BIBLIOGRAPHY WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013. Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions
among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Maria Luz D. Fang-asan, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study collected, classified and translated into English local expressions used
by the people of Caliking, Atok. The study also determined the origin of expressions and
also described the situations or instances where these are used.
The researcher collected the data from 21 informants through face-to-face
interviews using guide questions. The languages used in the interview were ibaloi and
kankana-ey.
Eighty local expressions were considered in this study. Riddles comprised more
than 60 % of the collection; followed by sayings (25 %). The informants were not able to
recall local expressions but the researcher was able to catch eight idiomatic expressions in
the course of her conversations with them.The expressions that were gathered are being
used by the people of Caliking in different circumstances like in giving entertainment, in
giving advice, in motivating, in giving excuses and in being civil.
The study concludes that Barangay Caliking is rich in local homegrown expressions
which they used in their everyday life; that these have varied uses in different
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
[Type a
circumstances; and that used as vehicles of transmitting indigenous knowledge and values
to others.
The study recommends that a community validation must be conducted for this
collection of local expressions; that the same study should be conducted in other Ibaloi
communities to further document the local expressions of Ibaloi; and that simple
information materials should be developed for the local expressions collected in this study.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Different languages of the world are enriched by their speakers with different forms
of expressions like idiomatic expressions, figures of speech, sayings and riddles, among
others.
Figures of speech and idiomatic expressions go together. According to Osborne (1991),
they are combinations of words whose meaning cannot be determined by examination of
the meanings of the individual words that make it up. Sayings, on the other hand, according
to Randall (1991) are a pithy expression of wisdom and truth. These language expressions
are used in everyday conversations or in special occasions.
Philippine languages also use these expressions and since there are around 77
languages in the country, it can be said that there are also several variations of these
expressions across the nation.
Of the 110 ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines, 33 are found in the Cordillera
Administrative Region. This is an indicator of the diversity and richness of the region in
terms of languages. Among the major languages in the region is Ibaloi which is spoken in
11 of the 13 municipalities in Benguet.
The richness and relevance of the Ibaloi language is described by a Benguet culture
advocate in his statement;
“The complexity of the (Ibaloi) language emanates from the high intellect of our forebears,
which they have passed on in figurative-speech laden “badiw”, the soulful ‘tamiya’, the
witty ‘badikay’ and creative communications. The richness of Ibaloi culture and life ways
requires intricate language to give them form and substance. The depth of this language
characterizes our roots which are firmly entrenched in who we are as a proud people. The
words reflect our aspirations through the peace-loving, benevolent and affable relations.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Our language is a rhythm of beauty like our meaningful history and traditions. It is music
to our ears as it is the music of our life” (Guinaran, 2011).
Ibaloi is one such language. Like other languages, it is also rich in expressions like
idioms, quotes or sayings, riddles, among others. Samples of these are posted on a
Facebook Page called Ibaloi Quotes. Readers give varied comments from their
interpretations of the quote to the application of the quotes in their everyday life.
With this richness of the Ibaloi language, it is therefore sad to note the observations
of Dr. Eufrocino Pungayan that it is already an endangered language. He stated this
considering that Ibaloi parents in the city generally do not talk to their children in their
native tongue. Earlier efforts trying to ensure the conservation of the Ibaloi language are at
least three versions of an Ibaloi-English dictionary published and distributed among
schools. Add to this the continuing efforts of Bachelor of Science in Development
Communication students of Benguet State University (BSU) to collect and package more
stories in the Cordilleran Region. Since local expressions are part of the language, they
should likewise be documented.
Statement of the Problem
The study answered the following questions:
1. What local expressions are being used by the people of Caliking, Atok?;
2. What are the classifications of these expressions?;
3. What is the translation of these expressions in English?;
4. From where did these expressions originate?; and,
5. In what instances or situation are they used?
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Objectives of the Study
To document local expressions in Caliking, Atok, Benguet, this study aimed to:
1. Collect the local expressions being used by the people of Caliking, Atok;
2. Classify these local expressions;
3. Translate the local expressions to English;
4. Determine the origin of the expressions; and
5. Describe the situations or instances when these are used.
Importance of the Study
Results from this study may be used by teachers, researchers, extension workers
and the locality’s children as reference in teaching or learning local expressions as part of
indigenous knowledge. Results may also be used in the production of instructional
materials that will support the Mother-Tongue based education being promoted by the
Department of Education.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study was limited to the collection of local expressions, the description of the
situation when they are used and their origin as perceived by the respondents. The local
expressions were gathered from 21 informants who were identified by local leaders in the
community and those whom were referred by the officials. Findings were presented to the
key informants for validation.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Language
Language can be thought of as articulate mind, as the means of becoming human,
as the record of wit at play, as the right hand of thought or as the great reservoir of symbol
but as a working tool it results from the use man has made of it (Guralnik,1972).
Furthermore he said that languages rests upon use, anything used long enough by
enough people will become standard. They have been shaped and directed by man’s nature,
they change and grow, they tend to proliferate and in their development they are at once
centrifugal and centripetal working through dialects.
Language also is a tool for communication as stated by Evans and Levinson (2009).
Furthermore they stated that language have the social functions and the fact that humans
use it to express themselves and to manipulate objects in their environment.
The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture. Therefore, in addition
to its strictly communicative uses, language also has many social and cultural uses such as
signifying group identity, social stratification as well as for social grooming and
entertainment (Moseley, 2010).
Language and Culture
Languages, understood as the particular set of speech norms of a particular
community are also a part of the larger culture of the community that speaks them.
Languages do not differ only in pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar but also through
having different cultures of speaking. Humans use language as a way of signaling identity
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
with one cultural group and difference from others. Even among speakers of one language,
several different ways of using the language exist, and each is used to signal affiliation
with particular subgroups within larger culture (Duranti, 2003).
Because norms for language use are shared by members of a specific group,
communicative style also becomes a way of displaying and constructing group identity.
Linguistic differences may become salient markers of divisions between social groups, for
example, speaking a language with particular accent may imply membership of an ethnic
minority or social class, one's area of origin, or status as a second language speaker. These
kinds of differences are not part of the linguistic system, but are an important part of how
language users use language as a social tool for constructing groups (Agha, 2006).
Literal and Figurative Language
Literal and figurative language is distinction within some fields of language
analysis. Literal language refers to words that do not deviate from their defined meaning.
Non-literal or figurative language refers to words, and groups of words, that exaggerate or
alter the usual meanings of the components words (Jaszczolt, 2003).
According to Glucksberg (2001), literal language maintains a consistent meaning
regardless of the context with “the intended meaning correspond exactly to the meaning”
of the individual words
Riddles
Riddle is a statement or question or phrase having a double or veiled meaning put
forth as a puzzle to be solved (Isbell, 1997).
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Philippine Riddles
Tagalog riddles are called bugtong, while the ilocanos call these burburtia. Usually,
riddles are made to rhyme and utilize the talinghaga, a form of metaphor whose
signification eventually conveys the meaning of the answer to the riddle. Riddles such as
these for instance illustrate the use of the talinghaga (Early Philippine literature).
Riddles have been a central part of a Filipino tradition since well before the country
became a colony of Spain, and the tradition persisted throughout the colonial period and
into modern times. They are an important part of the oral history tradition of the country
and have been passed down for several generations. Some of the Philippine riddles popular
in the Philippines are versions of riddles that are found in most cultures, while others are
unique to the islands. Although thematically some of the riddles may be similar to riddles
found in other countries, they are also distinctly Filipino in their references (2020 site,
2012).
Use of Riddles in the Philippines
Quite similar to its English counterpart, the riddle in the Philippines is called
Bugtong. It is traditionally used during a funeral wake together with other games such as
tong-its or the popular sakla, later generations use Bugtong as a form of past time or as an
activity. One peculiarity of the Filipino version is the way they start with the phrase
‘Bugtong-bugtong’ before saying the riddle, usually it is common to create riddles that
rhyme (Hall, 2005).
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Figure of Speech
Figure of speech, any invention deviation from literal statement of common usage
that emphasizes, clarifies, or embellishes both written and spoken language. Forming an
integral part of language, figures of speech are found in primitive oral literatures, as will
as polished poetry and prose and in everyday speech. Greeting card rhymes, advertising
slogans, newspaper headlines, the captions of cartoons, and the mottoes of families and
institution often use figures of speech, generally for humorous, mnemonic, or eye catching
purposes. The argots of sports, jazz, business, politics, or any specialized groups abound
in figurative language (Encyclopedia Britannica facts matter, 2013).
Use of figures of speech
According to Harper as stated by De Mille (1878), figures of speech are such
importance that they must always occupy a prominent place in every treatise on style or
criticism.
Furthermore he enumerates some usage of figures of speech.
First of this is for the embellishment of style. Though differing in special character
or effects, they all have one thing in common, and that is, they contribute beyond anything
else to the embellishment of style. Some create a picture before the mind; others gratify the
sense of proportion; others adorn the subject by constructing it with some other which is
like or unlike; and thus in various ways they appeal to the aesthetical sensibilities.
Second is to contribute to perspicuity. By the power which many of them have of throwing
fresh light upon a subject by presenting it in a new and unexpected form. This is specially
the case with comparison, metaphor, and many others of the figures of relativity, which are
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
used by writers who would never adopt them merely for ornament. They are used to
illustrate a subject, which thus gains a clearness that could be given in no other way.
Third in the list is they add to the persuasiveness of style. They give variety to it,
by enabling the author to change his form of expression at will. Thus a perpetual freshness
and vivacity is the result, together with an attractive brilliancy. Old thoughts, which have
lost their force through familiarity, may thus be rendered striking by assuming a novel
shape, under which they have all the force of an original statement.
Fourth is in the whole word of literature, both ancient and modern, figures of speech
occupy a foremost place. The Sacred Scriptures abound and them, because the Hebrew
mind delighted in Oriental imagery. Antithesis and parallel embrace all the poetry and no
little of the prose of both the Old and New Testament. A place only less prominent is held
by figures in the literature of Greece and Rome. The most famous passages of poetry are
epic, lyric and dramatic the noblest strains of eloquence, the most vivid descriptions, all
exhibit their presence and effective force.
