BIBLIOGRAPHY

BILOGAN, WILMA T. APRIL 2008. Communication Strategies in the
Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Maria Luz D. Fang-asan, PhD
ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to identify ordinances formulated, describe the process
of formulating ordinances, determine the community people’s awareness of the
ordinances, determine the methods of disseminating ordinances and identify the
communication problems encountered in the formulation and dissemination of
ordinances.

The study was conducted in five barangays of Baguio City from October to
December 2007. The data gathered were consolidated, tabulated, and analyzed using
descriptive statistics such as frequency counts and percentages.
In Baguio City, 115 ordinances were approved by the council from 2004-2007 but
one has been vetoed by the mayor. The 114 ordinances were classified under eleven
categories: infrastructure, governance, trade and commerce, among others.
Procedures followed by the city council of Baguio in formulating ordinances were
from the making of proposals until the ratification of the ordinances.

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Dissemination of approved ordinances was through posting in strategic places,
publication in a newspaper of general circulation, and furnishing of copies to specific
individuals or agencies directly concerned with the ordinances.
The awareness of these ordinances among the respondents varied across
categories. Out of 114 ordinances, only 19 (16.67%) had more than 50% of the
respondents aware of them.
The problems encountered by the councilors in the formulation of ordinances
were opposition from the people and also among council members, criticism by the
community people, and lack of cooperation from the community.
It is concluded that ordinances formulated by the city council from 2004-2007
were focused on infrastructure development; that the process of formulating ordinances
in the city of Baguio was more extensive than that prescribed by the Local Government
Code of 1991; that the people’s awareness of the city ordinances was very low; that the
methods of disseminating ordinances in the city were limited to the traditional methods of
posting, publishing, and furnishing copies of the ordinance itself, and that the common
problems encountered in the formulation and dissemination of ordinances were on
interpersonal communication.

It is recommended that the City council should conduct periodical surveys and
consultations with the community people to know their needs and concerns aside from
infrastructure development; the city council should continue following the very thorough
process of formulating ordinances but more attention should be given to community
consultation; that the persons involved in the dissemination of ordinances should use
other communication strategies like packaging the ordinances in popularized form like
ii

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posters, leaflets, radio plugs, TV spots, etc; and, that those involved in ordinance
formulation should undergo trainings and exercises to enhance their interpersonal
communication skills.

iii

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TABLE OF CONTENTS


Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv
INTRODUCTION

Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3

Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3

Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3

Scope and Limitations of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Ordinances and the City Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5

Formulation of Ordinances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5

Dissemination of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6

Publication of Ordinances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Communication
Problems
Encountered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7

Sources of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8

METHODOLOGY

Locale and Time of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9

Respondents of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9

Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
iv

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Data Gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11

Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Ordinances Formulated by the City Council from 2004-2007 . . . . . . .
13

Process of Formulating Ordinances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14

Methods of Disseminating Ordinances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19

Respondents’ Awareness of Ordinances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Communication
Problems
Encountered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37

Respondents’ Suggestions for the Improvement in the
39

Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
APPENDICES

Appendix A. Interview Schedule for Councilors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46

Appendix B. Interview Schedule for SB Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48

Appendix C. Interview Schedule for Community People . . . . . . . . . .
50

v

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INTRODUCTION




Rationale


Every now and then, we are electing government leaders at the national down to
the local levels. These leaders have their own functions and responsibilities depending on
what branch of the government they belong to.

There are three branches of government: the executive, legislative and judicial.
The legislative branch is responsible in proposing laws, rules, regulations, or resolutions.
In the municipal level, the councilors and the vice-mayor, as presiding officer, compose
the legislative body. The laws or regulations they propose are called ordinances when
approved.

Ordinance is defined as a local law, emanating from legislative authority and
operating within its limited sphere as effective as a general law of the sovereign
(Francisco, 1959). Therefore, ordinances of a city or a municipality should coincide with
the written laws of the state or the constitution. In addition, Article III Section 7 of the
Philippine Constitution stresses the right of the people to be informed on matters of
public concerns. The section provides that:

“Access to official records, and to documents, and papers
pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to
government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be
afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by
law.”

The city council is responsible for the formulation of ordinances and at the same
time to inform the people of these ordinances.
The City of Baguio became a chartered city on September 1, 1909. Aside from
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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2
being a popular tourist destination in the country, Presidential Decree No. 396 officially
designated Baguio as a site for international, regional, and local conventions because of
its pleasant climate and attractive scenery (IRRA, 1997). For these reasons, population in
the city has ballooned to 252,386, thus overcrowding the city, which was originally
designed for a population of 20,000. Maintaining peace and order in a crowded place is
more difficult than in areas where population is sparse, hence the need for ordinances to
address the growing concerns of a growing population.

Baguio has many ordinances. Some of these ordinances are evidently being
followed like that on number coding for vehicles. Each vehicle is not supposed to enter
certain zones in the city during certain days depending on the last digit of the vehicle’s
plate number. For instance a vehicle with Plate Number AYB 691 cannot enter the
Central Business District on a Monday since that is the day designated for plate numbers
ending in 1 and 2. Those who are caught violating this ordinance are apprehended and
penalized.
But there are some that are being violated like the zoning ordinance. The zoning
ordinance of the city establishes industrial, commercial, and residential zones and
prohibits certain enterprises like the sale of mixed commodities in one store or shop. A
walk through the market, however, will show that there are many stores selling rice with
tobacco, meat and other commodities. With this situation, the question of whether or not
the people are consulted in the formulation of an ordinance and also of whether or nor
they are aware of it arises, hence this study.


Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What are the ordinances formulated by the council from 2004-2007?
2. What are the processes in formulating ordinances?
3. What are the ordinances that the people are aware of?
4. What are the methods of disseminating ordinances?
5. What are the problems encountered in the formulation and dissemination of
ordinances?

Objectives of the Study

The study aimed to:
1. identify the ordinances formulated by the city council from 2004-2007;
2. describe the process of formulating ordinances;
3. determine the community people’s awareness on the ordinances;
4. determine the methods of disseminating ordinances; and,
5. identify the communication problems encountered in the formulation and
dissemination of ordinances.

Importance of the Study
Results of the study may be used by the city council in improving their
communication strategies in the formulation and dissemination of ordinances; by
development communicators in the design of a communication campaign; and for
students of communication as a reference in the conduct of other studies of the same
nature.
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study focused on the communication strategies in the formulation and
dissemination of ordinances in Baguio City from July 2004 – May 2007.
The study gathered information on ordinances formulated by members of the city
council during the said period only. It followed that information from constituent-
respondents were only the ordinances formulated during the period under study.

Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Ordinances and the City Council

Sinco (1955) defined ordinance as a legislative act passed by the municipal
council in the exercise of lawmaking authority. An ordinance has been defined as a local
act prescribing a rule of general character, usually intended to apply continuously to all
like matters.

Francisco (1959) stated that cities and municipalities are generally given the
power, more or less restricted, to enact ordinances or by-laws for the regulation of local
affairs. In one sense of the word “law”, an ordinance is a local law, emanating from
legislative authority and operative within its limited sphere as effectively as a general law
of the sovereign. So, ordinances of a city or a municipality are in a sense part of the
written laws of the state.

