BIBLIOGRAPHY PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007. Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber
officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat Sr., MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study aims to know the insects and other arthropods feeding on the leaves, stem and
rhizomes ginger in La Trinidad, Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa, Nueva Viscaya, record the
degree of injury caused by these pest on ginger, and to determine the status of different insects
and other arthropod associated with ginger.
The insect pest associated with ginger in Benguet State University Balili Experimental
Station, La Trinidad, Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa, Nueva Viscaya were; Conocephalus
upluensis, Atractomorpha similes, Ostrinia furnacalis, and Euproctis fuessely. The Chortoicetes
terminifera, Metopochelus sp. and Achatina fulica were the pest not present in Benguet.
The Conocephalus upluensis, Chortoicetes terminifera, Atractomorpha similes and
Euproctis fuessely feed on the leaves of ginger. The Ostrinia furnacalis bore in the stem while
the Achatina fulica feed on the rhizome of ginger. Lastly, the Metopochelus sp. was noted as
saphrophage on the decayed rhizome of ginger.
The most destructive pest of ginger and considered the major pest is the Achatina fulica
which causes 51% to 75% damage on the plant. The minor pests were the Conocephalus
upluensis, Atractomorpha similes, Ostrinia furnacalis, Euproctis fuessely, Chortoicetes
terminifera, and Metopochelus sp. which cause 1% to 51% damage on the plant.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Pest Associated with Ginger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Destructive Stages and Time They
Attack the Ginger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Insect Pests Associated with Ginger
in Benguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Insect Pests and Snail Associated
with Ginger in Nueva Viscaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Degree of Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Status of Different Insects and Other Arthropod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
1
INTRODUCTION
Ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) is a herbaceous perennial plant of the family
Zingiberaceae, a native of southern Asia (Bautista and Aycardo, 1979). Its generic name
Zingiber is derived from the Greek Zinibgeris, which comes from the Sanskrit name of
the spice, Singabera which means “shaped like a horn” that refers to the roots. Ginger
was one of the first oriental; spices known in Europe (Perez, 2005).
Considering Philippine setting specifically Cordillera, ginger production is not
given priority by local farmers. In case they plant, less intervention is given. In fact, they
plant ginger only for their family consumption and some may plant and sell to the market
in small amount.
Gingers are also attacked by different insects which destroy or disrupt the normal
growth of the plant. The common insect pests of ginger are from the group of
Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, and some of the Diptera (Bautista and Aycardo,
1979). The most abundant stage of Lepidoptera is the larval stage. Some larva cut the
stem which causes the drying up of the leaves. Other larva feeds on the shoots and leaves.
Orthopterans also feed on the shoots and leaves but some feed on the rhizome of the plant
that causes the drying and yellowing of the leaves. Coleoptera and Diptera feed on the
shoots and leaves of the plants. The feeding injury of these insects might decrease the
production of ginger.
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
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Identification of the different insect pest and other arthropods attacking ginger,
the information would be of great help to ginger growers for future management of this
pest when there would be mass production of ginger for exportation. It would also be a
guide for crop programming to the growers to avoid the infestation of insect pests.
The study was conducted to know the insects and other arthropod feeding on the
leaves, stem and rhizomes ginger in La Trinidad, Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa,
Nueva Viscaya, record the degree of injury caused by these pest on ginger, and to
determine the status of different insects and other arthropod associated with ginger.
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Balili experimental area, La
Trinidad, Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa, Nueva Vizcaya from July 2005 to February
2006.
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Distribution of Ginger
Ginger grows best in tropical and subtropical areas, which have a good rainfall
with hot and humid conditions during the summer seasons. At present, 50% of the
world’s harvest is produced in India; the best quality is exported in Jamaica. Ginger
plantation is also done at Brazil, Nigeria, Africa, Fiji, Thailand and other parts of the
globe where it proliferates in suitable environment (Bautista and Aycardo, 1979).
Ginger is commonly propagated by planting rootstalk cuttings and it no longer
develops into seed. Harvesting is done simply by lifting the rhizomes from the soil,
cleansing them, and drying them under the sun. The leafy stem of ginger grows about a
meter high. The leaves are 6 to 12 inches long, elongated, alternate in two vertical rows
and arise from the sheath enwrapping the stem. The flowers are in dense, cone like spikes
about 1 inch thick and 2 to 3 inches long composed of overlapping green bracts, which
may be edged with yellow. Each bract encloses a single small, yellow-green and purple
flower (Stephen, 2005).
Importance of Ginger
Ginger is among the most important and valued spices in the world because
ginger was thought to have magical powers. In fact, King Henry VII of England
recommends ginger as a remedy to the great plague in the 16th century. It was often use
also by pregnant women for “morning sickness”. The gingers are occasionally used to
flavor breads, sauces, curry, dishes, confections, pickles and ginger tea. The fresh
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
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rhizome is used in cooking. The peeled rhizomes may be preserved by boiling in syrup.
Slices of ginger are eaten between dishes or courses to clean the palate. It is also used to
treat abdominal pain, anorexia, arthritis, dyspepsia, bleeding, cancer, chest congestion,
chicken pox, cholera, chronic bronchitis, cold extremities, colitis, common cold, cough,
cystic fibrosis, difficulty in breathing, disorders of gall bladder, hyperacidity,
hyperglycemia, indigestion, rheumatism, sore throat, stomach ache and vomiting (Anon.,
2003). Ginger contains 2% essential oil, the principal component is Zengiberene and the
pungent principle of the spice is Zingerone. The oil is distilled from rhizomes for use in
the food and the perfume industries.