Not the least sign of their power may be perceived in the common language of
everyday life. Everyone uses exclamation, interrogation, comparison, metaphor,
hyperbole, climax, vision; the figures of amplification and extenuation are indispensable
in eager, animated conversation; so also iteration, emphasis, periphrasis, litotes. All these
and many more are incessantly used; and always indicate vivacity or energy. This fact
shows that while art and elaboration can make the highest use of figure language, nature
also resorts to it; and as nature has invented it, so she prompts its use and shows its
effectiveness (De Mille, 1878).
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Idiomatic expression
Idiomatic expressions are common phrases or saying whose meanings cannot be
understood by the individual words or elements. Idiomatic expressions are also
nonstandard speech, slang or dialect that are natural to native speakers of language (English
Language Terminology Organization, 2012).
According to Gibbs(1987), some idioms, in contrast, are transparent. Much of their
meaning does get through if they are taken or translated literally. Also he said that this seen
in the, mostly un-infected English language in polysemes, the common use of the same
word for an activity, for those engaged in it, the product used, for the place of time of
activity, and sometimes for a verb.
Idioms tend to confuse those unfamiliar with them; students of a new language must
learn its idiomatic expressions as vocabulary. Many natural language words have idiomatic
origins, but are assimilated, so losing their figurative senses (Gibbs, 1987).
Functions of Idioms
People use idioms to make their language richer and more colorful and to convey
subtle shades of meaning or intention. Idioms are use often to replace a literal word or
expression, and many times the idiom better describes the full nuance of meaning. Idioms
and idiomatic expressions can be more precise than the literal words, often using fewer
words but saying more. For example, the expression it runs in the family is shorter and
more succinct than saying that a physical or personality trait is fairly common throughout
one’s extended family and over a number of generations (Brenner, 2003).
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Also, according to Evans(2000), we used idioms to express something that other
words do not express as clearly as cleverly. He also added that we often use an image or
symbol to describe something as clearly as possible and thus make our point as effectively
as possible. He said that sometimes idioms are very easy for learners to understand because
there are similar expressions in the speaker’s mother tongue.
Saying
Randall (1991) said that a saying is something that is said, notable in one respect or another,
to be a pithy expression of wisdom or truth.
Ibaloi People
The ibaloi or nabaloi is an indigenous ethnic group found in northern Philippines.
The ibaloi are one of the indigenous people collectively known as Igorot, who live in
mountains of Cordillera Central on the island of Luzon. There are approximately 55,000
Ibaloi and most of them can be found in the southern part of the province of Benguet
(Anton, 2010).
The Ibaloi language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian
languages family. The Ibaloi language is closely related to the pangasinan language,
primarily spoken in the province of pangasinan, located in southwest of Benguet (Anton,
2010).
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Translation
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source language text by means of an
equivalent target language text (Bhatia, 1992).
The Importance of Language Translation
If language is not correct, then what is said is not what is meant; then what must be
done remains undone, moral and art will deteriorate; if justice goes astray, the people will
stand about in helpless confusion. Hence there must be no arbitrariness in what is said. This
matters above everything (Elfie, 2012).
Also he said that depending on what language you are translating, the same
language will translate differently between countries, as words may convey different
meanings depending on the location that they are used. Furthermore mistranslating the
word or meaning may become offensive, and some of the literal translations are not always
correct.
Therefore, keeping the meaning and the original message from the source text in
the language translation process becomes more of art rather than a science.
Nowadays, language translation and interpreting services are being used in all spheres of
daily life, from helping a student to enroll into a new school to interpreting for a corporate
executive who has just purchased a new business in China (Elfie, 2012).
Definition of Terms
Esel. This is the collective term for expressions used in the community that include
riddles, sayings, figures of speech and idiomatic expression.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Nangka-ama. It is the local collective term for elders, not necessarily elders whose
ages are from 60 and above but also includes individuals who are already considered adults
in an Ibaloi community.
Eselninangka-ama. These are the expressions of the elders which are known to the
community and are being used by the community.
Homegrown. The expressions that were considered homegrown include those that
were originally composed by the informant or those that he/she heard from the native folks
or those that were passed from generation to generation.
Adopted. Adopted expressions are expressions derived from other places or from
other people, learned from readings and were translated from other language but were
already considered by the informants as their own.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
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METHODOLOGY
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Locale and Time of the Study
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The study was conducted at Caliking, Atok, Benguet. Atok is a fourth class
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municipality in the province of Benguet. It has a land area of 22, 385 hectares or 223.85
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square kilometers. A great portion of the land is mountainous and the highest point in the
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Philippine Highway System at 7,400 feet above sea level is located in the municipality. estin
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Atok is located in the heart of the province of Benguet. It is bounded by the
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municipality of Kibungan and Buguias on the north, the municipalities of Kabayan and
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Bokod on the east, the municipality of Kapangan on the west and the municipality of
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Tublay on the south.
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text
Atok is comprised of eight barangays namely: Abiang, Caliking, Cattubo, Naguey,
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Paoay, Pasdong, Poblacion and Topdac. Most of these barangays are ibaloi areas.
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Caliking, which is 30 kilometers or an hour drive away from Baguio, was chosen
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as study area because it has a largest number of ibalois among the eight barangays.
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The study was conducted in December 2012 to January 2013.
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Respondents of the Study
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There were 21 informants of the study. They were identified through snowballing
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Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
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WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
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Figure 1.Trail map of Atok, Benguet showing the place of the study (Caliking)
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Data Gathered
The data gathered were ibaloi expressions like sayings, figures of speech, riddles,
and their idiomatic expressions. Their origin and the instances or situations where they are
being used were also gathered.
Data Collection
The researcher collected the data from informants through face-to-face interviews
using guide questions. The languages used in the interview were ibaloi and kankana-ey.
In the collection of local expressions, the informants were asked to give expressions
that they know and that they used in their community. The researcher has given examples
for the informant to understand more about local expressions.
Data Analysis
However, not all the gathered data were included. The data collected were screened.
Those that are malicious like ‘Dutdut tan dutdut say maamisanka’ were removed. This
refers to the movements during sexual intercourse.
Riddles were just translated in English since its contextual translation answers the riddle
already. Idiomatic expressions, figures of speech and sayings were translated into their
literal and contextual meaning in English since they are not meant to be interpreted literally.
Frequencies and percentages were used to summarize data on the number of local
expressions per category.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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Collection of Local Expressions
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Out of 130 local expressions collected only 80 were considered in this study. The rest were
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screened out. The distributions of these local expressions according to category are shown
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in Table 1. Riddles comprised more than 60 % of the collection; followed by sayings (25
an
inter
%). There were only five idiomatic expressions and five figures of speech.
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Expressions that are included in this manuscript were chosen because they are part of their
p
oin
t.
culture and tradition. Example is the riddle ‘Waratedoja san aaki, inegshianshatatangsha’,
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of which the answer is ‘shakilan’. This is an indigenous stove made of three stones laid out
posit
ion
in a triangular form used by their elders and which are still being used at present.
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Table 1. Distribution of local expression according to category
any
CATEGORY
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
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Riddles
50
62.50
the
Sayings
20
25.0
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Idiomatic Expression
5
6.25
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Use
Figures of Speech
5
6.25
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TOTAL
70
100.00
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Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
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Riddles
Table 2.Distribution of local riddles according to answer category and their origin
RIDDLES
HOMEGROWN
ADOPTED
TOTAL
NO. %
No.
%
No.
%
Man made things
16
66.67
8
33.33
24
100.00
Plants and animals
9
69.23
4
30.77
13
100.00
Man and his activities
8
61.54
5
38.46
13
100.00
TOTAL
33
66.00
17
34.00
50
100.00
As shown in Table 2, riddles were classified according to their answers: manmade things,
plants and animals and man and his activities. Most of the riddles are on manmade things.
As for origin, Table 2 also shows that most of the riddles are homegrown which means that
riddles are originally from the informant of from other members in the community.
Manmade-thing riddles.These are riddles whose answers are manmade things used
in their daily life. Table 3shows 24riddles under this category. Sixteen of these riddles are
homegrown while the rest are adopted. The homegrown riddles refer to ordinary things that
are part of the indigenous material culture of the place. For instance, the riddle on ‘soolan’
refers to a part of the native house which is used to dry and preserve items from meat or
grains to firewood. This structure is built above the fireplace where the ‘shakilan’ is.
Another is the riddle on the pigpen. Pig-raising is a common activity in indigenous
communities in the Cordilleras because the pig is an animal commonly used in rituals.
Table 3. Manmade-thing riddles, their translation and their origin
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
Takdayedakay
Hands of an old man
Homegrown
Edigatmatday.
Hard to get tired.
(soolan)
(platform above the fireplace)
Nganto e eshommo
What will you add
Homegrown
Shi ayshikhalka to
To an empty thing
Say enkajas kilo to?
To lose its weight?
(dungog)
(whole)
Banbantayinietey
The dead guards the living.
Homegrown
E mabiday?
(pig pen)
(kebkebnibaboy)
Say kabeyagan to shanom,
In water it lives,
Homegrown
Say keteyan to shanom.
In water it dies.
(asin)
(salt)
Egniimtangidak,
Hold my hand
Homegrown
Say inumenmo’y nay iyan
To drink what is
Shi toktokko.
Inside my head.
(tasa)
(cup)
Bakdang to ootik,
It’s body is short,
Homegrown
Ikol to enshokoy.
But its tail is long.
(shakomjanaiyanannisinulid)
(needle with thread)
Say ubda to ketmengenoli,
Its work is back and forth,
Homegrown
No oksotenmoket man akobali.
Remove it and it stinks.
(botas)
(garden boots)
No epastolmo man-akad,
When in pasture it will walk
Homegrown
No egmoepastol en-ejeng.
When not in pasture it will not.
(sapatos)
(shoes)
No manbutaseg man-ubda,
When it wears shoes,
Homegrown
No egmanbutas, man ubda.
It will not work,
(bolpen)
When it will not wear shoes,
It will work.
(ballpen)
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 3 continued…
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
No ensekepkaegkamenogtog,
When you enter, you will not knock, Homegrown
No en awaskamenogtogka.
When you go out, you will knock.
(nanduganshi jeep)
(when in a jeepney)
No en awas on anga-angat,
When it goes out it is mad,
Homegrown
No ensekepnaanus.
When it goes in it is not mad.
(etak)
(bolo)
No manpaklebnapsel,
If it lie down it is full
Homegrown
No manteng-ay naagang.
If it will not lie down it is hungry.
