BIBLIOGRAPHY ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013. Awareness Level and Reading Practices on
Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Christine Grace B. Sidchogan, MDevCom
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to know the awareness level and reading practices on
pesticide labels of Bangao, Buguias farmers.The study determined the commonly used
pesticides of the farmers in Bangao, Buguias; determined their awareness on the meanings
of the symbols found on the labels; determined their awareness on the different parts of the
labels; determined how do they read the labels in terms of: when do they read the labels,
parts of the labels that they read, parts of the labels that they think is very important, parts
of the labels that they understand, parts of the labels that they do not understand and
determined the common problems that they encountered in the labels of pesticides.
An interview schedule was used in gathering information from the respondents
using the Kankanaey language in order to facilitate understanding between the researcher
and the respondents.
Majority of the respondents were males, all of them were capable of reading and
writing and they came from different age brackets.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Farmers were using insecticides than fungicides or other types of pesticides.
Majority of them were not aware on the different symbols found on the labels of the
pesticides. The respondents knew how to identify the product name, pesticide type, and
directions to use in the label and these were only the parts of the labels that they were
reading. Most of them were reading the labels of the pesticides before buying and before
using it. The respondents cannot understand some words in the label and there were words
that were very big and too small. Based on the findings, concerned agencies about
agriculture may conduct seminars to the farmers regarding pesticides labels and symbols
for their safety.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Information is a need in order for a society to function well. Likewise, people need
information to guide them in their everyday life in different ways.In the case of farmers
who usually are pesticide users, information is important in influencing their practices in
using chemical inputs in their farms.
One means of being informed about this is through the labels of pesticides. This helps them
decide on what pesticide is appropriate to their farm. It also provide them information on
using and disposing the products safely.
Buguias is a municipality of vegetable plantation with gardens covering plateaus, and strips
of leveled plots along creeks and gentle slopes. Buguias has emerged as the highland
vegetable capital of the Philippines from where carrots, potatoes, cabbages, pechay,
Chinese cabbage, beans and other vegetables are transported to different provinces, even
as far as Manila.
In Buguias, farmers are generally using pesticides in their farms as stated by Delfin
Rufino,Municipal Agricultural Office. This is so sincepesticides provide many benefits and
improve the quality of life when they are used carefully and properly. Pesticides handled
in a careless manner can endanger the health of the applicator, other people, animals, plants,
or the environment. Thus, handling and applying pesticides requires knowledge, care, and
good judgement, and every applicator needs to read, understand, and follow the pesticide
label instructions.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
A label is the face of the product. Thus, it is important to read and understand the
information found on the label. There is a worldwide concern on the labeling and packaging
of products specially chemicals. Some of these concerns dwell on the accuracy and
transparency of the information, as well as the design or appearance of the labels.Thus, the
Philippines came up with regulations in labeling and packaging chemical products.
The section 9 of Presidential Decree No. 1144 (the law that created the Fertilizer and
Pesticides Authority (FPA) provides the regulatory framework within which the FPA
controls pesticide. This is to promulgate rules and regulation for the registration and
licencing of the handlers of these products. It also restricts or bans the use of any pesticide
or formulation of certain pesticides or during certain periods upon evidence that the
pesticide is an imminent hazard, is causing widespread damages to crops, fish or livestock,
public health and the environment. Moreover, FPA also regulates the information that
should be present in all pesticide labels.
Choosing the correct pesticide to use is one of the most important segments of carrying out
an effective pest control. The pesticides being used by farmers are instrumental in the
effectiveness of pest control program.However it will also have direct bearing on the
hazards that farmers are subjecting themselves to, as well as other persons and the
environment (Bohmont, 2003).
There are certain bands/label which measure the toxicity of the pesticides. These are the
green label which is lightly toxic, yellow label that is moderately toxic, blue label which is
very toxic and the red label that is extremely toxic. This helps the farmers in determining
the right pesticides for their crops.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Excessive use of pesticides to achieve adequate crop protection is not compatible
with pesticides management. Such a practice can lead to unnecessary disturbances in the
ecosystem and may have long term adverse effects. Human safety is a prime consideration
in pesticide can poison if used irresponsibly. This may result from exposure to toxic closes,
chronic-law level exposure or from residues.
In Bangao, Buguias, pesticides are commonly used by farmers as observed by the
researcher. Since Buguias farmers are usually using pesticides, it is important to find out if
they are reading the labels responsibly, especially Brgy. Bangao wherein it has the largest
farming area in the municipality.
The results of this study may be used as a basis by the concerned agencies in conducting
information campaigns on safe farming practices and other activities such as seminars and
trainings for the benefits of the farmers.
Statement of the Problem
The study found out the level of awareness of the farmers in Bangao, Buguias on
the labels of pesticides. The study also documented their reading practices on the labels of
the pesticides.
This study answered the following questions:
1. What are the top ten pesticides commonly used by the farmers in Bangao,
Buguias?
2. Described and analyzed the labels of the top ten pesticides,
3. Are they aware of the meanings of the symbols found on the labels?
4. Are they aware of the different parts of the labels?
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
5.How do they read the labels in terms of:
a. when do they read the labels?
b. what parts of the label do they prefferedto read?
c. parts of the label do they think is very important?
d. parts of the label do they understand?
e. parts of the label they do not understand?
6.What are the common problems they encountered on the labels of pesticides?
Objectives of the Study
Generally, the study aimed to know thelevel of awareness of the farmers in Bangao,
Buguias on the labels of pesticides and their reading practices on the labels.
Specifically, this:
1. determined the commonly used pesticides of the farmers in Bangao, Buguias;
2. Described and analyzed the labels of the top ten pesticides;
3. determined their awareness on the meanings of the symbols found on the
labels;
4. determined their awareness on the different parts of the labels;
5. determined how do they read the labels in terms of:
a. when do they read the labels;
b. parts of the label that they preffered to read;
c. parts of the label that they think is very important;
d. parts of the label that they understand;
e. parts of the label that they do not understand; and,
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
6. determined the common problems that they encountered in the labels of pesticides.
Importance of the Study
The results of the study may help the farmers to give importance on reading the
labels and instructions in every products that they are using for their safety, and for taking
care of the environment.
In the local level, the findings may be significant to the Municipal Agriculturists’
Office of Buguias in establishing and prioritizing their development agenda. It may also
help the agencies such as Department of Agriculture (DA) and Fertilizer and Pesticide
Authority (FPA Philippines) and other agencieswho have concerns for the safe and good
agricultural practices in knowing if the farmers are guided accordingly by the labels of the
products.
In addition, it may also serve as a reference or guide for other researchers with the
same scope of study.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study was conducted from January 2013 to February 2013 at Barangay
Bangao,Buguias, Benguet. The researcher focused on the level of awareness on the
labels of pesticides of the farmers in Bangao, Buguias. It also included the label reading
practices of the farmers in the area.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Pesticides Used in Farming
Farmers are the backbone of the country, since agriculture is the primary source of food.
Thus, safety of the farmers and the consumers is very important.
Pesticides are modern-day miracles. These chemicals have helped the farmers to grow food
abundance and eliminate pests. Unfortunately, many pesticides can also have negative
effects both on the environment and on humans. The use of pesticides must consequently
be carefully controlled and closely monitored to maximize their benefits and minimize
harmful effects (Richman et al, 2002).
In order to maintain and ensure the good quality and quantity of crop production
and to satisfy the increasing human population, farmers must use chemicals to protect their
crops from pests and diseases, and pesticide is the widely used. Most chemicals are
dangerous not only to the health of people but also to the environment, so following the
labels correctly will help on the safety of the users.
According to the Department of the Environment(1996), the quantity of pesticide applied
by farmers depends on the level of pests and diseases pressure, climatic conditions, the
type of crop and its resistance to pest and diseases, the efficiency of pest management
practices, and the influence of economic and policy factors.
In addition, Pesticides vary in their degree of toxicity depending on the type and
concentration of their active ingredients (the chemical actually controlling or killing the
intended pest, weed and diseases). When pesticides that are less toxic are used,
environmental damage may decrease despite increases in pesticide use.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
According to (Bestre, 2006) majority of the farmers in Buyacoan, Buguias used the yellow
and green bands, their were few who are applied the red band because of its toxicity and
effects on humans. Furthermore, the respondents claimed that information on the pesticide
utilization mostly came from chemical dealers.
The impact of pesticide use in human health concern the direct effects in terms of exposure
to farm workers and the public in the vicinity of spraying. Their are also indirect effects
through pesticide residues in food and water consumption, with related concern such as
pesticide poisoning, cancer and endocrine disruption. The risks to the environment from
agriculture pesticide use concern impacts on terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna, toxic
contamination of soil (Hond, 2003).
Farmers have developed experience with pesticide products. Most farmers know about the
hazardous nature of it and their handling. In some cases caused by unfortunate accidents,
more often because they have read label instructions or listened to the advise of extension
services or agrochemical sales advisors (Yokoi, 2003).
To maintain the economically successful multimillion peso vegetable industry, farmers in
the CAR use hazardous chemicals. They have relied almost exclusively on chemical
pesticides in their desire to meet the growing demands of the consumers for high quality
vegetables, to control pest s that prey on their crops. They also increase their spray dosage
and are spraying at closer intervals, including mixing pesticides popularly called
“cocktails” to maintain effectiveness (Cheng, 1992 as cited by Gayaso, 2010).
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Knowledge/ Awareness on the Information Found on the Label
The general public most of whom have poor understanding of pesticides. This is
partly due to lack of understanding of chemical uses and agricultural production practices,
but it is also due to fear and misunderstanding brought about through publicity of accidents
and misuses involving pesticides. The perception of widespread hazards associated with
presumed long term accumulations of pesticides in people, other organisms, or the
environment often appears to stem from lack of understanding by the general public of the
processing of metabolism, elimination, and degradation that largely preclude such
percieved problems (Bohmont, 2003).
He added that individuals using pesticides and those concerned about pesticides use must
seek all the facts and become better informed about the benefits as well as the risks of using
these technological tools.
Correct application of a pesticide product is accomplished by following the use instructions
found on the label. The use instructions will tell you the pests which the manufacturer
claims the product will control, the crop, animal, or site the product is intended to protect,
when, where, how, and in what form the product should be applied, the proper equipment
to be used, the correct dosage, mixing directions, compatibility with other often-used
products, minimum time between the application and entry into the treated area for
unprotected persons, and possible plant injury problems.