Insects Associated with Ginger
According to Bautista and Aycardo (1979). The insect pests of ginger includes the
shoot/stem borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), cutworm (Spodoptera litura), mealy bug, scale
insects and other arthropods while Anon.( 2005) said that the insect pest of ginger are
moth and beetles.
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were seed pieces of ginger, grab hoe, shovel, watering can,
plastic containers, data sheets, camera, microscope, ball pen and organic and inorganic
fertilizers.
Methods
Land preparation and planting. An area of 50 square meters was prepared at
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa, Nueva Vizcaya. The plots were
cultivated until the soil was suitable for planting. The plots were constructed 30cm high.
It was then applied with organic fertilizer and mixed properly.
The plots were prepared making a hole that was 10cm deep and each hole was
30cm apart. The seed pieces were planted on the hole and were covered properly with
soil. When the plants had germinated, application of inorganic fertilizer was done.
Monitoring of the pest. Insects attacking ginger were collected and be fed in the
laboratory. The insects collected were observed everyday if they really caused damage on
the particular part of the plant. Insects that sustain their life at least two growth stages in
the laboratory was considered pest.
The observation was done upon the germination of the plants until it was
harvested. The collection of data was done twice a day, one in the morning and one in the
afternoon at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet while at Nueva Vizcaya, the observation was
done twice every month.
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Identification of the insect. The insect collected was properly identified on their
taxonomic hierarchy: order, family, genus, species and common name if possible with the
aid of entomological books and internet and was also properly identified through the use
of microscope.
Monitoring the degree of injury. The degree of injury was determined through
percentage by taking the whole plant through visual estimate. The sample plants were
rated by visual observation using the following rating index:
Rating Index
Qualitative Index
Description
1
No Damage
No Injury
3
Slightly Damage
1 to 25% damage on the plants
5
Moderately Damage
26 to 50% damage on the plants
7
Severely Damage
51 to 75% damage on the plants
9
Very Severely Damage
76 to 100% damage on the plants
Any insect that damage the plant in above 51% are the major pest and below 50%
were the minor pest.
Data Gathered
1. Identity of the pest. The insects and arthropod collected were identified on
their taxonomic hierarchy using entomological books, and other references through the
used of microscope.
2. Degree of injury. Amount of leaves, stem and rhizomes eaten by the pest.
3. Status of the pest. The pest that has the degree of injury above 51% are
considered the major pest and below 50% are considered the minor pest.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Pests Associated with Ginger
There were seven (7) insect pests associated with ginger (Zingeber officinale
Roscoe). These were the katydid, grasshopper and slant faced grasshopper under the
order Orthoptera; stem borer and tussock moth under the order Lepidoptera, medium
legged flies under the order Diptera and the African snail under the order Pulmonata.
Insects and snail associated in ginger is shown in Table 1 and the characteristics
of adult and immature insects associated with ginger are shown in Table 2 and 3.
The order Orthoptera. There were three (3) families of Orthoptera feeding on the
ginger. These were Tettigonidae, Phyrgomorphidae and Acrididae (Figures 1, 2 and 3).
The order Lepidoptera. There are two (2) families of Lepidoptera on the ginger.
These are the Pyralidae (Figures 4 and 5) and Lymantriidae (Figures 6, 7 and 8)
The order Diptera. Under this order Diptera, the family Micropezidea was noted
and these insect saprophage on the decayed rhizome of ginger (Figures 9, 10, and 11)
The order Pulmonata. One (1) family of order Pulmonata feeding on ginger was
noted and this was the family Achatinidae (Figure 12).
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Table 1. Insects and snail associated with ginger
ORDER/FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAME
Order Orthoptera
Tettigonidae
Conocephalus upluensis
Katydids
Phyrgomorphidae
Atractomoropha similes
Slant face grasshopper
Acrididae
Chortoicetes terminifera
Grasshopper
Order Lepidoptera
Pyralidae
Ostrinia furnacalis
Stem borer
Lymontriidae
Euproctis fuessely
Tussock moth
Order Diptera
Micropezidae
Metopochelus sp.
Medium legged flies
Order Pulmonata
Achatinidae
Achatina fulica
African snails
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Table 2. Description of adult insect/snail genus associated with ginger
ORDER/FAMILY
GENUS
DESCRIPTION
Order Orthoptera
Tettigonidae
Conocephalus
Type of leg, jumping. Eye is medium,
wings present forewings and hindwings,
body color greenish. Long antennae-
filiform. Thread-like, body measure 18mm,
wing span 24mm, abdomen 7 segments.
Phyrgomorphidae Atractomoropha Type of leg, jumping. Eye is medium.
Wings present hind and forewing. Spand
measurement 23mm, body color green.
Body measure 22mm, short antennae
filiform and threadlike, abdomen 7
segment.
Acrididae
Chortoicetes
Type of leg, jumping. Eye is large. Wings
present hind and forewing. Spand
measurement 23mm, body color brown and
green Body measure 25mm, short antennae
filiform and threadlike, abdomen 7
segment.
Order Diptera
Micropezidae
Metopochelus.
Short antennae, aristate, body color black
with hair erect on the thorax part wings
present with 6mm, body measure 10mm.
Order Pulmonata
Achatinidae
Achatina
Body colored brown with black markings
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Table 3. Description of immature insects associated with ginger
ORDER/FAMILY
GENUS
DESCRIPTION
Order Lepidoptera
Pyralidae
Ostrinia
Body color brownish and erect short hairs,
body measured 19mm, abdomen 11
segmented, and medium eye.
Lymantriidae
Euproctis
Body color yellow spotted with black,
many long and short erect hairs, body
measured 23mm with medium eye.
Order Diptera
Micropezidae
Metopochelus
Color white, smooth body measuring
16mm with 11 segments, medium eye and
head part is bigger than body.
