
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate the comic book on CAR autonomy in
Benguet State University.
Specifically, the study determined the socio demographic profile of the
respondents, their evaluation on the comic book in terms of general content, layout and
graphics and illustrations. It also identified the common problems encountered by the
respondents in reading the comic book, the effects of the comic book to the knowledge of
the respondents and the suggestions of the respondents for the improvement of the comic
book. Data were gathered through guided survey questionnaire. Key informant interview
was also used for background information.
Results revealed that majority of the respondents were females. Although some of
the respondents failed during the pre-test, all of them passed in the post test implying that
they have retained knowledge about CAR autonomy after reading the comic book.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
In terms of general content, layout and graphics and illustrations, the comic book
generated the same rating (average). General content got the lowest rating from the
respondents. The general rating of the comic book was average, too. Respondents found
difficulty in understanding the technical words used in the comic book. They also
observed that there were too much graphics and illustrations in the comic book but some
of the important information were not given representations. It was also found out the
49% of the respondents are pro-CAR autonomy, 11% are against it and 40% are still
undecided.
It was recommended that simple and understandable words should be used in
producing campaign materials. Graphics and illustrations that go along with the text was
recommended too.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Effective Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) materials are essential
in every communication campaign because they lead to easier and better understanding of
what is being campaigned about.
IEC materials can be said effective when they are relevant, clear, communicate
specific messages, are easily remembered, and if they reflect and correspond into the
interest and preferences of the intended audience.
One of the most commonly used IEC material is the comic book. Although a comic
book is just a booklet of words and pictures (McGlaun, 2008), it is the relationship between
the words and the pictures that says so much more. Comic books can have unexpected
influences on people. It offers readers a world in which ordinary people are able to achieve
extra ordinary things. As writers and artists create stories revolving around the characters,
the readers can find themselves considering possibilities. Along with that, comics can also
move people into action.
Moreover, contents are easily processed and memorized when illustrated (Yang,
2007), as what is shown in comic books. The question and answer format and the
conversations in a comic book also contribute in the comprehensibility of its contents.
It is then these potentials of the comic book that brought National Economic and
Development Authority to use it in the pursuit for regional autonomy in the region.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
The Cordilleran leaders, determined to direct and sustain their development in a
manner that is appropriate to their conditions, have expressed desire to establish an
autonomous region.
When the first two plebiscites of an Organic Act creating a Cordillera Autonomous
region were passed to Congress, both were rejected because only two provinces voted for
it; Ifugao for the first attempt, and Apayao for the second one.
Several reasons were cited to be the causes of the previous rejections. One of such
is the lack of information about the concept of regional autonomy. In a recent interview,
NardzAndanan, a Cordillera Regional Autonomy and Development Plan (CRADP)
Technician under National Economic and Development Authority- Cordillera
Administrative Region (NEDA – CAR) also added that the people who participated in the
past two plebiscites played safe and voted ―no‖ for what they did not understand.
In response to this information need, Regional Development Council (RDC-
CAR), being the primary committee in charge of disseminating information on regional
autonomy, has produced numerous campaign materials. One of such is the comic book
produced and was first distributed in the different provinces of CAR sometime in 2011. At
present, the comic books have already reached the different municipalities of the region.
For autonomy to attain lasting effect and eventually achieve its promised economic
development and improvement in the lives of the target constituents, its concept must be
understood, appreciated, and accepted by the very people covered by its provisions.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
Andanan further stated that it is imperative to know how Cordillerans assess the produced
comic book on regional autonomy.
Since the effects of the comic book are still not determined, it is important for the
people to evaluate the produced comic book. The opinions, suggestions, and attitudes of
the respondents towards the comics on regional autonomy will be providing the framework
for the decision of an appropriate material based on the findings of the evaluation.
Statement of the Problem
The study evaluatedthe comic book on Cordillera Regional Autonomy to further improve
it.
Specifically, the study answered the following questions:
1.
What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents?
2.
How did the respondents rate the comic book in terms of content, graphics and
illustrations, language used and layout?
3.
What were the common problems encountered by the respondents in reading the
comic book?
4.
What were the effects of the comic book to the knowledge of the respondents?
5.
What were the suggestions of the respondents for the improvement of the comic
book?
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
Objectives of the Study
Generally, the study evaluateda comic book on Cordillera Regional Autonomy.
Specifically, the study:
1. determined the socio-demographic profile of the respondents;
2. determined the evaluation of the respondents to the Comic book in terms
ofgeneral content, graphics and illustration, and layout;
3. determined the common problems encountered by the respondents in reading the comic
book;
4. determined the effects of the comic book to the knowledge of the respondents; and
5. determined the suggestions of the respondents for the improvement of the comic book.
Importance of the Study
There have been two previous attempts to make Cordillera an autonomous region,
but both have failed. According to NardzAndanan of RDC-CAR, previous studies have
proved that Cordillerans rejected the move for autonomy, not because they do not like the
region to be autonomous, but because they do not know what autonomy is (personal
interview, 2012 ).
This study recognizes the importance of knowing the views and opinions of certain
groups that have influence and authority in some communities in the Cordillera regarding
the issue of regional autonomy.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
The findings of the study may serve as basis for sound and effective decision
making in the conceptualization of IEC materials on Cordillera autonomy, especially for
NEDA-CAR.