Formulation of Ordinances

Laurora (1987) cited that an ordinance or resolution must comply with the
requirements of substance and form; that a substance is determined by a process of
consultation with the citizenry; that the observance of the procedural requirement
enshrines the democratic dimension of the collegial will and fosters order in diversity of
ideas.
Cortez (1952) stated that that in Section 2229 of the revised Administrative Code,
every ordinance passed by the municipal council shall be approved and signed by the
mayor, except those re-passed by the council over his veto and those which he neither
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
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6
approves nor vetoes within five days after their passage. This approval must be
unequivocal and must consist of an affirmative act of approval by the mayor written over
his signature. This affirmative act of approval is essential to the validity of the ordinance
or resolution. He may, however, veto an ordinance or resolution should he consider it
prejudicial to the public welfare, by returning it to the council with his written objections.
The council may, by two-thirds vote of all its members, re-pass a vetoed ordinance or
resolution, in which case it shall be valid without the mayor’s approval. If the mayor shall
not either approve or veto an ordinance within five days after its passage it shall likewise
be valid without his approval or signature.

Dissemination of Information

“You can solve the challenges facing your community’s future. All it takes is
putting your heads together!” In other words, communicate! Communication not only
addresses how information is disseminated to the public, but also incorporates listening
and being receptive to other’s ideas. Leaders must make decisions – sometimes difficult
and challenging decisions – and then effectively implement them. This responsibility is
the essence and price of leadership (Anonymous, 2006).

Publication of Ordinances

The object of the publication of an ordinance before adoption is to advise
interested parties so as to give them opportunity to present their views to the municipal
council. Where publication is made by a law a condition precedent for the adoption of an
ordinance, “the courts have uniformly held that the statute is mandatory; that the
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
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7
publication goes to the jurisdiction of the municipal council or board; and that ordinances
adopted without such publications is null and void”. The municipal law does not require
publication of an ordinance before its adoption. The municipal may, however, provide in
its rules of procedure that all proposed ordinances shall be published before their
adoption. In such case, the failure to publish an ordinance of a municipality does not
invalidate it. On the other hand, where the law requires publication of ordinances after
their passage merely but does not require expressly or impliedly that the said ordinance
shall not go into effect until publication is made, the said requirement is generally held
only to be directory (Cortez, 1952).

Communication Problems

As stated by Berko et.al (1989), human beings communicate through our primary
signal system, the senses: seeing, hearing, testing, smelling and touching. And we express
our reactions to what we have sensed by both verbal and non-verbal signs. He also added
that human beings are capable of selective communication. This is we can choose from
the wide repertory available to us the symbol we feel best represents the idea or concept
we wish to express. We think in abstractions, plan events in the future, and store and
recall information. Selective communication allows us to express emotion, describe
events and objects, and combine sounds into complicated structures.

Communication issues – both real and perceived – hinder the ability of the
community to move forward effectively and address the pressing issues facing the
community. Communication needs to be improved on three levels based upon comments
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
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8
from citizens – government/citizen communications; community/university
communications; and city/media communications (New Cities Foundation, 2006).

Sources of Information

Berko (1989) stated that most of the information we use to develop message are
based on personal experiences, personal observations, or accumulated learning that we
have acquired through sources such as school, the media, and reading. As we are exposed
to information, we retain a certain amount of it. This knowledge forms the core of our
communication. We select words and examples from this storehouse, and we use it to
organize messages.

He also added that other sources of information are available to communicators
who have the time and need to seek out additional material. This includes books,
magazines, newspapers, special journals, indexes, government publications and the
publications of special-interest groups. Additional sources include nonprinting materials
such as tape recordings, records, films, videotapes, charts and models. You may also wish
to interview or correspond with knowledgeable person in a particular field.
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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METHODOLOGY

Locale and Time of the Study

The study was conducted in Baguio City, the administrative, educational,
commercial and information center of the Cordillera Administrative Region. It is also the
first urbanized area in the region, thus in terms of transportation and communication
facilities, it is more advanced in comparison with the other CAR provinces.
Baguio City is 250 kilometers north of Manila and is situated in the heart of the
Province of Benguet. The city has an area of 49 square kilometers enclosed in a perimeter
of 30.6 kilometers. Baguio has a population of 252,386 in 52,302 households (NSO,
2000). The city has 128 barangays but this study only covered the five barangays
including Irisan, Aurora Hill, Quirino Hill, Sanitary Camp and Pinget.
The study was conducted from October to December 2007.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study were 50 residents from the five barangays of
Baguio. These barangays include Irisan, Aurora Hill, Quirino Hill, Sanitary Camp and
Pinget. The ten respondents from each barangay were two barangay officials and eight
constituents. Purposive quota sampling was used to choose the respondents from among
those who have been residents in the said barangays on or before 2003.




Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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Figure 1. Map of Benguet showing the location of the study

Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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11
Aside from the respondents for the survey, six city council members from July
2004 to May 2007, six staff members from Local Legislative Division of Baguio City,
and the Sangguniang Panglungsod secretary were the key informants of the study.

Table 1 shows the socio-demographic profile of the respondents. Results show
that there are more male respondents. Most of them also belonged to 41-50 years old age
bracket. Moreover, most of them reached secondary education and 72% of the total
respondents were self-employed.

Data Collection
Data were gathered from official documents, from key informants and from
survey respondents. Guide questions and interview schedule were used in data gathering.
Interviews were personally conducted by the researcher using a combination of English
and Iloko.

Data Gathered

The data gathered were on the ordinances formulated at the city council, the
process in formulating ordinances, the respondents’ awareness of the ordinances, the
methods of disseminating ordinances, and the communication problems encountered in
the formulation and dissemination of ordinances.

Data Analysis

The data collected were consolidated, tabulated, and analyzed using descriptive
statistics such as frequency count and percentage.
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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Table 1. Socio demographic profile of the respondents

CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
(n=50)
%
SEX



Male
27
54.00


Female
23 46.00


TOTAL 50
100.00




AGE



20-30
years
old
9 18.00


31-40
years
old
13 26.00


41-50
years
old
15 30.00


51-60
years
old
8 16.00



61 and above
5 10.00


TOTAL 50
100



EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT


Elementary
5 10.00


Secondary
17 34.00


College
24 48.00


Vocational
4 8.00


TOTAL 50
100




OCCUPATION



Government
Employee
14 28.00


Self-employed
36
72.00

TOTAL 50
100

Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Ordinances Formulated by the City Council
from 2004-2007