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Figure 1. Katydids
Figure 2. Slant face grasshopper
Order: Orthoptera
Order: Orthoptera
Family: Tettigoniidae
Family: Phyrgomorphidae
Genus: Conocephalinae
Genus: Attractomorpha
Species:upoluensis
Species: similes
Figure 3. Grasshopper
Figure 4. Stemborer larvae
Order: Orthoptera
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Acrididae
Family: Pyralidae
Genus: Chortoicetes
Genus: Ostrinia
Species: terminifera
Species: furnacalis
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Figure 5. Stemborer adult
Figure 6. Tussock moth larvae
Order: Lepidoptera
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Pyralidae
Family: Lymantriidae
Genus: Ostrinia
Genus: Euproctis
Species: furnacalis
Species: fuessely
Figure 7. Tussock moth pupa
Figure 8. Tussock moth adult
Order: Lepidoptera
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Lymantriidae
Family: Lymantriidae
Genus: Euproctis
Genus: Euproctis
Species: fuessely
Species: fuessely
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Figure 9. Medium legged flies larvae
Figure 10. Medium legged flies pupa
Order: Diptera
Order: Diptera
Family: Micropezidae
Family: Micropezidae
Genus: Metopochelus
Genus: Metopochelus
Figure 11. Medium legged flies adult
Figure 12. African snail
Order: Diptera
Order: Pulmonata
Family: Micropezidae
Phylum: Gastropoda
Genus: Metopochelus
Family: Achatinidae
Genus: Achatina
Species: fulica
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Destructive Stages and Time They
Attack the Ginger
The insects and snail has different stages that feeds on the different parts of the
ginger and different time they attack the ginger (Table 4).
The order Orthoptera. The C. upoluensis, A. similes and C. terminifera are the
orthopterans that feed on the leaves of ginger during the day time and they are very
destructive on their nymph and adult stage.
The order Lepidoptera. The O. furnacalis feed on the stem of ginger during the
night and day time and this was very destructive on their larval stage. The larva feed on
the inner part of the stem which may lead to the yellowing and drying of the shoots of the
stem.
The E. fuessely feed on the leaves of ginger during the day time. This insect was
very destructive on their larval stage.
The order Diptera. The Metocephalus sp. Were the insects found to be a
saprophage on any decaying part of the plant where they usually complete their life cycle.
The order Pulmonata. The A. fulica feed on the rhizomes of ginger early in the
morning and late in the late in the afternoon until the middle of the night. They are
destructive on their adult stage.
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Table 4. Destructive stages and the time were they are active in attacking the ginger
ORDER/FAMILY
TIME THEY
DESTRUCTIVE
PARTS OF THE
ATTACK
STAGE
PLANT THEY EAT
SAPROPHAGE
Day
Night
Larva Nymph Adult
Leaves Stem Rhizome
Order Orthoptera
Tettigonidae
X
X
X
X
Phyrgomorphidae X
X
X
X
Acrididae
X
X
X
X
Order Lepidoptera
Pyralidae
X
X
X
X
Lymantriidae
X
X
X
Order Diptera
Micropezidae
X
Order Pulmonata
Achatinidae
X
X
X
X
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Insect Pests Associated with Ginger in Benguet
Two (2) orders of insects associated with ginger were found in Benguet State
University Balili Experimental Station, La Trinidad, Benguet. These were orders
Orthoptera and Lepidoptera.
There are two families under order Orthoptera and these were Tettigonidae and
Phygomorphidae. Under the order Lepidoptera, there were two families and these were
Pyralidae and Lymatriidae (Table 5).
Insect Pests and Snail Associated with Ginger
in Nueva Viscaya
Four (4) orders of insect and one (1) order in Gastropoda are associated with
ginger found in Bambang, Cayapa, Nueva Viscaya.
There are three (3) families in order Orthoptera and these were Tettigonidae,
Phygomorphidae and Acrididae; two (2) families under order Lepidoptera and these were
Pyralidae and Lymatriidae; one (1) family under order Diptera and this was Micropezidea
and one family under order Pulmonata that is Achatinidae (Table 6).
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Table 5. Insect pests associated with ginger in Benguet
ORDER/FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAME
Order Orthoptera
Tettigonidae
Conocephalus upluensis
Katydids
Phyrgomorphidae
Atractomoropha similes
Slant faced grasshopper
Order Lepidoptera
Pyralidae
Ostrinia furnacalis
Stem borer
Lymantriidae
Euproctis fuessely
Tussock moth
Table 6. Pests associated with ginger in Nueva Viscaya
ORDER/FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAME
Order Orthoptera
Tettigonidae
Conocephalus upoluensis (Karny)
Katydids
Phyrgomorphidae Atractomoropha similes (Bolivar)
Slant faced grasshopper
Acrididae
Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker)
Grasshopper
Order Lepidoptera
Pyralidae
Ostrinia furnacalis (Glenee)
Stem borer
Lymantriidae
Euproctis fuessely
Tussock moth
Order Diptera
Micropezidae
Metopochelus sp.
Medium legged flies
Order Pulmonata
Achatinidae
Achatina fulica (Bowditch)
African snails
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Degree of Injury
The degree of injury was determined through percentage by taking the whole
plant through visual estimation.
The most destructive pest was african snail under the order Pulmonata which has
the rating index of 7 which is severely damage (Figure 13) and had a 51 to 75% damage
on the plant followed by the stem borer under the order Lepidoptera which has a rating
index of 5 which is moderately damage (Figure 14) and had a 26 to 50% damage on the
plant, then the tussock moth that was comparable to katydid, slant face and grasshopper
under the order Orthoptera with a rating index of 3 which is slightly damage (Figures 15,
16, 17, and 18) and had a 1 to 25% damage on the plant and lastly the medium legged
flies under the order Diptera with a rating index of 1 which has no damage (Figure 19)
and no injury on the plant (Table 7).