Information Found in the Label
According to the Pesticide Regulatory Policies in the Philippines, certain kinds of
information must appear on a pesticide label. Pesticide applicators have the legal
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
responsibility to read, understand and follow the label directions. Pesticide labels will
usually contain the following sections:products common name,ingredient statement,net
contents, name and address of the manufacturer of the pesticide,keep out of reach of
children precaution, precautionary statements, directions for use,storage and disposal,
suitable indication hazard and registration number.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted at Bangao, Buguias from January 2013 to February 2013.
Buguias is a third class municipality in the province of Benguet. According to the
2007 census, it has a population of 34,507 people in 6,312 households.
The place has vegetables terraces wherein most of the residents are farmers.One
can travel from Baguio via the Baguio-Bontoc-Banawe Road, and the town center at
Abatan can be reached by three to four (3-4) hours. This is the main route for both human
and farm products.
As observed by the researcher, farmers in Buguias are using different kinds of
pesticides in their farm. However, some of them are not following the instructions found
on the labels such as proper disposal and some precautions. This was supported by a
Barangay Kagawad in Bangao, wherein she said that most farmers are not really reading
the labels of the pesticides. Most of the time, the farmers opened and used the pesticides
directly without really reading through the labels.
Bangao belongs to the barangays of the Municipality of Buguias, which are located in the
outlaying area. It has a population of 3,947 according to 2007 census. It has the largest
farming area among the 14 barangays of Buguias.Thus, the researcher chose this place to
conduct the study.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Respondents of the Study
There were 50 respondents of the study who are farmers in Bangao, Buguias. They
were selected through the use of purposive sampling technique.The criteria in choosing the
respondents were:they should be farmers;has been farming for five years or more, and
pesticide users in farming.
Key informants were also interviewed to further supplement the data gathered. An
interviewee came from the Municipal Agriculturists’ Office, and another interviewee came
from the Brgy. Council of Bangao. A saleslady from a farm supply was also interviewed.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Figure 1. Map of Benguet showing Buguias municipality, the locale of the study
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Figure 2. Map of Buguias showing Barangay Bangao, the specific location of the study
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Data Collection
For the level of awareness of the respondents on the labels, the researcher let the
respondents chose the meaning of the symbols and identified the parts of the labels from
the choices provided.
An interview schedule was used in gathering information from the respondents using the
Kankanaey languagein order to facilitate understanding between the researcher and the
respondents.
The researcher also used observation and interviewed people to further validate the claims
of the respondents.
Data Gathered
The gathered data were the socio-demographic profile of the respondents; the
commonly used pesticides by the farmers of Poblacion, Buguias; theirlevel of awareness
on the labels of the pesticides and the label reading practices of the respondents.
Data Analysis
All of the gathered information from the respondents were ranked, tabulated,
analyzed and interpreted using descriptive frequency and percentage. Other data were
qualitatively analyzed and presented.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the socio-demographic profile of the respondents which included their
age,sex, educational attainment and years of being a farmer.
Age. Out of 50 respondents, twenty four (48%) belonged to the age bracket of 20-
30years old. Five (10%) of them belonged to the age bracket of 31-40 years old and twelve
(24%) belonged to the 41-50 years old. Nine (18%) belonged to age bracket 51-60. The
youngest respondent was 21 years old while the oldest was 60 years old. Such would imply
that the respondents came from different age brackets.
Sex. Majority of the respondents were males 78% and there were eleven (22%) females.The
results imply that more males are involved in farming in the Bangao, Buguias.
As observed by the researcher during the conduct of the study, most females stayed
in their house while the males were working in the garden.
Educational attainment.Twenty six (52%) of the respondents were high schoolgraduate
and there were three (6%) high school under graduate while nine (18%) of them were
elementary graduate and seven (14%) were elementary undergraduate. There were
four(8%) of them who were college graduate while one (2%) was a college
undergraduate.Such would imply that majority of them are capable of reading and writing.
Years of being a farmer. Thirty three of the respondents belonged to the age bracket
of 5-15 years of farming and eight belonged to the age bracket of 16-30 years of farming
while nine (18%) belonged to the age bracket of 26-35 years of farming. The results imply
that all farmers have been farming for five years and above.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Socio-demographic profile of the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(n=50)
(%)
Age
20-30
24
48
31-40
5
10
41-50
12
24
51-60
9
18
TOTAL
50
100
Sex
Male
39
88
Female
11
22
TOTAL
50
100
Educational
Attainment
Elementary graduate
9
18
Elementary undergraduate
7
14
High school graduate
26
52
High school undergraduate
3
6
College graduate
4
8
College undergraduate
1
2
TOTAL
50
100
Years of
being a
farmer
5-15
33
66
16-25
8
16
26-35
9
18
TOTAL
50
100
Commonly Used Pesticides by the Farmers
Table 2 shows the top ten commonly used pesticides by the respondents.
There were fifty two (52) identified common names of pesticides that the farmers were
using. These pesticides were ranked according to how many farmers were using it. Lorsban
was ranked as number one and Bida came next. Dithane, Manager, Siga, Rober, and Fenos,
also got significant number of responses (11-19).
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
According to the website of Dow Chemical Company, Lorsban is one of the most-
widely used insecticides in the world. It is non-systemic to plants because the active
ingredients are not taken up by the plants. Itwas first registered in 1965 andhas been in the
market for more than 40 years.
Results show that most farmers were using insecticides than fungicides or any other types
of pesticides. This supports the statement of Tirado et. al (2008) that insecticides are by far
the most used type of pesticide in the Philippines; they represented 56% of the total
pesticide trade in the country in 1996.
This also relates to the statement of Martokoesoemo (1987) that the use of insecticides on
vegetables is estimated at 20% of the total Philippines usage because vegetables are prone
to diseases.
Table 2. Top ten commonly used pesticides
PESTICIDE NAME
PESTICIDE TYPE
NO. OF USERS
Lorsban
Insecticide
27
Bida
Insecticide
24
Dithane
Fungicide
19
Manager
Fungicide
16
Siga
Insecticide
13
Rober
Fungicide
13
Fenos
Insecticide
11
Padan
Insecticide
9
Somicidine
Insecticide
7
Success
Insecticide
7
*Multiple responses
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Description and Analysis of the Labels
of the Top Ten Pesticides
The study analyzed the labels of the top ten pesticides based on the labeling
guidelines set by FPA (Appendix 2). This study focused on the product name, pesticide
type, ingredients, formulation, directions for use, precautionary statements, first aid
instruction and toxicological information only.
Lorsban. Figure 3 shows that the product name was put in the upper part of the label. he
pesticide type was classified as insecticide, and under yellow label. The ingredients were
present.
The product name is printed in a big font size; and so are the type of pesticide and while
the other parts are very small so there is a possibility that farmers cannot read the other
parts. The other symbols are not found here since they use the color symbol.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Figure 3. Label of Lorsban
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Bida. The product name of this pesticides was put in the upper part of the label. It is a
yellow label pesticides as shown in the bottom of the label with the word “warning
harmful” and the poisonous (skull) symbol appears on the bottle. The label is attractive due
to its color combinations. Some words are very small and it is difficult to read. It has a
complete parts of the label that was set by the FPA. This was shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Label of Bida
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Dithane. Pictures were put in the front while the text are at the back. The label has a wide
space due to its big size. The font size are easily read as well as words used are easily
understood and has a simple design. Dithane used color symbol as a warning symbol, and
it is green label pesticide which means the product is slightly toxic. There were also pictures
that serves as basis for other farmers who cannot read. The label has a complete parts.
Figure 5. Label of Dithane
Manager. Figure 6 shows that the label of manager has a colorful appearance. It is a
green label pesticide which means slightly toxic.The product name was printed in a big
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
font size while the other parts were very small, it is why sometimes a farmer do not read
the other parts of the label because it is too small. The text also in the label are well-
organize. Some parts were translated into filipino to be easily understood by the farmers.
Figure 6. Label of Manager
Siga.Figure 7 shows that Siga is a yellow label pesticide andthe design was very simple.
The color also emphasize its toxicity. The product name has a big font size. Some words
are not easily read because of its size. The pictures used were clear.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
There are also words that most farmers cannot understand however,there are illustrations
in the label that farmers can easily follow.
Figure 7. Label of Siga
Rover. The label used only one color to emphasize its toxicity. Figure 7 shows that
the label of Rover used drawings instead of pictures and it was a green label pesticide. The
font size is hard to read because they are very small. It is almost plain text label. The label
has a complete parts.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Farmers are sometimes fun of viewing pictures, and they are easily get bored if they
are reading materials that are plain text. This may be one reason why farmers are not
reading the labels of the pesticides.
Figure 8. Label of Rover
Fenos. Figure 9 shows that the design of the label of Fenos was simple. It is a
green label pesticides. The text are small and some words that are difficult to understand.
The simplicity of the labels sometimes affect the reading practices of the farmers because
most of them are looking for something that may relieve their stress and exhaustion. This
label has complete parts as required by the FPA.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Figure 9. Label of Fenos
Padan. The label is very colorful and has many picture. This lively label may attract
the eyes of the users to atleast read some of the important parts.Figure 10 shows that Padan
is a blue labeled pesticides thus, it is moderately toxic. It also has illustrations at the bottom
for the farmers to follow. Some words are easily understood while some are technical. The
pictures of the pests present in this label are sometimes the basis of the farmers specially
for those who are not capable of reading.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Figure 10. Label of Padan
Somicidine.The product name has big font size while the other parts were very small. It is
a green label pesticide as shown at the bottom of the label. There are also pictures in the
label of the vegetables and fruits that the product can protect. These also pictures may guide
the farmers specially those who are not capable of reading. The back portion is a plain text
and there are words that are easily understood the font size are very small as shown in
Figure 11.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Figure 11. Label of Somicidine
Success. The design of the label was very simple and has plain text especially in the back
portion that is maybe why the farmers can just read on what is in the front then ignore the
other parts . It is a green label pesticide. The information were complete however the text
are very small due to the small size of the bottle which farmers cannot easily read the words
as shown in Figure 12.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Figure 12. Label of Success
Awareness of the Respondents on the Labels
Awareness on the Meanings of the Hazard Symbols Found in the Label. The awareness
level of the respondents toward the pesticide labels were measured by showing them the
standard symbols regulated by FPA to be present on all labels; and letting them choose
their answers from the choices provided.