In Baguio City, 115 ordinances were approved by the city council from 2004-
2007. One has been vetoed by the mayor.
As shown in Table 2, these 114 ordinances were classified under eleven
categories. Some were classified under two categories. For example, the ordinance on
continuing exposition of recycled products from recyclable materials recovered from
solid waste was classified under environment and at the same time, under health and
sanitation.
The table also shows that more than 50% of the formulated ordinances were on
infrastructure. Ordinances under this classification were on planning, construction,
maintenance, improvement and repair of highways, bridges, roads, alleys and other
public edifices.
Health and sanitation (14.04%) ordinances embraced all matters relating to public
health, hygiene and sanitation, including medical, hospital and quarantine services and
the disposal of sewage and solid waste matter.
Ordinances on administration (14.04%) were on the status of city officials and
employees and on how the city government should manage all the resources in the city.
The other categories are on trade and commerce (8.77%), social services (6.14%),
environment (6.14%), transportation and traffic management (4.36%), educational


Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
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14
Table 2: Classification of ordinances


NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
ORDINANCES
ORDINANCES
(%)
(n=114)

Infrastructure development
61 53.51

Health and sanitation
16 14.04

Administration
16 14.04

Trade and commerce
10
8.77

Social services
7 6.14

Environment 7
6.14

Transportation and traffic management
5
4.36

Educational development
4
3.51

Peace and order
3
2.63

Revenue Generation
2 1.75

Tourism
2 1.75

* Multiple classifications



development (3.14%), peace and order (2.63%), security, revenue generation (1.75%),
and, tourism (1.75%).



Process of Formulating Ordinances


Procedures followed by the city council of Baguio in formulating ordinances as
presented in Figure 2 were from making of proposals to the ratification of the approved
ordinances.
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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15
OFFICES,
PROPOSALS

OFFICIALS
CHANGE
APPROPRIATION AMENDATORY
A C T I O N
INVOLVED
OF
ORDINANCES
ORDINANCES
PROJECT
TITLES
C



R
FIRST READING
1
I
E
A
1
1
T
D
Y



I

2
SECOND

N
G
READING
C
S
O




U

3
POSTING / PUBLICATION
N
C




SECOND
R
I

READING
4
E
L
A

D



I
THIRD
N
READING
5
G
FINAL APPROVAL
S




E N A C T E D / P A S S E D
R
2
6
O

CITY

V
E
SECRETARY

E





A T T E S T E D
R
P



A
VICE

7
R
MAYOR,
3


I
PRESIDING
S




C E R T I F I E D
D
OFFICER


E
8
S
MAYOR




E

A P P R O V A L / V E T O


D
9
OFFICE OF

THE CITY

SECRETARY

P U B L I C A T I O N / P O S T I N G

PLEBESCITE;

10
REVIEWING
4

AUTHORITY



R A T I F I C A T I O N ; R E V I E W

Figure 2. Flowchart of ordinance formulation, Baguio City (2004-2007)

Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
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Proposals. Proposals were submitted to the city secretary for proper committee
referral. The city council discussed the proposed ordinance to determine the appropriate
committee to work on it.
First reading. After the drafted ordinance was approved, first reading was set.
Written or proposed ordinances were calendared only and were not debated upon. They
were just referred to the corresponding committee for study, comments, and
recommendation.
Second reading. Further amendments and discussion took place during the second
reading.
Publication/Posting. After including the suggestions and amendments, the
proposed ordinances were ready for publication and posting. Proposed ordinances that
impose penalties or taxes were published in the newspaper while those that do not were
merely posted in designated places.
Second reading after publication. This step was where further amendments and
discussions were included. During the meeting, interested parties or individuals gave
their ideas or views regarding the proposed ordinance.
Third reading. After incorporating the final suggestions, the third reading was set
where the proposed ordinances went through final approval of the city council.
For realignment and appropriation ordinances, however, the proposals did not go
through the first five steps. The city secretary would attest to these right away.
Attesting of city secretary. The city secretary confirmed if the proposed
ordinances of the city council were true or valid.
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
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Vice-mayor/presiding officer’s certification. From the city secretary, the proposed
ordinances were sent to the presiding officer, or the vice-mayor, who authenticated them
proposed ordinance by affixing his signature over his name.
Approval of the mayor. After the vice-mayor certified the proposed ordinances,
the Legislative Chief Executive or the mayor, affirmed them.
Publication/Posting. Once an ordinance is approved by the different committees,
and signed by signatories, it was published and posted on the designated posting areas.
Ordinances with penal sanctions were posted at conspicuous places in the City Hall for a
minimum period of three (3) consecutive weeks. Such ordinances were published in a
newspaper of general circulation within the territorial jurisdiction of Baguio City.
Ratification. Approved ordinances were reviewed to see if there were any changes
for their improvement.
Vetoed by the mayor. In cases when the mayor did not find the ordinance or
practical, he vetoed it. The ordinance was then returned to the city council with his
comments and suggestions.
Override. This was the act of the city council on vetoed ordinances. The
Sanggunian concerned can override the veto of the Local Chief Executive, by two-thirds
(2/3) vote of all its members. When this happens, the ordinance becomes effective for all
legal intents and purposes.
Re-passed. If majority of the council has voted to support the vetoed proposed
ordinance, they re-pass the ordinance to the office of the city secretary for dissemination.
Consultation by barangay/city officials. Officials claimed that they conducted
consultation before proposing ordinances. However, Table 3 shows that only 22 or 44%
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
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Table 3. Consultation by barangay/city officials

CONSULTATION FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
( n=50)
(%)

Conducted
22 44.00


Not Conducted
28
56.00
TOTAL 50
100



of the respondents said that barangay/city officials consulted them on their concerns or
needs. Majority (56%) of them said that officials did not consult them.
Strategies used by barangay/city officials in consulting the respondents. Out of
the 50 respondents, 22 claimed that they have encountered officials conducting
consultation in the community. Table 4 shows that most (59.09%) of those who said that
barangay/city officials conducted consultation claimed that they did it by individual
interviews while 40.91% of them said that the strategies used by these officials were
Purok visits or barangay meetings.

Table 4. Consultation strategy of barangay officials


FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
STRATEGY
(n=22)
(%)

Purok Visit
9 40.91

Individual Interview
13 59.09


TOTAL
22 100



Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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19
Methods of Disseminating Ordinances
The methods for disseminating approved ordinances in Baguio City are presented
in Figure 3.
Certification and reproduction. After the signatories have signed the ordinances,
the city secretary affirmed the approved ordinances and reproduced the documents for
dissemination.
Posting. Copies of the ordinances were posted in designated posting areas
especially at the bulletin board at the entrance of the City Hall. The staff of the Local
Legislative Department mentioned that these places included the city post office, public
market, and the health center. Copies were also posted at the police stations, especially if
the ordinance concerns penalties or sanctions. Figure 4 presents an example of posted
ordinances on the Baguio city hall’s bulletin board.

Publishing. Approved ordinances were published in a newspaper of general
circulation within the territorial jurisdiction of Baguio City within a specific period
depending on the ordinance. Figure 5 shows one ordinance published for three
consecutive days in Sun Star.
Letters to concerned individual, office, or agency. Once an ordinance was
approved and duly signed by the signatories, the Sangguniang Panlungsod, Research
Division prepared the transmittal of that ordinance to the concerned individuals, offices,
barangays or agencies. These agencies, barangays, or offices were responsible in relaying
these ordinances to the community. During the interview, key informants showed the
receipt copy of the persons who were given a copy of the ordinances.

Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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20







START

HERE


PUBLISHING
CITY
SECRETARY


Newspaper





LOCAL
SIGNING
POSTING

LEGISLATIVE


DEPARTMENT




Transmittals


Post
City
Public
Health
Office
Hall
Market
Center


Offices
Barangay
Individual




Community People








Figure 3. Flowchart of dissemination activities for ordinances formulated for Baguio

City (2004-2007)


Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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21



























Figure 4. Examples of approved ordinances posted at the city hall’s bulletin board




Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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22














August 6, 2007

August 7, 2007










August
8,
2007





Figure 5. Examples of published ordinances on Sun Star daily newspaper



Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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23
Respondents’ Awareness of the Ordinance
Infrastructure. Table 5 shows that out of the 61 ordinances on infrastructure
development, only seven were known by the respondents. Data show that less than half of
the respondents were aware of these ordinances. Respondents claimed that while they
were aware of the construction of different infrastructures, they were not aware of the
specific place and time of construction.
Fifty-four ordinances on infrastructure were not included in this list because not a
single respondent was aware of them.
Health and sanitation. Table 6 shows how many respondents were aware on
health development ordinances. The ordinance on prevention of foot and mouth disease
(90%) was the most known among the ordinances under health and sanitation ordinances.
Less than 30% of the respondents were aware of ordinances for specific barangays under
this classification.
Administration. Table 7 shows what ordinances on administration the respondents
were aware of. Majority (76%) of the respondents were aware of the ordinances on
providing counsel on persons detained or arrested and on the annual seminar for barangay
officials and Lupong Tagapamayapa. Thirty or 60% of the respondents were aware of the
freedom parks ordinance and 56%, on establishing guidelines for solicitation. All other
ordinances were known by less than half of the respondents.








Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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24
Table 5. Number of respondents aware of the ordinances on infrastructure development


FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
ORDINANCES
(n=50)
(%)

Creating a Trust Fund for the Asin Mini-Hydro Plants
20 40.00

Changing the project title under Item No. 195


(Barangay Development Project) of the 2005


Development Program of the city to read, as follows,
10
20.00
“improvement of the barangay hall” at North Sanitary
Camp Barangay

Changing the project title under Item No. 195 of the


2005 Development Program of the city to read, as
10
20.00
follows: “improvement of the barangay hall” at North
Sanitary Camp Barangay

Approving the proposed estimated budget of


expenditures in the amount of P8,709,700.00 for the
6
12.00
Interim Operation of the Asin Grid Mini-Hydroelectric
Plants for six months ended 30 June 2007 as prepared
by the Technical Working Group of the Asin Mini-
Hydroelectric Plants Management Committee

Reverting to the general fund the total amount of


P100,000.00 appropriated under Items No. 239 of the
3
6.00
2004 development program for the construction of
Senior Citizens’ Comfort Rooms at Middle Quirino
Hill, and reappropriating same amount for the first
floor of the satellite market thereat

Amending Section 1 of Ordinance Numbered 21, series


of 2005. (RE: change of project from construction of
2
4.00
basement and a kitchenette to improvement of
barangay hall at North Central Aurora Hill Barangay)
Reverting to the general fund the amount of P50,00.00


originally appropriated under Item No. 110 of the 20%
2
4.00
development fund of the city for the year 2003 for the
materials recovery facility at South Sanitary Camp
Barangay, and reappropriating the same amount for the
construction of Women’s Livelihood Center thereat




Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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25
Table 6. Number of respondents aware of the ordinances on health and sanitation


FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
ORDINANCES
(n=50)
(%)
An ordinance on the prevention, control and eradication


of foot and mouth disease and other animal diseases and
45
90.00
appropriating funds therefor

Providing assistance to persons with AIDS/HIV within
42 84.00

the city of Baguio

City ordinance on city waste management
42 84.00

An ordinance providing for continuing exposition of


recycled materials recovered from solid waste and
42
84.00
appropriating funds therefor

Declaring the month of June of every year as dengue
41 82.00

awareness month

Amending Section 5 of Ordinance Numbered 32, series


of 2004, entitled “Establishing a Drug Testing center at


the Health Services Office, Baguio City, and charging
35
70.00
the amount of P200,000.00 for the purpose against the
current appropriations for the City Anti-Drug Abuse
Council (CADAC)

Requiring mandatory food fortification on rice, wheat,


flour, refined sugar and cooking oil as provided for R.A.
28
56.00
9876 and providing penalties therefor

An ordinance on the prevention and control of the Avian
21 42.00

and Pandemic Influenza

Institutionalizing the creation of the Baguio Health
21 42.00

Response Team, appropriating funds therefor

Amending Sections 1 and 2 of Ordinance Numbered


047, series of 1995. (Increasing the penalties of the anti-
20
40.00
littering ordinance)





Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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26
Table 6. continued...





ORDINANCES
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
(n=50)
(%)

Appropriating the amount of P18,700,000.00 from the


General fund fir the “Conversion of the Irisan Dumpsite
12
24.00
into a Controlled Dumpsite Facility” pursuant to
Republic Act No. 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000)

Reverting to the general fund the amount of


P213,266.00 originally appropriated under Account


Code 8918-435-95-042 (IRA Fund of 2004) for the
6
12.00
project construction of barangay hall at Trancoville
Barangay, Baguio City, and reappropriating the same
amount for the project for the fencing of barangay park
(Phase II) and completion of comfort room thereat

Reverting to the general fund the amount of P50,000.00


originally appropriated under Item No. 276 of the 2004


development program of the city for the project as
4
8.00
identified by former Vice-Mayor Betty Lourdes
F. Tabanda, for the” improvement of the newly turned-
over for persons with disability at the Cobalt Building
basement, Baguio General Hospital and Medical Center,
Baguio City

Reverting to the general fund the total amount of P150,


000.00 originally appropriated under Item No. 346 of


the 2004 development program of the city for the project
3
6.00
for the construction of the covered court for the mini
barangay auditorium at Sto. Rosario Valley Barangay,
Baguio City, and reappropriating the same amount for
the project for the renovation of barangay hall including
comfort room thereat








Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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27
Table 7. Number of respondents aware of the ordinances on administration


FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
ORDINANCES
(n=50)
(%)

Institutionalizing the effective implementation of


Republic Act No. 7438 mandating that a person arrested,


detained, or under custodial investigation is provided and
38
76.00
independent and competent counsel and allocating an

initial amount of P200,000.00 for the purpose

Providing for a continuing legal education for all


barangay officials and lupong tagapamayapa members in


Baguio City by conducting an annual seminar to that
38
76.00
effect and including in the annual budget of the City
Government of Baguio the amount of P100,000.00, or
much thereof as may be necessary for its conduct

Freedom Parks Ordinance of the City- guidelines for the
30 60.00

maintenance of free parks in the city

Establishing the guidelines on solicitation, request for


sponsorships, advertising and other related activities
28
56.00
where the support of the public will be solicited

Making it a policy to grant cash incentive in the amount


of P1,000.00 for every year of service to every retiring
21
42.00
official or employee of the city government

An ordinance governing the use, operation, management,


and maintenance of the City Hall Annex Building


Multipurpose Hall and authorizing the collection of fees
18
36.00
for the use thereof


Amending Section 17 Ordinance, Title XII, general


provisions of the 2005 Annual Budget of the City


Government of Baguio for the purpose of making it a
14
28.00
regular provision in the 2005 and the succeeding annual
budgets.