Further, on the process of the study, the campaign material to be used will help in
informing the respondents about autonomy.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study focused on the evaluation of a comic book on Cordillera Regional
Autonomy. It involved the determination of the repondents’ awareness on regional
autonomy, their stand, common problems they encountered while reading the comic book,
and their suggestions for the improvement of the material.
While the study evaluated the layout, graphics and illustration, and the language
used in the campaign material, it focused moreon the comic book’s content.
The evaluation form used during the study is for evaluating IEC materials in general
and not specifically for comic books.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cordillera Regional Autonomy
Regional autonomy is the establishment of a regional government to which will be
transferred certain powers, functions and duties with corresponding financial and other
empowerment from the national government in accordance with the Constitution. It speaks
of the establishment of a regional government by the people living in the areas within who
share a distinct culture, history, heritage and socio economic conditions and independence
or the right to decide what is good for them. Aside from the transfer of government powers
and resources, and free determination of how we govern or manage ourselves in accordance
with law and acceptable Cordillera customs and practices, Cordillera regional autonomy
also means the preservation of the territorial and political aggregation of the six (6)
Cordillera provinces and the City of Baguio, whose people commonly share certain
peculiarities, cultural heritage, aspirations and dreams (Regional Development Council –
CAR, 2011).
There are also five (5) basic principles of regional autonomy. These are: 1)
Establishment of a permanent regional identity; 2) Non diminution of existing powers and
benefits. 3)Nationally paid officials and employees will continue to be nationally paid;
4)The national government will provide subsidy package and other sources of revenues;
and 5)The national government will continue to provide for the budgetary needs of the
region to ensure its sustainability (RDC –CAR, 2011).
However, there are twelve (12) limitations of an autonomous regional government.
These are: 1)Foreign affairs; 2)National defense and security; 3)Postal service;
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
4)Coinage, fiscal and monetary policies; 5)Administration of justice; 6)Quarantine;
7)Customs and tariff; 8)Citizenship; 9)Naturalization, immigration and deportation;
10)General auditing, civil service and elections; 11)Foreign trade; and 12)Statistics and
civil registration services (RDC –CAR, 2011).
The RDC-CAR also emphasized that Regional Autonomy does not mean that the
regional government will be independent and separate from the national government. The
regional government can only exercise those powers that are allowed by the constitution.
The Cordillera Studies Center (1991) further added that the concept of autonomy is
an indigenous development which plays a major role in the functioning of Cordillera
communities. The indigenous concept of autonomy means that no other community
imposes its own rules, laws, or will on any other. Kimeu (1990) also said many people
hope that this approach will allow the Cordilleras to set up a locally based government
which best suits their interest, culture, and religious practices (Kimeu, 1990).
Evaluating Communication Materials
Evaluation refers to a periodic process of gathering data and then analyzing or
ordering it in such a way that the resulting information can be used to determine whether
your organization is effectively carrying out planned activities, and the extent to which it
is achieving its stated objectives and anticipated results (Martinez, 2012).Trochim (2006)
further defined evaluating communication materials as the systematic acquisition and
assessment of information to provide useful feedback on the materials.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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Trochim(2006) also emphasized the goals of evaluating IEC materials saying that
the goal of most evaluations is to provide "useful feedback" to a variety of audiences
including sponsors, donors, client-groups, administrators, staff, and other relevant
constituencies. Most often, feedback is perceived as "useful" if it aids in decisionmaking.
But the relationship between an evaluation and its impact is not a simple one -- studies that
seem critical sometimes fail to influence short-term decisions, and studies that initially
seem to have no influence can have a delayed impact when more congenial conditions
arise. Despite this, there is broad consensus that the major goal of evaluation should be to
influence decision-making or policy formulation through the provision of empirically-
driven feedback.
Evaluation can, and should, however, be used as an ongoing management and
learning tool to improve an organization's effectiveness. Effective IEC materials are those
that can demonstrate the achievement of results. Results are derived from good
management. Good management is based on good decision making. Good decision making
depends on good information. Good information requires good data and careful analysis of
the data. These are all critical elements of evaluation (Martinez, 2012). IEC materials
evaluation, conducted on a regular basis, can greatly improve the management and
effectiveness of the materials. To do so requires understanding the differences between
monitoring and evaluation, making evaluation an integral part of regular program planning
and implementation, and collecting the different types of information needed by managers
at different levels of the organization.
Evaluating IEC materials can help in providing evidence of benefits and impacts of
IEC by identifying successes as well as the problems and weaknesses so they can be
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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rectified thus, aiding to further development. Results of the evaluation can also guide future
plans by securing funds for further IEC development and identifying staff training and
development needs (Evidence Base, 2006).
Economic Development and Training Institute (n.d.) summarized the importance
of evaluating IEC materials saying that insight and knowledge always come before
advancement.
IEC Materials
According to ATI (2010), as cited by Siddayao (2012), IEC materials are very
relevant to strengthening industry participation and raising awareness among its
stakeholders. IEC material is an approach, which attempts to reinforce a set of behaviors
in a target audience regarding a specific product or service. It generally combines
strategies, approaches and methods that enable individuals, groups, and communities to
play active roles in achieving the set goals.
Dunning (2011) added that IEC materials are an important component of mass
communication or public information campaigns. Their effectiveness depends on the
nature of the materials and their combination with other communication techniques, such
as face-to-face education.