Table 3 shows the respondents’ awareness on the meanings of the symbols found on the
labels of the pesticides.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Table 3. Respondents’ awareness on the meanings of the hazard symbols
SYMBOLS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
AWARE
%
UNAWARE
%
39
78
11
22
Crossbones
18
36
32
64
Corrosive
23
46
27
54
Flammable
10
40
40
80
Explosive
Crossbones.This symbol appears as skull with a cross symbol in it, and thismeans that the
product is poisonous or the product is highly toxic due to oral, dermal, or inhalation
exposure. A taste of a teaspoon taken by mouth could kill an average-sized adult.
Out of 50 respondents, thirty nine (78%) of them were aware of the meaning of this symbol
while there were eleven (22%) who are unaware. This implies that majority of the
respondents know the meaning of the symbol.
Respondents who were aware of the symbol said that the pesticides with that symbol is
deadly because they learned it from other farmer.They also gained their awareness on this
since these pesticides were banned by FPA.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Moreover, some of the respondents said that they do not know the meaning of the symbol
because they were not giving attention to the labels as long as they know the name of the
pesticides.
Corrosive.This symbol appeared as finger bones and it means that the product can cause
eye damage and severe skin burns.There were eighteen (36%) of the respondents who were
aware, while thirty six (64%) were not aware on the meaning of this symbol.
Results show that majority of the respondents were not aware of the meaning of this
symbol. According to some respondents, the symbol is not familiar to them, because most
of them did not encounter this symbol and even if they saw this kind of symbol, they did
not bother to know what it means.
Flammable.This flame symbol means that the pesticide can cause fire. Forty six percent of
the respondents were aware on this symbol while 54% are not aware. This implies that
most of the respondents do not know the meaning of this symbol. Some respondents said
that even if they saw the symbol upon using the pesticide, they did not bother to know what
it means.
Explosive.The explosive symbol means that the pesticide can explode especially when it
was pressurized in can. There were 20% of the respondents who were aware of this symbol
while 30% were not aware.
This result implies that majority of the respondents are not aware of the meaning of this
symbol with the same reason that they rarely cared to know the meaning of the symbol.
Symbols, as defined by Gorgen (1995) in her book, are sometimes representing abstract
ideas such as “danger” or representing natural phenomenon such as sun, storm, or fire.
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These are so common that even small children learn and recognize them. However,
knowing the meaning of these rarely happens.
In addition, according to the rules of FPA (Fertilizers and Pesticides Authority), the
pesticide company has the responsibility to let their technicians explain the meanings of
the symbols to the farmers.
However, respondents said that the technicians were not discussing the meanings of the
symbols because the orientations they conducted were focused on advertising the products.
Respondents’ Awareness on the Warning Symbols Found in the Labels.The awareness
levels of the respondents toward the warning symbols were measured in the same manner
where the symbols were shown and choices were provided.
Table 4 shows the awareness level of the respondents on the warning symbols.
Caution.This triangular shape symbol means low hazardous that may cause slight eye or
skin irritation. Out of 50 respondents, 22% were aware of the meaning of this symbol while
78% were not aware. This implies that majority of the respondents do not know the
meaning of this symbol. Some respondents said that they were not giving attention to the
symbols because they have no idea on their meanings or they never heard about it at all.
Warning. This Diamond shape (4 sided) symbol means moderately hazardous that can
cause moderate eye or skin irritation. There were 20% of the respondents who are aware
on the meaning of this symbol while 80% are not aware.
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Table 4. Respondents’ awareness on the warning symbols
SYMBOLS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
AWARE
%
UNAWARE
%
11
22
39
78
Caution
10
20
40
80
Warning
11
22
39
78
Danger
Majority of the respondents were not aware on the meaning of this symbol. Some
respondents were not aware because they do not have time to check on meanings so they
ignored the symbols.
A saleslady in one of the farm supplies said that most farmers who bought pesticides from
them did not bother to ask about the meanings of the symbols nor checked on the symbols.
Danger.This octagonal shape (8 sided) symbol also means highly hazardous that can cause
irriversible eye damage or severe skin injury. Twenty two percent of the respondents were
aware of the meaning of this symbol while 78% were not aware. Results show that most of
the respondents do not know the meaning of this symbol. A respondent said that he is not
checking or looking at the labels as long as the other farmers recommended that the product
is effective to use.
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This results were the same with the other objectives that they rarely see these kinds of
symbols they appear as hazard symbols, warning symbols, or color symbols but have the
same meanings,
According to FPA guidelines, these shapes and their warning would tell the degree of
hazard of the pesticides. The greater the number of sides of the shapes, the more hazardous
the product is.
In an interview with a Municipal Agriculture Officer, she said that they are no longer
conducting seminars regarding the symbols in the pesticides. Years ago, they have been
integratingit in some of their activities like FFS (Field Farmers School) or GAP (Good
Agricultural Practices) however, they are no longer conducting it because they are
campaigning on organic agriculture.
Awareness of the Respondents on the Color Symbols Found in the Labels. Table 5 shows
the respondents’ awareness on the color symbols on labels.
Green label.This means that the pesticide is lightly toxic. This symbol found on the
bottom part of the label is green and is sometimes accompanied by the word caution.
Forty eight (96%) of the respondents were aware of the meaning of this symbol
while two (4%) were not aware.These results show that great majority of the respondents
were aware on the meaning of the green symbol.
Some of the respondents said that green labeled pesticides are safer to use so most of the
respondents are using it. However, they also related that they have doubts on it sometimes
because it may not kill the pests.
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Table 5. Respondents’ awareness on the color symbols
SYMBOLS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
AWARE
%
UNAWARE
%
GREEN
48
96
2
4
BLUE
17
34
33
66
YELLOW
22
44
28
56
RED
43
86
7
14
Blue label. This means that the pesticide is moderately toxic. This symbol was colored
blue, found on the bottom of the label with the word warning or caution.
Seventeen (34%) of the respondents were aware of the meaning of this symbol while thirty
three (66%) were not aware. This implies that majority of the respondents were not aware
of the meaning of the blue symbol.
Some of the respondents who were not aware said that they do not care anymore about the
labels as long as their “boss” or supplier instructed them on how to use the pesticides.
Yellow label. This means that the pesticide is very toxic. This symbol was colored yellow
found on the bottom of the label, sometimes with the word danger.
Twenty two (44%) of the respondents know the meaning of this symbol while twenty eight
(56%) do not know. This implies that most of the respondents do not know the meaning of
the yellow symbol since only few of them are using the products with yellow label.
Red label. This means that the product is extremely toxic. This symbol appears as
red found on the bottom of the label sometimes with the word danger.
Forty three (86%) of the respondents were aware of the meaning of this symbol while seven
(14%) were not aware.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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Result show that majority of the respondents were aware of the meaning of the red symbol.
Some respondents said that most of the red labeled pesticides were banned here in the
Philippines because of its high toxiciy.Such may imply that when red-labeled products are
involved, it becomes known to the farmers because most of these product were banned.
Respondents’ Awareness on the Different
Parts of the Label
The awareness levels of the respondents on the different parts of the label were
measured by showing them a sample label, specifically Padan insecticide, and letting them
name the important parts as stipulated by FPA.
Parts of a label that were analyzed in the study were the product name, pesticide
type, ingredients, formulation, directions for use, precautionary statements, first aid
instructions and toxicological information. The descriptions below were based on FPA’s
information material on labeling of pesticide products.
Product name pertains to the distinctive brand or trademark that is permanently
displayed in the label.
The pesticide type is a description of the intended purpose of the product (herbicides,
insecticides and fungicides).
The ingredients pertain to the active ingredient, which is identified by its established
common name and the concentration in the formulation (% by weight or by volume).
The formulation is a description of the physical form of the product such as dust, liquid,
wettable powder, etc.
The directions for use pertain to species that are intended targets of the product, dosage
rates, timing of application and limitations for use of the product.
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The precautionary statements presents information on hazards relating to handling, storage,
display, distribution and disposal. Instructions on how to eliminate the hazards should also
be outlined here.
The first aid instructions give practical information on what to do in the event of poisoning
or injury by the product.
The toxicological information gives information essential to treatment is a person is
injured, or poisoned by the product. Includes the symptoms of poisoning, antidote or
remedial measures and identity of other ingredients (such as petroleum distillates) in the
product that may effect treatment. May list the re-entry time.
Sixty percent of the respondents identified the product name and directions for use
correctly. Further, 56% of them identified the pesticide type correctly.
Results show that most of the respondents can identify the product name, directions for use
and pesticide type only. Some of the respondents said that only these parts were the ones
they were reading because it is where they referred to when it comes to dosage and proper
mixture of the product.
However, only few of them can identify the registrant’s name and address, net contents,
degree and nature of hazards, precautionary statements, and toxicological information.
When the researcher probed on why some of them were not aware of the health-related
information, some of them said that since pesticides are already part of their lives, they
have this assumption that they already know how to adjust themselves from untoward
incidents that may occur such as accidental poisoning.
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This result can be considered alarming since FPA notes that pesticide users must seek all
facts and are responsible in knowing both the benefits and risks of using these technological
tools.
Directions for Use
Product Name
Net Contents
First aid Instructions
Pesticide Type
Precautions
Degree and Nature of
Hazards
Figure 13. A sample of pesticide label with different parts based on FPA guidelines
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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Table 6. Respondents’ awareness on the different parts of the label
LABEL PARTS
FREQUENCY (50)
PERCENTAGE (%)
Product name
30
60
Directions for use
30
60
Pesticide type
28
56
Registrant’s name and
13
26
address
Net contents
13
26
Degree and nature of
11
22
hazards
Precautionary statements
11
22
Toxicological Information
10
20
*Multiple responses
Respondents’ Reading Practices
on the Pesticides Labels
Table 7 shows when do the respondents read the labels of the pesticides.
Result shows that thirty four (68%) of the respondents were reading the labels before
buying while nine (18%) of the respondents were not reading the labels.
This implies that majority of the respondents are reading the labels of the pesticides before
they will buy.