Further amending the guidelines of the CITIZENS’


FORUM. ( Rules of Procedures of the Sangguniang
14
28.00
Panlungsod ng Baguio)

Reverting to the general fund the amount of P200,000.00


appropriated for the celebration of Barangay Day in the


City of Baguio for the year 2006 and reappropriating the
12
24.00
same amount for the celebration of the Christmas Party of
the Liga ng mga Barangay, Baguio City Chapter

Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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28
Table 7. continued...

FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
ORDINANCES
(n=50)

(%)

Appropriating funds for the operation of the City
12 24.00
Government of Baguio for Calendar Year 2005

Reverting to the general fund the amount of


P8,100,000.00 and reappropriating the same amount for
10
20.00
the projects which have been identified and segregated as
listed in the 2006 Annual Investment Plan of the city

Changing the project title under Item No. 195 (Barangay


Development Project) of the 2005 Development Program


of the city to read, as follows, “improvement of the
10
20.00
barangay hall” at North Sanitary Camp Barangay, Baguio
City

Appropriating the amount of P300,000.00 or so much


thereof as may be necessary from the unappropriated


surplus of the General Fund or from any available source
8
16.00
of fund of the city as the city’s financial assistance to the
Liga ng mga Barangay, Baguio City Chapter, during the
Barangay Educational Enhancement Program to be held
on 22 to 29 May 2006 in the cities of General Santos and
Davao

Reverting to the general fund the amount of P200,000.00


originally appropriated to fund the special activities and


programs lined up for the celebration of Barangay day in
8
16.00
the City of Baguio for the year 2004 and reappropriating
the same amount to fund the Christmas Party of the Liga
ng mga Barangay, Baguio City Chapter

Appropriating funds for the operation of the City


Government of Baguio for Calendar Year 2006.
6
12.00

Repealing Ordinance Numbered 46, series of 2004. (Re:


Reverting to the General Fund the amount of P200,000.00


originally appropriated to fund the special activities and


programs lined up for the celebration of Barangay Day
2
4.00
and reappropriating the same amount to fund the
Christmas Party of the Liga ng mga Barangay, Baguio
City Chapter



Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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29
Trade and commerce. Table 8 shows that majority (84%) of the respondents were
aware of the recycling of materials from solid waste. Ordinances on trade and commerce
on specifics barangays were less known by the respondents.
Four of the approved ordinances were not included in the list because not a single
respondent was aware of them. These were three ordinances on the allotting of funds for
the construction of satellite market and plant boxes at Upper Dagsian Barangay, and the
promulgation of the use of paper bags and other biodegradable bagging containers in all
supermarkets and other related retail establishments in the city by year 2012.

Table 8. Number of Respondents Aware of the Ordinances on Trade and Commerce

ORDINANCES FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(n=50)
(%)
An ordinance providing for continuing exposition of
42 84.00
recycled materials recovered from solid waste and
appropriating funds therefore

Appropriating funds for the making and placing of
35 70.00

Quality Billboards in strategic places in Baguio City.

Establishing barangay market days in all barangay in the
18 36.00
city of Baguio

Reverting the amount of P50,00.00 originally


appropriated under the development fund of the city for
2
4.00
the year 2003 for the materials recovery facility at South
Sanitary Camp Barangay, Baguio City, and
reappropriating the same amount for the project for the
construction of Women’s Livelihood Center thereat

Reverting the total amount of P100,000.00 appropriated
3 6.00
under Items No. 239of the 2004 development program
for the construction of Senior Citizens’ Comfort Rooms at
Middle Quirino Hill Barangay, Baguio City, and
reappropriating the same amount for the project for the
completion of the first floor of the satellite market thereat

Further amending Section 12 of Ordinance Numbered
22 44.00
049, series of 1994 (Trade Fair Ordinance of 1994).
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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30
Social services. Table 9 shows the respondents’ awareness of the ordinances
under the social services classification. Only the ordinance on the Annual Search for the
Most Outstanding Mother in Baguio City was known by almost 60% of the respondents.

Table 9. Number of respondents aware of the ordinances on social services


FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
ORDINANCES
(n=50)
(%)

Institutionalizing the annual search for the most
29 58.00

outstanding mother in Baguio City

Amending Sections 4 and 5 of Ordinance Numbered
14 28.00
027, series of 1995, entitled “Creating the city Disaster
Operations Center”

Reverting to the general fund the total amount of


P500,000.00 representing savings from the


Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses accounts
8
16.00
of various offices of the City Government of Baguio
under the 2004 annual budget and reappropriating the
same amount as financial assistance to the victims of
the recent typhoons in the areas affected, namely
Aurora, Quezon, Catanduanes, Rizal, Bulacan, Nueva
Ecija, Isabela, Quirino, and other typhoon stricken
areas

Reverting to the general fund the amount of


P150,000.00 originally appropriated under Item No.


309 of the 204 development program of the city for the
5
10.00
project for the continuation of barangay hall at San
Antonio Village Barangay and reappropriating the
same amount for the construction of slope protection of
eroded soil protecting the water system and prevent the
collapse of the house above

Realigning the amount of P96,836.85 from the Senior


Citizens’ Development Program in the 2003 Budget
4
8.00
under Account Code No. 101-8918-969-03-130,
certified available by the City accountant, to the Senior
Citizens Facilities Fund


Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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31
Environment. Table 10 shows that majority (84%) of the respondents were aware
of the ordinances on the continuing exposition of recycled materials from solid waste and
on the city waste management ordinance. Moreover, 80% were aware of the tree planting
months. Less than 50% of the respondents were aware of the other ordinances on
environment.



Table 10. Number of respondents aware of the ordinances on environment


FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
ORDINANCES
(n=50)
(%)

An ordinance providing for continuing exposition of
42 84.00
recycled materials recovered from solid waste and
appropriating funds therefore

City ordinance on city waste management
42 84.00

Declaring the month of June, July, August and
40 80.00

September as tree planting months

Encouraging all city citizens to plant fruit-bearing trees
23 46.00

and integrating the amount of P200, 000.00 in the yearly
budget for the procurement of seedling

Amending Sections 1 and 2 of Ordinance Numbered


047, series of 1995. (Increasing the penalties of the anti-
20
40.00
littering ordinance)

Establishing the general guidelines for the management,


operation and maintenance of the Swimming pool
Complex at the Baguio Athletic Bowl

Appropriating the amount of P18,700,000.00 from the
12 24.00
General fund fir the “Conversion of the Irisan Dumpsite
into a Controlled Dumpsite Facility” pursuant to
Republic Act No. 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000)


Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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32
Transportation and traffic management. Table 11 shows that 26 or 52% of the
respondents were aware of the 30-minute passenger loading time at Governor Pack Road.
No one was aware of the ordinance on concreting the parking area fronting the Multi-
Purpose Building of the City Hall.


