BIBLIOGRAPHY DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012. Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera
Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Lita Molitas - Colting, Ph D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the number of Trichoderma spores that can
be carried by A. mellifera from the hive before they forage, and to estimate the number of
spores that are “deposited” to the plants when they forage.
A 10-month stock of Trichoderma KA pure culture was used using a selective
medium and corn grits for mass production. The Trichoderma was put at the hive entrance
using Trichoderma introduction box.
The study showed that the honeybees are efficient in carrying Trichoderma spores
from the hive to the field.The honeybees picked-up 16,000 to as many as 167,000
Trichoderma spores and about 70% of these spores are “deposited” to the plants when the
bees foraged.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Trichoderma Spores Picked up by Bees
Before Foraging
The result in Table 1 shows that all sample bees were able to pick-up Trichoderma
spores ranging from 16 to 167 with a mean ranging from 40.50 to as high as 125.50. At 102
dilutions it means that a single bee picked up 167,000 Trichoderma spores. Such finding
corroborates with the study of Kovach in 2000 who claimed that a single A. mellifera bee
can pick up 100,000 Trichoderma spores.
The differences in the mean number of spores that the sample bees carried and as
shown in the plated PDA from three honeybee samples (Fig. 10) can be attributed to the
body parts of bees that probably got in contact with the spores as they passed by the TIB.
It is possible that some of the bee samples walked thoroughly through the TIB such that
there body parts caught more spores than the others. It is also possible that the bee samples
varied in body size such that those with bigger body caught more spores than those with
smaller body. Another possibility is that some of the bee samples must have stayed longer
and therefore had more spores in their body. With this finding, a study to determine the
body parts of the honeybees that can pick up Trichoderma spores is necessary as it may
also lead to an appropriate design for TIB.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
Table 1. Mean population count of Trichoderma spores (102 dilutions) picked up by
honeybees as the exit from the TIB
BEE SAMPLES
RANGE
MEAN
Bee 1
16 - 82
49.00
Bee 2
37 - 98
67.50
Bee 3
84 - 167
125.50
Bee 4
98 - 106
102.50
Bee 5
77 - 113
95.00
Bee 6
24 - 57
40.50
Total Mean
79.92
Figure 10. Trichoderma isolate on plated PDA after four days of incubation
Trichoderma Spores that was Left at the
Body of a Forager Bee After Foraging
Table 2 shows that not all the Trichoderma spores that were carried by the bees from
the TIB before foraging were left to the flowers when they foraged. In Bee 1 sample 5.00
spores were counted in the PDA culture media to as high as 32.50 spores in Bee 3 sample.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
There was also a difference among the four samples where sample Bee 2 had 18.50 spores,
sample B 4 20.00 had spores, sample B 5 had 19.50 while sample Bee 6 had 11.50.
The difference could be attributed to the part of the body where the spores were
attached as the bee passed by the TIB, the distance by which the bee travelled from the
hive to the flower, or the duration by which the bee foraged. It is possible that the spores
on the dorsal part of the thorax maybe more difficult to be dislodged compared to those at
the ventral side of the body or those in the antennae. It is also possible that some of the bee
samples visited fully exposed flowers hence the spores at the ventral side of the thorax
were not dislodged. Compared to the bees that visited partially hidden flowers, the bee
body has to get in contact to some leaves and may have contributed in dislodging more
spores to the flowers and therefore fewer spores were left to the body of the bees when they
returned to the hive.
Nevertheless, the remaining Trichoderma spores on the body of the honeybees
when they returned to the hive did not show any untoward effect to the bee colonies. This
finding corroborates with the finding of Saclangan in 2008. In view of this, it can be
claimed that A. mellifera is a good carrier of Trichoderma as biological control agent.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Mean population count of Trichoderma spores (102 dilutions) left on honeybees
after foraging
BEE SAMPLES
RANGE
MEAN
Bee 1
2 - 08
5.00
Bee 2
7 - 30
18.50
Bee 3
17 - 48
32.50
Bee 4
18 - 22
20.00
Bee 5
7 - 32
19.50
Bee 6
5 - 18
11.50
Total Mean
18.33
Estimated Trichoderma Spores Deposited to
Flowers by Foraging Bees
Table 3 shows the estimated number of spores of Trichoderma that was “deposited”
by the bees on the flowers when they foraged. The number of spores ranged from 14.00 to
119 spores with a mean range of 29.00 to 93.00 spores and a total mean of 62.08 spores.