(kadugong)
(hat)
Esaksakatiankoegmapmapsel.
I keep on giving grass
Homegrown
(kuwako)
But still starving.
(pipe)
Usalshibaley
A thing in my house
Homegrown
Mansisinadatekol to.
Always changes it tail.
(shakom)
(needle)
Ngantonkiyew e waray
What tree has butter?
Homegrown
Padaman to.
(coffin)
(dungon)
Saheyeroplano
An airplane,
Homegrown
Manbabajatpasahero to?
Its passengers are hanging.
(dungon)
(coffin)
Waratedoja san aaki,
Three brothers,
Adopted
Inegshianshatatangsha.
Hold their father.
(shakilan)
(three stone stove)
Nan-emotsi president,
The president hide,
Adopted
Maasatoktok to.
His head you can see.
(dansa)
(nail)
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 3 continued…
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
No sakeyentakotak,
I am afraid of one,
Adopted
No showaetoloshak.
I am brave of two.
(shakshakan)
(Footbridge)
ToktoknenKilas,
Head of Kilas
Adopted
Nasinelas.
Slipper it has.
(dansa)
(nail)
No man ekad tae tan tae.
It always drop a poop
Adopted
(bolpen/dapis)
When walking.
(ballpen/pencil)
Nganto e palamannikiyew?
What is the butter of a tree?
Adopted
(leadnidapis)
(pencil lead)
Hot enungkalegtousalen,
The one who bought did not use it Adopted
Hot egenungkal,
The one who did not bought use it.
Sikatoynangusal.
(coffin)
(dungon)
Dosensolsharo, tedoyopisyal to.
Twelve soldiers, three officer.
Adopted
(dilos)
(clock)
Plant and animal riddles. These are riddles whose answers are plants and animals that
include insects and pests. These plants generally are important to them like the tanapo and
bamboo. The animals/insects are usually seen in their environment like the ‘abetel’ (tree
grub).
Table 4 shows that of the 13 riddles in this category, ninewere on plants and four
were on animals. Nine were homegrown and four were adopted.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Plants and animals riddles, their translation and origin
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
Waraysakeyparsua,
There is a creation,
Homegrown
Baley to panganan to.
Its plate is its house.
(abetel)
(tree grub)
Say nanang to errow,
Snake is his mother
Homegrown
Say anak to bisokol.
Snail is his son.
(niyog)
(coconut)
Nganto e ekdognibuday?
What is the egg of the land?
Homegrown
(bo-o)
(round mushroom)
No enbadeganak to
When the children grow up,
Homegrown
To pan aakalaybarosha.
It removes their clothes.
(saba)
(banana)
San-asagwannansijan,
Separated couple,
Homegrown
Sasakeybaleysha.
Stays in the same house.
(kape)
(coffee)
Idi nganga, isengsengpet to debit to When young, it fixes its cloth,
Homegrown
Idi manbakoleebong to e debit to.
When old, it throws its cloth.
(kawajan)
(bamboo)
No ekaotmosasakey,
You buried it alone,
Homegrown
No kautanmowaraybaley to
When you dig it,
Eshahelpy era.
It is housed in they are many.
(mani)
(peanut)
Oten to, obet to.
His reproductive organ,
Homegrown
(bisokol)
his buttocks.
(snail)
Unbabadeg, mankebkebat.
Growing up, having scars.
Homegrown
(tanapo)
(fern tree)
Tepep, abot, tepep.
Cover, whole, cover.
Adopted
(kawajan)
(bamboo)
Warasakeyjabaley,
A house with many rooms
Adopted
Eshakelkwarto to
But no window.
Nemayshitawa to.
(bamboo)
(kawajan)
Table 4 continued…
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
No menganshitoktok,
It eats in the head
Adopted
No man-akadshitoktok,
It walks in the head
No maokipshitoktok.
It sleeps in the head.
(koto)
(lice)
Idi shamosakeysidi to,
At first it has one foot
Adopted
Nakalsotasakey
When it was removed
Esadatanniepat.
It became four.
(bakbakjennanbadinjapitdongay)
(tadpole that became frog)
Man and his activities. These are riddles whose answers are related to man such as
his body parts and his everyday activities. Table 5 shows that among the 13riddles in this
category, five were on parts of the body, five were on persons, and three were on his
activities. Eight were homegrown and five were adopted.
Table 5. Man and his activities riddles, their translation and their origin
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
Say mopangikuwanmanok,
It’s a chicken you say,
Homegrown
Say mopangsas too.
But it’s a human you see.
(politico/kandidato)
(politician)
Ngantoywara son sikak
What is with you that is with me
Homegrown
Jen wara son sikam,
That is the reason of life?
Jen kabolniebiyakan.
(breath)
(anges)
Ngantoywara son sikam
What is in you
Homegrown
Jen wara son emenjenasenmo?
That is present to everyone?
(ngaran)
(name)
Table 5 continued…
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
Sessesngetenninangkabaknang,
The rich enclosed it,
Homegrown
Pan-iibongniebeteg.
The poor threw it.
(muteg)
(mucus)
Mokodpontirya to
It aims in the uncle
Homegrown
Ngemedengepuntaan.
But it shoots in the nose.
(etot)
(fart)
Nan-ubdaak
I worked,
Homegrown
Say enpanchengkotopshak.
I finish it by spitting it.
(manvulcanize)
(vulcanizer)
Towaykawad-anHesukristo
Where do Jesus live
Homegrown
No sikamketKristiyano?
When you are a Christian?
(puso)
(Heart)
Ngantoypiyannimarikit
What does a girl wants to a boy?
Adopted
Shi dahe?
(bachelor)
(balo)
Parte nibakdang
Part of the body
Adopted
Naisopshiedeng.
Close to the nose.
(obet)
(buttocks)
No ondayatakoshonganko
If I stand, I can see it
Adopted
No mamingsanikatinko
Sometimes I step on it
No man ekarakonorentoak.
It follows me everywhere.
(adirong)
(shadow)
No motokanmokalbem,
When you will arrive you cover it
Adopted
No en akalkaduktan mo.
When you go away you open it.
(katin)
(footsteps)
Na too akjenayshiparentes to
I became a human without parents Adopted
Ayshipypuseg to.
I also do not have navel
(adan tan eba)
(adam and eve)
Shi emenjen president,
Of all the presidents
Adopted
Sipaerayegmanbebrief?
Who are not wearing brief?
(girl president)
(be-enpresidente)
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Idiomatic Expressions
The informants were not able to recall local expressions that fit the description of
idioms even after samples were given. However, the researcher was able to catch eight
idiomatic expressions in the course of her conversations with them. These are presented in
Table 6.
These idiomatic expressions were used by the informants as reminders for good behavior.
One such reminder is expressed in the idiom “ab-abangamsiasavam” literally meaning
“you are only renting your spouse” which actually means “you should be loyal to your wife
and take her of her”. This is premised on how one should take care of something that he
just borrowed. He should take care of it because it is shameful to return it in a deteriorated
condition.
Another reminder for good behavior is “senga nan joksosjenbekas’ which literally means
“like a rice plant that bends when laden with grains”. This means being humble in the
midst of success. The same is true with ‘unodmo e shagem’ literally meaning ‘follow the
wind’ which also speaks of humility.
The other idioms were used to describe someone’s status in life like
‘mankadabnumansikato’ literally meaning ‘he is climbing’. This means he is succeeding
or becoming rich.
The values implied by these expressions are fidelity, humility, among others.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 6.Idiomatic expressions, their literal and contextual meaning and origin
IDIOMATIC
LITERAL
CONTEXTUAL MEANING
EXPRESSION
MEANING IN ENGLISH
Ab-abangam
You are
Be loyal and
Si asavam
renting your
care for your
spouse.
spouse.
Sengananjoksos
Like a rice
Humble
Jen bekas.
That bends.
Unodmo e shagem.
Follow the
Be humble.
Wind.
Mankadabnuman
He is climbing.
Becoming rich.
Sikato.
Enmeselpilak.
The money
There is a
Speak.
Power of
Money to
control man.
Egeshannanbeshas.
His clothes
Unrespected.
Are not good.
Kinannisekit.
Eaten by sun.
Dark skin.
Ampetpudetengen
You must
Punish him.
Sikato.
Twist him.
Sayings
Twenty sayings were gathered from the informants (Table 7). Twelve were homegrown
and eight were adopted. These were derived from the stories of life by the informant or other people
related to the informant, from their observations and memorable events.
These are discussed according to the values that they carry. These values are acceptance,
benevolence, contentment, fidelity and humility as based in Pavlina’s (2012) list of values.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Acceptance. One saying that imparts this value is “shayadugitkojabaleyjo, sisijo,
isengpetjo, ivongjoshimulajo, pamawiankosonikinanko ta enshiregalok’ (I left my waste in your
house, clean it, keep it, use it to fertilize your plant so that when it bears fruit, it will pay back what
I have eaten because I did not bring you any gift). This means that there is no need to bring a gift
to people who fully accept you. They are not expecting something in return.
Benevolence.This is imparted through the saying ‘egmogabgabuten no amtamjenwaraymenagn,
ajowanamketdi ta enshakel’ (Don’t uproot something when you know that someone will eat it, take
care of it instead for it to be more productive). This means that if you have plenty, learn to give and
share especially if you do not need them anymore because someone out there might need it.
Contentment. “No ngantoyebay-an, pan iyamanan’ (be thankful for whatever is left). This means
that you should not ask for more. Be contented with what you have. The important thing is that it
is enough for you.
Determination.‘Anapmo e bahajenedigatmaanap’ (search for the cow that is difficult to find). This
means that you should not give up on your dreams.
Fidelity. This is the message of the saying ‘egmobaybay-ansiasavam ta
egmotinungkalsikatoinabangambengat’ (do not abandon your spouse for you did not buy him/her,
you just rented him/her). This means that you must be faithful to your spouse and take good care
of him/her.
Humility. Many of the collected sayings impart this value. Example is ‘eh
nanjoksosjenbekas, shaheldaman to, nemhotadinmayatjenbekasenshidaman to’ (a rice plant that
bows has plenty of grains, but a rice that stand has no rain).
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 7.Sayings in their literal and contextual meaning and origin
SAYINGS
LITERAL
CONTEXTUAL MEANING
ORIGIN
MEANING IN ENGLISH
Shayadugitko
This waste of
It is not necessary
Homegrown
Jabaleyjo,
mine, clean it,
to give a gift because
Sisijo, isengpetjo,
fix it, put it in
they call for you
Ivongjoshimula
your plant
for they accept you.