Table 11. Number of respondents aware of the ordinances on transportation and
traffic management


FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
ORDINANCES
(n=50)
(%)

An ordinance limiting to 30 minutes the passenger


loading time per public utility vehicle along
26
52.00
Governor Pack Road and providing penalties for
violation thereof

Repealing City Ordinance Numbered 003, series of


2000, entitled An Ordinance amending the provision


of Ordinance 13-83 (Pay Parking Ordinance) for
14
28.00
other purposes

Amending Article XV (Zoning Requirements) of


Ordinance Numbered 7, series of 1984
5
10.00
(Comprehensive Traffic and Transportation
Ordinance of the City of Baguio, as amended)

Amending Article XVI, penalties, of Ordinance


Numbered 7, series of 1984 (Comprehensive Traffic
3
6.00
and Transportation Ordinance of the City of Baguio,
as amended)

Reverting to the general fund the total amount


P278,000.00 representing savings from the City hall


renovation (247, 430.66) and One Stop Shop Building


(P30,569.34) and reappropriating the same amount for the
_
_
concreting of the parking area fronting the Multi-Purpose
Building, City Hall, Baguio City, pursuant to the
engineering and architectural plans prepared by the City
Engineering Office

Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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33
Educational development. Table 12 shows that 76% of the respondents were
aware of the annual seminar for barangay officials and Lupong Tagapamayapa.
Ordinances for specific barangays under educational development were not known by the
respondents. However, the respondents claimed that they were aware that there were
ordinances on educational development, where funds were used for the improvement of
schools, but they were not aware of the specific places and time of construction for such.


Table 12. Number of respondents aware of the ordinances on educational development


FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
ORDINANCES
(n=50)
(%)
Providing for a continuing legal education for all


barangay officials and Lupong Tagapamayapa



members in Baguio City by conducting an annual
38
76.00
seminar to that effect and including in the annual
budget of the City Government of Baguio the amount
of P100,000.00, or much thereof as may be necessary
for its conduct

Appropriating the amount of P660,000.00 from the


savings of the general fund for calendar year 2004 for


the payment of the cash incentives of one hundred
27
54.00
thirty two (132) city paid teaching and non-teaching
casual employees of the Department of Education
(DepEd), Division of Baguio City

Changing the project title under Item No. 11 of City


Ordinance Numbered 38, series of 2005, to read, as
_
_
follows: “Extension of Building No. 1 for an office of
the principal at Josefa Cariño Elementary School,
Baguio City

Reverting to the general fund the amount of


P100,000.00 originally appropriated for the
_
_
rehabilitation of waiting shed at Imelda Marcos
Barangay and reaapropriating of barangay livelihood
and day care center
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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34
Peace and order. Table 13 shows that only the ordinance on the creation of
Citizen on Patrol Team was the ordinance which 42% the respondents were aware of.
Specific ordinances for barangays were unknown by the respondents.



Table 13. Number of respondents aware of ordinances on peace and order

ORDINANCES FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(n=50)
(%)
An ordinance creating the Citizen on Patrol Team
21 42.00

and providing funds therefore

Reverting to the general fund the amount P100, 000.00


originally appropriated under Item No. 286 of the 2004


development program of the city for the project for the


pavement concreting from junction of Tacay from the


house of Brgy. Captain to Col. Velasco’s residence at
_
_
Pinsao Proper Barangay and reappropriating the same
amount for the construction of Tanod Outpost located
at Longlong Road, Purok I, Pinsao Proper Barangay,
Baguio City

Reverting to the general fund the amount of


P162,900.00 originally appropriated under Item No.


170 0f the 2005 development program of the city for
_
_
the project for the establishment of a primary school
at middle Quezon hill Barangay, and reappropriating
the same amount for the project for the construction
of a barangay tanod outpost threat





Revenue generation. Table 14 shows that more than half (76%) of the respondents
were aware of the ordinance on the operation of photocopying machines within Baguio
City hall and other government-owned buildings. Only 18 respondents were aware of the
ordinance on the collection of fees for the use of the Multipurpose Hall.
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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35
Table 14. Number of respondents aware of ordinances on revenue generation


FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
ORDINANCES
(n=50)
(%)

Regulating the operation of privately owned
38 76.00

photocopying machines within the Baguio city hall
and all other buildings owned by the city government


An ordinance governing the use, operation,


management, and maintenance of the City Hall


Annex Building Multipurpose Hall and authorizing
18
36.00
the collection of fees for the use thereof






Tourism. Table 15 shows that almost all (94%) of the respondents were aware of
the ordinance on the flower festival. Moreover, 46% of the respondents were aware of
establishing the botanical garden as tree nursery and heritage park.


Table 15. Number of respondents aware of ordinances on tourism


FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
ORDINANCES
(n=50)
(%)

Designating the use of specific roads for the
47 94.00
%
staging of 2006 Flower Festival and Flower
Festival every year thereafter

Establishing the Botanical Garden as a Tree
23 46.00
%
nursery and a Heritage Park in the city of Baguio




Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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36
Respondents’ Sources of Information on Ordinances

Table 16 shows that the respondents acquired information about ordinances from
multiple sources. Almost all (94%) of the respondents claimed that they got information
on ordinances from their friends and neighbors; and from broadcast media such as radio
and television.

On the other hand, majority (80%) of the respondents said that they learned about
ordinances from posted or distributed materials and also from newspapers. This result
agrees with what Berko et al. (1989) observed that most of the information we
accumulate are through sources such as school, the media and reading.
Moreover, only 18% of the total respondents said that they got to know about the
ordinances through meetings, seminars and public hearings. The respondents claimed that
they were aware of public hearings but they were not interested to attend.


Table 16. Respondents’ sources of information on ordinances
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(n=50)
(%)
Friends/Neighbors
47 94.00


Broadcast Media
47 94.00


Posted/Distributed materials
40 80.00

Newspaper
40 80.00


Local Government Officials
39 78.00


Local Government Employees
37 74.00


Meeting/Seminars/Public Hearing
9
18.00
*Multiple responses
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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37
Reasons of the Respondents for not Being Aware of the Ordinances

Table 17 shows that majority of the respondents (80%) said that lack of
information dissemination was the main reason why they were not aware of the
ordinances of the city. Other reasons were lack of interest and lack of time.