Communication materials can reflect community experiences, challenge common
attitudes and behaviors, stimulate critical thinking and move people to take action.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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(Raising Voices, 2)
Comic Book
A Comic Book is defined as a booklet of words and pictures integrated into a
flexible and powerful printed format. A comic book uses everyday language in dialogue
balloons to communicate a point quickly and directly. By using a series or sequence of
pictures, a cast of characters that the audience can relate to, and lots of dialogue and text
within the picture, the creators of comic books draw their readers to their creation. Writers
and Illustrators tend to use stereotypes of basic characters and clichés to express their
meaning (McGlaun, 2008).
According to Arnott (2009), there are several parts of a comic book. The Panel is
the basic unit of a comic book page, consisting of a single illustration. It is most often
contained within a square or rectangular frame, although circular panels are not
uncommon, and irregularly shaped panels are also possible. Panels allow comic book
action to be broken up into distinct moments in time.
The Gutter is the space on a comic book page that is outside the panels. The gutter
is most often narrow and uniform, and doesn't contain any other graphic elements.
However, objects or speech balloons within the panels can stick out to some degree. Some
artists exploit this convention more boldly.
Balloons come in two basic kinds: speech or dialogue balloons, and thought
balloons. Speech balloons are usually round, and contain the text of what a particular
character is saying. Thought balloons depict what a character is thinking, and are
conventionally drawn with lumpy edges, like clouds.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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Balloons are called fumetti ("clouds") in Italian, because they were originally made
to look like the characters were breathing out the words as they spoke. Pointers, also called
the Tails of speech balloons, indicate which character is speaking the words in the balloon.
For that reason, they point at the mouth or head whenever possible. Thought balloons have
Bubbles which lead to the character which they belong to.
Lettering refers to most of the text in a comic book. Until the 1990s, most comics
were hand-lettered, though a few featured typeset text. Now, most lettering is done on
computers, though the style and conventions of hand lettering remain. As in typesetting,
Bold Letters are an option for emphasis, and are used freely.
Indicia refers to the publication and other technical information not part of the
comic book story itself. Indicia may include the name and address of the publisher,
copyright notices, and subscription information. The indicia in a graphic novel may have
its own inside page, much as in a regular novel; monthly comics usually have the indicia
in fine print at the bottom of the splash page to save space.
Knowledge Level through Information Material
California School Boards Association (n.d.) defined informational material as any
item which serves primarily to convey information and which is provided for the purpose
of assisting the recipient in the performance of his or her duties. Informational material
may include books, reports, pamphlets, calendars, periodicals, videotapes, or free or
discounted admission to informational conferences or seminars.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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On the other hand, Denning (2009) defined knowledge as the fact or condition of
knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association. In practice,
though, there are many possible, equally plausible definitions of knowledge.
A frequently used definition of knowledge is the ideas or understandings which an
entity possesses that are used to take effective action to achieve the entity's goal(s). This
knowledge is specific to the entity which created it.
He further added that knowledge requires some grasp of its relationship to
information. In everyday language, it has long been the practice to distinguish between
information — data arranged in meaningful patterns — and knowledge — which has
historically been regarded as something that is believed, that is true and that is reliable.
Reading informational materials exhibits a principle of expertise: the more one does it the
more skilled one is likely to become both in the activity and in content knowledge. Reading
in general has been shown to be responsible for the acquisition of vocabulary and general
knowledge (Mar et al., 2008).
One of the best sources of knowledge are information materials. There are millions
and millions of information materials written throughout the world in every language and
on almost any topic imaginable. Whatever problem you are facing must have been faced
by somebody else before, and its solution is likely to have been preserved. If you are serious
about gaining knowledge on a topic, then read any information materials such as book,
magazine, articles and other informational materials
(Syd, 2007).
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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Operational Definition of Terms
Comic Book. This pertains to the comic book produced by RDC that talks about CAR
autonomy.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Benguet State University is a 90-year old state university that is nestled in the heart
of La Trinidad, Benguet the strawberry capital of the Philippines. Its name is originally La
Trinidad Agricultural High School, which was later changed to La Trinidad National
Agricultural School (LTNAS). When the school was nationalized, its name was changed
to Mountain National Agricultural School (MNAS). It was soon converted into the
Mountain National College (MNAC); Mountain Agricultural College (MAC); and
eventually, the Mountain State Agricultural College (MSAC) in 1969 through RA 5923.
On January 12, 1986, the school was converted into a chartered state university by virtue
of Presidential Decree 2010.
The university was chosen as the locale of the study because it is important to
inform and hear the voices of the youth, such as the students, about the issue on autonomy
since they are the ones who will benefit from it. Also, the respondents come from different
provinces in CAR, making the study more significant.
The study was conducted from January to February 2013.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were 800 college students of Benguet State University
who were chosen through purposive sampling. They were 18 years old and above.
Ideally, the respondents should be representing different province in CAR. However,
during the conduct of the study, the respondents represented three provinces only.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
Subject of the Study
The comic book was produced in 2011 by RDC-CAR in partnership with Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority-CAR to respond to the urgent need for an
IEC material that discusses and introduces CAR autonomy. While the comic book targeted
the youth, the academe, and those in charge of technical-vocational institutions, the comic
book is functionally useful to everyone who gets the chance to see and read.
The comic book discussed the history of CAR autonomy including its legal basis
and the two previous attempts to make CAR autonomous. It also includes the basic
information such as the definition of regional autonomy, its basic principles, scope and
authority, limitation and the sources of funds of an autonomous region.