Pamawiankoni
in return to
Kinanko ta
what I had
Ayshiregalok.
eaten because
I have no gift.
Egmobaybay-an
Do not abandon
Take care of your
Homegrown
Si asavam ta
your spouse
spouse.
Egmotinungkal,
for you did not
Inabangan mo.
Buy him/her
You rented
him/her.
Egmogabgabuten,
Don’t uproot
Give something that
Adopted
No amtamjenwaray
something when
you do not need
Mengan, ajowanam
you know that
to someone who
Ketdi ta enshakel.
someone will
need it.
eat it. Take care
of it instead
For it to be productive.
Eh nanjoksosjen
A rice that bow has
Be humble.
Adopted
Bekasshaheldaman
plenty of fruits
To ngemhota
but a rice that stand
Dinmayatjenbekas
has no fruit.
Enshi nay-iyan.
Egmoipapati
Don’t insist what
Be obedient.
Adopted
E piyanmo,
you want,
Unodmo e
go with the wind.
Piyannishagem
Egmokujorenkait
Do not pull
Avoid crab
Adopted
Mon menkadab
someone
mentality.
Sayja man-enges
who is
Kayo bengat.
Climbing
Just to be
Leveled to you.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 7 continued…
SAYINGS
LITERAL
CONTEXTUAL MEANING
ORIGIN
MEANING
IN ENGLISH
No pilak man-aasel
If money
Money has
Adopted
Shakelmentetneng.
Speaks, many
the power
Ngem no alivenpilak
will listen.
To control
Eg era mantetneng.
But if it is not
ones decision.
No one will
Listen.
No mangmagak
If I do good
You are
Adopted
Ni mayat, egsha
many will
remembered
Nemnemen.ngem
forget.If I do
by the bad
No mangmagakni
bad,many will
things you’ve
Nga-aw shaha
remember.
done.
Nemnemen.
No nanbeshas
When you are
People’s judgment
Adopted
Shakarespetoen
dressed you
is based form the
Ngemno
are respected.
Way you dressed.
Nankaykayot
when you are
Shakabaybay-an.
Not, you are
Discriminated.
Say be-e agas,
A woman is
Woman is everything,
Homegrown
Mangagas tan
the medicine
to man so take
Makaagassunga
the doctor and,
care of her.
Ajowanem.
You take care
Of her.
Egmoputputulen
Do not cut
Be patient.
Adopted
E cross gapol
your cross
Bengat ta
just because
Piyanmonenkajas
you want to
Emoegne-an.
Lessen your load.
Angkenwarakad
Even though you
Be humble.
Adopted
Tapew, gingem e
are on top, don’t
Edapoan mo.
Forget where you
Came from.
Egmoitantan e
Don’t delay in
Avoid manana
Homegrown
Pamutolmoni
cutting your
habit.
Enshokoyja
long pants.
Pantalon mo.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 7 continued…
SAYINGS
LITERAL
CONTEXTUAL MEANING
ORIGIN
MEANING
IN ENGLISH
Angkenngantoy
Even if the
Everything is
Homegrown
Kanga-aw nibaro
cloth is
usefull.
Mausalmomt
unpleasant,
Laengshikaidinis
you can
Ni baley.
Still use it
To clean
The house.
No ngantoy
Be thankful
Be contented.
Adopted
Ebay-an,
to what is left.
Pan-iyamanan.
Anapmo e baha
Search for the
Don’t quit.
Homegrown
Jen edigatmaanap.
Cow that is
Difficult to search.
Egkamaap-apal
Don’t envy so
Be contented.
Adopted
Shi kaitmo
so much for the
Ta ngaaw e
fruit of it is bad.
Bunganiapal.
Egkaman showa
Don’t doubt
Trust your child.
Homegrown
Showa shikayan
your childs
Ni anakmo
ability
Ta enshi pinmuli
because he
An to nemsikam
is from you.
Jananang tan
Tatang to.
Ashalmonen
Understand
Think before
Homegrown
No ngantoy en
what they
you act.
Kuwansha
say so that
Ta egka
you will not be mislead.
Maiaw-awan.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Situations and Instances Where they are Used
The expressions that were gathered are being used by the people of Caliking in different
circumstances like in giving entertainment, in giving advice, in motivating, in giving excuses and
in being civil.
Entertainment.In Caliking, people used riddles during wakes to entertain and to kill
boredom. Not only during wakes but also during other celebrations such as reunions and
weddings.This corroborates Moss (1920) as cited by Lopez (2006), who stated that riddling among
the ibaloi take place around the death chair. In addition, Hall (2005) said that riddles
aretraditionally used during a funeral wake together with other games such as tong-its or
the popular sakla. Later, generations use riddles as a form of past time or as an activity.
Giving advice.Sayings and idiomatic expressions are being used by the people to give
advice to the youth. During weddings or other occasions, the old people or the ‘pangamaen’ in the
place are called to give their advice to the newly wed. During weddings, the saying ‘ egmobaybay-
an siasavam ta egmotinungkal, enabanganmobengat’ (do not abandon your spouse because you did
not buy him/her, you just rentedhim/her) is often repeated.
Motivation.According to one informant, every time they call for a meeting, very few are
attending especially when food is not served. With this observation, the idiomatic expression
‘enmesel e pilak’ (the money speaks) applies. This means that people will only attend when there
is food or money involved. As motivation, a challenge is posed to prove that whether or not there
is money involved, they should show support and attend the meeting.
Giving excuse.When a man walks in a place the respect he/she will be getting will depend
on how he/she dressed himself/herself. The idiomatic expression ‘egeshannanbeshas’ (he/she is not
dressed well) came out. When the people see a man walking wearing rugged outfit, they will not
respect him/her instead they just stare at him/her. But when a man walks in wearing coat and tie
they will respect him/her and entertain him very well. At the end the elders will be saying
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
‘egeshannanbeshasisungaegsha pagan ano’ (he is not dressed will that is why they don’t care about
him/her).
When there is a need to be civil. Criticizing an individual is very rude. For the people of
Caliking not to hurt directly their companions, they will be using euphemisms. One of this is the
‘kinannisekit’ (eaten by the sun) which means that the individual is dark skinned.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
[Typ
e a
quot
e
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
from
the
docu
Summary
men
t or
The study was conducted to document the Ibaloi local expressions among the people of
the
sum
Caliking, Atok by collecting, classifying and translating them into English. The study determined
mar
the origin of expressions and also described the situations or instances where these are used.
y of
an
There were 21 informants of the study. They were identified through snowballing
inter
estin
technique which means that those referred by the local officials referred other people who
g
poin
were able to help in the study.
t.
You
The researcher collected the data from informants through face-to-face interviews
can
posit
using guide questions. The languages used in the interview were ibaloi and kankana-ey. ion
the
However, not all the gathered data were included. The data collected were screened.
text
box
Out of 130 local expressions collected, only 80 were considered in this study. The rest were
any
whe
screened out. Riddles comprised more than 60 % of the collection; followed by sayings
re in
(25 %).
the
docu
Riddles were classified according to their answers: manmade things, plants and
men
t.
animals and man and his activities. Most of the riddles are on manmade things .As for
Use
the
origin, most of the riddles are homegrown which means that riddles are originally from the
Text
Box
informant of from other members in the community.
Tool
s tab
The informants were not able to recall idioms but the researcher was able to catch
to
chan
eight idiomatic expressions in the course of her conversations with them. These idiomatic
ge
the
expressions were used by the informants as reminders for good behavior. The other idioms
form
attin
were used to describe someone’s status in life. The values implied by these expressions are
g of
the
fidelity, humility, among others.
pull
quot
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
e
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
text
box.
]
Sayings were also gathered by the researcher. These were derived from the stories
of life by the informants or other people related to the informant, from their observations
and memorable events. These are discussed according to the values that they carry. These
values are acceptance, benevolence, contentment, fidelity and humility as based in
Pavlina’s (2012) list of values.
The expressions that were gathered are being used by the people of Caliking in
different circumstances like in giving entertainment, in giving advice, in motivating, in
giving excuses and in being civil.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived.
1.Barangay Caliking is rich in local homegrown expressions which they use in their everyday life.
2. The local expressions have varied uses in different circumstances.
3. Local expressions are used as vehicles of transmitting indigenous knowledge and values to
others.
Recommendations
With the conclusions of the study, the following recommendations are formulated:
1.A community validation must be conducted for this collection of local expressions;
2. The same study should be conducted in other Ibaloicommunities tofurther document
the local expressions of Ibaloi.
3. Simple information materials should be developed for the local expressions collectedin
this study.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
[Typ
e a
quot
e
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2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddle.
ISBELL, B. J. 1997. “Riddle Games among Quechua Speakers.”Journal of Latin American
Lore.Retrieved September 2012 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddle.
JASZCZOLT,K.M.andTurner, K. 2003. Meaning Through Language Contrast.Volume 22
John
Benjamins
Publishing.
pp.
141.
Retrieved
February
2013
fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_and_figurative_language.
KENDALL G.,PARKES A. AND SPOERER, K. 2008. A Survey of NP-Complete
Puzzles: International Computer Games Association Journal.pp 13-34. Retrieved
September 2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle
LOPEZ, M. L. 2006.A Handbook of Philippine Folklore.The University of the
PhilippinePress.
Retrieved
February
2013
from
http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=jGsspoJrT8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=tl
source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
MOSELEY,C.2010.Atlas ofthe World's Languages in Danger, 3rd edition.Paris:
UNESCO
Publishing.Retrieved
January
2013
from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language.
NORDQUIST,
R.2013.
Figures
of
Speech.Retrieved
February
2013
fromhttp://grammar.about.com/od//fh/g/Figure-Of-Speech.htm.
OSBORNE, G. R. 1991. The Hermeneutical Spiral: A Comprehensive Introduction to
BiblicalInterpretation.Retrieved
September
2012
from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figures of speech.
PAVLINA, S. 2012. Personal Development for Smart People.List of Values.Retrieved
February2013 from http://www.stevepavlina.com/articles/list-of-values.htm.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
RANDALL, B. 1991.When isa Pig a Hog?: A guide to Confounding Related English
Words. New York: Galahad Books. Retrieved September 2012 from
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/saying.