Table 17. Reasons of the respondents for being not aware


FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
REASONS


(n=50)
(%)

Lack of information dissemination
40 80.00


Lack of interest
14 28.00


Lack of time
14
28.00

*Multiple responses




Communication Problems Encountered
Formulation of ordinances. Councilors stated that the common problem they
encountered was the opposition from the people, especially when they were affected by
the ordinances that the city council proposed such as those with penalties or sanctions.
Opposition to the proposed ordinances was seldom encountered during public hearings
but usually become more serious after the approval of the ordinance.
Opposition to ordinances was not only from the people, but also from among
themselves in the council. The proposed ordinance seemed to be impractical to some but
practical to the others. Example, the need of confirmation of contracts was deemed
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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38
impractical by one of the councilor-respondents. Some also said that there were times that
it was so hard to get the approval of the body because they had different and contrasting
ideas.
Another problem encountered by the council was lack of fund to finance certain
projects which resulted to a lot of criticisms by the community people. This resulted to
the lack of cooperation from the community.
There are ordinances that need deep involvement of the community but the people
just ignored these ordinances. Furthermore, they also stated that some of the proposed
ordinances were contrary to the national law. As stated by Francisco (1959), an ordinance
is a local law emanating from legislative authority and operating within its limited sphere
as effective as a general law of the sovereign. Hence, an ordinance must coincide with the
national law.

Dissemination of ordinances. Four of the key informants said that some of the
implementing agencies or the persons in charge in disseminating the ordinance did not do
their responsibility. Three key informants also said that lack of implementation was a
problem in the dissemination of ordinances. Accordingly, if the approved ordinances
were well implemented, the people would surely know about them.

According to constituent-respondent, lack of cooperation and initiative of the
people to know about the ordinances was a problem. People did not read and observe the
ordinances. Some kept complaining without complying with the laws.
The disseminating body of the city also pointed out that incorrect and absence of
address of those requesting copies of ordinances was a problem. There were also
instances where even if the research division already furnished copies to the offices, they
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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39
will again request for another copy saying that they have not received one. They assumed
that the person who received the first copy might have lost it or did not give it to the
addressee. One also added that even if the ordinances were disseminated, the people
would forget what they have read or heard because the city council formulated several
ordinances and resolutions.



Respondents’ Suggestions for the Improvement
in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances.

Formulation
process. Table 18 presents the suggestions of the respondents for the
improvement of formulating ordinances. Almost half (47.73%) of the respondents
suggested that officials should consult first the community people before making
ordinances. Two or 4.55% of the respondents said that it would be better if the city would
be transparent in everything they do especially on ordinances concerning money. This
suggestion adheres to Article III, Section 7 of the Philippine Constitution, which requires
the transparency of any government records.















Table 18. Suggestions for the improvement of formulating ordinances
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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40


FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
SUGGESTIONS
(n=44)
%

Involve deeply the community people
21
47.73

Visit barangays to know about their needs
15 34.09


Strictly implement the ordinances
10 15.91

Deep involvement of barangay officials
7
9.09

Officials should think of the pros and cons of


the ordinance before approving it and test its
5
6.82
effectiveness
Follow the guidelines of formulating
3
6.82
ordinances strictly

Monthly meeting
3
6.82

Transparency of the city government
2
4.55

*Multiple responses


Dissemination process. Table 19 indicates the suggestions of respondents on
disseminating ordinances. Almost one-third of the respondents said that people would be
aware of the ordinances if the barangay officials and other persons responsible for
disseminating will do house-to-house visits. The people who are busy and are not always
going out will still be informed.
It was also suggested that barangay meetings with food (27.91%) will also be
helpful in informing the people. They added that though their primary motive in attending
is not to listen they will still attend the meeting because foods attract people’s interest.
Two respondents said that the city hall should always furnish the barangay with
their copy so that they would be informed and therefore they can inform the community.
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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41
Table 19. Suggestion s for the improvement of disseminating ordinances


FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
SUGGESTIONS
(n=43)
%
House to house dissemination
13
30.23

Barangay meetings with food provided
12
27.91

Coordinate the ordinances from the highest


to the lowest group of officials for them to
9
20.93
disseminate

More public hearings
8 11.62

Responsible persons/officials should do their
5 11.63
duty

Use media
3 6.98

Always provide a copy for the barangay
2
4.65
* Multiple responses


Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


Summary

The study was conducted to identify the ordinances formulated by the city council
from 2004-2007, describe the process of formulating ordinances, determine the
community people’s awareness of the ordinances, determine the methods of
disseminating ordinances and identify the communication problems encountered in the
formulation and dissemination of ordinances.

The study was conducted in the five barangays of Baguio City from October to
December 2007. The data gathered were consolidated, tabulated, and analyzed using
descriptive statistics such as frequency counts and percentages.
In Baguio City, 115 ordinances were approved by the council from 2004-2007 but
one has been vetoed by the mayor. These 114 ordinances were classified under eleven
categories: environment , health and sanitation, infrastructure, governance, trade and
commerce, social services, transportation and traffic management, educational
development, peace and order, security, revenue generation, and, tourism . More than half
of the ordinances were on infrastructure.
Procedures followed by the city council of Baguio in formulating ordinances
started with the making of proposals which were submitted to the city council for
drafting. The proposals were based on consultations by barangay/city officials with their
constituents through individual interviews, purok visits or barangay meetings. The drafts
were then subjected to first and second reading and after the corrections or suggestions
were incorporated, the drafts were published or posted. Another second reading was
done after publication and finally during the third reading, the council approved the
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
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43
proposed ordinance. For realignment and appropriation ordinances, however, the
preceding steps were not done. They just went through the next stages: verification by
the city secretary, authentication by the vice-mayor or the presiding officer, approval by
the mayor, publication or posting, and ratification.
A vetoed ordinance was returned to the city council with his comments and
suggestions for further deliberation. The council can override the veto of the Local Chief
Executive, by two-thirds (2/3) vote of all its members. If majority of the council voted to
support the vetoed proposed ordinance, they re-passed the ordinance.
Dissemination of approved ordinances was through posting in strategic places,
publication in a newspaper of general circulation, and furnishing of copies to specific
individuals or agencies directly concerned with the ordinances. These agencies,
barangays, or offices were responsible in relaying these ordinances to the community.
The awareness of these ordinances among the respondents varied across
categories. Less than half of the respondents were aware of ordinances on infrastructure
development. There were even 54 ordinances under the same category which were not
included in this list because not a single respondent was aware of them. Out of 114
ordinances, only 19 (16.67%) had more than 50% of the respondents aware of them.
The problems encountered by the councilors in the formulation of ordinances
were opposition from the people and also among council members, criticism by the
community people, and lack of cooperation from the community.

Conclusions
1. Ordinances formulated by the city council from 2004-2007 were focused on
infrastructure
development.
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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44
2. The process of formulating ordinances in the city of Baguio was more extensive
than that prescribed by the Local Government Code of 1991.
3. The people’s awareness of the city ordinances was very low.
4. Methods of disseminating ordinances in the city were limited to the traditional
method of posting, publishing, and furnishing copies of the ordinance itself.
5. Common problems encountered in the formulation and dissemination of
ordinances was on interpersonal communication.