In addition, forty five (90%) of the respondents were reading the labels of the
pesticides before using. Such implies that majority of them were reading the labels before
using it. Some respondents also said that they no longer read the labels before buying since
their “bosses” or “suppliers” gave the pesticides to them to use already.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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Table 7. When do they read the labels
BEFORE BUYING
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(n=50)
%
YES
34
68
NO
9
18
OTHERS
7
14
TOTAL
50
100
BEFORE USING
YES
45
90
NO
5
10
TOTAL
50
100
However, there were five (10%) who were not reading the labels. They said that they do
not need to read the label of some pesticides since they have been using it for long time
already thus they perceived that they are aware of the important information based on their
experiences.
Parts of the label that they preferred to read. Results show in Table 8 that majority of the
respondents preferred to read only the product name (88%) and the directions for use
(80%).
There were 42% who preferred reading the pesticide type to determine if the product is an
insectide, a fungicide or weedicide and other types of pesticides. Results imply that
majority of the respondents read only the product name and directions for use.
Some respondents said that directions for use provided them the proper amount of dosage
and instructions they needed since they perceived that following it is important. They
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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further related that in some instances, they applied more than the recommended dosage but
it was just a waste so they referred back to the directions for use.
Alarmingly, only some of them preferred to read the health-related information found in
the labels, which included precautionary statements, first aid instructions and toxicological
information. Such would imply that most of the respondents do not prefer to read health-
related information even if this is seen important in responsible use of pesticides.
Table 8. Parts of the labels that the respondents preferred to read
LABEL PARTS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
n-50
%
Product Name
44
88
Pesticide Type
21
42
Ingredients
6
12
Formulation
3
6
Directions for use
40
80
Precautionary Statements
3
6
First Aid Instructions
3
6
Toxicological Information
1
2
*Multiple responses
Parts of the labels that they percieved are very important. Results shown in Table 9 reflect
that majority of the respondents chose product name and directions for use as the most
important parts of the label. Forty four percent of the respondents also chose pesticide type.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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Some of the respondents said that product name, directions for use and pesticide type are
enough to guide them in using the product. They further said that it is a waste of time for
them to read the other parts of the label.
The findings support the previous findings that they were aware only on the product
name, directions for use and pesticide type because these are the parts that they preffered
to read.
Table 9. Parts of the labels the respondents percieved are very important
LABEL PARTS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
n=50
%
Product Name
45
90
Pesticide Type
22
44
Ingredients
4
8
Formulation
3
6
Directions for use
40
80
Precautionary Statements
2
4
First Aid Instructions
2
4
Toxicological Information
2
4
*Multiple responses
Parts of the label that they understood. All of the respondents understood the product name
and majority of them understood the pesticide type and the directions for use. Again, these
results support the previous findings that these three parts of the label were preferred by
the respondents to read.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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Only a few of them can understand the other parts of the labels such as ingredients,
formulation, precautionary measures, toxicological information and others as shown in
Table 10. This alarming result reflects once again that most of the respondents do not
understand health-related information found in the labels.
Some of the respondents said that even if they will read the other parts of the label, they
will not understand it because their comprehension level is not enough for them to fully
comprehend with it.
This may be contradictory the previous finding that majority of the respondents are literate.
Table 10. Parts of the labels that the respondents understood
PARTS OF THE LABEL
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
n=50
%
Product Name
50
100
Pesticide Type
47
94
Ingredients
8
16
Formulation
16
32
Directions for use
42
84
Precautionary Statements
13
26
First Aid Instructions
10
20
Toxicological Information
8
16
*Multiple response
Parts of the label that they did not understand. Results in Table 11 show that 56% of the
respondents did not understand the ingredients and some of them did not understand the
toxicological information, formulation and first aid instructions.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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This is related to the result of the previous objective wherein they do not see these parts as
important to be read. This may indicate that they did not undertand these parts since they
did not read it in the first place.
Some of them also said that there were some words that they did not understand in
some parts of the labels like “Systemic”, “m45” and “50 sp”. These words are only
understood by the technicians and experts, according to them.
This relates to the statement of Cuneo, et al (1993) that wordings in the labels must be
easily understood.
Table 11. Parts of the labels that they did not understand
LABEL PARTS
FREQUENCY (50)
PERCENTAGE(%)
Product Name
0
0
Pesticide Type
8
16
Ingredients
28
56
Formulation
16
32
Directions for use
2
4
Precautionary Statements
10
20
First Aid Instructions
14
28
Toxicological Information
17
16
*Multiple responses
Common Problems Encountered by the
Respondents in Reading the Label
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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Some of the respondents said that the label shown to them was not easily read because of
the small size of letterings. As observed by the researcher, most labels of the pesticides
were hard to read due to its size.
Some respondents also said that there are words in the label that were too small while there
were too big. They specifically mentioned that the names of the pesticides were large in
font size, while the rest of the labels were in small font size. These responses are supported
by Figure 14 wherein it shows the name of the pesticide in large font size and the other
parts were done in small font size. Further, based on the analysis of the researcher, seven
labels had these characteristics that posed problem to the respondents.
Moreover, some labels also contained technical words that were difficult to understand,
according to the respondents. Some of difficult words were coadjuvants and FC 480.
Moreover, according to some respondents, there were pictures of pests in the labels that
the product can kill and crops that the pesticides may protect, but some respondents related
that the graphics are not accurate, or applicable in the highland setting.
Their lack of interest to read the rest of the labels is another problem mentioned by the
respondents. Some of them said that if they have read the pesticide’s name, direction for
use and type, they are no longer interested to read the net content, first aid instructions, and
precautionary statements, among others. To them, the rest of the label is not important.
The lack of interest is also due to their limited to read the labels. Some of them remarked
that “no basbasa-en mi adi din label et maagew duwan min adi malpas ubla mi” (if we will
read all the parts of the label, the sun will come out and we will not finish our work on
time). Based on the observation of the researcher, the respondents sprayed pesticides as
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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early as 5:00 AM, while the sun did not yet rise. They did this since the odour of the
pesticide is not much strong at that time of the day, according to them.
Figure 14. Example of pesticide label that has too big and small font size
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study aimed to know the level of awareness of the farmers in Bangao, Benguet
on the labels of pesticides and their reading practices on the labels. Specific objectives of
the study are to: determine the commonly used pesticides of the farmers in Bangao,
Buguias; determine their awareness on the meanings of the symbols found on the labels;
determine their awareness on the different parts of the labels; determine how do they read
the labels in terms of: when do they read the labels, parts of the labels that they read, parts
of the labels that they think is very important, parts of the labels that they understand, parts
of the labels that they do not understand and determine the common problems that they
encountered in the labels of pesticides.
There were 50 respondents of the study who are farmers in Bangao, Buguias. An
interview schedule was used in gathering information using guide questions. The study was
conducted in Bangao, Buguias. Data were ranked, consolidated, analyzed and interpreted
quantitatively using frequency and percentage, other data were qaulitatively analyzed and
presented.
Result showed that most of the respondents were using insecticides than fungicides
or other types of pesticides. Most of the respondents were aware on the crossbones or skull
symbol while only few of them were aware on the other symbols. Majority of them were
aware only on the green and red label but some of them were not aware on the labels
especially the blue and yellow label.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
In addition, majority of the respondents knows how to identify the product name,
pesticide type, and directions for use in the label while most of them cannot identify the
other parts.
Majority of the respondents were reading the labels of the pesticides before buying
and before using it. They also read the product name, directions for use and pesticide type
because according to them, these parts of the pesticides label are the most important.
However, most of them do notunderstand the other parts like the ingredients, precautionary
statements, toxicological information, first aid instructions and some other words like
systemic, 50 sp, m45.
Some of the respondents said that they have no problems with the label of the
pesticides while others said that sometimes there are pictures of pests in the labels that the
product can not kill. There were also words that are very small while others are too big.
The technical words used in the labels also posed a problem to the understanding of the
respondents.
Conclusions
Based on the results, the following conclusions were derived:
1. Farmers in Bangao, Buguias are relying on pesticides to control pests in their farms;
2. Farmers are not reading the health-related information found in the labels of pesticides;
3. Farmers in Bangao are more prone to health risk because of not reading the labels of
pesticides;
4. Other species in the farms like wild animals are in danger because of misuse and
sometimes overuse of pesticides;
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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5. Farmers in Bangao, Buguias are not aware on the symbols found on the labels of
pestcides; and
6. Vegetables in Bangao are more prone to insect pests than any other pests.
Recommendations
1. Municipal agricultural office may conduct seminars to the farmers especially in
the remote areas to explain the meanings of the symbols found on the labels of the
pesticides.
2. Agriculture technicians may also include discussing the importance of reading
the labels of the pesticides.
3. IEC materials such as posters may be produce regarding safe pesticides use.
4. Further study may conducted to the other barangays of Buguias and
municipalities of Benguet on their reading practices and awareness on the label of the
pesticides.
5. Farmer orientations may be considered by the pesticide companies so that
farmers will have wider knowledge on how to use the pesticides safely.
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LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2009. Grower Pesticide Safety Course Manual, Chapter 3 - The Pesticide
Label, Ontario Pesticide Education Program, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus,,
P. 25-29.
ANONYMOUS. 1995. Pesticides: Learning About Labels. Retrieved on August 10,2012
from http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/pests/a1098w.htm.
BESTRE, P. 2006. Pesticide Utilization of Farmers in Brgy. Buyacoan, Buguias, Benguet.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 20.
BOHMONT, B. 2003. The Standard Pesticide User’s Guide. 6th Edition. Pearson
Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pp. 8-9, 193-195.
CUNEO, et al. 1993. Pesticide Regulation Handbook. Third Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
New York. Pp. 315-316.
DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY. 2013. Profile of Lorsban. Retrieved on March 14, 2013
from http://www.dowagro.com/ca/prod/lorsban.htm.
FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDE AUTHORITY (FDA). 2002. Presidential Decree N0.
1144. Retrieved on August 10,2012 from http://fda.da.gov.ph/.com
HELLER, S.2012. Common Pesticides Double Children’s Risk of ADHD. Retrieved on
August
22,
2012
from
http://www.naturalnews.com/035156_
pesticides_children_ADHD.html.
HOND, D et al. 2003. Pesticides Problems, Improvements, Alternatives. Black Well
Publishing. P. 117.
GAYASO, B. 2010. Survey on the Pesticide Utilization of Vegetables Farmers in Brgy.
Dalipey, Bakun, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P.
15.
GORGEN, R. 1995. Methods and Media Designed and Adapted to Inform users ot the
Problems of pesticides. Margraf Verlag. Weikersheim, Germany. P. 163.