In terms of percentage, about 70% of the Trichoderma spores that were carried from the
hive were deposited by the bees to the plant. The finding further confirms that Apis
millefera are efficient carrier of Trichoderma spores as reported by Saclangan in 2008.
In the trial, at 102 dilutions, sample Bee1 deposited as many as 80,000 spores;
sample Bee 2, 68,000 spores; sample Bee 3, 119,000 spores; sample Bee 4, 82,000 spores;
sample Bee 5, 81,000 spores; and Bee 6, 39,000 spores. At 102 dilutions a single bee can
deposit as many as 119,000 Trichoderma spores and this corroborates with the finding of
Kovach in 2000.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
The number of Trichoderma spores needed to control fruit rot in a single flower,
however, need to be studied.
Table 3. Estimated mean population count of Trichoderma spores assumed to have been
“deposited” to the flowers by honeybees
BEE SAMPLES
RANGE
MEAN
Bee 1
14 - 74
44.00
Bee 2
30 - 68
49.00
Bee 3
67 - 119
93.00
Bee 4
80 - 84
82.00
Bee 5
70 - 81
75.50
Bee 6
19 - 39
29.00
Total Mean 62.08
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Entomology Apiary and Plant Pathology Laboratory
from July to October 2011 to determine the number of Trichoderma spores that can be
picked up by a forager bee before foraging, determine the number of Trichoderma spores
that was left at the body of a forager bee after forging and determine the number of
Trichoderma spores assumed to have been distributed by a forager bee.
The grown Trichoderma KA in sterilized corn grits was transferred in TIB using
spatula. The TIB was attached to the hive entrance late in the evening and was visited at
the morning for the collection of samples before and after foraging.
It was observed that all the collected samples which went out from the hive passing
through TIB was efficiently picked-up and distribute Trichoderma spores but there were
still Trichoderma spores attached to their bodies as they went back to the hive.
Conclusion
It is concluded that honeybee (Apis mellifera) is an effective carrier of the biological
control agent Trichoderma KA.
Recommendation
Honey bees maybe used to distribute the biological control agent Trichoderma KA
to flowering plants. It is also recommended to determine which body part of the honeybee
carry the most number of the spores and if these are deposited all in one plant or more, and
to determine the number of Trichoderma spores that can control the Botrytis fruit rot.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
BISSETT (1991) A Revision of the Genus Trichoderma II Infragenic Classification.
Canadian Journal of Botany. 60. 23572372. Retreived. February15, 2012
http://www.biologyonline.org/articles/Trichoderma_koningii_aggregate_species/d
iscussion_taxonomic_conclusion.html
CIRIACO, A.B. 2002. Effect Of Trichoderma Isolates On ph of Soil Amended with
chicken manure. BS. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. Pg.
07.
KOVACH, J.,Presenter. 2000. Strawberry disease management with antagonistic fungi
and Pollinators. Presented at Annual meeting Entomologicaol Society of America.
Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Retreived. February15,2012.
http://www.biologyonline.org/articles/Trichoderma_koningii_aggregate_species/r
eferences.html
SACLANGAN, D. A. Field Application of Trichoderma on Strawberry Flowers Using
Honey bees Apis mellifera .BS. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet. Pp. 30-31.
MOLITAS – COLTING, L. (2006) Philippine Agriculture and Resource Research
Foundation, Incorporated. PARRFI Professional Chair Paper: 1992 - 2006. Paseo
de Valmayor, Los Banos, Laguna Pp. 182 - 403.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012. Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera
Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Lita Molitas - Colting, Ph D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the number of Trichoderma spores that can
be carried by A. mellifera from the hive before they forage, and to estimate the number of
spores that are “deposited” to the plants when they forage.
A 10-month stock of Trichoderma KA pure culture was used using a selective
medium and corn grits for mass production. The Trichoderma was put at the hive entrance
using Trichoderma introduction box.
The study showed that the honeybees are efficient in carrying Trichoderma spores
from the hive to the field.The honeybees picked-up 16,000 to as many as 167,000
Trichoderma spores and about 70% of these spores are “deposited” to the plants when the
bees foraged.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Trichoderma Spores Picked up by Bees
Before Foraging
The result in Table 1 shows that all sample bees were able to pick-up Trichoderma
spores ranging from 16 to 167 with a mean ranging from 40.50 to as high as 125.50. At 102
dilutions it means that a single bee picked up 167,000 Trichoderma spores. Such finding
corroborates with the study of Kovach in 2000 who claimed that a single A. mellifera bee
can pick up 100,000 Trichoderma spores.
The differences in the mean number of spores that the sample bees carried and as
shown in the plated PDA from three honeybee samples (Fig. 10) can be attributed to the
body parts of bees that probably got in contact with the spores as they passed by the TIB.
It is possible that some of the bee samples walked thoroughly through the TIB such that
there body parts caught more spores than the others. It is also possible that the bee samples
varied in body size such that those with bigger body caught more spores than those with
smaller body. Another possibility is that some of the bee samples must have stayed longer
and therefore had more spores in their body. With this finding, a study to determine the
body parts of the honeybees that can pick up Trichoderma spores is necessary as it may
also lead to an appropriate design for TIB.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
Table 1. Mean population count of Trichoderma spores (102 dilutions) picked up by
honeybees as the exit from the TIB
BEE SAMPLES
RANGE
MEAN
Bee 1
16 - 82
49.00
Bee 2
37 - 98
67.50
Bee 3
84 - 167
125.50
Bee 4
98 - 106
102.50
Bee 5
77 - 113
95.00
Bee 6
24 - 57
40.50
Total Mean
79.92
Figure 10. Trichoderma isolate on plated PDA after four days of incubation
Trichoderma Spores that was Left at the
Body of a Forager Bee After Foraging
Table 2 shows that not all the Trichoderma spores that were carried by the bees from
the TIB before foraging were left to the flowers when they foraged. In Bee 1 sample 5.00
spores were counted in the PDA culture media to as high as 32.50 spores in Bee 3 sample.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
There was also a difference among the four samples where sample Bee 2 had 18.50 spores,
sample B 4 20.00 had spores, sample B 5 had 19.50 while sample Bee 6 had 11.50.
The difference could be attributed to the part of the body where the spores were
attached as the bee passed by the TIB, the distance by which the bee travelled from the
hive to the flower, or the duration by which the bee foraged. It is possible that the spores
on the dorsal part of the thorax maybe more difficult to be dislodged compared to those at
the ventral side of the body or those in the antennae. It is also possible that some of the bee
samples visited fully exposed flowers hence the spores at the ventral side of the thorax
were not dislodged. Compared to the bees that visited partially hidden flowers, the bee
body has to get in contact to some leaves and may have contributed in dislodging more
spores to the flowers and therefore fewer spores were left to the body of the bees when they
returned to the hive.
Nevertheless, the remaining Trichoderma spores on the body of the honeybees
when they returned to the hive did not show any untoward effect to the bee colonies. This
finding corroborates with the finding of Saclangan in 2008. In view of this, it can be
claimed that A. mellifera is a good carrier of Trichoderma as biological control agent.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Mean population count of Trichoderma spores (102 dilutions) left on honeybees
after foraging
BEE SAMPLES
RANGE
MEAN
Bee 1
2 - 08
5.00
Bee 2
7 - 30
18.50
Bee 3
17 - 48
32.50
Bee 4
18 - 22
20.00
Bee 5
7 - 32
19.50
Bee 6
5 - 18
11.50
Total Mean
18.33
Estimated Trichoderma Spores Deposited to
Flowers by Foraging Bees
Table 3 shows the estimated number of spores of Trichoderma that was “deposited”
by the bees on the flowers when they foraged. The number of spores ranged from 14.00 to
119 spores with a mean range of 29.00 to 93.00 spores and a total mean of 62.08 spores.
In terms of percentage, about 70% of the Trichoderma spores that were carried from the
hive were deposited by the bees to the plant. The finding further confirms that Apis
millefera are efficient carrier of Trichoderma spores as reported by Saclangan in 2008.
In the trial, at 102 dilutions, sample Bee1 deposited as many as 80,000 spores;
sample Bee 2, 68,000 spores; sample Bee 3, 119,000 spores; sample Bee 4, 82,000 spores;
sample Bee 5, 81,000 spores; and Bee 6, 39,000 spores. At 102 dilutions a single bee can
deposit as many as 119,000 Trichoderma spores and this corroborates with the finding of
Kovach in 2000.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
The number of Trichoderma spores needed to control fruit rot in a single flower,
however, need to be studied.
Table 3. Estimated mean population count of Trichoderma spores assumed to have been
“deposited” to the flowers by honeybees
BEE SAMPLES
RANGE
MEAN
Bee 1
14 - 74
44.00
Bee 2
30 - 68
49.00
Bee 3
67 - 119
93.00
Bee 4
80 - 84
82.00
Bee 5
70 - 81
75.50
Bee 6
19 - 39
29.00
Total Mean 62.08
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Entomology Apiary and Plant Pathology Laboratory
from July to October 2011 to determine the number of Trichoderma spores that can be
picked up by a forager bee before foraging, determine the number of Trichoderma spores
that was left at the body of a forager bee after forging and determine the number of
Trichoderma spores assumed to have been distributed by a forager bee.
The grown Trichoderma KA in sterilized corn grits was transferred in TIB using
spatula. The TIB was attached to the hive entrance late in the evening and was visited at
the morning for the collection of samples before and after foraging.
It was observed that all the collected samples which went out from the hive passing
through TIB was efficiently picked-up and distribute Trichoderma spores but there were
still Trichoderma spores attached to their bodies as they went back to the hive.
Conclusion
It is concluded that honeybee (Apis mellifera) is an effective carrier of the biological
control agent Trichoderma KA.
Recommendation
Honey bees maybe used to distribute the biological control agent Trichoderma KA
to flowering plants. It is also recommended to determine which body part of the honeybee
carry the most number of the spores and if these are deposited all in one plant or more, and
to determine the number of Trichoderma spores that can control the Botrytis fruit rot.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
BISSETT (1991) A Revision of the Genus Trichoderma II Infragenic Classification.
Canadian Journal of Botany. 60. 23572372. Retreived. February15, 2012
http://www.biologyonline.org/articles/Trichoderma_koningii_aggregate_species/d
iscussion_taxonomic_conclusion.html
CIRIACO, A.B. 2002. Effect Of Trichoderma Isolates On ph of Soil Amended with
chicken manure. BS. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. Pg.
07.
KOVACH, J.,Presenter. 2000. Strawberry disease management with antagonistic fungi
and Pollinators. Presented at Annual meeting Entomologicaol Society of America.
Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Retreived. February15,2012.
http://www.biologyonline.org/articles/Trichoderma_koningii_aggregate_species/r
eferences.html
SACLANGAN, D. A. Field Application of Trichoderma on Strawberry Flowers Using
Honey bees Apis mellifera .BS. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet. Pp. 30-31.
MOLITAS – COLTING, L. (2006) Philippine Agriculture and Resource Research
Foundation, Incorporated. PARRFI Professional Chair Paper: 1992 - 2006. Paseo
de Valmayor, Los Banos, Laguna Pp. 182 - 403.
Efficiency of Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) as “Carrier” of Trichoderma Spores |
DEBSO, SETRICIA D. APRIL 2012