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Table 7. Degree of injury of insects and snail on ginger plant
ORDER/
RATING
QUALITATIVE
DESCRIPTION
COMMON NAME
INDEX
INDEX
Orthoptera
Katydid
3
Slightly damage
1 to 25% damage on the plant
Slant face
3
Slightly damage
1 to 25% damage on the plant
Grasshopper
3
Slightly damage
1 to 25% damage on the plant
Lepidoptera
Tussock moth
3
Slightly damage
1 to 25% damage on the plant
Stem borer
5
Moderately damage 26 to 50% damage on the plant
Diptera
Medium legged flies
1
No damage
No injury
Pulmonata
African snail
7
Severely damage
51 to 75% damage on the plant
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Figure 13. African snail adult damage on
Figure 14. Stemborer larvae damage on
rhizomes of ginger
the stem of ginger
Figure 15. Tussock moth larvae damage on
Figure 16 Katydids adult and nymph
the leaves of ginger
damage on the leaves of ginger
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Figure 17. Slant face grasshopper adult and
Figure 18. Grasshopper adult and nymph
nymph damage on the leaves of
damage on the leaves of ginger
ginger
Figure 19. Medium legged flies larvae
saphrophage on the decayed
rhizome of ginger
Status of Different Insects and other Arthropod
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Any insect and other arthropods that reduce the yield with the rating index of 7-9
and had a 51-100% damage on the plants are considered major pests while those had a
rating index of 1-5 and had a 1-50% damage on the plant are the minor pest as shown in
Table 8.
Major pest. The major pest of ginger encountered was under the order Pulmonata
(african snail). The pest feeds on the rhizome of the ginger that causes the deformation of
it and decreases the quality of ginger.
Minor pests. The minor pests of ginger encountered were under the order
Orthoptera (slant faced grasshopper, grasshopper, and katydids) that feeds on the feeds on
the leaves; order Lepidoptera (stem borer and tussock moth) that feeds on the leaves and
stem; and the order Diptera (medium legged flies) that are found to be saprophage on the
decayed rhizome of Ginger.
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Table 8. Major and minor pests associated with ginger
ORDER/FAMILY
COMMON NAME
MAJOR PEST
MINOR PEST
Order Orthoptera
Tettigonidae
Katydids
X
Phyrgomorphidae
Slant face grasshopper
X
Acrididae
Grasshopper
X
Order Lepidoptera
Pyralidae
Stem borer
X
Lymantriidae
Tussock moth
X
Order Diptera
Micropezidae
Medium legged flies
X
Order Pulmonata
Achatinidae
African snails
X
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Balili Experimental Area,
La Trinidad Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa, Nueva Viscaya from July 2005 to
February 2006. The study aims to know the insects and other arthropod feeding on the
leaves, stem and rhizomes ginger in La Trinidad, Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa,
Nueva Viscaya, record the degree of injury caused by these pest on ginger, and to
determine the status of different insects and other arthropod associated with ginger.
Four orders were identified feeding on the different parts of ginger namely;
Lepidoptera, Diptera and Pulmonata. Under the order Orthoptera were the slant face
grasshopper, katydids and grasshopper, order Lepidoptera were the tussock moth and
stem borer, order Diptera was the medium legged flies and the order Pulmonata was the
african snail.
The order Orthoptera (slant faced grasshoppers, katydids and grasshoppers) are
feeding on the leaves of the ginger during the day time early in the morning. The order
Lepidoptera (tussock moth and stem borer) feeds on the stem and leaves. The tussock
moth feed on the leaves of ginger during daytime early in the morning and late in the
afternoon. The stem borer feed on the stem of the ginger about daytime and nighttime.
The order Diptera (medium legged flies) don’t feed on the ginger larva just saprophage
on the decayed plant like to decayed rhizome ginger. Lastly, the order Pulmonata
(African snail) feed on the rhizomes of ginger during daytime and nighttime
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
25
The most destructive pest of ginger was the african snail which has the rating
index of seven (7) followed by the stem borer with the rating index of five (5). The
tussock moth was the same with the slant face grasshopper, katydids and grasshopper
which has the rating of three (3) while the medium legged flies had a rating index of 1.
Conclusion
I therefore conclude that the major pest of ginger was the african snail under the
order Pulmonata. The minor pests were: katydid, slant face grasshopper and grasshopper
under the order Orthoptera; stem borer and tussock moth under the order Lepidoptera;
and the medium legged flies under the order Diptera.
Recommendation
It is suggested to continue the study to determine the different stages of the ginger
that were attack by the insect so that we know when to apply pesticides.
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
26
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2005. Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Retrieved September 10, 2006 from
http//www.cdfa.ca.gov/ phpps/pe/page 44.htm.
ANONYMOUS. 2003. Garry and Sun Natural Remedies. Retrieved September 10, 2006
from http//www.garrysun. com/suntui.html
BAUTISTA O. K. and C. AYCARDO. 1979. Ginger, Production, Handling, Processing
and Marketing with Emphasis on Export. UPLB. Agric. Pp. 5-20.
PEREZ, N. 2005. School of Holistic Aromatheraphy. Retrieved September 10, 2006 from
http//www.hoslisticgroma.co. uk/articles/essential oil of ginger.htm
STEPHEN, J. 2005. Ginger-officinale Roscoe. Retrieved September 10, 2006 from
http//edis.Ifas.ufl.edu/MV067
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007. Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber
officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat Sr., MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study aims to know the insects and other arthropods feeding on the leaves, stem and
rhizomes ginger in La Trinidad, Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa, Nueva Viscaya, record the
degree of injury caused by these pest on ginger, and to determine the status of different insects
and other arthropod associated with ginger.