MATTHEWS, G. 2006. Pesticides Health, Safety and the Environment. Blackwell
Publishing. Berkshire, UK. P. 1.
MARTOKOESOEMO, S. 1987. Handbook on the Use of Pesticides in the Asia-Pacific
Region. Asian Development Bank. P 162.
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MAXION, YJ. 2008. Conformity of Benguet State University (BSU) Processed Product
Labels to the Mandatory Labeling Requirements of the Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD).
BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P.1.
MEDINA, C. 1987. Pest Control Practices and Perceptions of Vegetable Farmers in Loo
Valley, Benguet, Philippines. Westview Press, Inc. USA. P. 152.
MEDINA, J et. al. 1999. Empowering Farmers: The Philippine Integrated Pest
Management Program. 2nd Edition. SEAMEO SEARCA, College, Los Baños, Laguna,
Philippines.P. 63.
PETROFF, R. 2001. Safe Handling of Pesticides – Mixing. Retrieved on January 22,
2013http://www.pesticides.montana.edu/Reference/Safehandlingmt200109.pdf.
SAYSAYAN, R. 1991. The Pesticide Management Practices of Leguminous Vegetables
Producers in Tublay, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet.
P. 6.
RAMSAY, C. et al. 2012. Pesticides: Learning About Labels. Retrieved on August 16,
2012 from http://pep.wsu.edu/factsheet/understanding.htm.
RICHMAN, et al. 2002. Pesticide Residue Procedures for Raw Agricultural Commodities:
An International View. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. P. 163.
YOKOI, et al. 2003. Pesticides Problems, Improvements, Alternatives. Black Well
Publishing. P. 117.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013. Awareness Level and Reading Practices on
Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Christine Grace B. Sidchogan, MDevCom
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to know the awareness level and reading practices on
pesticide labels of Bangao, Buguias farmers.The study determined the commonly used
pesticides of the farmers in Bangao, Buguias; determined their awareness on the meanings
of the symbols found on the labels; determined their awareness on the different parts of the
labels; determined how do they read the labels in terms of: when do they read the labels,
parts of the labels that they read, parts of the labels that they think is very important, parts
of the labels that they understand, parts of the labels that they do not understand and
determined the common problems that they encountered in the labels of pesticides.
An interview schedule was used in gathering information from the respondents
using the Kankanaey language in order to facilitate understanding between the researcher
and the respondents.
Majority of the respondents were males, all of them were capable of reading and
writing and they came from different age brackets.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
Farmers were using insecticides than fungicides or other types of pesticides.
Majority of them were not aware on the different symbols found on the labels of the
pesticides. The respondents knew how to identify the product name, pesticide type, and
directions to use in the label and these were only the parts of the labels that they were
reading. Most of them were reading the labels of the pesticides before buying and before
using it. The respondents cannot understand some words in the label and there were words
that were very big and too small. Based on the findings, concerned agencies about
agriculture may conduct seminars to the farmers regarding pesticides labels and symbols
for their safety.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
ATAS, MANELYN S. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Information is a need in order for a society to function well. Likewise, people need
information to guide them in their everyday life in different ways.In the case of farmers
who usually are pesticide users, information is important in influencing their practices in
using chemical inputs in their farms.
One means of being informed about this is through the labels of pesticides. This helps them
decide on what pesticide is appropriate to their farm. It also provide them information on
using and disposing the products safely.
Buguias is a municipality of vegetable plantation with gardens covering plateaus, and strips
of leveled plots along creeks and gentle slopes. Buguias has emerged as the highland
vegetable capital of the Philippines from where carrots, potatoes, cabbages, pechay,
Chinese cabbage, beans and other vegetables are transported to different provinces, even
as far as Manila.
In Buguias, farmers are generally using pesticides in their farms as stated by Delfin
Rufino,Municipal Agricultural Office. This is so sincepesticides provide many benefits and
improve the quality of life when they are used carefully and properly. Pesticides handled
in a careless manner can endanger the health of the applicator, other people, animals, plants,
or the environment. Thus, handling and applying pesticides requires knowledge, care, and
good judgement, and every applicator needs to read, understand, and follow the pesticide
label instructions.
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A label is the face of the product. Thus, it is important to read and understand the
information found on the label. There is a worldwide concern on the labeling and packaging
of products specially chemicals. Some of these concerns dwell on the accuracy and
transparency of the information, as well as the design or appearance of the labels.Thus, the
Philippines came up with regulations in labeling and packaging chemical products.
The section 9 of Presidential Decree No. 1144 (the law that created the Fertilizer and
Pesticides Authority (FPA) provides the regulatory framework within which the FPA
controls pesticide. This is to promulgate rules and regulation for the registration and
licencing of the handlers of these products. It also restricts or bans the use of any pesticide
or formulation of certain pesticides or during certain periods upon evidence that the
pesticide is an imminent hazard, is causing widespread damages to crops, fish or livestock,
public health and the environment. Moreover, FPA also regulates the information that
should be present in all pesticide labels.
Choosing the correct pesticide to use is one of the most important segments of carrying out
an effective pest control. The pesticides being used by farmers are instrumental in the
effectiveness of pest control program.However it will also have direct bearing on the
hazards that farmers are subjecting themselves to, as well as other persons and the
environment (Bohmont, 2003).
There are certain bands/label which measure the toxicity of the pesticides. These are the
green label which is lightly toxic, yellow label that is moderately toxic, blue label which is
very toxic and the red label that is extremely toxic. This helps the farmers in determining
the right pesticides for their crops.
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Excessive use of pesticides to achieve adequate crop protection is not compatible
with pesticides management. Such a practice can lead to unnecessary disturbances in the
ecosystem and may have long term adverse effects. Human safety is a prime consideration
in pesticide can poison if used irresponsibly. This may result from exposure to toxic closes,
chronic-law level exposure or from residues.
In Bangao, Buguias, pesticides are commonly used by farmers as observed by the
researcher. Since Buguias farmers are usually using pesticides, it is important to find out if
they are reading the labels responsibly, especially Brgy. Bangao wherein it has the largest
farming area in the municipality.
The results of this study may be used as a basis by the concerned agencies in conducting
information campaigns on safe farming practices and other activities such as seminars and
trainings for the benefits of the farmers.
Statement of the Problem
The study found out the level of awareness of the farmers in Bangao, Buguias on
the labels of pesticides. The study also documented their reading practices on the labels of
the pesticides.
This study answered the following questions:
1. What are the top ten pesticides commonly used by the farmers in Bangao,
Buguias?
2. Described and analyzed the labels of the top ten pesticides,
3. Are they aware of the meanings of the symbols found on the labels?
4. Are they aware of the different parts of the labels?
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5.How do they read the labels in terms of:
a. when do they read the labels?
b. what parts of the label do they prefferedto read?
c. parts of the label do they think is very important?
d. parts of the label do they understand?
e. parts of the label they do not understand?
6.What are the common problems they encountered on the labels of pesticides?
Objectives of the Study
Generally, the study aimed to know thelevel of awareness of the farmers in Bangao,
Buguias on the labels of pesticides and their reading practices on the labels.
Specifically, this:
1. determined the commonly used pesticides of the farmers in Bangao, Buguias;
2. Described and analyzed the labels of the top ten pesticides;
3. determined their awareness on the meanings of the symbols found on the
labels;
4. determined their awareness on the different parts of the labels;
5. determined how do they read the labels in terms of:
a. when do they read the labels;
b. parts of the label that they preffered to read;
c. parts of the label that they think is very important;
d. parts of the label that they understand;
e. parts of the label that they do not understand; and,
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6. determined the common problems that they encountered in the labels of pesticides.
Importance of the Study
The results of the study may help the farmers to give importance on reading the
labels and instructions in every products that they are using for their safety, and for taking
care of the environment.
In the local level, the findings may be significant to the Municipal Agriculturists’
Office of Buguias in establishing and prioritizing their development agenda. It may also
help the agencies such as Department of Agriculture (DA) and Fertilizer and Pesticide
Authority (FPA Philippines) and other agencieswho have concerns for the safe and good
agricultural practices in knowing if the farmers are guided accordingly by the labels of the
products.
In addition, it may also serve as a reference or guide for other researchers with the
same scope of study.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study was conducted from January 2013 to February 2013 at Barangay
Bangao,Buguias, Benguet. The researcher focused on the level of awareness on the
labels of pesticides of the farmers in Bangao, Buguias. It also included the label reading
practices of the farmers in the area.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Pesticides Used in Farming
Farmers are the backbone of the country, since agriculture is the primary source of food.
Thus, safety of the farmers and the consumers is very important.
Pesticides are modern-day miracles. These chemicals have helped the farmers to grow food
abundance and eliminate pests. Unfortunately, many pesticides can also have negative
effects both on the environment and on humans. The use of pesticides must consequently
be carefully controlled and closely monitored to maximize their benefits and minimize
harmful effects (Richman et al, 2002).
In order to maintain and ensure the good quality and quantity of crop production
and to satisfy the increasing human population, farmers must use chemicals to protect their
crops from pests and diseases, and pesticide is the widely used. Most chemicals are
dangerous not only to the health of people but also to the environment, so following the
labels correctly will help on the safety of the users.
According to the Department of the Environment(1996), the quantity of pesticide applied
by farmers depends on the level of pests and diseases pressure, climatic conditions, the
type of crop and its resistance to pest and diseases, the efficiency of pest management
practices, and the influence of economic and policy factors.
In addition, Pesticides vary in their degree of toxicity depending on the type and
concentration of their active ingredients (the chemical actually controlling or killing the
intended pest, weed and diseases). When pesticides that are less toxic are used,
environmental damage may decrease despite increases in pesticide use.
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According to (Bestre, 2006) majority of the farmers in Buyacoan, Buguias used the yellow
and green bands, their were few who are applied the red band because of its toxicity and
effects on humans. Furthermore, the respondents claimed that information on the pesticide
utilization mostly came from chemical dealers.
The impact of pesticide use in human health concern the direct effects in terms of exposure
to farm workers and the public in the vicinity of spraying. Their are also indirect effects
through pesticide residues in food and water consumption, with related concern such as
pesticide poisoning, cancer and endocrine disruption. The risks to the environment from
agriculture pesticide use concern impacts on terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna, toxic
contamination of soil (Hond, 2003).
Farmers have developed experience with pesticide products. Most farmers know about the
hazardous nature of it and their handling. In some cases caused by unfortunate accidents,
more often because they have read label instructions or listened to the advise of extension
services or agrochemical sales advisors (Yokoi, 2003).