2020 SITE. 2012.PhilippineRiddles.Retrieved February 2013 form org/ riddles/Philippine-
Riddles.html.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013. Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions
among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Maria Luz D. Fang-asan, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study collected, classified and translated into English local expressions used
by the people of Caliking, Atok. The study also determined the origin of expressions and
also described the situations or instances where these are used.
The researcher collected the data from 21 informants through face-to-face
interviews using guide questions. The languages used in the interview were ibaloi and
kankana-ey.
Eighty local expressions were considered in this study. Riddles comprised more
than 60 % of the collection; followed by sayings (25 %). The informants were not able to
recall local expressions but the researcher was able to catch eight idiomatic expressions in
the course of her conversations with them.The expressions that were gathered are being
used by the people of Caliking in different circumstances like in giving entertainment, in
giving advice, in motivating, in giving excuses and in being civil.
The study concludes that Barangay Caliking is rich in local homegrown expressions
which they used in their everyday life; that these have varied uses in different
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
[Type a
circumstances; and that used as vehicles of transmitting indigenous knowledge and values
to others.
The study recommends that a community validation must be conducted for this
collection of local expressions; that the same study should be conducted in other Ibaloi
communities to further document the local expressions of Ibaloi; and that simple
information materials should be developed for the local expressions collected in this study.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Different languages of the world are enriched by their speakers with different forms
of expressions like idiomatic expressions, figures of speech, sayings and riddles, among
others.
Figures of speech and idiomatic expressions go together. According to Osborne (1991),
they are combinations of words whose meaning cannot be determined by examination of
the meanings of the individual words that make it up. Sayings, on the other hand, according
to Randall (1991) are a pithy expression of wisdom and truth. These language expressions
are used in everyday conversations or in special occasions.
Philippine languages also use these expressions and since there are around 77
languages in the country, it can be said that there are also several variations of these
expressions across the nation.
Of the 110 ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines, 33 are found in the Cordillera
Administrative Region. This is an indicator of the diversity and richness of the region in
terms of languages. Among the major languages in the region is Ibaloi which is spoken in
11 of the 13 municipalities in Benguet.
The richness and relevance of the Ibaloi language is described by a Benguet culture
advocate in his statement;
“The complexity of the (Ibaloi) language emanates from the high intellect of our forebears,
which they have passed on in figurative-speech laden “badiw”, the soulful ‘tamiya’, the
witty ‘badikay’ and creative communications. The richness of Ibaloi culture and life ways
requires intricate language to give them form and substance. The depth of this language
characterizes our roots which are firmly entrenched in who we are as a proud people. The
words reflect our aspirations through the peace-loving, benevolent and affable relations.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Our language is a rhythm of beauty like our meaningful history and traditions. It is music
to our ears as it is the music of our life” (Guinaran, 2011).
Ibaloi is one such language. Like other languages, it is also rich in expressions like
idioms, quotes or sayings, riddles, among others. Samples of these are posted on a
Facebook Page called Ibaloi Quotes. Readers give varied comments from their
interpretations of the quote to the application of the quotes in their everyday life.
With this richness of the Ibaloi language, it is therefore sad to note the observations
of Dr. Eufrocino Pungayan that it is already an endangered language. He stated this
considering that Ibaloi parents in the city generally do not talk to their children in their
native tongue. Earlier efforts trying to ensure the conservation of the Ibaloi language are at
least three versions of an Ibaloi-English dictionary published and distributed among
schools. Add to this the continuing efforts of Bachelor of Science in Development
Communication students of Benguet State University (BSU) to collect and package more
stories in the Cordilleran Region. Since local expressions are part of the language, they
should likewise be documented.
Statement of the Problem
The study answered the following questions:
1. What local expressions are being used by the people of Caliking, Atok?;
2. What are the classifications of these expressions?;
3. What is the translation of these expressions in English?;
4. From where did these expressions originate?; and,
5. In what instances or situation are they used?
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Objectives of the Study
To document local expressions in Caliking, Atok, Benguet, this study aimed to:
1. Collect the local expressions being used by the people of Caliking, Atok;
2. Classify these local expressions;
3. Translate the local expressions to English;
4. Determine the origin of the expressions; and
5. Describe the situations or instances when these are used.
Importance of the Study
Results from this study may be used by teachers, researchers, extension workers
and the locality’s children as reference in teaching or learning local expressions as part of
indigenous knowledge. Results may also be used in the production of instructional
materials that will support the Mother-Tongue based education being promoted by the
Department of Education.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study was limited to the collection of local expressions, the description of the
situation when they are used and their origin as perceived by the respondents. The local
expressions were gathered from 21 informants who were identified by local leaders in the
community and those whom were referred by the officials. Findings were presented to the
key informants for validation.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Language
Language can be thought of as articulate mind, as the means of becoming human,
as the record of wit at play, as the right hand of thought or as the great reservoir of symbol
but as a working tool it results from the use man has made of it (Guralnik,1972).
Furthermore he said that languages rests upon use, anything used long enough by
enough people will become standard. They have been shaped and directed by man’s nature,
they change and grow, they tend to proliferate and in their development they are at once
centrifugal and centripetal working through dialects.
Language also is a tool for communication as stated by Evans and Levinson (2009).
Furthermore they stated that language have the social functions and the fact that humans
use it to express themselves and to manipulate objects in their environment.
The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture. Therefore, in addition
to its strictly communicative uses, language also has many social and cultural uses such as
signifying group identity, social stratification as well as for social grooming and
entertainment (Moseley, 2010).
Language and Culture
Languages, understood as the particular set of speech norms of a particular
community are also a part of the larger culture of the community that speaks them.
Languages do not differ only in pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar but also through
having different cultures of speaking. Humans use language as a way of signaling identity
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
with one cultural group and difference from others. Even among speakers of one language,
several different ways of using the language exist, and each is used to signal affiliation
with particular subgroups within larger culture (Duranti, 2003).
Because norms for language use are shared by members of a specific group,
communicative style also becomes a way of displaying and constructing group identity.
Linguistic differences may become salient markers of divisions between social groups, for
example, speaking a language with particular accent may imply membership of an ethnic
minority or social class, one's area of origin, or status as a second language speaker. These
kinds of differences are not part of the linguistic system, but are an important part of how
language users use language as a social tool for constructing groups (Agha, 2006).
Literal and Figurative Language
Literal and figurative language is distinction within some fields of language
analysis. Literal language refers to words that do not deviate from their defined meaning.
Non-literal or figurative language refers to words, and groups of words, that exaggerate or
alter the usual meanings of the components words (Jaszczolt, 2003).
According to Glucksberg (2001), literal language maintains a consistent meaning
regardless of the context with “the intended meaning correspond exactly to the meaning”
of the individual words
Riddles
Riddle is a statement or question or phrase having a double or veiled meaning put
forth as a puzzle to be solved (Isbell, 1997).
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Philippine Riddles
Tagalog riddles are called bugtong, while the ilocanos call these burburtia. Usually,
riddles are made to rhyme and utilize the talinghaga, a form of metaphor whose
signification eventually conveys the meaning of the answer to the riddle. Riddles such as
these for instance illustrate the use of the talinghaga (Early Philippine literature).
Riddles have been a central part of a Filipino tradition since well before the country
became a colony of Spain, and the tradition persisted throughout the colonial period and
into modern times. They are an important part of the oral history tradition of the country
and have been passed down for several generations. Some of the Philippine riddles popular
in the Philippines are versions of riddles that are found in most cultures, while others are
unique to the islands. Although thematically some of the riddles may be similar to riddles
found in other countries, they are also distinctly Filipino in their references (2020 site,
2012).
Use of Riddles in the Philippines
Quite similar to its English counterpart, the riddle in the Philippines is called
Bugtong. It is traditionally used during a funeral wake together with other games such as
tong-its or the popular sakla, later generations use Bugtong as a form of past time or as an
activity. One peculiarity of the Filipino version is the way they start with the phrase
‘Bugtong-bugtong’ before saying the riddle, usually it is common to create riddles that
rhyme (Hall, 2005).
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Figure of Speech
Figure of speech, any invention deviation from literal statement of common usage
that emphasizes, clarifies, or embellishes both written and spoken language. Forming an
integral part of language, figures of speech are found in primitive oral literatures, as will
as polished poetry and prose and in everyday speech. Greeting card rhymes, advertising
slogans, newspaper headlines, the captions of cartoons, and the mottoes of families and
institution often use figures of speech, generally for humorous, mnemonic, or eye catching
purposes. The argots of sports, jazz, business, politics, or any specialized groups abound
in figurative language (Encyclopedia Britannica facts matter, 2013).
Use of figures of speech
According to Harper as stated by De Mille (1878), figures of speech are such
importance that they must always occupy a prominent place in every treatise on style or
criticism.
Furthermore he enumerates some usage of figures of speech.
First of this is for the embellishment of style. Though differing in special character
or effects, they all have one thing in common, and that is, they contribute beyond anything
else to the embellishment of style. Some create a picture before the mind; others gratify the
sense of proportion; others adorn the subject by constructing it with some other which is
like or unlike; and thus in various ways they appeal to the aesthetical sensibilities.
Second is to contribute to perspicuity. By the power which many of them have of throwing
fresh light upon a subject by presenting it in a new and unexpected form. This is specially
the case with comparison, metaphor, and many others of the figures of relativity, which are
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
used by writers who would never adopt them merely for ornament. They are used to
illustrate a subject, which thus gains a clearness that could be given in no other way.
Third in the list is they add to the persuasiveness of style. They give variety to it,
by enabling the author to change his form of expression at will. Thus a perpetual freshness
and vivacity is the result, together with an attractive brilliancy. Old thoughts, which have
lost their force through familiarity, may thus be rendered striking by assuming a novel
shape, under which they have all the force of an original statement.
Fourth is in the whole word of literature, both ancient and modern, figures of speech
occupy a foremost place. The Sacred Scriptures abound and them, because the Hebrew
mind delighted in Oriental imagery. Antithesis and parallel embrace all the poetry and no
little of the prose of both the Old and New Testament. A place only less prominent is held
by figures in the literature of Greece and Rome. The most famous passages of poetry are
epic, lyric and dramatic the noblest strains of eloquence, the most vivid descriptions, all
exhibit their presence and effective force.