The insect pest associated with ginger in Benguet State University Balili Experimental
Station, La Trinidad, Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa, Nueva Viscaya were; Conocephalus
upluensis, Atractomorpha similes, Ostrinia furnacalis, and Euproctis fuessely. The Chortoicetes
terminifera, Metopochelus sp. and Achatina fulica were the pest not present in Benguet.
The Conocephalus upluensis, Chortoicetes terminifera, Atractomorpha similes and
Euproctis fuessely feed on the leaves of ginger. The Ostrinia furnacalis bore in the stem while
the Achatina fulica feed on the rhizome of ginger. Lastly, the Metopochelus sp. was noted as
saphrophage on the decayed rhizome of ginger.
The most destructive pest of ginger and considered the major pest is the Achatina fulica
which causes 51% to 75% damage on the plant. The minor pests were the Conocephalus
upluensis, Atractomorpha similes, Ostrinia furnacalis, Euproctis fuessely, Chortoicetes
terminifera, and Metopochelus sp. which cause 1% to 51% damage on the plant.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Pest Associated with Ginger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Destructive Stages and Time They
Attack the Ginger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Insect Pests Associated with Ginger
in Benguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Insect Pests and Snail Associated
with Ginger in Nueva Viscaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Degree of Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Status of Different Insects and Other Arthropod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
1
INTRODUCTION
Ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) is a herbaceous perennial plant of the family
Zingiberaceae, a native of southern Asia (Bautista and Aycardo, 1979). Its generic name
Zingiber is derived from the Greek Zinibgeris, which comes from the Sanskrit name of
the spice, Singabera which means “shaped like a horn” that refers to the roots. Ginger
was one of the first oriental; spices known in Europe (Perez, 2005).
Considering Philippine setting specifically Cordillera, ginger production is not
given priority by local farmers. In case they plant, less intervention is given. In fact, they
plant ginger only for their family consumption and some may plant and sell to the market
in small amount.
Gingers are also attacked by different insects which destroy or disrupt the normal
growth of the plant. The common insect pests of ginger are from the group of
Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, and some of the Diptera (Bautista and Aycardo,
1979). The most abundant stage of Lepidoptera is the larval stage. Some larva cut the
stem which causes the drying up of the leaves. Other larva feeds on the shoots and leaves.
Orthopterans also feed on the shoots and leaves but some feed on the rhizome of the plant
that causes the drying and yellowing of the leaves. Coleoptera and Diptera feed on the
shoots and leaves of the plants. The feeding injury of these insects might decrease the
production of ginger.
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
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Identification of the different insect pest and other arthropods attacking ginger,
the information would be of great help to ginger growers for future management of this
pest when there would be mass production of ginger for exportation. It would also be a
guide for crop programming to the growers to avoid the infestation of insect pests.
The study was conducted to know the insects and other arthropod feeding on the
leaves, stem and rhizomes ginger in La Trinidad, Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa,
Nueva Viscaya, record the degree of injury caused by these pest on ginger, and to
determine the status of different insects and other arthropod associated with ginger.
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Balili experimental area, La
Trinidad, Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa, Nueva Vizcaya from July 2005 to February
2006.
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3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Distribution of Ginger
Ginger grows best in tropical and subtropical areas, which have a good rainfall
with hot and humid conditions during the summer seasons. At present, 50% of the
world’s harvest is produced in India; the best quality is exported in Jamaica. Ginger
plantation is also done at Brazil, Nigeria, Africa, Fiji, Thailand and other parts of the
globe where it proliferates in suitable environment (Bautista and Aycardo, 1979).
Ginger is commonly propagated by planting rootstalk cuttings and it no longer
develops into seed. Harvesting is done simply by lifting the rhizomes from the soil,
cleansing them, and drying them under the sun. The leafy stem of ginger grows about a
meter high. The leaves are 6 to 12 inches long, elongated, alternate in two vertical rows
and arise from the sheath enwrapping the stem. The flowers are in dense, cone like spikes
about 1 inch thick and 2 to 3 inches long composed of overlapping green bracts, which
may be edged with yellow. Each bract encloses a single small, yellow-green and purple
flower (Stephen, 2005).
Importance of Ginger
Ginger is among the most important and valued spices in the world because
ginger was thought to have magical powers. In fact, King Henry VII of England
recommends ginger as a remedy to the great plague in the 16th century. It was often use
also by pregnant women for “morning sickness”. The gingers are occasionally used to
flavor breads, sauces, curry, dishes, confections, pickles and ginger tea. The fresh
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
4
rhizome is used in cooking. The peeled rhizomes may be preserved by boiling in syrup.
Slices of ginger are eaten between dishes or courses to clean the palate. It is also used to
treat abdominal pain, anorexia, arthritis, dyspepsia, bleeding, cancer, chest congestion,
chicken pox, cholera, chronic bronchitis, cold extremities, colitis, common cold, cough,
cystic fibrosis, difficulty in breathing, disorders of gall bladder, hyperacidity,
hyperglycemia, indigestion, rheumatism, sore throat, stomach ache and vomiting (Anon.,
2003). Ginger contains 2% essential oil, the principal component is Zengiberene and the
pungent principle of the spice is Zingerone. The oil is distilled from rhizomes for use in
the food and the perfume industries.
Insects Associated with Ginger
According to Bautista and Aycardo (1979). The insect pests of ginger includes the
shoot/stem borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), cutworm (Spodoptera litura), mealy bug, scale
insects and other arthropods while Anon.( 2005) said that the insect pest of ginger are
moth and beetles.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were seed pieces of ginger, grab hoe, shovel, watering can,
plastic containers, data sheets, camera, microscope, ball pen and organic and inorganic
fertilizers.