To maintain the economically successful multimillion peso vegetable industry, farmers in
the CAR use hazardous chemicals. They have relied almost exclusively on chemical
pesticides in their desire to meet the growing demands of the consumers for high quality
vegetables, to control pest s that prey on their crops. They also increase their spray dosage
and are spraying at closer intervals, including mixing pesticides popularly called
“cocktails” to maintain effectiveness (Cheng, 1992 as cited by Gayaso, 2010).
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Knowledge/ Awareness on the Information Found on the Label
The general public most of whom have poor understanding of pesticides. This is
partly due to lack of understanding of chemical uses and agricultural production practices,
but it is also due to fear and misunderstanding brought about through publicity of accidents
and misuses involving pesticides. The perception of widespread hazards associated with
presumed long term accumulations of pesticides in people, other organisms, or the
environment often appears to stem from lack of understanding by the general public of the
processing of metabolism, elimination, and degradation that largely preclude such
percieved problems (Bohmont, 2003).
He added that individuals using pesticides and those concerned about pesticides use must
seek all the facts and become better informed about the benefits as well as the risks of using
these technological tools.
Correct application of a pesticide product is accomplished by following the use instructions
found on the label. The use instructions will tell you the pests which the manufacturer
claims the product will control, the crop, animal, or site the product is intended to protect,
when, where, how, and in what form the product should be applied, the proper equipment
to be used, the correct dosage, mixing directions, compatibility with other often-used
products, minimum time between the application and entry into the treated area for
unprotected persons, and possible plant injury problems.
Information Found in the Label
According to the Pesticide Regulatory Policies in the Philippines, certain kinds of
information must appear on a pesticide label. Pesticide applicators have the legal
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responsibility to read, understand and follow the label directions. Pesticide labels will
usually contain the following sections:products common name,ingredient statement,net
contents, name and address of the manufacturer of the pesticide,keep out of reach of
children precaution, precautionary statements, directions for use,storage and disposal,
suitable indication hazard and registration number.
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted at Bangao, Buguias from January 2013 to February 2013.
Buguias is a third class municipality in the province of Benguet. According to the
2007 census, it has a population of 34,507 people in 6,312 households.
The place has vegetables terraces wherein most of the residents are farmers.One
can travel from Baguio via the Baguio-Bontoc-Banawe Road, and the town center at
Abatan can be reached by three to four (3-4) hours. This is the main route for both human
and farm products.
As observed by the researcher, farmers in Buguias are using different kinds of
pesticides in their farm. However, some of them are not following the instructions found
on the labels such as proper disposal and some precautions. This was supported by a
Barangay Kagawad in Bangao, wherein she said that most farmers are not really reading
the labels of the pesticides. Most of the time, the farmers opened and used the pesticides
directly without really reading through the labels.
Bangao belongs to the barangays of the Municipality of Buguias, which are located in the
outlaying area. It has a population of 3,947 according to 2007 census. It has the largest
farming area among the 14 barangays of Buguias.Thus, the researcher chose this place to
conduct the study.
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Respondents of the Study
There were 50 respondents of the study who are farmers in Bangao, Buguias. They
were selected through the use of purposive sampling technique.The criteria in choosing the
respondents were:they should be farmers;has been farming for five years or more, and
pesticide users in farming.
Key informants were also interviewed to further supplement the data gathered. An
interviewee came from the Municipal Agriculturists’ Office, and another interviewee came
from the Brgy. Council of Bangao. A saleslady from a farm supply was also interviewed.
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Figure 1. Map of Benguet showing Buguias municipality, the locale of the study
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Figure 2. Map of Buguias showing Barangay Bangao, the specific location of the study
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Data Collection
For the level of awareness of the respondents on the labels, the researcher let the
respondents chose the meaning of the symbols and identified the parts of the labels from
the choices provided.
An interview schedule was used in gathering information from the respondents using the
Kankanaey languagein order to facilitate understanding between the researcher and the
respondents.
The researcher also used observation and interviewed people to further validate the claims
of the respondents.
Data Gathered
The gathered data were the socio-demographic profile of the respondents; the
commonly used pesticides by the farmers of Poblacion, Buguias; theirlevel of awareness
on the labels of the pesticides and the label reading practices of the respondents.
Data Analysis
All of the gathered information from the respondents were ranked, tabulated,
analyzed and interpreted using descriptive frequency and percentage. Other data were
qualitatively analyzed and presented.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the socio-demographic profile of the respondents which included their
age,sex, educational attainment and years of being a farmer.
Age. Out of 50 respondents, twenty four (48%) belonged to the age bracket of 20-
30years old. Five (10%) of them belonged to the age bracket of 31-40 years old and twelve
(24%) belonged to the 41-50 years old. Nine (18%) belonged to age bracket 51-60. The
youngest respondent was 21 years old while the oldest was 60 years old. Such would imply
that the respondents came from different age brackets.
Sex. Majority of the respondents were males 78% and there were eleven (22%) females.The
results imply that more males are involved in farming in the Bangao, Buguias.
As observed by the researcher during the conduct of the study, most females stayed
in their house while the males were working in the garden.
Educational attainment.Twenty six (52%) of the respondents were high schoolgraduate
and there were three (6%) high school under graduate while nine (18%) of them were
elementary graduate and seven (14%) were elementary undergraduate. There were
four(8%) of them who were college graduate while one (2%) was a college
undergraduate.Such would imply that majority of them are capable of reading and writing.
Years of being a farmer. Thirty three of the respondents belonged to the age bracket
of 5-15 years of farming and eight belonged to the age bracket of 16-30 years of farming
while nine (18%) belonged to the age bracket of 26-35 years of farming. The results imply
that all farmers have been farming for five years and above.
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Table 1. Socio-demographic profile of the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(n=50)
(%)
Age
20-30
24
48
31-40
5
10
41-50
12
24
51-60
9
18
TOTAL
50
100
Sex
Male
39
88
Female
11
22
TOTAL
50
100
Educational
Attainment
Elementary graduate
9
18
Elementary undergraduate
7
14
High school graduate
26
52
High school undergraduate
3
6
College graduate
4
8
College undergraduate
1
2
TOTAL
50
100
Years of
being a
farmer
5-15
33
66
16-25
8
16
26-35
9
18
TOTAL
50
100
Commonly Used Pesticides by the Farmers
Table 2 shows the top ten commonly used pesticides by the respondents.
There were fifty two (52) identified common names of pesticides that the farmers were
using. These pesticides were ranked according to how many farmers were using it. Lorsban
was ranked as number one and Bida came next. Dithane, Manager, Siga, Rober, and Fenos,
also got significant number of responses (11-19).
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According to the website of Dow Chemical Company, Lorsban is one of the most-
widely used insecticides in the world. It is non-systemic to plants because the active
ingredients are not taken up by the plants. Itwas first registered in 1965 andhas been in the
market for more than 40 years.
Results show that most farmers were using insecticides than fungicides or any other types
of pesticides. This supports the statement of Tirado et. al (2008) that insecticides are by far
the most used type of pesticide in the Philippines; they represented 56% of the total
pesticide trade in the country in 1996.
This also relates to the statement of Martokoesoemo (1987) that the use of insecticides on
vegetables is estimated at 20% of the total Philippines usage because vegetables are prone
to diseases.
Table 2. Top ten commonly used pesticides
PESTICIDE NAME
PESTICIDE TYPE
NO. OF USERS
Lorsban
Insecticide
27
Bida
Insecticide
24
Dithane
Fungicide
19
Manager
Fungicide
16
Siga
Insecticide
13
Rober
Fungicide
13
Fenos
Insecticide
11
Padan
Insecticide
9
Somicidine
Insecticide
7
Success
Insecticide
7
*Multiple responses
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Description and Analysis of the Labels
of the Top Ten Pesticides
The study analyzed the labels of the top ten pesticides based on the labeling
guidelines set by FPA (Appendix 2). This study focused on the product name, pesticide
type, ingredients, formulation, directions for use, precautionary statements, first aid
instruction and toxicological information only.
Lorsban. Figure 3 shows that the product name was put in the upper part of the label. he
pesticide type was classified as insecticide, and under yellow label. The ingredients were
present.
The product name is printed in a big font size; and so are the type of pesticide and while
the other parts are very small so there is a possibility that farmers cannot read the other
parts. The other symbols are not found here since they use the color symbol.
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Figure 3. Label of Lorsban
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Bida. The product name of this pesticides was put in the upper part of the label. It is a
yellow label pesticides as shown in the bottom of the label with the word “warning
harmful” and the poisonous (skull) symbol appears on the bottle. The label is attractive due
to its color combinations. Some words are very small and it is difficult to read. It has a
complete parts of the label that was set by the FPA. This was shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Label of Bida
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Dithane. Pictures were put in the front while the text are at the back. The label has a wide
space due to its big size. The font size are easily read as well as words used are easily
understood and has a simple design. Dithane used color symbol as a warning symbol, and
it is green label pesticide which means the product is slightly toxic. There were also pictures
that serves as basis for other farmers who cannot read. The label has a complete parts.
Figure 5. Label of Dithane
Manager. Figure 6 shows that the label of manager has a colorful appearance. It is a
green label pesticide which means slightly toxic.The product name was printed in a big
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font size while the other parts were very small, it is why sometimes a farmer do not read
the other parts of the label because it is too small. The text also in the label are well-
organize. Some parts were translated into filipino to be easily understood by the farmers.
Figure 6. Label of Manager
Siga.Figure 7 shows that Siga is a yellow label pesticide andthe design was very simple.
The color also emphasize its toxicity. The product name has a big font size. Some words
are not easily read because of its size. The pictures used were clear.
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There are also words that most farmers cannot understand however,there are illustrations
in the label that farmers can easily follow.
Figure 7. Label of Siga
Rover. The label used only one color to emphasize its toxicity. Figure 7 shows that
the label of Rover used drawings instead of pictures and it was a green label pesticide. The
font size is hard to read because they are very small. It is almost plain text label. The label
has a complete parts.
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Farmers are sometimes fun of viewing pictures, and they are easily get bored if they
are reading materials that are plain text. This may be one reason why farmers are not
reading the labels of the pesticides.
Figure 8. Label of Rover
Fenos. Figure 9 shows that the design of the label of Fenos was simple. It is a
green label pesticides. The text are small and some words that are difficult to understand.