Recommendations
Based from the conclusion the following were recommended:
1. City council should conduct periodical surveys and consultations with the
community people to know their needs and concerns aside from infrastructure
development.
2. The city council should continue following the very thorough process of
formulating ordinances but more attention should be given to community
consultation.
3. The persons involved in the dissemination of ordinances should use other
communication strategies like packaging the ordinances in popularized form like
posters, leaflets, radio plugs, TV spots, etc.
4. Those involved in ordinance formulation should undergo trainings and exercises
to enhance their interpersonal communication skills.
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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LITERATURE CITED

ANONYMOUS. 2007. Communicate!. Retrieved on August 25, 2007 from
http://www.my.commu/sight/

BERKO,R.M., WOLVIN, A.D. and WOLVIN, D.R. 1989 Communicating: A Social and
Career Focus, 4th edition, Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, Dallas Geneva,
Illinois Palo Alto Princeton, New Jersey. Pp. 360-361

CORTEZ, E.P. 1952. Provincial and Municipal Law of the Philippines. Lawyers
Cooperative Publishing, Co., Manila, Philippines and Rochester, New York.

CITY OF BAGUIO GOVERNMENT. 2006. Baguio City Official Website. Retrieved on

Sept. 3, 2007 from http://www.baguiocity.gov.ph

FRANCISCO, V.J.1959. Introduction to Law -3rd Edition. East Publishing, Manila,
Philippines. Pp. 25

LAURORA, A.R. 1987. A Guide to Effective Local Legislation. PHILFLEX Trading

and General Merchandise, Block 5 Lot 7, NIA Vil., Tandang Sora, Quezon City.

Pp. 11, 80-84

SINCO, V.G., CORTES, IRENE R. 1955. Philippine Law on Local

Governments. College of Law, University of the Philippines. Pp.171

WIKIPEDIA.2007. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on August 26, 2007
from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinances

Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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APPENDICES


Appendix A. Interview Schedule for Councilors (Sangguniang Bayan 2004-2007)


During your term as a City
Action taken
What were your bases for
How did you know about
Problems
councilor, what ordinances
by Council
proposing a resolution?
the situation/problem?
encountered
have you sponsored/proposed?















































Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
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Please describe the general procedure that the council has to go through in formulating ordinances? (Step by step)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What are your suggestions for the improvement of the process of formulation?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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48
Appendix B. Interview Schedule for the Sangguniang Panglungsod Staffs (2004-2007)


I. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

Name:
________________________________

Sex:











_____Male




_____Female












Age: ____________

Educational Attainment:
_____
Elementary
graduate
_____
Secondary
graduate
_____
College
graduate
_____
Vocational
Position:
_______________________

Year of Service: _________________

II. METHODS OF DISSEMINATING CITY ORDINANCES
1. Who are the persons responsible in disseminating city ordinances?
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What are your methods in disseminating city ordinances?
(Please rank the methods you are using in the dissemination of the City Ordinances.
Rank number 1 should be the most commonly used methods. Those that are not being
used should not be ranked)

Methods Rank
Interpersonal communication

a. home visit

b. group discussion

c. others (please specify)



Mass
a. discussing it or announcing it on radio

b. discussing it or advertising it on TV

c. publishing it on newspaper

d. distribution of leaflet containing city ordinances

e. distribution of brochures containing city ordinances

f. distribution of pamphlets containing city ordinances

g. mass campaigns of city ordinances

h. meetings

i. others (please specify)

Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
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49

3. Please describe the general procedures in the dissemination of city ordinances.
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

III. COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE DISSEMINATION
OF CITY ORDINANCES
1. What were the problems you encountered in the dissemination of ordinances?
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

IV. SUGGESTIONS:
1. What are your suggestions for the improvement of the process of dissemination?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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Appendix C. Interview Schedule for the Community People

I. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE


Name:
______________________
Educational
Attainment:

Sex:

_________
Elementary
graduate
______Male
_________
Secondary
graduate
______
Female _________
College
graduate
Age:
______________ _________
Vocational
Barangay
Address:
___________________________________
Occupation:
______________________
_____________________________________________
__________________________

Year of residing in Baguio City: _______________

II. COMMUNITY PEOPLE’S AWARENESS ON THE ORDINANCES

ORDINANCES Aware
Source
of
Response Not
Reasons
Information
Aware
Appropriation of amounts for the Operational




Expenditures of the economic enterprise (2004-
2007)
Reversion and reappropration of amounts for




infrastructure and economic enterprise (2004-
2007)
Amending and repealing Past ordinances (2004-




2007)
Renaming/Realigning of projects (2004-2007)





Drug testing Center (2004)





Burnham, swimming pool Complex (2004)





Seminar for Barangay Officials and Lupong




Tagapamayapa (2004)
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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Parking Facility project (2004)





Citizen on Patrol (2005)





Anti-drug Abuse (2005)





Food
Fortification
(2005)



Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit (2005)





Persons Detained or Arrested (2005)





Use of Multi-Purpose4 hall of the City (2005)





Health Response Team (2005)





Barangay Market Days ( 2006)





Flower Festival (2006)





Foot and Mouth Disease (2006)





Freedom Parks Ordinance (2006)





Guidelines on Solicitation (2006)





Tree Planting Months (2006)





Public
Infrastructure
(2006)



Recycled Products (2006)





Trade Fair Ordinance (2006)





Fruit Bearing Trees (2006)





Botanical Garden-Heritage Park (2006)





Avian and Pandemic Influenza (2007)





Incentive for City Officials and Employees




(2007)
AIDS/HIV
Ordinance
(2007)




Dengue Awareness Month (2007)





Terminal
Ordinance
(2007)



Photocopying
Machines
(2007)



Search for Most Outstanding Mother (2007)








Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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Do the Local Officials (barangay/city) come to you to ask about your concerns/needs?
_______Yes

_________No

If
yes,
how?


______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________.



What are your suggestions for the improvement of the process of formulation?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________.



What are your suggestions for the improvement of the process of dissemination?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007/ Wilma T. Bilogan. 2008

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Document Outline

• Communication Strategies in the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances in the City of Baguio from 2004-2007. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • ABSTRACT
  • TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • INTRODUCTION
    • Rationale
    • Statement of the Problem
    • Objectives of the Study
    • Importance of the Study
    • Scope and Limitations of the Study
  • REVIEW OF LITERATURE
    • Ordinances and the City Council
    • Formulation of Ordinances
    • Dissemination of Information
    • Publication of Ordinances
    • Communication Problems
    • Sources of Information
  • METHODOLOGY
    • Locale and Time of the Study
    • Respondents of the Study
    • Data Collection
    • Data Gathered
    • Data Analysis
  • RESULTS and DISCUSSION
    • Ordinances Formulated by the City Councilfrom 2004-2007
    • Process of Formulating Ordinances
    • Methods of Disseminating Ordinances
    • Respondents� Awareness of the Ordinance
    • Respondents� Sources of Information on Ordinances
    • Reasons of the Respondents for not Being Aware of the Ordinances
    • Communication Problems Encountered
    • Respondents� Suggestions for the Improvementin the Formulation and Dissemination of Ordinances
  • SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    • Summary
    • Conclusions
    • Recommendations
  • LITERATURE CITED
  • APPENDICES

---