Methods
Land preparation and planting. An area of 50 square meters was prepared at
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa, Nueva Vizcaya. The plots were
cultivated until the soil was suitable for planting. The plots were constructed 30cm high.
It was then applied with organic fertilizer and mixed properly.
The plots were prepared making a hole that was 10cm deep and each hole was
30cm apart. The seed pieces were planted on the hole and were covered properly with
soil. When the plants had germinated, application of inorganic fertilizer was done.
Monitoring of the pest. Insects attacking ginger were collected and be fed in the
laboratory. The insects collected were observed everyday if they really caused damage on
the particular part of the plant. Insects that sustain their life at least two growth stages in
the laboratory was considered pest.
The observation was done upon the germination of the plants until it was
harvested. The collection of data was done twice a day, one in the morning and one in the
afternoon at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet while at Nueva Vizcaya, the observation was
done twice every month.
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Identification of the insect. The insect collected was properly identified on their
taxonomic hierarchy: order, family, genus, species and common name if possible with the
aid of entomological books and internet and was also properly identified through the use
of microscope.
Monitoring the degree of injury. The degree of injury was determined through
percentage by taking the whole plant through visual estimate. The sample plants were
rated by visual observation using the following rating index:
Rating Index
Qualitative Index
Description
1
No Damage
No Injury
3
Slightly Damage
1 to 25% damage on the plants
5
Moderately Damage
26 to 50% damage on the plants
7
Severely Damage
51 to 75% damage on the plants
9
Very Severely Damage
76 to 100% damage on the plants
Any insect that damage the plant in above 51% are the major pest and below 50%
were the minor pest.
Data Gathered
1. Identity of the pest. The insects and arthropod collected were identified on
their taxonomic hierarchy using entomological books, and other references through the
used of microscope.
2. Degree of injury. Amount of leaves, stem and rhizomes eaten by the pest.
3. Status of the pest. The pest that has the degree of injury above 51% are
considered the major pest and below 50% are considered the minor pest.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Pests Associated with Ginger
There were seven (7) insect pests associated with ginger (Zingeber officinale
Roscoe). These were the katydid, grasshopper and slant faced grasshopper under the
order Orthoptera; stem borer and tussock moth under the order Lepidoptera, medium
legged flies under the order Diptera and the African snail under the order Pulmonata.
Insects and snail associated in ginger is shown in Table 1 and the characteristics
of adult and immature insects associated with ginger are shown in Table 2 and 3.
The order Orthoptera. There were three (3) families of Orthoptera feeding on the
ginger. These were Tettigonidae, Phyrgomorphidae and Acrididae (Figures 1, 2 and 3).
The order Lepidoptera. There are two (2) families of Lepidoptera on the ginger.
These are the Pyralidae (Figures 4 and 5) and Lymantriidae (Figures 6, 7 and 8)
The order Diptera. Under this order Diptera, the family Micropezidea was noted
and these insect saprophage on the decayed rhizome of ginger (Figures 9, 10, and 11)
The order Pulmonata. One (1) family of order Pulmonata feeding on ginger was
noted and this was the family Achatinidae (Figure 12).
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Table 1. Insects and snail associated with ginger
ORDER/FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAME
Order Orthoptera
Tettigonidae
Conocephalus upluensis
Katydids
Phyrgomorphidae
Atractomoropha similes
Slant face grasshopper
Acrididae
Chortoicetes terminifera
Grasshopper
Order Lepidoptera
Pyralidae
Ostrinia furnacalis
Stem borer
Lymontriidae
Euproctis fuessely
Tussock moth
Order Diptera
Micropezidae
Metopochelus sp.
Medium legged flies
Order Pulmonata
Achatinidae
Achatina fulica
African snails
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Table 2. Description of adult insect/snail genus associated with ginger
ORDER/FAMILY
GENUS
DESCRIPTION
Order Orthoptera
Tettigonidae
Conocephalus
Type of leg, jumping. Eye is medium,
wings present forewings and hindwings,
body color greenish. Long antennae-
filiform. Thread-like, body measure 18mm,
wing span 24mm, abdomen 7 segments.
Phyrgomorphidae Atractomoropha Type of leg, jumping. Eye is medium.
Wings present hind and forewing. Spand
measurement 23mm, body color green.
Body measure 22mm, short antennae
filiform and threadlike, abdomen 7
segment.
Acrididae
Chortoicetes
Type of leg, jumping. Eye is large. Wings
present hind and forewing. Spand
measurement 23mm, body color brown and
green Body measure 25mm, short antennae
filiform and threadlike, abdomen 7
segment.
Order Diptera
Micropezidae
Metopochelus.
Short antennae, aristate, body color black
with hair erect on the thorax part wings
present with 6mm, body measure 10mm.
Order Pulmonata
Achatinidae
Achatina
Body colored brown with black markings
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Table 3. Description of immature insects associated with ginger
ORDER/FAMILY
GENUS
DESCRIPTION
Order Lepidoptera
Pyralidae
Ostrinia
Body color brownish and erect short hairs,
body measured 19mm, abdomen 11
segmented, and medium eye.
Lymantriidae
Euproctis
Body color yellow spotted with black,
many long and short erect hairs, body
measured 23mm with medium eye.
Order Diptera
Micropezidae
Metopochelus
Color white, smooth body measuring
16mm with 11 segments, medium eye and
head part is bigger than body.