The simplicity of the labels sometimes affect the reading practices of the farmers because
most of them are looking for something that may relieve their stress and exhaustion. This
label has complete parts as required by the FPA.
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Figure 9. Label of Fenos
Padan. The label is very colorful and has many picture. This lively label may attract
the eyes of the users to atleast read some of the important parts.Figure 10 shows that Padan
is a blue labeled pesticides thus, it is moderately toxic. It also has illustrations at the bottom
for the farmers to follow. Some words are easily understood while some are technical. The
pictures of the pests present in this label are sometimes the basis of the farmers specially
for those who are not capable of reading.
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Figure 10. Label of Padan
Somicidine.The product name has big font size while the other parts were very small. It is
a green label pesticide as shown at the bottom of the label. There are also pictures in the
label of the vegetables and fruits that the product can protect. These also pictures may guide
the farmers specially those who are not capable of reading. The back portion is a plain text
and there are words that are easily understood the font size are very small as shown in
Figure 11.
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Figure 11. Label of Somicidine
Success. The design of the label was very simple and has plain text especially in the back
portion that is maybe why the farmers can just read on what is in the front then ignore the
other parts . It is a green label pesticide. The information were complete however the text
are very small due to the small size of the bottle which farmers cannot easily read the words
as shown in Figure 12.
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Figure 12. Label of Success
Awareness of the Respondents on the Labels
Awareness on the Meanings of the Hazard Symbols Found in the Label. The awareness
level of the respondents toward the pesticide labels were measured by showing them the
standard symbols regulated by FPA to be present on all labels; and letting them choose
their answers from the choices provided.
Table 3 shows the respondents’ awareness on the meanings of the symbols found on the
labels of the pesticides.
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Table 3. Respondents’ awareness on the meanings of the hazard symbols
SYMBOLS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
AWARE
%
UNAWARE
%
39
78
11
22
Crossbones
18
36
32
64
Corrosive
23
46
27
54
Flammable
10
40
40
80
Explosive
Crossbones.This symbol appears as skull with a cross symbol in it, and thismeans that the
product is poisonous or the product is highly toxic due to oral, dermal, or inhalation
exposure. A taste of a teaspoon taken by mouth could kill an average-sized adult.
Out of 50 respondents, thirty nine (78%) of them were aware of the meaning of this symbol
while there were eleven (22%) who are unaware. This implies that majority of the
respondents know the meaning of the symbol.
Respondents who were aware of the symbol said that the pesticides with that symbol is
deadly because they learned it from other farmer.They also gained their awareness on this
since these pesticides were banned by FPA.
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Moreover, some of the respondents said that they do not know the meaning of the symbol
because they were not giving attention to the labels as long as they know the name of the
pesticides.
Corrosive.This symbol appeared as finger bones and it means that the product can cause
eye damage and severe skin burns.There were eighteen (36%) of the respondents who were
aware, while thirty six (64%) were not aware on the meaning of this symbol.
Results show that majority of the respondents were not aware of the meaning of this
symbol. According to some respondents, the symbol is not familiar to them, because most
of them did not encounter this symbol and even if they saw this kind of symbol, they did
not bother to know what it means.
Flammable.This flame symbol means that the pesticide can cause fire. Forty six percent of
the respondents were aware on this symbol while 54% are not aware. This implies that
most of the respondents do not know the meaning of this symbol. Some respondents said
that even if they saw the symbol upon using the pesticide, they did not bother to know what
it means.
Explosive.The explosive symbol means that the pesticide can explode especially when it
was pressurized in can. There were 20% of the respondents who were aware of this symbol
while 30% were not aware.
This result implies that majority of the respondents are not aware of the meaning of this
symbol with the same reason that they rarely cared to know the meaning of the symbol.
Symbols, as defined by Gorgen (1995) in her book, are sometimes representing abstract
ideas such as “danger” or representing natural phenomenon such as sun, storm, or fire.
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These are so common that even small children learn and recognize them. However,
knowing the meaning of these rarely happens.
In addition, according to the rules of FPA (Fertilizers and Pesticides Authority), the
pesticide company has the responsibility to let their technicians explain the meanings of
the symbols to the farmers.
However, respondents said that the technicians were not discussing the meanings of the
symbols because the orientations they conducted were focused on advertising the products.
Respondents’ Awareness on the Warning Symbols Found in the Labels.The awareness
levels of the respondents toward the warning symbols were measured in the same manner
where the symbols were shown and choices were provided.
Table 4 shows the awareness level of the respondents on the warning symbols.
Caution.This triangular shape symbol means low hazardous that may cause slight eye or
skin irritation. Out of 50 respondents, 22% were aware of the meaning of this symbol while
78% were not aware. This implies that majority of the respondents do not know the
meaning of this symbol. Some respondents said that they were not giving attention to the
symbols because they have no idea on their meanings or they never heard about it at all.
Warning. This Diamond shape (4 sided) symbol means moderately hazardous that can
cause moderate eye or skin irritation. There were 20% of the respondents who are aware
on the meaning of this symbol while 80% are not aware.
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Table 4. Respondents’ awareness on the warning symbols
SYMBOLS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
AWARE
%
UNAWARE
%
11
22
39
78
Caution
10
20
40
80
Warning
11
22
39
78
Danger
Majority of the respondents were not aware on the meaning of this symbol. Some
respondents were not aware because they do not have time to check on meanings so they
ignored the symbols.
A saleslady in one of the farm supplies said that most farmers who bought pesticides from
them did not bother to ask about the meanings of the symbols nor checked on the symbols.
Danger.This octagonal shape (8 sided) symbol also means highly hazardous that can cause
irriversible eye damage or severe skin injury. Twenty two percent of the respondents were
aware of the meaning of this symbol while 78% were not aware. Results show that most of
the respondents do not know the meaning of this symbol. A respondent said that he is not
checking or looking at the labels as long as the other farmers recommended that the product
is effective to use.
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This results were the same with the other objectives that they rarely see these kinds of
symbols they appear as hazard symbols, warning symbols, or color symbols but have the
same meanings,
According to FPA guidelines, these shapes and their warning would tell the degree of
hazard of the pesticides. The greater the number of sides of the shapes, the more hazardous
the product is.
In an interview with a Municipal Agriculture Officer, she said that they are no longer
conducting seminars regarding the symbols in the pesticides. Years ago, they have been
integratingit in some of their activities like FFS (Field Farmers School) or GAP (Good
Agricultural Practices) however, they are no longer conducting it because they are
campaigning on organic agriculture.
Awareness of the Respondents on the Color Symbols Found in the Labels. Table 5 shows
the respondents’ awareness on the color symbols on labels.
Green label.This means that the pesticide is lightly toxic. This symbol found on the
bottom part of the label is green and is sometimes accompanied by the word caution.
Forty eight (96%) of the respondents were aware of the meaning of this symbol
while two (4%) were not aware.These results show that great majority of the respondents
were aware on the meaning of the green symbol.
Some of the respondents said that green labeled pesticides are safer to use so most of the
respondents are using it. However, they also related that they have doubts on it sometimes
because it may not kill the pests.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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Table 5. Respondents’ awareness on the color symbols
SYMBOLS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
AWARE
%
UNAWARE
%
GREEN
48
96
2
4
BLUE
17
34
33
66
YELLOW
22
44
28
56
RED
43
86
7
14
Blue label. This means that the pesticide is moderately toxic. This symbol was colored
blue, found on the bottom of the label with the word warning or caution.
Seventeen (34%) of the respondents were aware of the meaning of this symbol while thirty
three (66%) were not aware. This implies that majority of the respondents were not aware
of the meaning of the blue symbol.
Some of the respondents who were not aware said that they do not care anymore about the
labels as long as their “boss” or supplier instructed them on how to use the pesticides.
Yellow label. This means that the pesticide is very toxic. This symbol was colored yellow
found on the bottom of the label, sometimes with the word danger.
Twenty two (44%) of the respondents know the meaning of this symbol while twenty eight
(56%) do not know. This implies that most of the respondents do not know the meaning of
the yellow symbol since only few of them are using the products with yellow label.
Red label. This means that the product is extremely toxic. This symbol appears as
red found on the bottom of the label sometimes with the word danger.
Forty three (86%) of the respondents were aware of the meaning of this symbol while seven
(14%) were not aware.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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Result show that majority of the respondents were aware of the meaning of the red symbol.
Some respondents said that most of the red labeled pesticides were banned here in the
Philippines because of its high toxiciy.Such may imply that when red-labeled products are
involved, it becomes known to the farmers because most of these product were banned.
Respondents’ Awareness on the Different
Parts of the Label
The awareness levels of the respondents on the different parts of the label were
measured by showing them a sample label, specifically Padan insecticide, and letting them
name the important parts as stipulated by FPA.
Parts of a label that were analyzed in the study were the product name, pesticide
type, ingredients, formulation, directions for use, precautionary statements, first aid
instructions and toxicological information. The descriptions below were based on FPA’s
information material on labeling of pesticide products.
Product name pertains to the distinctive brand or trademark that is permanently
displayed in the label.
The pesticide type is a description of the intended purpose of the product (herbicides,
insecticides and fungicides).
The ingredients pertain to the active ingredient, which is identified by its established
common name and the concentration in the formulation (% by weight or by volume).
The formulation is a description of the physical form of the product such as dust, liquid,
wettable powder, etc.
The directions for use pertain to species that are intended targets of the product, dosage
rates, timing of application and limitations for use of the product.
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The precautionary statements presents information on hazards relating to handling, storage,
display, distribution and disposal. Instructions on how to eliminate the hazards should also
be outlined here.
The first aid instructions give practical information on what to do in the event of poisoning
or injury by the product.
The toxicological information gives information essential to treatment is a person is
injured, or poisoned by the product. Includes the symptoms of poisoning, antidote or
remedial measures and identity of other ingredients (such as petroleum distillates) in the
product that may effect treatment. May list the re-entry time.
Sixty percent of the respondents identified the product name and directions for use
correctly. Further, 56% of them identified the pesticide type correctly.
Results show that most of the respondents can identify the product name, directions for use
and pesticide type only. Some of the respondents said that only these parts were the ones
they were reading because it is where they referred to when it comes to dosage and proper
mixture of the product.
However, only few of them can identify the registrant’s name and address, net contents,
degree and nature of hazards, precautionary statements, and toxicological information.