It has 21 pages, including some evaluation activities. Pictures of RDC activities
were placed in the last few pages. The comic book is colored and used Filipino and English
languages. The said material measures 8.5‖ x 11’.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
Figure 1 . Cover of the Comic Book showing the subject
of the s tudy
Data Collection
The researcher interviewed a focal person from the Regional Development Council
regarding the basic information on CAR autonomy. The results of the interview were used
as the basis for the pre- and post-test.
The researcher also categorized the information into two, the history of CAR
autonomy and its basic information.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
The history talks about how the move for autonomy started and the previous
attempts for CAR autonomy. On the other hand, the basic information on CAR autonomy
presents the fundamental and essential details about it.
A guided survey questionnaire was used in gathering the needed information. A
pre-test was given to the respondents to assess their existing knowledge on regional
autonomy. Once they were done answering, the comic book was administered to the
respondents, and they started answering the guided survey questionnaire. After which, the
questionnaire and the comic book were collected, and they proceeded to the post-test to
check if the comic book had affected their knowledge on regional autonomy. Questions in
the pre- and post- tests were the same.
Data Gathered
The socio-demographic profile of the respondents and their evaluation on the comic
book in terms of content, graphics and illustrations, language used, and lay-out were
gathered during the study. It also included the common problems they encountered in
reading the comic book and their suggestions for the improvement of the comic book. The
awareness level of the respondents were also gathered through the pre- and post- tests.
Data Analysis
The gathered were tabulated, consolidated, analyzed and interpreted using
percentage counts and descriptive analysis.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
Figure 2 . Map of La Trinidad, Benguet showing the location of the study
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the socio-demographic profile of the 800 respondents of the study.
It presents their sex, age, civil status, college, and the province where they came from.
Majority (56%) of the respondents were female while 44% of them were male. All of them
were single.
Greater part of the respondents belonged to the age bracket 18-19 (56%) while 44%
belonged to the age bracket of 20-21.
Results also show that majority of the respondents (76%) were from the Provinces
of Benguet while 24% were from Mt. Province. There were also two respondents from the
Province of Abra. Such would imply that all of them are qualified voters for the region,
thus may be interested in the autonomy issue.
Table 1. Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
n= 800
100%
Sex
Male
448
56
Female
352
44
TOTAL
800
100
Age
18-19
448
56
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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Table 1 continued…
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
n= 800
100%
Age
20-21
352
44
TOTAL
800
100
Civil Status
Single
800
100
TOTAL
800
100
College
College of Agriculture
100
12.5
College of Arts and Sciences
100
12.5
College of Engineering and Applied
Technology
100
12.5
College of Forestry
100
12.5
College of Home Economics and
Technology
100
12.5
College of Nursing
100
12.5
College of Teacher Education
100
12.5
College of Veterinary Medicine
100
12.5
TOTAL
800
100
Province
Benguet
610
76.25
Mt. Province
190
23.75
Abra
2
.25
TOTAL
800
100
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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Respondents’ Knowledge on CAR Autonomy
as Affected by the Comic Book
To determine the effect of the comic book on the knowledge of the respondents on
regional autonomy, pre- and post-tests were given to the respondents. The questions were
categorized into two: a) History; and b) Basic information. Results show that all of the
respondents’ tests scores increased after reading the comic book.
The researcher also formulated a rating scale to determine the knowledge of the
respondents as reflected by their test scores as follows: 0-5 (not knowledgeable), 6-10
(slightly knowledgeable), 11-15 (knowledgeable) and 16-20 (very knowledgeable).
Tables 2 and 3 show that more respondents were knowledgeable in the history of
Cordillera Regional Autonomy, than its basic information, both in the pre- and post-tests.
This may be an indication that even after reading the comic book, some of the respondents
were still not able to understand the concept, which were reflected in there test scores.
Table 2. Respondents’ awareness on Cordillera Regional Autonomy history
PRE-TEST POST-TEST
RS
F n= 800
P
I
RS
F n= 800
P
I
100%
100%
0-2
620
77.5
NK 0-2 24 K 3-5 776
3%
NK
3-5
180
22.5
97%
K
TOTAL
800 100
800 100
LEGEND FOR TABLE 2:
RS: Respondents’ Scores
NK:NotKnowledgeable
F: Frequency
K: Knowledgeable
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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P: Percentage
I: Interpretation
Table 3. Respondents’ awareness on the basic information of CAR Autonomy
PRE-TE ST
POST-T EST
RS
F n= 800 P
I
RS
F n= 800 P
I
100%
100%
0-4
320
40.5
NK
0-4
100
12.5
NK
5-7
260
32.5
SK
5-7
380
47.4
SK
8-11
216
27
K
8-11
320
40
K
TOTAL
800 100
800 100
LEGEND FOR TABLE 3:
RS: Respondents’ Scores
NK: Not Knowledgeable
F: Frequency
K: Knowledgeable
P: Percentage
SK: Slightly Knowledgeable
As portrayed in Table 4, the results of the general awareness of the respondents
during the pre-test show that majority (74%) of the respondents passed and 26% of them
failed. However, during the post-test, all of the respondents passed. Majority (54%) of them
are knowledgeable on Cordillera Autonomy. Twenty eight percent of them are slightly
knowledgeable while 18% of them are very knowledgeable. Such results would show that
although autonomy has long been an occurring issue in the region, still many of the
respondents are only slightly knowledgeable about the topic.
This is supported by Quitasol (2012) wherein she mentioned in her article that in
2012, 53.12% of respondents were not aware of the new push for autonomy which is higher
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
than the 41.4% in the 2007 survey. Further, 46.88% said they are aware a decrease from
the 57.5% in 2007.