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Figure 1. Katydids
Figure 2. Slant face grasshopper
Order: Orthoptera
Order: Orthoptera
Family: Tettigoniidae
Family: Phyrgomorphidae
Genus: Conocephalinae
Genus: Attractomorpha
Species:upoluensis
Species: similes
Figure 3. Grasshopper
Figure 4. Stemborer larvae
Order: Orthoptera
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Acrididae
Family: Pyralidae
Genus: Chortoicetes
Genus: Ostrinia
Species: terminifera
Species: furnacalis
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Figure 5. Stemborer adult
Figure 6. Tussock moth larvae
Order: Lepidoptera
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Pyralidae
Family: Lymantriidae
Genus: Ostrinia
Genus: Euproctis
Species: furnacalis
Species: fuessely
Figure 7. Tussock moth pupa
Figure 8. Tussock moth adult
Order: Lepidoptera
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Lymantriidae
Family: Lymantriidae
Genus: Euproctis
Genus: Euproctis
Species: fuessely
Species: fuessely
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Figure 9. Medium legged flies larvae
Figure 10. Medium legged flies pupa
Order: Diptera
Order: Diptera
Family: Micropezidae
Family: Micropezidae
Genus: Metopochelus
Genus: Metopochelus
Figure 11. Medium legged flies adult
Figure 12. African snail
Order: Diptera
Order: Pulmonata
Family: Micropezidae
Phylum: Gastropoda
Genus: Metopochelus
Family: Achatinidae
Genus: Achatina
Species: fulica
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Destructive Stages and Time They
Attack the Ginger
The insects and snail has different stages that feeds on the different parts of the
ginger and different time they attack the ginger (Table 4).
The order Orthoptera. The C. upoluensis, A. similes and C. terminifera are the
orthopterans that feed on the leaves of ginger during the day time and they are very
destructive on their nymph and adult stage.
The order Lepidoptera. The O. furnacalis feed on the stem of ginger during the
night and day time and this was very destructive on their larval stage. The larva feed on
the inner part of the stem which may lead to the yellowing and drying of the shoots of the
stem.
The E. fuessely feed on the leaves of ginger during the day time. This insect was
very destructive on their larval stage.
The order Diptera. The Metocephalus sp. Were the insects found to be a
saprophage on any decaying part of the plant where they usually complete their life cycle.
The order Pulmonata. The A. fulica feed on the rhizomes of ginger early in the
morning and late in the late in the afternoon until the middle of the night. They are
destructive on their adult stage.
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Table 4. Destructive stages and the time were they are active in attacking the ginger
ORDER/FAMILY
TIME THEY
DESTRUCTIVE
PARTS OF THE
ATTACK
STAGE
PLANT THEY EAT
SAPROPHAGE
Day
Night
Larva Nymph Adult
Leaves Stem Rhizome
Order Orthoptera
Tettigonidae
X
X
X
X
Phyrgomorphidae X
X
X
X
Acrididae
X
X
X
X
Order Lepidoptera
Pyralidae
X
X
X
X
Lymantriidae
X
X
X
Order Diptera
Micropezidae
X
Order Pulmonata
Achatinidae
X
X
X
X
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Insect Pests Associated with Ginger in Benguet
Two (2) orders of insects associated with ginger were found in Benguet State
University Balili Experimental Station, La Trinidad, Benguet. These were orders
Orthoptera and Lepidoptera.
There are two families under order Orthoptera and these were Tettigonidae and
Phygomorphidae. Under the order Lepidoptera, there were two families and these were
Pyralidae and Lymatriidae (Table 5).
Insect Pests and Snail Associated with Ginger
in Nueva Viscaya
Four (4) orders of insect and one (1) order in Gastropoda are associated with
ginger found in Bambang, Cayapa, Nueva Viscaya.
There are three (3) families in order Orthoptera and these were Tettigonidae,
Phygomorphidae and Acrididae; two (2) families under order Lepidoptera and these were
Pyralidae and Lymatriidae; one (1) family under order Diptera and this was Micropezidea
and one family under order Pulmonata that is Achatinidae (Table 6).
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Table 5. Insect pests associated with ginger in Benguet
ORDER/FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAME
Order Orthoptera
Tettigonidae
Conocephalus upluensis
Katydids
Phyrgomorphidae
Atractomoropha similes
Slant faced grasshopper
Order Lepidoptera
Pyralidae
Ostrinia furnacalis
Stem borer
Lymantriidae
Euproctis fuessely
Tussock moth
Table 6. Pests associated with ginger in Nueva Viscaya
ORDER/FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAME
Order Orthoptera
Tettigonidae
Conocephalus upoluensis (Karny)
Katydids
Phyrgomorphidae Atractomoropha similes (Bolivar)
Slant faced grasshopper
Acrididae
Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker)
Grasshopper
Order Lepidoptera
Pyralidae
Ostrinia furnacalis (Glenee)
Stem borer
Lymantriidae
Euproctis fuessely
Tussock moth
Order Diptera
Micropezidae
Metopochelus sp.
Medium legged flies
Order Pulmonata
Achatinidae
Achatina fulica (Bowditch)
African snails
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Degree of Injury
The degree of injury was determined through percentage by taking the whole
plant through visual estimation.
The most destructive pest was african snail under the order Pulmonata which has
the rating index of 7 which is severely damage (Figure 13) and had a 51 to 75% damage
on the plant followed by the stem borer under the order Lepidoptera which has a rating
index of 5 which is moderately damage (Figure 14) and had a 26 to 50% damage on the
plant, then the tussock moth that was comparable to katydid, slant face and grasshopper
under the order Orthoptera with a rating index of 3 which is slightly damage (Figures 15,
16, 17, and 18) and had a 1 to 25% damage on the plant and lastly the medium legged
flies under the order Diptera with a rating index of 1 which has no damage (Figure 19)
and no injury on the plant (Table 7).