When the researcher probed on why some of them were not aware of the health-related
information, some of them said that since pesticides are already part of their lives, they
have this assumption that they already know how to adjust themselves from untoward
incidents that may occur such as accidental poisoning.
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This result can be considered alarming since FPA notes that pesticide users must seek all
facts and are responsible in knowing both the benefits and risks of using these technological
tools.
Directions for Use
Product Name
Net Contents
First aid Instructions
Pesticide Type
Precautions
Degree and Nature of
Hazards
Figure 13. A sample of pesticide label with different parts based on FPA guidelines
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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Table 6. Respondents’ awareness on the different parts of the label
LABEL PARTS
FREQUENCY (50)
PERCENTAGE (%)
Product name
30
60
Directions for use
30
60
Pesticide type
28
56
Registrant’s name and
13
26
address
Net contents
13
26
Degree and nature of
11
22
hazards
Precautionary statements
11
22
Toxicological Information
10
20
*Multiple responses
Respondents’ Reading Practices
on the Pesticides Labels
Table 7 shows when do the respondents read the labels of the pesticides.
Result shows that thirty four (68%) of the respondents were reading the labels before
buying while nine (18%) of the respondents were not reading the labels.
This implies that majority of the respondents are reading the labels of the pesticides before
they will buy.
In addition, forty five (90%) of the respondents were reading the labels of the
pesticides before using. Such implies that majority of them were reading the labels before
using it. Some respondents also said that they no longer read the labels before buying since
their “bosses” or “suppliers” gave the pesticides to them to use already.
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Table 7. When do they read the labels
BEFORE BUYING
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(n=50)
%
YES
34
68
NO
9
18
OTHERS
7
14
TOTAL
50
100
BEFORE USING
YES
45
90
NO
5
10
TOTAL
50
100
However, there were five (10%) who were not reading the labels. They said that they do
not need to read the label of some pesticides since they have been using it for long time
already thus they perceived that they are aware of the important information based on their
experiences.
Parts of the label that they preferred to read. Results show in Table 8 that majority of the
respondents preferred to read only the product name (88%) and the directions for use
(80%).
There were 42% who preferred reading the pesticide type to determine if the product is an
insectide, a fungicide or weedicide and other types of pesticides. Results imply that
majority of the respondents read only the product name and directions for use.
Some respondents said that directions for use provided them the proper amount of dosage
and instructions they needed since they perceived that following it is important. They
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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further related that in some instances, they applied more than the recommended dosage but
it was just a waste so they referred back to the directions for use.
Alarmingly, only some of them preferred to read the health-related information found in
the labels, which included precautionary statements, first aid instructions and toxicological
information. Such would imply that most of the respondents do not prefer to read health-
related information even if this is seen important in responsible use of pesticides.
Table 8. Parts of the labels that the respondents preferred to read
LABEL PARTS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
n-50
%
Product Name
44
88
Pesticide Type
21
42
Ingredients
6
12
Formulation
3
6
Directions for use
40
80
Precautionary Statements
3
6
First Aid Instructions
3
6
Toxicological Information
1
2
*Multiple responses
Parts of the labels that they percieved are very important. Results shown in Table 9 reflect
that majority of the respondents chose product name and directions for use as the most
important parts of the label. Forty four percent of the respondents also chose pesticide type.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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Some of the respondents said that product name, directions for use and pesticide type are
enough to guide them in using the product. They further said that it is a waste of time for
them to read the other parts of the label.
The findings support the previous findings that they were aware only on the product
name, directions for use and pesticide type because these are the parts that they preffered
to read.
Table 9. Parts of the labels the respondents percieved are very important
LABEL PARTS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
n=50
%
Product Name
45
90
Pesticide Type
22
44
Ingredients
4
8
Formulation
3
6
Directions for use
40
80
Precautionary Statements
2
4
First Aid Instructions
2
4
Toxicological Information
2
4
*Multiple responses
Parts of the label that they understood. All of the respondents understood the product name
and majority of them understood the pesticide type and the directions for use. Again, these
results support the previous findings that these three parts of the label were preferred by
the respondents to read.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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Only a few of them can understand the other parts of the labels such as ingredients,
formulation, precautionary measures, toxicological information and others as shown in
Table 10. This alarming result reflects once again that most of the respondents do not
understand health-related information found in the labels.
Some of the respondents said that even if they will read the other parts of the label, they
will not understand it because their comprehension level is not enough for them to fully
comprehend with it.
This may be contradictory the previous finding that majority of the respondents are literate.
Table 10. Parts of the labels that the respondents understood
PARTS OF THE LABEL
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
n=50
%
Product Name
50
100
Pesticide Type
47
94
Ingredients
8
16
Formulation
16
32
Directions for use
42
84
Precautionary Statements
13
26
First Aid Instructions
10
20
Toxicological Information
8
16
*Multiple response
Parts of the label that they did not understand. Results in Table 11 show that 56% of the
respondents did not understand the ingredients and some of them did not understand the
toxicological information, formulation and first aid instructions.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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This is related to the result of the previous objective wherein they do not see these parts as
important to be read. This may indicate that they did not undertand these parts since they
did not read it in the first place.
Some of them also said that there were some words that they did not understand in
some parts of the labels like “Systemic”, “m45” and “50 sp”. These words are only
understood by the technicians and experts, according to them.
This relates to the statement of Cuneo, et al (1993) that wordings in the labels must be
easily understood.
Table 11. Parts of the labels that they did not understand
LABEL PARTS
FREQUENCY (50)
PERCENTAGE(%)
Product Name
0
0
Pesticide Type
8
16
Ingredients
28
56
Formulation
16
32
Directions for use
2
4
Precautionary Statements
10
20
First Aid Instructions
14
28
Toxicological Information
17
16
*Multiple responses
Common Problems Encountered by the
Respondents in Reading the Label
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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Some of the respondents said that the label shown to them was not easily read because of
the small size of letterings. As observed by the researcher, most labels of the pesticides
were hard to read due to its size.
Some respondents also said that there are words in the label that were too small while there
were too big. They specifically mentioned that the names of the pesticides were large in
font size, while the rest of the labels were in small font size. These responses are supported
by Figure 14 wherein it shows the name of the pesticide in large font size and the other
parts were done in small font size. Further, based on the analysis of the researcher, seven
labels had these characteristics that posed problem to the respondents.
Moreover, some labels also contained technical words that were difficult to understand,
according to the respondents. Some of difficult words were coadjuvants and FC 480.
Moreover, according to some respondents, there were pictures of pests in the labels that
the product can kill and crops that the pesticides may protect, but some respondents related
that the graphics are not accurate, or applicable in the highland setting.
Their lack of interest to read the rest of the labels is another problem mentioned by the
respondents. Some of them said that if they have read the pesticide’s name, direction for
use and type, they are no longer interested to read the net content, first aid instructions, and
precautionary statements, among others. To them, the rest of the label is not important.
The lack of interest is also due to their limited to read the labels. Some of them remarked
that “no basbasa-en mi adi din label et maagew duwan min adi malpas ubla mi” (if we will
read all the parts of the label, the sun will come out and we will not finish our work on
time). Based on the observation of the researcher, the respondents sprayed pesticides as
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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early as 5:00 AM, while the sun did not yet rise. They did this since the odour of the
pesticide is not much strong at that time of the day, according to them.
Figure 14. Example of pesticide label that has too big and small font size
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study aimed to know the level of awareness of the farmers in Bangao, Benguet
on the labels of pesticides and their reading practices on the labels. Specific objectives of
the study are to: determine the commonly used pesticides of the farmers in Bangao,
Buguias; determine their awareness on the meanings of the symbols found on the labels;
determine their awareness on the different parts of the labels; determine how do they read
the labels in terms of: when do they read the labels, parts of the labels that they read, parts
of the labels that they think is very important, parts of the labels that they understand, parts
of the labels that they do not understand and determine the common problems that they
encountered in the labels of pesticides.
There were 50 respondents of the study who are farmers in Bangao, Buguias. An
interview schedule was used in gathering information using guide questions. The study was
conducted in Bangao, Buguias. Data were ranked, consolidated, analyzed and interpreted
quantitatively using frequency and percentage, other data were qaulitatively analyzed and
presented.
Result showed that most of the respondents were using insecticides than fungicides
or other types of pesticides. Most of the respondents were aware on the crossbones or skull
symbol while only few of them were aware on the other symbols. Majority of them were
aware only on the green and red label but some of them were not aware on the labels
especially the blue and yellow label.
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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In addition, majority of the respondents knows how to identify the product name,
pesticide type, and directions for use in the label while most of them cannot identify the
other parts.
Majority of the respondents were reading the labels of the pesticides before buying
and before using it. They also read the product name, directions for use and pesticide type
because according to them, these parts of the pesticides label are the most important.
However, most of them do notunderstand the other parts like the ingredients, precautionary
statements, toxicological information, first aid instructions and some other words like
systemic, 50 sp, m45.
Some of the respondents said that they have no problems with the label of the
pesticides while others said that sometimes there are pictures of pests in the labels that the
product can not kill. There were also words that are very small while others are too big.
The technical words used in the labels also posed a problem to the understanding of the
respondents.
Conclusions
Based on the results, the following conclusions were derived:
1. Farmers in Bangao, Buguias are relying on pesticides to control pests in their farms;
2. Farmers are not reading the health-related information found in the labels of pesticides;
3. Farmers in Bangao are more prone to health risk because of not reading the labels of
pesticides;
4. Other species in the farms like wild animals are in danger because of misuse and
sometimes overuse of pesticides;
Awareness Level and Reading Practices on Pesticides Labels of Bangao, Buguias Farmers |
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5. Farmers in Bangao, Buguias are not aware on the symbols found on the labels of
pestcides; and
6. Vegetables in Bangao are more prone to insect pests than any other pests.
Recommendations
1. Municipal agricultural office may conduct seminars to the farmers especially in
the remote areas to explain the meanings of the symbols found on the labels of the
pesticides.
2. Agriculture technicians may also include discussing the importance of reading
the labels of the pesticides.
3. IEC materials such as posters may be produce regarding safe pesticides use.
4. Further study may conducted to the other barangays of Buguias and
municipalities of Benguet on their reading practices and awareness on the label of the
pesticides.
5. Farmer orientations may be considered by the pesticide companies so that
farmers will have wider knowledge on how to use the pesticides safely.
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