In the same article, she also mentioned that Information Education Campaign (IEC)
on the new bid for regional autonomy is inadequate. This may be a contributing factor why
some of the respondents are not very knowledgeable on Cordillera Autonomy. Although
some of the respondents already have prior knowledge on regional autonomy, some of
them also admitted that they only gained more knowledge on about it after having been
exposed to the comic book.
Further, 80% of the respondents failed in the pre-test. However, all of them passed
the post-test implying that they have retained knowledge about CAR autonomy after
reading the comic book.
This result supports Mar (2008) who noted that reading information materials such
as the comic book exhibits a principle of expertise that the more one does it, the more one
is likely to become both in activity and in content knowledge. Reading in general has been
shown to be responsible for acquisition of vocabulary and general knowledge.
This is also supported by one of the respondents saying that his misinterpretations
on regional autonomy were corrected, which can be seen when his scores in the pre- and
post-tests were compared.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Respondents’ general awareness on Cordillera Regional Autonomy
PRE-T EST
POST-T ES
RS
F n= 800 P
I
RS
F n= 800% P
I
100%
100%
0-5
205
26
NK
6-10
224
28
SK
6-10
410
51
SK
11-15 432
54
K
11-15
185
23
K
16-20 144
18
VK
TOTAL
800 100
800 100
LEGEND FOR TABLE 4:
RS: Respondents’ Scores
NK: Not Knowledgeable
F: Frequency
SK: Slightly Knowledgeable
P: Percentage
K: Knowledgeable
I: Interpretation
VK: Very Knowledgeable
Generally, the respondents’ test scores increased in the post-test both for the history
of CAR autonomy and its basic information. This implies that they have retained
knowledge for both categories after being exposed to the comic book.
Further, as shown in Table 4, the number of respondents who scored 0-5 during the
pre-test significantly decreased during the post-test (from 26% to 0 %). This shows that the
comic book was effective in increasing the awareness level of the respondents.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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Respondents’ Evaluation on the Comic Book
Tables 5, 6 and 7 show the evaluation of the comic book by the respondents. The
mean rates for each criterion were taken and were interpreted using the formula: Mean
Mean of 1-1.99 is equivalent to ―Poor‖; mean of 2-2.99 is
―Fair‖; mean of 3-3.99 is ―Average‖; mean of 4-4.99 is ―Good‖; and mean of 5-5.99 is
―Excellent‖.
General content.The respondents evaluated the general content of the comic book in terms
of its purpose, usefulness of the information in correcting misconceptions, clarity,
organization of information, simplicity of words, appropriateness of language and grammar
and spelling.
Under such criterion, the respondents evaluated if the comic book was able to inform the
respondents in a way that is easily understood, interesting and substantial in content.
Purpose. The respondents evaluated if the comic book served its purpose which was to
explain what CAR autonomy is and to provide its basic information.As shown in Table 5,
the respondents rated it average with a mean of 3.9 which is equivalent to average.
Ngalob (2011) noted in his message in the cover of the comic book that the material’s
purpose is to respond to the urgent need to discuss and introduce regional development and
autonomy.
In the study, majority of the respondents claimed that they gained knowledge about
CAR autonomy through the comic book since it presented the basic information about the
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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topic. However, the rating signifies that the general content of the comic book have not
satisfactorily pleased some of the respondents in terms of purpose.
Some asserted that the comic book is ―one-sided‖ as it does not present the
disadvantages having regional autonomy in CAR. One of the evaluators said, ―it seems
that the book leads the readers to readily approve autonomy and not to let them decide
whether to vote yes or no by presenting all information, including the disadvantages.‖
Another respondent also said that the positive and negative sides must be presented for
these are considered in good decision making. This supports Martinez (2005) who believed
that good decision making depends on good information while good information requires
good data and careful analysis of data.
Usefulness in correcting misconceptions. The mean for the usefulness in correcting
misconceptions is 3.7 which means that it is rated average.
Many of the respondents thought that only those who are from the different
provinces inside CAR are considered Cordillerans. However, after being exposed to the
comic book, this false impression was corrected. The respondents also said that the contents
of the comic book aided for better understanding about regional autonomy.
Some of them thought at first that being an autonomous region means ―being
separated‖ from the national government. But after reading the comic book, their
misconceptions were corrected.
But, the usefulness of the contents for correcting misconceptions still got a rating
of ―average‖ from the respondents because according to some of them, the comic book
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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lacks some essential information such as the disadvantages of having regional autonomy
in CAR and a more elaborated explanation and definition of what CAR autonomy is. These
information may have helped the respondents to be more enlightened about the topic.
Clarity and completeness of information. Under the clarity and completeness of
information, the respondents assessed if their needed information about CAR autonomy
present in the comic book were complete. Aside from this, they also assessed if these
information were clearly and sufficiently explained.
The 3.4 mean which is equivalent to average rating from the respondents implies
that although many information were presented in the comic book, the respondents said
that it lacks explanation especially on the basic information on regional autonomy.
One of the respondents said that many ―basic information on regional autonomy
were just enumerated but were not explained‖ such as the limitations of an autonomous
region.
Also, many of the respondents still needed further definition of the regional autonomy.
In Figure 3, the information on the limitations of an autonomous region were
enumerated but were not explained. The same manner of presenting information was
observed in other parts of the comic book.
As backed up by the responses of the respondents, such imply that the content of
the comic book lacks explanation in some aspects.
Respondents further claimed that they have questions which were not answered in the
comic book. These include: 1) What are the disadvantages of regional autonomy? 2) Why
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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are those who do not have Cordilleran blood allowed to vote while in fact they do not know
yet the culture and traditions of the Cordillerans? 3) How can we ensure that autonomy is
the best for the Cordillera?; and 4) What is the difference between an administrative and
autonomous region?
Organization of information. How the information on CAR autonomy was put
together and arranged were evaluated by the respondents under this criterion.
Further, they assessed if the ordering of information were organized and did not
confuse the respondents.
As seen in Table 5, the respondents rated the comic book ―average‖ with 3.4 mean in
terms of organization of information.
Figure 3. A page of the Comic Book Showing some of the Enumerated Information
about the limitations of an autonomous region
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The history of Cordillera Regional Autonomy was first presented in the comic
book. This was followed by the basic information of regional autonomy which included
the definition of regional autonomy, its five basic principles, the scope and authority of an
autonomous region, the limitations, and the sources of revenues for an autonomous region.
The respondents said that the contents were structured and organized. According to
them, it is good that each basic information was placed together in a single area making it
easier for them to find which topic they would like to know better. They also mentioned
that proper organization and placing of the information, such as from the most to the least
important, aids for easier understanding.
This is supported by Blake (2002) who explained that the organization of your
material determines whether the main points are effectively communicated to the readers.
People want to get to the main message without going through lots of irrelevant
information.
He further added that readers also like to know where they can find the information
they were expecting. If readers believe the information is important to them, they may read
the report even if it is poorly written. If it is poorly organized, they will not.
However, the researcher observed that some of the information such as who a
Cordilleran is and the legal basis for the move for autonomy were placed in the latter part
of the comic book, while they should have been placed in the earlier pages since they are
also part of CAR autonomy’s history. This may have contributed to the low mean of the
comic book in terms of organization of information.
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Simplicity ofwords.The criterion for the simplicity of words got a mean of 2.2 and
a fair rating from the respondents. Although Ngalob (2011) noted in his message in the
cover of the comic book that the said campaign material targets the youth and the academe,
the criteria of ―understandable words‖ got the lowest mean from the respondents among
all the other criteria implying that some words used in the comic book are not simple and
easy to understand for the respondents.
Figure 4 shows some of the difficult words found in the comic book that were
enumerated
by
the
respondents
such
as―ancestral
domain,‖―fiscal,‖―monetary,‖―quarantine,‖―tariffs‖ and ―corporate entity.‖
Some sentences were also hard to understand such as ―block grants derived from
economic agreements, donations, foreign assistance and other forms of aid,‖ ―government
powers which cannot be devolved to an autonomous region include coinage and fiscal,
customs and tariffs.‖
This implies that some of the contents were not thatcomprehensive, also making it
more difficult for the readers to understand what is being talked about
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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Figure 4. Page in the Comic Book
Showing some of the difficult words and
sentence
The comments of the respondents can be related to the study of Plain Language
Association International which explained that clearest words possible should be used to
describe actions, objects and people.
The respondents further discussed that technical words should be avoided whenever
possible. If it is a must to use a technical term, it is best to define it - either by giving a
definition or by giving an example.
Appropriateness of language used. Table 5 shows that ―Appropriate Language‖
got an average rating from the respondents. According to them, the two languages (English
and Filipino) used in the comic book were appropriate.
One of the respondents further added that the use of the English language is most
appropriate since the issue on Cordillera regional autonomy is very ―technical‖ and
technical words can be better explained in English.
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However, some respondents also said that the use of Filipino Language is better
since it is the most common language used in the region and everyone will be able to
understand topics discussed in this language.
As discussed by Padilla (2012) in his article entitled Filipino language, he
mentioned that Filipino is widely spoken not just in the region and in the country, but in
the Philippine communities all over the world. It helps in easy interaction and
communication
Grammar and spelling. Among all the criteria, grammar and spelling got one of the
highest ratings from the respondents showing that no or minimal grammar and spelling
errors were seen in the comic book.
Such was also observed by the researcher. Grammar rules were observed in the discussion
of CAR autonomy such as correct tenses, subject-verb agreement and spelling.
In their article titled Importance of Grammar and Spelling, Email Marketing Digest
(2010) explained that the main content of the any information material has to be free of
any spelling or grammar mistakes. Any such mistake leaves a certain impression with the
reader, that the publisher is not fully well versed with the particular subject or lacks the
knowledge of the English language. Further, the reader also starts building the image of
the sender as not seriously interested in his matter or the sender is disorganized and may
be lacking the basic education.
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Table 5. Respondents’ evaluation on the general content of the comic book
CRITERIA
MEAN
RATING
Purpose
3.9
Average
Usefulness in Correcting Misconceptions
3.7
Average
Clarity and Completeness of Information
3.4
Average
Organization of Information
3.4
Average
Simplicity of Words
2.2
Fair
Appropriateness of Language Used
3.6
Average
Grammar and Spelling
4.5
Good
TOTAL
3.53 Average
As presented in Table 5, the overall rating of the comic book in terms of its general
content is a mean of 3.53 (average). This implies that the said material still has to be
improved most especially in terms of simplicity of words, which got the lowest mean.
Layout.In terms of layout, the respondents evaluated its alignment and balance, white
spaces and headings and fonts. The respondents assessed if the text, graphics and
illustrations complement each other in the comic book.
Alignment and Balance. Under this criterion, the respondents evaluated if the
graphics and illustrations were properly aligned with the text in the comic book. They also
evaluated if neither the text nor the graphics and illustrations were too overpowering,
creating a balanced and pleasing layout.
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The texts, graphics and illustrations present in the comic book were evaluated as
―Good‖ by the respondents with 4.2 mean. Some respondents also claimed that the balance
and alignment among graphics, illustrations and texts make the comic book catchy and
more interesting to read. These respondents also noted that the graphics are evenly spread
in all the pages and not just in certain or single page.
Pennissi (2011) explained in her article entitled Effective Graphic Design that
balanced layout keeps the readers focused and makes the content easy to read. She further
explained that a balanced layout helps in creating emphasis, illustrating importance and
directing the reader’s eyes.
However, few of them mentioned that the graphics and illustrations placed in the
comic book were ―too much‖ especially that they are colored.
White spaces. Aside from the alignment and balance, the respondents also evaluated if the
comic book has enough white spaces. Under such criterion, they assessed if the said
material has enough open of breathing spaces for pauses and rests.
While the criteria for white spaces got an ―Average‖ rating from the respondents,
someof them still said that the comic book has too much graphics and colors. One of the
respondents noted that every corner of the pages have both texts and graphics. According
to the respondent who claimed such remark, the presence of the text and graphics can be
tiring to the eyes.
As what can be seen in Figure 4, some of the pages in the comic book are filled
with texts, graphics, and colors. The researcher also observed in the comic book that each
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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statement of the characters has an equivalent graphic or illustration which made some of
the pages a bit overcrowded.
In his article, Optimuz (2006) explained that white space is used to create a
balanced and harmonious layout. They create breathing room, balance and it makes things
less cramped, uncluttered and easier to read. He further added that if an informational
material is too crammed, the reader can feel suffocated. This happens when the word,
paragraphs and graphics on a page are not properly spaced out, in this case, the readers are
unable to get a proper comprehension and understanding of what is being said because the
page is too busy and makes them feel uncomfortable.
Figure 5. Pages in the Comic Book showing little amount of white
spaces
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Heading and fonts. The respondents evaluated if there were enough headings in the
comic book to signify that a new topic was being discusses and if the fonts used a readable.
Such criterion got a 3.2 mean from the respondents.
In terms of headings and fonts in the comic book, the respondents said that these
are readable although everything in the comic book was written in the same font size. The
researcher observed that the subheadings used in the material were in the form of captions
and/or questions since there were most appropriate considering that the material is a comic
book.
Such is seen in Figure 6where a new topic was being introduced through question
and caption.
This is supported by Even Grounds Inc. (2007) by saying that headings help in
organizing informational materials by indicating where a particular section ends and where
a new one begins. Also, headings can help readers quickly find the section a readers wants
to read. In addition, if the pages content is divided into headings, people will find it very
organized and well thought-out. Readers would then be able to understand the overall
structure and get the information they need at once.
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Figure 6 .A page in the Comic Book showing that the
subheadings were in the form of question/caption
Table 6. Respondents’ Evaluation on the Comic Book’s Layout
CRITERIA
MEAN
RATING
Layout
Alignment and Balance
4.2
Good
White Spaces
3.2
Average
Headings and Fonts
4.3
Good
TOTAL
3.9 Average
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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The overall mean in terms of the comic book’s layout is 3.9 (average) which was
near to the rating ―good.‖ The layout also got a higher rating than the general content.
This implies that the respondents were more pleased with the layout than with the discussed
information in the comic book.
Graphics and illustrations.The graphics and illustrations of the comic book were
evaluated by the respondents in terms of their relevance, essentiality, visibility and if these
images are eye catching. They assessed if these graphics and illustrations helped in
portraying the message of the text, if these were helpful in understanding CAR autonomy
and if these were visible enough for the respondents.
Relevance. The respondents further evaluated if the graphics and illustrations
support what is being discussed in the comic book. As reflected in Table 7, the mean for
the relevance of graphics and illustrations is 3.5 (average).
Some respondents said that the placement of the different graphics such as pictures
of students, indigenous groups and teachers were effective since they are indeed very much
involved in the ongoing issue of CAR autonomy.
However, although the respondents noted that most of the graphics placed in the
pages are related and appropriated to what is being discussed, some of them also observed
that there were too much pictures in some of the pages, but were portraying the same
idea.Such was also observed by the researcher, as seen in Figure 7.
The topic being discussed was about the sources of funds for an autonomous region
but there are only picture of parks, coliseums and other public utilities, which was only a
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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part of the topic. Other sources of funds such as share in the proceeds from utilization of
natural resources and blocked grants were not given representations.
Figure 7. Pages in the comic b
ook showing relevant graphics
Table 7. Respondents’ evaluation on the comic book’s graphics and illustrations
CRITERIA
MEAN
RATING
Graphics and Illustrations
Relevance
3.5
Average
Visibility
4.5
Good
Eye Catching
3.5
Average
TOTAL
3.8 Average
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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The respondents rated the general content, layout, and graphics and illustrations of
the comic book as ―average‖ which means that the comic book has to be improved in such
areas.
The criteria for the General content got the lowest rating (3.53) whereas the criteria
for layout got the highest (3.9). Graphics and illustrations got a mean of 3.8.
The overall rating of the comic book is also average (3.74). This means that the
respondents have not been fully contented with the presentation of the comic book and
have seen many areas to be improved.
Table 8. Respondents’ general evaluation on the comic book
CRITERIA
MEAN
RATING
General Content
3.53
Average
Layout
3.9
Average
Graphics and Illustrations
3.8
Average
GENERAL TOTAL 3.74 Average
Problems Encountered by and Suggestions
of the Respondents toward the Comic Book
Content. Some of the respondents said that the comic book is too technical. Many
words were too deep and were not explained especially on the basic information of CAR
autonomy.
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The evaluators recommended that the words used should be understood by the
common people. Information contained in the comic book should be simplified for better
understanding. Examples can also be placed when necessary.
The respondents also noted that the comic book lacks information since it only
presented the advantages of the comic book and not the disadvantages, which were also
important things to be considered.
This led to the suggestion that the disadvantages of having an autonomous region
should also be presented so that the respondents can weigh whether to decide in favor or
against CAR autonomy.
The respondents also stated that the use of two languages in the comic book made
it confusing. Some of them said that the comic book should also be translated in other
language and dialects such as Filipino and Ilokano. According to them, it is not only the
students who will read the comic book but those who were not able to go to school as well.
Layout. The respondents suggested that the layout of the comic book should be
improved. More white spaces should be placed and there should be lesser graphics since
some of the pages appeared too crowded for the respondents.
Graphics and illustrations.The respondents further claimed that the comic book
has too much graphics and color. They suggested that those graphics which portray the
same idea should be lessened and those important information which do not have graphics
should be given representations, too. Increased information dissemination on Cordillera
Regional Autonomy was also recommended by the respondents.
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Respondents’ Stand on Cordillera Regional Autonomy
Towards the last part of the evaluation of the comic book, the respondents were
asked regarding their stand on CAR autonomy. Table 8 shows that majority (49%) of the
respondents voted for regional autonomy. Eleven percent are against it and 40% are still
undecided.
The respondents who voted ―Yes‖ claimed that the Cordillerans can already
manage their own resources. They further added that Cordillerans are the ones who should
benefit from their resources and this can be done if we become autonomous. According to
some of the respondents, autonomy is what is best for the region.
On the other hand, those who voted ―No‖ said that the Cordillerans are not yet
ready to become autonomous. Accordingly, they still cannot handle to be independent from
the national government and they are contented with the regional situation at present.
Majority of those who are still undecided have neither voted for ―Yes‖ nor ―No‖
because they still do not understand what regional autonomy is and its difference from our
present condition. One of the respondents also said, ―whether we are autonomous or
administrative, the respondents will still do the same.‖
As reflected in Table 9, there is only little difference between those respondents
who were pro (49%) and those who were still undecided (40%). This may imply that those
respondents who were undecided still needed more information dissemination to be
convinced in favor of CAR autonomy.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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Table 9. Respondents’ Stand on Cordillera Regional Autonomy
VOTE
FREQUENCY n= 800
PERCENTAGE
100%
Pro
392
49
Anti
88
11
Undecided
320
40
TOTAL
800
100
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to evaluate the comic book on Cordillera Regional
Autonomy. Specifically, it aimed to: determine the evaluation of the respondents to the
comic book in terms of General Content, Layout and Graphics and Illustrations; determine
the problems encountered by the respondents in reading the comic book and their
suggestions; and determine the effect of the comic book to the knowledge of the
respondents. The study was conducted at Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet
on January-February 2013.
Survey Questionnaires were used to gather the necessary data from the respondents
who evaluated the Comic Book on Cordillera Regional Autonomy. Moreover, Key
Informant Interview was done to gather supporting details and background information.
The respondents were college students of Benguet State University and should at
least be 18 years old.
The data collected include the socio-demographic profile of the respondents;
respondents’ knowledge on Cordillera regional autonomy; respondents’ evaluation on the
comic book in terms of general content, layout, graphics and illustrations; and respondents’
suggestions for the improvement of the comic book.
The scores of the respondents in the post- test increased implying that they have
retained knowledge about Cordillera autonomy after reading the comic book.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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Also, the comic book generated an ―Average‖ rating in terms of general content,
layout, graphics and illustrations. Its general rating is also ―average.‖
The respondents encountered several problems in reading the comic book such as
technicality and difficulty of words, lack of information, too much color and graphics and
the use of the English language.
To achieve better rating, the evaluators recommended that the words used should
be simple and clear. They also suggested the more information should be placed such as
the disadvantages an autonomous region and more explanation on what CAR autonomy is.
They also included that the comic book should have translations in Tagalog or Ilocano and
the layout should be improved by taking out irrelevant graphics.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1.
People retain knowledge after being exposed to the comic book as seen in
their increased scores during the post-test.
2.
People prefer the use of simple words and sufficient explanation when
discussing the content.
3.
People prefer the use of appropriate graphics that go withwhat is being
discussed.
4.
People prefer reading campaign materials that are not too complex and
easily understood.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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5.
Positive stand may occur when people are sufficiently informed about an
issue.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, the following recommendations were derived:
1.
RDC may consider using simple and understandable words in their
campaign materials.
2.
In terms of layout, RDC may also consider placing graphics and illustrations
that compliment what is being discussed.
3.
Continuous information dissemination on CAR autonomy may be
conducted since many of the respondents are still undecided.
4.
RDC may consider coming up with an updated version of the comic book.
Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
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Evaluation of Benguet State University Students on Cordillera Regional Autonomy Comic Book
Produced by Regional Development Council.| MILAN, JOANNE VHALE C. APRIL 2013