Not the least sign of their power may be perceived in the common language of
everyday life. Everyone uses exclamation, interrogation, comparison, metaphor,
hyperbole, climax, vision; the figures of amplification and extenuation are indispensable
in eager, animated conversation; so also iteration, emphasis, periphrasis, litotes. All these
and many more are incessantly used; and always indicate vivacity or energy. This fact
shows that while art and elaboration can make the highest use of figure language, nature
also resorts to it; and as nature has invented it, so she prompts its use and shows its
effectiveness (De Mille, 1878).
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Idiomatic expression
Idiomatic expressions are common phrases or saying whose meanings cannot be
understood by the individual words or elements. Idiomatic expressions are also
nonstandard speech, slang or dialect that are natural to native speakers of language (English
Language Terminology Organization, 2012).
According to Gibbs(1987), some idioms, in contrast, are transparent. Much of their
meaning does get through if they are taken or translated literally. Also he said that this seen
in the, mostly un-infected English language in polysemes, the common use of the same
word for an activity, for those engaged in it, the product used, for the place of time of
activity, and sometimes for a verb.
Idioms tend to confuse those unfamiliar with them; students of a new language must
learn its idiomatic expressions as vocabulary. Many natural language words have idiomatic
origins, but are assimilated, so losing their figurative senses (Gibbs, 1987).
Functions of Idioms
People use idioms to make their language richer and more colorful and to convey
subtle shades of meaning or intention. Idioms are use often to replace a literal word or
expression, and many times the idiom better describes the full nuance of meaning. Idioms
and idiomatic expressions can be more precise than the literal words, often using fewer
words but saying more. For example, the expression it runs in the family is shorter and
more succinct than saying that a physical or personality trait is fairly common throughout
one’s extended family and over a number of generations (Brenner, 2003).
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Also, according to Evans(2000), we used idioms to express something that other
words do not express as clearly as cleverly. He also added that we often use an image or
symbol to describe something as clearly as possible and thus make our point as effectively
as possible. He said that sometimes idioms are very easy for learners to understand because
there are similar expressions in the speaker’s mother tongue.
Saying
Randall (1991) said that a saying is something that is said, notable in one respect or another,
to be a pithy expression of wisdom or truth.
Ibaloi People
The ibaloi or nabaloi is an indigenous ethnic group found in northern Philippines.
The ibaloi are one of the indigenous people collectively known as Igorot, who live in
mountains of Cordillera Central on the island of Luzon. There are approximately 55,000
Ibaloi and most of them can be found in the southern part of the province of Benguet
(Anton, 2010).
The Ibaloi language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian
languages family. The Ibaloi language is closely related to the pangasinan language,
primarily spoken in the province of pangasinan, located in southwest of Benguet (Anton,
2010).
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Translation
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source language text by means of an
equivalent target language text (Bhatia, 1992).
The Importance of Language Translation
If language is not correct, then what is said is not what is meant; then what must be
done remains undone, moral and art will deteriorate; if justice goes astray, the people will
stand about in helpless confusion. Hence there must be no arbitrariness in what is said. This
matters above everything (Elfie, 2012).
Also he said that depending on what language you are translating, the same
language will translate differently between countries, as words may convey different
meanings depending on the location that they are used. Furthermore mistranslating the
word or meaning may become offensive, and some of the literal translations are not always
correct.
Therefore, keeping the meaning and the original message from the source text in
the language translation process becomes more of art rather than a science.
Nowadays, language translation and interpreting services are being used in all spheres of
daily life, from helping a student to enroll into a new school to interpreting for a corporate
executive who has just purchased a new business in China (Elfie, 2012).
Definition of Terms
Esel. This is the collective term for expressions used in the community that include
riddles, sayings, figures of speech and idiomatic expression.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Nangka-ama. It is the local collective term for elders, not necessarily elders whose
ages are from 60 and above but also includes individuals who are already considered adults
in an Ibaloi community.
Eselninangka-ama. These are the expressions of the elders which are known to the
community and are being used by the community.
Homegrown. The expressions that were considered homegrown include those that
were originally composed by the informant or those that he/she heard from the native folks
or those that were passed from generation to generation.
Adopted. Adopted expressions are expressions derived from other places or from
other people, learned from readings and were translated from other language but were
already considered by the informants as their own.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
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METHODOLOGY
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Locale and Time of the Study
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The study was conducted at Caliking, Atok, Benguet. Atok is a fourth class
the
sum
municipality in the province of Benguet. It has a land area of 22, 385 hectares or 223.85
mar
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square kilometers. A great portion of the land is mountainous and the highest point in the
an
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Philippine Highway System at 7,400 feet above sea level is located in the municipality. estin
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Atok is located in the heart of the province of Benguet. It is bounded by the
po in
t.
municipality of Kibungan and Buguias on the north, the municipalities of Kabayan and
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Bokod on the east, the municipality of Kapangan on the west and the municipality of
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Tublay on the south.
the
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Atok is comprised of eight barangays namely: Abiang, Caliking, Cattubo, Naguey,
box
Paoay, Pasdong, Poblacion and Topdac. Most of these barangays are ibaloi areas.
an y
whe
Caliking, which is 30 kilometers or an hour drive away from Baguio, was chosen
re in
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as study area because it has a largest number of ibalois among the eight barangays.
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The study was conducted in December 2012 to January 2013.
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Respondents of the Study
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There were 21 informants of the study. They were identified through snowballing
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Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
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Figure 1.Trail map of Atok, Benguet showing the place of the study (Caliking)
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Data Gathered
The data gathered were ibaloi expressions like sayings, figures of speech, riddles,
and their idiomatic expressions. Their origin and the instances or situations where they are
being used were also gathered.
Data Collection
The researcher collected the data from informants through face-to-face interviews
using guide questions. The languages used in the interview were ibaloi and kankana-ey.
In the collection of local expressions, the informants were asked to give expressions
that they know and that they used in their community. The researcher has given examples
for the informant to understand more about local expressions.
Data Analysis
However, not all the gathered data were included. The data collected were screened.
Those that are malicious like ‘Dutdut tan dutdut say maamisanka’ were removed. This
refers to the movements during sexual intercourse.
Riddles were just translated in English since its contextual translation answers the riddle
already. Idiomatic expressions, figures of speech and sayings were translated into their
literal and contextual meaning in English since they are not meant to be interpreted literally.
Frequencies and percentages were used to summarize data on the number of local
expressions per category.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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Collection of Local Expressions
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Out of 130 local expressions collected only 80 were considered in this study. The rest were
the
sum
screened out. The distributions of these local expressions according to category are shown
mar
y of
in Table 1. Riddles comprised more than 60 % of the collection; followed by sayings (25
an
inter
%). There were only five idiomatic expressions and five figures of speech.
estin
g
Expressions that are included in this manuscript were chosen because they are part of their
p
oin
t.
culture and tradition. Example is the riddle ‘Waratedoja san aaki, inegshianshatatangsha’,
You
can
of which the answer is ‘shakilan’. This is an indigenous stove made of three stones laid out
posit
ion
in a triangular form used by their elders and which are still being used at present.
the
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Table 1. Distribution of local expression according to category
any
CATEGORY
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
whe
re in
Riddles
50
62.50
the
Sayings
20
25.0
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Idiomatic Expression
5
6.25
t.
Use
Figures of Speech
5
6.25
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TOTAL
70
100.00
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Riddles
Table 2.Distribution of local riddles according to answer category and their origin
RIDDLES
HOMEGROWN
ADOPTED
TOTAL
NO. %
No.
%
No.
%
Man made things
16
66.67
8
33.33
24
100.00
Plants and animals
9
69.23
4
30.77
13
100.00
Man and his activities
8
61.54
5
38.46
13
100.00
TOTAL
33
66.00
17
34.00
50
100.00
As shown in Table 2, riddles were classified according to their answers: manmade things,
plants and animals and man and his activities. Most of the riddles are on manmade things.
As for origin, Table 2 also shows that most of the riddles are homegrown which means that
riddles are originally from the informant of from other members in the community.
Manmade-thing riddles.These are riddles whose answers are manmade things used
in their daily life. Table 3shows 24riddles under this category. Sixteen of these riddles are
homegrown while the rest are adopted. The homegrown riddles refer to ordinary things that
are part of the indigenous material culture of the place. For instance, the riddle on ‘soolan’
refers to a part of the native house which is used to dry and preserve items from meat or
grains to firewood. This structure is built above the fireplace where the ‘shakilan’ is.
Another is the riddle on the pigpen. Pig-raising is a common activity in indigenous
communities in the Cordilleras because the pig is an animal commonly used in rituals.
Table 3. Manmade-thing riddles, their translation and their origin
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
Takdayedakay
Hands of an old man
Homegrown
Edigatmatday.
Hard to get tired.
(soolan)
(platform above the fireplace)
Nganto e eshommo
What will you add
Homegrown
Shi ayshikhalka to
To an empty thing
Say enkajas kilo to?
To lose its weight?
(dungog)
(whole)
Banbantayinietey
The dead guards the living.
Homegrown
E mabiday?
(pig pen)
(kebkebnibaboy)
Say kabeyagan to shanom,
In water it lives,
Homegrown
Say keteyan to shanom.
In water it dies.
(asin)
(salt)
Egniimtangidak,
Hold my hand
Homegrown
Say inumenmo’y nay iyan
To drink what is
Shi toktokko.
Inside my head.
(tasa)
(cup)
Bakdang to ootik,
It’s body is short,
Homegrown
Ikol to enshokoy.
But its tail is long.
(shakomjanaiyanannisinulid)
(needle with thread)
Say ubda to ketmengenoli,
Its work is back and forth,
Homegrown
No oksotenmoket man akobali.
Remove it and it stinks.
(botas)
(garden boots)
No epastolmo man-akad,
When in pasture it will walk
Homegrown
No egmoepastol en-ejeng.
When not in pasture it will not.
(sapatos)
(shoes)
No manbutaseg man-ubda,
When it wears shoes,
Homegrown
No egmanbutas, man ubda.
It will not work,
(bolpen)
When it will not wear shoes,
It will work.
(ballpen)
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 3 continued…
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
No ensekepkaegkamenogtog,
When you enter, you will not knock, Homegrown
No en awaskamenogtogka.
When you go out, you will knock.
(nanduganshi jeep)
(when in a jeepney)
No en awas on anga-angat,
When it goes out it is mad,
Homegrown
No ensekepnaanus.
When it goes in it is not mad.
(etak)
(bolo)
No manpaklebnapsel,
If it lie down it is full
Homegrown
No manteng-ay naagang.
If it will not lie down it is hungry.
(kadugong)
(hat)
Esaksakatiankoegmapmapsel.
I keep on giving grass
Homegrown
(kuwako)
But still starving.
(pipe)
Usalshibaley
A thing in my house
Homegrown
Mansisinadatekol to.
Always changes it tail.
(shakom)
(needle)
Ngantonkiyew e waray
What tree has butter?
Homegrown
Padaman to.
(coffin)
(dungon)
Saheyeroplano
An airplane,
Homegrown
Manbabajatpasahero to?
Its passengers are hanging.
(dungon)
(coffin)
Waratedoja san aaki,
Three brothers,
Adopted
Inegshianshatatangsha.
Hold their father.
(shakilan)
(three stone stove)
Nan-emotsi president,
The president hide,
Adopted
Maasatoktok to.
His head you can see.
(dansa)
(nail)
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 3 continued…
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
No sakeyentakotak,
I am afraid of one,
Adopted
No showaetoloshak.
I am brave of two.
(shakshakan)
(Footbridge)
ToktoknenKilas,
Head of Kilas
Adopted
Nasinelas.
Slipper it has.
(dansa)
(nail)
No man ekad tae tan tae.
It always drop a poop
Adopted
(bolpen/dapis)
When walking.
(ballpen/pencil)
Nganto e palamannikiyew?
What is the butter of a tree?
Adopted
(leadnidapis)
(pencil lead)
Hot enungkalegtousalen,
The one who bought did not use it Adopted
Hot egenungkal,
The one who did not bought use it.
Sikatoynangusal.
(coffin)
(dungon)
Dosensolsharo, tedoyopisyal to.
Twelve soldiers, three officer.
Adopted
(dilos)
(clock)
Plant and animal riddles. These are riddles whose answers are plants and animals that
include insects and pests. These plants generally are important to them like the tanapo and
bamboo. The animals/insects are usually seen in their environment like the ‘abetel’ (tree
grub).
Table 4 shows that of the 13 riddles in this category, ninewere on plants and four
were on animals. Nine were homegrown and four were adopted.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Plants and animals riddles, their translation and origin
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
Waraysakeyparsua,
There is a creation,
Homegrown
Baley to panganan to.
Its plate is its house.
(abetel)
(tree grub)
Say nanang to errow,
Snake is his mother
Homegrown
Say anak to bisokol.
Snail is his son.
(niyog)
(coconut)
Nganto e ekdognibuday?
What is the egg of the land?
Homegrown
(bo-o)
(round mushroom)
No enbadeganak to
When the children grow up,
Homegrown
To pan aakalaybarosha.
It removes their clothes.
(saba)
(banana)
San-asagwannansijan,
Separated couple,
Homegrown
Sasakeybaleysha.
Stays in the same house.
(kape)
(coffee)
Idi nganga, isengsengpet to debit to When young, it fixes its cloth,
Homegrown
Idi manbakoleebong to e debit to.
When old, it throws its cloth.
(kawajan)
(bamboo)
No ekaotmosasakey,
You buried it alone,
Homegrown
No kautanmowaraybaley to
When you dig it,
Eshahelpy era.
It is housed in they are many.
(mani)
(peanut)
Oten to, obet to.
His reproductive organ,
Homegrown
(bisokol)
his buttocks.
(snail)
Unbabadeg, mankebkebat.
Growing up, having scars.
Homegrown
(tanapo)
(fern tree)
Tepep, abot, tepep.
Cover, whole, cover.
Adopted
(kawajan)
(bamboo)
Warasakeyjabaley,
A house with many rooms
Adopted
Eshakelkwarto to
But no window.
Nemayshitawa to.
(bamboo)
(kawajan)
Table 4 continued…
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
No menganshitoktok,
It eats in the head
Adopted
No man-akadshitoktok,
It walks in the head
No maokipshitoktok.
It sleeps in the head.
(koto)
(lice)
Idi shamosakeysidi to,
At first it has one foot
Adopted
Nakalsotasakey
When it was removed
Esadatanniepat.
It became four.
(bakbakjennanbadinjapitdongay)
(tadpole that became frog)
Man and his activities. These are riddles whose answers are related to man such as
his body parts and his everyday activities. Table 5 shows that among the 13riddles in this
category, five were on parts of the body, five were on persons, and three were on his
activities. Eight were homegrown and five were adopted.
Table 5. Man and his activities riddles, their translation and their origin
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
Say mopangikuwanmanok,
It’s a chicken you say,
Homegrown
Say mopangsas too.
But it’s a human you see.
(politico/kandidato)
(politician)
Ngantoywara son sikak
What is with you that is with me
Homegrown
Jen wara son sikam,
That is the reason of life?
Jen kabolniebiyakan.
(breath)
(anges)
Ngantoywara son sikam
What is in you
Homegrown
Jen wara son emenjenasenmo?
That is present to everyone?
(ngaran)
(name)
Table 5 continued…
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
RIDDLES
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ORIGIN
Sessesngetenninangkabaknang,
The rich enclosed it,
Homegrown
Pan-iibongniebeteg.
The poor threw it.
(muteg)
(mucus)
Mokodpontirya to
It aims in the uncle
Homegrown
Ngemedengepuntaan.
But it shoots in the nose.
(etot)
(fart)
Nan-ubdaak
I worked,
Homegrown
Say enpanchengkotopshak.
I finish it by spitting it.
(manvulcanize)
(vulcanizer)
Towaykawad-anHesukristo
Where do Jesus live
Homegrown
No sikamketKristiyano?
When you are a Christian?
(puso)
(Heart)
Ngantoypiyannimarikit
What does a girl wants to a boy?
Adopted
Shi dahe?
(bachelor)
(balo)
Parte nibakdang
Part of the body
Adopted
Naisopshiedeng.
Close to the nose.
(obet)
(buttocks)
No ondayatakoshonganko
If I stand, I can see it
Adopted
No mamingsanikatinko
Sometimes I step on it
No man ekarakonorentoak.
It follows me everywhere.
(adirong)
(shadow)
No motokanmokalbem,
When you will arrive you cover it
Adopted
No en akalkaduktan mo.
When you go away you open it.
(katin)
(footsteps)
Na too akjenayshiparentes to
I became a human without parents Adopted
Ayshipypuseg to.
I also do not have navel
(adan tan eba)
(adam and eve)
Shi emenjen president,
Of all the presidents
Adopted
Sipaerayegmanbebrief?
Who are not wearing brief?
(girl president)
(be-enpresidente)
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Idiomatic Expressions
The informants were not able to recall local expressions that fit the description of
idioms even after samples were given. However, the researcher was able to catch eight
idiomatic expressions in the course of her conversations with them. These are presented in
Table 6.
These idiomatic expressions were used by the informants as reminders for good behavior.
One such reminder is expressed in the idiom “ab-abangamsiasavam” literally meaning
“you are only renting your spouse” which actually means “you should be loyal to your wife
and take her of her”. This is premised on how one should take care of something that he
just borrowed. He should take care of it because it is shameful to return it in a deteriorated
condition.
Another reminder for good behavior is “senga nan joksosjenbekas’ which literally means
“like a rice plant that bends when laden with grains”. This means being humble in the
midst of success. The same is true with ‘unodmo e shagem’ literally meaning ‘follow the
wind’ which also speaks of humility.
The other idioms were used to describe someone’s status in life like
‘mankadabnumansikato’ literally meaning ‘he is climbing’. This means he is succeeding
or becoming rich.
The values implied by these expressions are fidelity, humility, among others.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 6.Idiomatic expressions, their literal and contextual meaning and origin
IDIOMATIC
LITERAL
CONTEXTUAL MEANING
EXPRESSION
MEANING IN ENGLISH
Ab-abangam
You are
Be loyal and
Si asavam
renting your
care for your
spouse.
spouse.
Sengananjoksos
Like a rice
Humble
Jen bekas.
That bends.
Unodmo e shagem.
Follow the
Be humble.
Wind.
Mankadabnuman
He is climbing.
Becoming rich.
Sikato.
Enmeselpilak.
The money
There is a
Speak.
Power of
Money to
control man.
Egeshannanbeshas.
His clothes
Unrespected.
Are not good.
Kinannisekit.
Eaten by sun.
Dark skin.
Ampetpudetengen
You must
Punish him.
Sikato.
Twist him.
Sayings
Twenty sayings were gathered from the informants (Table 7). Twelve were homegrown
and eight were adopted. These were derived from the stories of life by the informant or other people
related to the informant, from their observations and memorable events.
These are discussed according to the values that they carry. These values are acceptance,
benevolence, contentment, fidelity and humility as based in Pavlina’s (2012) list of values.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Acceptance. One saying that imparts this value is “shayadugitkojabaleyjo, sisijo,
isengpetjo, ivongjoshimulajo, pamawiankosonikinanko ta enshiregalok’ (I left my waste in your
house, clean it, keep it, use it to fertilize your plant so that when it bears fruit, it will pay back what
I have eaten because I did not bring you any gift). This means that there is no need to bring a gift
to people who fully accept you. They are not expecting something in return.
Benevolence.This is imparted through the saying ‘egmogabgabuten no amtamjenwaraymenagn,
ajowanamketdi ta enshakel’ (Don’t uproot something when you know that someone will eat it, take
care of it instead for it to be more productive). This means that if you have plenty, learn to give and
share especially if you do not need them anymore because someone out there might need it.
Contentment. “No ngantoyebay-an, pan iyamanan’ (be thankful for whatever is left). This means
that you should not ask for more. Be contented with what you have. The important thing is that it
is enough for you.
Determination.‘Anapmo e bahajenedigatmaanap’ (search for the cow that is difficult to find). This
means that you should not give up on your dreams.
Fidelity. This is the message of the saying ‘egmobaybay-ansiasavam ta
egmotinungkalsikatoinabangambengat’ (do not abandon your spouse for you did not buy him/her,
you just rented him/her). This means that you must be faithful to your spouse and take good care
of him/her.
Humility. Many of the collected sayings impart this value. Example is ‘eh
nanjoksosjenbekas, shaheldaman to, nemhotadinmayatjenbekasenshidaman to’ (a rice plant that
bows has plenty of grains, but a rice that stand has no rain).
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 7.Sayings in their literal and contextual meaning and origin
SAYINGS
LITERAL
CONTEXTUAL MEANING
ORIGIN
MEANING IN ENGLISH
Shayadugitko
This waste of
It is not necessary
Homegrown
Jabaleyjo,
mine, clean it,
to give a gift because
Sisijo, isengpetjo,
fix it, put it in
they call for you
Ivongjoshimula
your plant
for they accept you.
Pamawiankoni
in return to
Kinanko ta
what I had
Ayshiregalok.
eaten because
I have no gift.
Egmobaybay-an
Do not abandon
Take care of your
Homegrown
Si asavam ta
your spouse
spouse.
Egmotinungkal,
for you did not
Inabangan mo.
Buy him/her
You rented
him/her.
Egmogabgabuten,
Don’t uproot
Give something that
Adopted
No amtamjenwaray
something when
you do not need
Mengan, ajowanam
you know that
to someone who
Ketdi ta enshakel.
someone will
need it.
eat it. Take care
of it instead
For it to be productive.
Eh nanjoksosjen
A rice that bow has
Be humble.
Adopted
Bekasshaheldaman
plenty of fruits
To ngemhota
but a rice that stand
Dinmayatjenbekas
has no fruit.
Enshi nay-iyan.
Egmoipapati
Don’t insist what
Be obedient.
Adopted
E piyanmo,
you want,
Unodmo e
go with the wind.
Piyannishagem
Egmokujorenkait
Do not pull
Avoid crab
Adopted
Mon menkadab
someone
mentality.
Sayja man-enges
who is
Kayo bengat.
Climbing
Just to be
Leveled to you.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 7 continued…
SAYINGS
LITERAL
CONTEXTUAL MEANING
ORIGIN
MEANING
IN ENGLISH
No pilak man-aasel
If money
Money has
Adopted
Shakelmentetneng.
Speaks, many
the power
Ngem no alivenpilak
will listen.
To control
Eg era mantetneng.
But if it is not
ones decision.
No one will
Listen.
No mangmagak
If I do good
You are
Adopted
Ni mayat, egsha
many will
remembered
Nemnemen.ngem
forget.If I do
by the bad
No mangmagakni
bad,many will
things you’ve
Nga-aw shaha
remember.
done.
Nemnemen.
No nanbeshas
When you are
People’s judgment
Adopted
Shakarespetoen
dressed you
is based form the
Ngemno
are respected.
Way you dressed.
Nankaykayot
when you are
Shakabaybay-an.
Not, you are
Discriminated.
Say be-e agas,
A woman is
Woman is everything,
Homegrown
Mangagas tan
the medicine
to man so take
Makaagassunga
the doctor and,
care of her.
Ajowanem.
You take care
Of her.
Egmoputputulen
Do not cut
Be patient.
Adopted
E cross gapol
your cross
Bengat ta
just because
Piyanmonenkajas
you want to
Emoegne-an.
Lessen your load.
Angkenwarakad
Even though you
Be humble.
Adopted
Tapew, gingem e
are on top, don’t
Edapoan mo.
Forget where you
Came from.
Egmoitantan e
Don’t delay in
Avoid manana
Homegrown
Pamutolmoni
cutting your
habit.
Enshokoyja
long pants.
Pantalon mo.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Table 7 continued…
SAYINGS
LITERAL
CONTEXTUAL MEANING
ORIGIN
MEANING
IN ENGLISH
Angkenngantoy
Even if the
Everything is
Homegrown
Kanga-aw nibaro
cloth is
usefull.
Mausalmomt
unpleasant,
Laengshikaidinis
you can
Ni baley.
Still use it
To clean
The house.
No ngantoy
Be thankful
Be contented.
Adopted
Ebay-an,
to what is left.
Pan-iyamanan.
Anapmo e baha
Search for the
Don’t quit.
Homegrown
Jen edigatmaanap.
Cow that is
Difficult to search.
Egkamaap-apal
Don’t envy so
Be contented.
Adopted
Shi kaitmo
so much for the
Ta ngaaw e
fruit of it is bad.
Bunganiapal.
Egkaman showa
Don’t doubt
Trust your child.
Homegrown
Showa shikayan
your childs
Ni anakmo
ability
Ta enshi pinmuli
because he
An to nemsikam
is from you.
Jananang tan
Tatang to.
Ashalmonen
Understand
Think before
Homegrown
No ngantoy en
what they
you act.
Kuwansha
say so that
Ta egka
you will not be mislead.
Maiaw-awan.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
Situations and Instances Where they are Used
The expressions that were gathered are being used by the people of Caliking in different
circumstances like in giving entertainment, in giving advice, in motivating, in giving excuses and
in being civil.
Entertainment.In Caliking, people used riddles during wakes to entertain and to kill
boredom. Not only during wakes but also during other celebrations such as reunions and
weddings.This corroborates Moss (1920) as cited by Lopez (2006), who stated that riddling among
the ibaloi take place around the death chair. In addition, Hall (2005) said that riddles
aretraditionally used during a funeral wake together with other games such as tong-its or
the popular sakla. Later, generations use riddles as a form of past time or as an activity.
Giving advice.Sayings and idiomatic expressions are being used by the people to give
advice to the youth. During weddings or other occasions, the old people or the ‘pangamaen’ in the
place are called to give their advice to the newly wed. During weddings, the saying ‘ egmobaybay-
an siasavam ta egmotinungkal, enabanganmobengat’ (do not abandon your spouse because you did
not buy him/her, you just rentedhim/her) is often repeated.
Motivation.According to one informant, every time they call for a meeting, very few are
attending especially when food is not served. With this observation, the idiomatic expression
‘enmesel e pilak’ (the money speaks) applies. This means that people will only attend when there
is food or money involved. As motivation, a challenge is posed to prove that whether or not there
is money involved, they should show support and attend the meeting.
Giving excuse.When a man walks in a place the respect he/she will be getting will depend
on how he/she dressed himself/herself. The idiomatic expression ‘egeshannanbeshas’ (he/she is not
dressed well) came out. When the people see a man walking wearing rugged outfit, they will not
respect him/her instead they just stare at him/her. But when a man walks in wearing coat and tie
they will respect him/her and entertain him very well. At the end the elders will be saying
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
‘egeshannanbeshasisungaegsha pagan ano’ (he is not dressed will that is why they don’t care about
him/her).
When there is a need to be civil. Criticizing an individual is very rude. For the people of
Caliking not to hurt directly their companions, they will be using euphemisms. One of this is the
‘kinannisekit’ (eaten by the sun) which means that the individual is dark skinned.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
[Typ
e a
quot
e
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
from
the
docu
Summary
men
t or
The study was conducted to document the Ibaloi local expressions among the people of
the
sum
Caliking, Atok by collecting, classifying and translating them into English. The study determined
mar
the origin of expressions and also described the situations or instances where these are used.
y of
an
There were 21 informants of the study. They were identified through snowballing
inter
estin
technique which means that those referred by the local officials referred other people who
g
poin
were able to help in the study.
t.
You
The researcher collected the data from informants through face-to-face interviews
can
posit
using guide questions. The languages used in the interview were ibaloi and kankana-ey. ion
the
However, not all the gathered data were included. The data collected were screened.
text
box
Out of 130 local expressions collected, only 80 were considered in this study. The rest were
any
whe
screened out. Riddles comprised more than 60 % of the collection; followed by sayings
re in
(25 %).
the
docu
Riddles were classified according to their answers: manmade things, plants and
men
t.
animals and man and his activities. Most of the riddles are on manmade things .As for
Use
the
origin, most of the riddles are homegrown which means that riddles are originally from the
Text
Box
informant of from other members in the community.
Tool
s tab
The informants were not able to recall idioms but the researcher was able to catch
to
chan
eight idiomatic expressions in the course of her conversations with them. These idiomatic
ge
the
expressions were used by the informants as reminders for good behavior. The other idioms
form
attin
were used to describe someone’s status in life. The values implied by these expressions are
g of
the
fidelity, humility, among others.
pull
quot
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
e
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
text
box.
]
Sayings were also gathered by the researcher. These were derived from the stories
of life by the informants or other people related to the informant, from their observations
and memorable events. These are discussed according to the values that they carry. These
values are acceptance, benevolence, contentment, fidelity and humility as based in
Pavlina’s (2012) list of values.
The expressions that were gathered are being used by the people of Caliking in
different circumstances like in giving entertainment, in giving advice, in motivating, in
giving excuses and in being civil.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived.
1.Barangay Caliking is rich in local homegrown expressions which they use in their everyday life.
2. The local expressions have varied uses in different circumstances.
3. Local expressions are used as vehicles of transmitting indigenous knowledge and values to
others.
Recommendations
With the conclusions of the study, the following recommendations are formulated:
1.A community validation must be conducted for this collection of local expressions;
2. The same study should be conducted in other Ibaloicommunities tofurther document
the local expressions of Ibaloi.
3. Simple information materials should be developed for the local expressions collectedin
this study.
Esel ni Nangka-ama: Local Expressions among the People of Caliking, Atok, Benguet |
WACAY, MELODY R. APRIL 2013
[Typ
e a
quot
e
LITERATURE CITED
from
the
AGHA, A. 2006. Language and Social Relations.Cambridge University
d ocu
Press.Retrieved.September 2012 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language#cite_note-
men
Duranti2003-93.
t or
the
ANTON, S. O.2010.A handy guidebook to the Ibaloi language. Baguio City,
sum
Philippines.Tebtebba
Foundation.
Retrieved
February
2013
from
m
ar
http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=679.
y of
an
BHATIA, N. 1992.The Oxford Companion to the English Language.pp.1,051-1, 054. inter
estin
BRENNER, G . 2003. Webster's New World American Idioms Handbook. Webster's
g
New
World.
Retrieved
Febraury
2013
from
poin
http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/idiomterm.htm
t.
You
DE MILLE, J. 1878. The Elements of Rhetoric.RetrievedFebruaryfrom
can
http://grammar.about.com/od/qaaboutrhetoric/f/importfospeech.htm.
posit
ion
DURANTI,A.2003."Language as Culture in U.S. Anthropology:Three ParadigmsCurrent
the
Anthropology.Retrieved
September
2012
from
text
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language#cite_note-Duranti2003-93.
box
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