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Table 7. Degree of injury of insects and snail on ginger plant
ORDER/
RATING
QUALITATIVE
DESCRIPTION
COMMON NAME
INDEX
INDEX
Orthoptera
Katydid
3
Slightly damage
1 to 25% damage on the plant
Slant face
3
Slightly damage
1 to 25% damage on the plant
Grasshopper
3
Slightly damage
1 to 25% damage on the plant
Lepidoptera
Tussock moth
3
Slightly damage
1 to 25% damage on the plant
Stem borer
5
Moderately damage 26 to 50% damage on the plant
Diptera
Medium legged flies
1
No damage
No injury
Pulmonata
African snail
7
Severely damage
51 to 75% damage on the plant
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
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Figure 13. African snail adult damage on
Figure 14. Stemborer larvae damage on
rhizomes of ginger
the stem of ginger
Figure 15. Tussock moth larvae damage on
Figure 16 Katydids adult and nymph
the leaves of ginger
damage on the leaves of ginger
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
21
Figure 17. Slant face grasshopper adult and
Figure 18. Grasshopper adult and nymph
nymph damage on the leaves of
damage on the leaves of ginger
ginger
Figure 19. Medium legged flies larvae
saphrophage on the decayed
rhizome of ginger
Status of Different Insects and other Arthropod
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
22
Any insect and other arthropods that reduce the yield with the rating index of 7-9
and had a 51-100% damage on the plants are considered major pests while those had a
rating index of 1-5 and had a 1-50% damage on the plant are the minor pest as shown in
Table 8.
Major pest. The major pest of ginger encountered was under the order Pulmonata
(african snail). The pest feeds on the rhizome of the ginger that causes the deformation of
it and decreases the quality of ginger.
Minor pests. The minor pests of ginger encountered were under the order
Orthoptera (slant faced grasshopper, grasshopper, and katydids) that feeds on the feeds on
the leaves; order Lepidoptera (stem borer and tussock moth) that feeds on the leaves and
stem; and the order Diptera (medium legged flies) that are found to be saprophage on the
decayed rhizome of Ginger.
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
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Table 8. Major and minor pests associated with ginger
ORDER/FAMILY
COMMON NAME
MAJOR PEST
MINOR PEST
Order Orthoptera
Tettigonidae
Katydids
X
Phyrgomorphidae
Slant face grasshopper
X
Acrididae
Grasshopper
X
Order Lepidoptera
Pyralidae
Stem borer
X
Lymantriidae
Tussock moth
X
Order Diptera
Micropezidae
Medium legged flies
X
Order Pulmonata
Achatinidae
African snails
X
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Balili Experimental Area,
La Trinidad Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa, Nueva Viscaya from July 2005 to
February 2006. The study aims to know the insects and other arthropod feeding on the
leaves, stem and rhizomes ginger in La Trinidad, Benguet and at Pampang, Cayapa,
Nueva Viscaya, record the degree of injury caused by these pest on ginger, and to
determine the status of different insects and other arthropod associated with ginger.
Four orders were identified feeding on the different parts of ginger namely;
Lepidoptera, Diptera and Pulmonata. Under the order Orthoptera were the slant face
grasshopper, katydids and grasshopper, order Lepidoptera were the tussock moth and
stem borer, order Diptera was the medium legged flies and the order Pulmonata was the
african snail.
The order Orthoptera (slant faced grasshoppers, katydids and grasshoppers) are
feeding on the leaves of the ginger during the day time early in the morning. The order
Lepidoptera (tussock moth and stem borer) feeds on the stem and leaves. The tussock
moth feed on the leaves of ginger during daytime early in the morning and late in the
afternoon. The stem borer feed on the stem of the ginger about daytime and nighttime.
The order Diptera (medium legged flies) don’t feed on the ginger larva just saprophage
on the decayed plant like to decayed rhizome ginger. Lastly, the order Pulmonata
(African snail) feed on the rhizomes of ginger during daytime and nighttime
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
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The most destructive pest of ginger was the african snail which has the rating
index of seven (7) followed by the stem borer with the rating index of five (5). The
tussock moth was the same with the slant face grasshopper, katydids and grasshopper
which has the rating of three (3) while the medium legged flies had a rating index of 1.
Conclusion
I therefore conclude that the major pest of ginger was the african snail under the
order Pulmonata. The minor pests were: katydid, slant face grasshopper and grasshopper
under the order Orthoptera; stem borer and tussock moth under the order Lepidoptera;
and the medium legged flies under the order Diptera.
Recommendation
It is suggested to continue the study to determine the different stages of the ginger
that were attack by the insect so that we know when to apply pesticides.
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
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LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2005. Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Retrieved September 10, 2006 from
http//www.cdfa.ca.gov/ phpps/pe/page 44.htm.
ANONYMOUS. 2003. Garry and Sun Natural Remedies. Retrieved September 10, 2006
from http//www.garrysun. com/suntui.html
BAUTISTA O. K. and C. AYCARDO. 1979. Ginger, Production, Handling, Processing
and Marketing with Emphasis on Export. UPLB. Agric. Pp. 5-20.
PEREZ, N. 2005. School of Holistic Aromatheraphy. Retrieved September 10, 2006 from
http//www.hoslisticgroma.co. uk/articles/essential oil of ginger.htm
STEPHEN, J. 2005. Ginger-officinale Roscoe. Retrieved September 10, 2006 from
http//edis.Ifas.ufl.edu/MV067
Insect Pest Associated with Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Benguet and Nueva Viscaya.
PEREZ, JOURNEY D. April 2007
Document Outline
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION