BIBLIOGRAPHY BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012. Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay,
Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Dr. Lita M. Colting Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Bengaongao Cave, Barangay Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Benguet from November 2010 to September 2011 to determine and identify the cave fauna
particularly insects and other arthropods, to determine their ecological importance, and to
prepare a poster for tourists.
There were 24 arthropods, 19 insects from the orders Coleoptera, Dermaptera,
Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera and
Plecoptera and five arachnids from the orders Araneae, Amblyphigi, Opilliones. The
insects living in the caves belong to Order Coleoptera (Family Carabidae, Dytiscidae,
Gyrinidae, Scarabeidae, and Lampyridae), Order Dermaptera (Family Forficulidae), Order
Diptera (Family Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Nycteribiidae, and Streblidae), Order
Hemiptera(Family Corixidae), Order Hymenoptera (Family Formicidae), Order Isoptera
with two families (Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae), Neuroptera (Family
Myrmeleontidae), Order Odonata (Family Corduliidae), Order Orthoptera (Family
Raphidophoridae) and Order Plecoptera (Family Perlidae). Apart from insects there were
presence of other arachnids and bats. There were five arachnids represented by the
OrderAraneae (Family Pholsidae, Pisauridae and Salticidae), Order Amblyphigi (Family
Charontidae) and Order Opilliones (Family Stylocellidae).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
The most numerous were Order Coleoptera with five families, followed by Order
Diptera with four families and Order Isoptera with two families. The others were
represented with only one family. In the arachnids, the most numerous is Order Araneae
with three families; the others were only represented by one family.
Fifteen of the arthropods were decomposers or predators may contribute to the
cleanliness and in managing of the population of insects and arthropods within the cave.
Families under Order Diptera are known as ecto-parasites, two are associated with bats and
the remaining two are associated known to cause annoyance or injuries to human
beings.This information may contribute to the growing eco-tourism industry, for people to
understand the significance and importance of the fauna that are found within the cave.
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Collected Specimens
Entrance Zone
The Insect Fauna that were found at the Entrance Zone belongs to the Orders the Coleoptera
(Families, Carabidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Scarabeidae, and Lampyridae), Dermaptera
(Family Forficulidae), Diptera (Families Culicidae and Ceratopogonidae), Hemiptera
(Family Corixidae), Hymenoptera (Family Formicidae), Isoptera (FamiliesTermitidae, and
Rhinotermitidae),Odonata (Family Corduliidae), and Order Plecoptera (Family Perlidae).
Arachnids were also found in the Entrance Zone belonging to the Order Araneae(Families
Pholcidae and Salticidae).
Twilight Zone
The Insect Fauna that were found in the Twilight Zone belonged to the Orders Diptera
(Family
Nycteribiidae),
Isoptera
(Family
Termitidae),Neuroptera
(Family
Myrmeleontidae) and Orthoptera (Family Raphidophoridae). Arachnids were also found
in the Twilight Zone belonging to the Order Araneae (FamilyPholcidae and Pisauridae).
Dark Zone
The Insect Fauna that were found in the Dark Zone belonged to the Orders Diptera
(Families Nycteribiidae, and Streblidae),Orthoptera (Family Raphidophoridae), and
Plecoptera (Family Perlidae). Arachnids were also found in the Dark Zone belonging to
the Orders Araneae (FamilyPisauridae), Order Amblyphigi (Family Charontidae), and
Order Opilliones (Family Stylocellidae).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
The Insect Orders Coleoptera (Families Dytiscidaeand Gyrinidae) Hemiptera (Family
Corixidae), Plecoptera (Family Perlidae) were also found in the Bengaongao Cave in
comparison to the insects found by (Horsskottet, et. al., 2010) and (Fisher, 1988) in the
Caves of Indonesia.While Orders Coleoptera (Families Carabidae and Scarabeidae) found
in the Caves of Bicol by (Jackson et. al. 1998) were also found within the Bengaongao
Cave. Parasitic Diptera (Families Streblidae and Nycteriibidae) feeding on fruit bats were
also present in Bengaongao Cave in comparison to the insects found by (Thu-cao and Bae,
2007) in the Caves of Vietnam and Thailand. Insect Orders Hymenoptera (Family
Formicidae), Isoptera (Families Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae) and Orthoptera (Family
Raphidophoridae) were also present in comparison to the studies of (Rust and Andersen
1999) in the Moreneo Caves of Brazil.
The insect Orders Archeognatha, Collembolla, Blattodea, Ephemeroptera, Lepidoptera,
Mantodea and Trichoptera. And the Other Arthropods which belongs to the Orders,
Psuedoscorpionida, Scorpionida, Chilopoda and Diplopoda, which were found by (Urban,
2009) in the Kabayan Cave Mummies were not present in the Bengaongao Cave probably
due to the difference of environment with in the two caves.
The insect Orders Coleoptera (Family Lampyridae), Dermaptera (Family Forficulidae),
Diptera (FamilesCeratopogonidae and Culicidae), Neuroptera (Family Myrmeleontidae),
and Odonata (Family Corduliidae) were collected at the Entrance Zone of the Cave and are
classified only as visitors of the caves.
Other Arthropods belonging to the Orders Araneae (Families PholcidaePisauridae and
Salticidae), Order Amblyphigi (Family Charontidae) and Order Opilliones (Family
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Stylocellidae) were also present within the Bengaongao Cave, the same with the findings
of (Adis and Harvey, 2000) in the caves of “Gruta Cana Brava”, Brazil.
Identification and Ecological Importance
Order Coleoptera
The Order Coleoptera was represented by five families,the Family Carabidae (Figure 4) is
one of the major beetle families and commonly known as ground beetles. The specimen
was found under a rock, 18 millimeters in body length, recognizable by the flattened body
shape and ridged elytra. It has long legs and prominent mandibles.Their appearance is
similar to the sun beetles with a thinner pro-thorax and a metallic black coloring. Carabids
are classified as scavengers and predator, depending on the scarcity of food (Beutel 1991).
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Carabidae
Subfamily: Harpalinae
Tribe: Harpalini
Subtribe: Ditoma
Genus: Bottchrus
Common Name: Ground Beetle
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figures
a
4a: Posterior view magnified 3x
4b: Specimen found on a twig
Magnified 1x
b
Figure 4. Carabidae
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
The Family Dytiscidae also known as predaceous water beetles are one of the largest and
most commonly encountered aquatic beetles (Figure 5.). The specimen was found at a
water puddle at the entrance. The specimen is eight millimeters long, hard, smooth, oval
body, without a ventral spine,flattened hind legs and with a fringe of hairs. The adults and
larvae attack animals much larger than themselves, and have been known to feed on other
insects, crustaceans, worms, leeches, mollusks, tadpoles and small fish(Bailey et.al. 2002).
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Dytiscidae
Subfamily: Agabinae
Tribe: Agabini
Genus: Ilybiosoma
Common name: Dytiscid Beetle
Location found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figures
a
5a: Specimen posterior view 1x
5b: Lateral view magnified 2x
b
Figure 5. Dytiscidae
The Family Gyrinidae is called whirligig beetles they are aquatic and mainly thrive on the
water surface (Figure 6). One specimen was located on the surface of a water puddle, it
has very short and compact antennae, mid and hind legs are also short, flattened and paddle-
like, with fringes of swimming hairs; fore legs long and slender, with expanded tarsi.
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Gyrinidae
Subfamily: Gyrininae
Tribe: Gyrinini
Genus: Gyrinus
Common Name: Whirlygig Beetle
Location found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
6a: Specimen posterior view
a
magnified 5x
6b: Specimen anterior view
b
Figure 6: Gyrinidae
The Family Lampyridae is soft bodied winged beetles that are commonly known as
fireflies or lightning bugs for adults and glow worms for larvae (Figure 7).One specimen
was found on a leaf at the Entrance Zone, having a yellow blunt head, measuring 10
millimeters and emits a green colored light below the abdomen. Adults and larvae are
carnivorous; they feed on a wide variety of insects and other small invertebrates, and other
species of fireflies (Naumann, 1993).
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Lampyridae
Subfamily: Luciolinae
Genus: Luciola
Common name: Firefly
Location found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figure
7a: Specimen posterior view magnified2x
7b: Specimen anterior view magnified 3x
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
a
b
Figure 7. Lampyridae
The Family Scarabaeidaeare stout-bodied beetles, with dark metallic colors, clubbed
antennae andbroad front legs and adapted for digging (Figure 8). One specimen was found
under rocks and leaf debris. Many species of this family are scavengers that recycle dung,
carrion, or decaying plant material (Coca-abia, 2007) and (Bezděk, and Hájek, 2010).
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Scarabaeidae
Subfamily: Melolonthinae
Genus: Phyllophaga
Common Name: May or June beetle
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
8a: Specimen magnified 3x
a
8b: Specimen found on soil
Magnified 2x
b
Figure 8. Scarabaeidae
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order Diptera
The Order Diptera is represented by the four Families: Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae,
Nycteribiidae, and Streblidae(Figure 9). The Family Culicidae is known to be one of the
most abundant groups of mosquitoes. One specimen was located at the Entrance Zone. It
has black slender long-legs with long proboscis and the presence of scales on most parts of
the body.
Order: Diptera
Family: Culicidae
Subfamily: Culicinae
Genus: Culex
Common Name: Culex mosquito
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance:
Ecto -Parasite
Figure
11a: Specimen top view magnified 2x
a
11b: Area where specimen was found
b
Figure 9. Culicidae
The family Ceratopogonidae this is commonly known as biting midges. They mostly feed
on animal blood and rarely feed on human blood. One specimen was found at the Entrance
Zone of the cave. Biting midges have smaller bodies than Mosquitoes; the legs are smaller
than their antennae, with wings folded on top of each wing along the abdomen. They are
found in almost any aquatic or semiaquatic habitat throughout the world, the blood-sucking
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
species are known to be vectors of disease-causing viruses, protozoa, and filarial worms
(Bertone et al. 2008).
Order: Diptera
Family: Ceratopogonidae
Subfamily: Ceratopogonidae
Tribe: Culicoidini
Genus: Culicoides
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance:
Ecto- Parasite
Figure
a
10a: Specimen on skin magnified 2x
10b: Specimen manified 4x
b
Figure 10. Ceratopogonidae
The Family Streblidae, they are known collectively as bat flies (Figure 11).
Together with the family Nycteribiidae, they are pupiparous and parasitic exclusively on
bats (Thu-cao and Bae, 2007). One specimen was collected parasitizing on a bat in the
Dark Zone, it has a flea-like body structure, wings present and not longer than the body,
legs and head arise from the sides. The wings are almost always fully developed, rarely
reduced and non-functional (Graciolli, 2006).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Diptera
Family: Streblidae
Subfamily: Streblinae
Tribe: Trichobiini
Genus: Trichobius
Location Found: Dark Zone
Ecological Importance:
Endo Parasite
Figure
a
11a: Specimen top view magnified 4x
11b: Host Harpy Fruit bat (Harpyionycteris)
b
Figure 11. Streblidae
The Family Nycteribiidae, they are also known as bat flies, together with their close
relatives the Streblidae. One specimen was found on a fruit bat in the Dark Zone, the
specimen has a flattened body, spider-like appearance, the head is closely attached to the
head, eyes, antennae and wings are absent,, and mouthparts are modified specialized for
sucking. Nycteribids are seldom encountered on the soil or the bat roosts, as they almost
never leave the bodies of their hosts. Both males and females are hematophagic (Dittmara,
2009).
Family: Nycteribiidae
Subfamily: Nycteribinae
Genus: Phthiridium
Location Found: Dark zone
Ecological Importance:
Ecto-Parasite
Figure
12a: Specimen posterior view
Magnified x5
a
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
12b: Woolly Bat (kerivoula) where
Specimen is located on it’s
Stomach
b
Figure 12. Nycteribiidae
Order Dermaptera
The Family Forficulidae under the suborder Forficulina is the most common earwigs found
in the world, the specimen was found at the Entrance Zone (Figure 13). The specimen is
black in color, has a pair of leathery forewings covering a few segments of the abdomen
and the membranous hind wings, which have the tips protruding. Most of the species are
commonly feed on plants, insects, invertebrates and decaying plant or animal matter
(Guillet and Vancassel. 2001).
Order: Dermaptera
Family: Forficulidae
Subfamily: Forficulinae
Genus: Forficula
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Scavenger/
Predator
Figure
a
13a: Specimen posterior view
Magnified 3x
13b: Specimen lateral view
Magnified 3x
b
Figure 13. Forficulidae
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order Hemiptera
The Order Hemiptera was represented by one Family, the Family Corixidae,
commonly known as “water boatmen”. One specimen was located on a puddle along the
entrance zone. The specimen had a tear drop shaped body with hairy paddle-shaped legs,
black in color and with yellow striations along the body. Water boatmen are scavengers
which feed on decaying matter and were also known to eat algae and planktons (Donovan,
et. al, 2000).
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Corixidae
Subfamily: Corixinae
Tribe: Hesperocorixini
Genus: Hesperocorixa
Common Name: Water Boatman
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
14a: Specimen top view magnified x4
a
14b: Specimen found on rock
Magnified 2x
b
Figure 14. Corixidae
Order Hymenoptera
The Order Hymenoptera was represented by one Family Formicidae, the Family
Formicidaecommonly known as ants; ants are found on most parts of the world.Ants have
distinct morphology, having elbowed antennae, metapleural glands, and a strong
constriction of their second abdominal segment into a node-like petiole.
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
The subfamily Myrmicinae known as fire ants, named for the burning sensation
felt when stung or bitten by the insects (Figure 15). One specimen was found at the
Entrance Zone, the specimen was slender bodied with bright red color and large mandibles.
Fire ants are known to be omnivorous although they are also known for their voracious
appetites (Rust and Andersen, 1999).
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Genus: Myrmica
Common Name: Fire ant
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance:
Predator/Scavenger
a
Figure
15a: Specimen frontal view
Magnified 4x
15b: Specimen preying on other ants
Magnified 3x
b
Figure 15 Formicidae
The subfamily Formicinae commonly known as black ants, one specimen was
found at the Entrance Zone (Figure 16). The specimen is pure metallic black color, with
small sized body and reduced mandibles. Black ants are scavenger ants, they feed on
decaying plant matter, and some species are known to have a mutual relationship with
aphids and scales (Naumann, 1993).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Lasini
Genus: Lasius
Common Name: Black ant
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance:
Predator and Scavenger
Figure
a
16a: Specimen magnified 3 xs
16b Specimen found on leaf
Magnified 2x
b
Figure 16. Formicidae
Order Isoptera
The Order Isoptera was represented by two Families: Rhinotermitidae and
Termitidae. Family Rhinotermitidae, is a family of subterranean termites, one specimen
was found at the Entrance Zone and Twilight Zone of the cave (Figure 17). The specimen
hadstout white colored abdomen, with yellow colored head, and reduced mandibles. The
family Rhinotermitidae termites prefer feeding on decaying wood than trees (Donovan, et.
al, 2000).
Order:Isoptera
Family: Rhinotermitidae
Subfamily: Captotermitinae
Genus: Captotermes
Common Name: Milk Termite
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
a
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
17a: Tunnels found on the walls of
the cave magnified 3x
17b: Tunnels found at the cave wall
b
`
Figure 17. Rhinotermitidae
The Family Termitidae, is a family of mound- building termites, the specimen was
found at the entrance of the cave (Figure 18). The specimen has slender bodies with a
distinguishable pointed black head and with a brown abdomen. The family is known for
their invasive pattern of colonization and feeding, and considered as detrivores. They prefer
leaf litter and decaying wood. (Donovan, et. al. 2000).
Order:Isoptera
Family: Termitidae
Subfamily: Nasutitermitinae
Genus: Nasutitermes
Common Name: Pin Termites
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
18a: Specimen on wood magnified
a
4x
18b: Tunnels found on the ceiling
of the cave
b
Figure 18. Termitidae
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order Neuroptera
The Order Neuroptera was represented by one family, the Family Myrmeleontidae,
this family is referred to as ant lions. One specimen was found at the Entrance Zone (Figure
19). The specimen had long jaws, reduced legs, enlarged abdomen which is hump-like in
appearance and thorax is retracted to the abdomen. Ant lion larvae are carnivorous unlike
the adults it feeds on small insects that fall into their trap (Haring and Aspöck. 2004).
Order: Neuroptera
Subfamily: Myrmeleontidae
Tribe: Myrmeleontini
Genus: Myrmeleon
Common Name: Ant Lion
Location Found:
Ecological Importance:
Figure
19a: Specimen magnified 3x
19b: Ant lion found under sand pit
a
Magnified 3x
b
Figure 19. Myrmeleontidae
Order Odonata
The Order Odonata was represented by one family the Family Corduliidae commonly
known as basket tailed Dragonflies. The family Corduliidae adults are black with areas of
metallic green, and have large, emerald-green eyes. The larvae are black, hairy, and
aquatic. Larvae (Figure 20) feed on a wide variety of aquatic insects, such as mosquito
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
larvae, other aquatic fly larvae, may fly larvae, and freshwater shrimp (Hamid and Rawi
2010).
Order: Odonata
Family: Corduliidae
Genus: Epitheca
Common Name: Dragonfly Niad
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figure
20a: Specimen posterior view
Magnified 3x
a
20b: Specimen labium magnified
5x
b
Figure 20. Corduliidae
Order Orthoptera
The Order Orthoptera is represented by one Family: Raphidophoridae, the Family
Raphidophoridae under the suborder Ensifera referred to as moon hoppers or cave crickets
(Figure 21). Two specimens were found in the Twilight Zone and Dark Zone of the cave.
The specimen hadlarge hind legs with "drumstick-shaped" femora and long, slender
antennae, greyish color with black pigments found along the body color, humpbacked in
appearance and wingless. Cave crickets feed on decaying matter; mainly they are described
as scavengers (Russo, et al. 2007).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Orthoptera
Family: Raphidophoridae
Subfamily:Raphidophorinae/
Troglophilinae
Genus: Troglophylus
Common Name: Cave Cricket
Location Found: Dark Zone
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
21a: Specimen anterior view
a
Magnified 2x
21b: Specimen found on rock
Magnified 1x
b
Figure 21. Raphidophoridae
Order Plecoptera
The Order Plecoptera was represented by one Family: Perlidae commonly known as Stone
flies (Figure 22). One specimen were found at the Entrance Zone and the Dark Zone, the
specimen had chewing mandibles, long, large compound eyes, and two ocelli, the legs are
robust, with each ending in two clawsand relatively soft abdomen. The Family Perlidaeis
known to be scavengers feeding on floating organic material like leaf litter (Hamid and
Rawi 2010).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Plecoptera
Family:Perlidae
Subfamily: Perlinae
Genus: Neoperla
Common Name: Stone fly
Location Found: Entrance and Dark Zone
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
22a: Specimen found on rock
a
Magnified 3x
22b: Area in the dark zone where
the specimen is found
b
Figure 22. Perlidae
Identification and Ecological
Importance of Other Arthropods
Order Araneae
The Order Araneae was represented by three Families: Pholcidae, Pisauridae, and
Salticidae. The Family Pholcidae, commonly known as “daddy-long-legs” (Figure 23).
One specimen was found at the Entrance Zone and Twilight Zone of the Cave. It has
extremely long thin legs, and a skull shaped throrax, with cylindrical and elongate
abdomen.Pholcids are araneomorphs, meaning they kill and digest their prey with venom,
in caves they feed primarily on cave crickets and other spiders (Mađarić, et. al. 2005).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Araneae
Suborder: Araneomorphae
Superfamily: Pholcoidea
Family: Pholcidae
Genus: PholcusWalckenaer
Common Name: Daddy Long Legs
Location found: Entrance and
Twilight zone
a
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figure
23a: Specimen lateral view
magnified 3x
23b: Area where the specimen
was found
b
Figure 23. Pholcidae
The Family Salticidae also known as the jumping spiders. One specimen was found at the
Entrance Zone of the Cave (Figure 24). It has eight eyes, three eyes on each side of the
head positioned horizontally and two eyes in the middle, with enlarged mandibles and
broad hind legs. The Family Salticidae are predatory spider like most arachnids they feed
on insects and other small prey (Framenau,et.al. 2010).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Araneae
Family: Salticidae
Genus: Unknown
Common Name: Jumping spider
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figure
24a: Specimen magnified 3x
24b: Specimen anterior view of
Ocelli magnified 5x
a
b
Figure 24. Salticidae
The Family Pisauridae or commonly known as Nursery Web spiders. One specimen was
found at the Dark Zone (Figure 25). It has a distinct vertical lining found throughout the
head and abdomen, with long slender legs and a medium sized body. In caves or most
subterranean species, they feed on insects, other arthropods and even small vertebrates like
cave fish, and pack rats. (Sierwald, 1997).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Araneae
Family: Pisauridae
Genus: Tinus
Common Name: Nursing Sprider
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figure
25a: Specimen top view
Magnified 2x
a
25b: Distinct stripe on thorax magnified
5x
b
Figure 25. Pisauridae
Order Amblyphigi
The Order Amblyphigi was represented by one Famliy. The FamilyCharontidae
commonly known as False Whip Scorpions (Figure 26). One specimen was found in the
Dark Zone, the specimen has a heart-shaped cephalothorax, pedipalps not exceeding the
length of the “whip”, and the carapace, pedipalps and legs are reddish-brown in color and
has a sideward manner of moving. The Family Charontidaeis primarily known as
scavengers although some species are carnivorous depending on the presence of food
(Harvey, 2002).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Amblypygi, Thorell
Family: Charontidae
Genus: Charon
Common Name: Tailess Whip Scorpion
Location Found: Dark Zone
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figure
26a: Specimen top view magnified 4x
26b: Specimen found on cave floor
a
b
Figure 26. Charontidae
Order Opilliones
The Order Opilliones was represented by one Family. The order Opilliones formerly
known as Phalangida is an order of arachnids commonly known as “harvestmen” or
“grand-daddy-long-legs” (Figure 27). The Family Stylocellidae also known as Armored
Harvestmen. One specimen was found at the Dark Zone, the specimen had anarmored
carapace, long legs,with two distinct body regions abdomen and cephalothorax, and
spinnerets absent. Harvestmen are omnivorous, and feed on a wide variety of small insects,
plant materials, and fungi: some are scavengers feeding upon dead organisms, bird dung,
and other fecal material (Madaric, et.al.2005).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Opilliones
Suborder: Cyphophthalmi
Superfamily: Stylocelloidea, Hansen and
Sorensen 1904
Family: Stylocellidae
Hansen & Sørensen, 1904
Genus: Stylocellus
Common Name: Armored Harvestman
a
Location Found: Dark Zone
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
27a: Top view magnified 4x
27b: Anterior view of ocelli magnified
5x
b
Figure 27.Stylocellidae
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the ecological importance of insects and
other arthropods associated with Bengaongao cave in Tublay, Benguet.
There were 24 arthropods associated in the cave comprised of 19 insects, and five
Arachnids. The insects belonged to Orders: Coleoptera (Families Carabidae, Dytiscidae,
Gyrinidae, Scarabeidae, and Lampyridae), Dermaptera (Family Forficulidae), Diptera
(Families Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Nycteribiidae, and Streblidae), Hemiptera (Family
Corixidae), Hymenoptera (Family Formicidae), Isoptera (Families Termitidae,
Rhinotermitidae) Neuroptera (Family Myrmeleontidae) , Odonata ( Family Corduliidae) ,
Orthoptera (Family Raphidophoridae) and Plecoptera (Family Perlidae).
Most of the insects are scavengers, these belonged to the Order Dermaptera (Family
Forficulidae), Hemiptera (Family Corixidae), Hymenoptera (Family Formicidae), Isoptera
(Families Termitidae, Rhinotermitidae), Coleoptera (Families Gyrinidae, Scarabeidae).
The predatory insects belonged to the Orders Coleoptera (Families Carabidae, Dytiscidae,
Scarabeidae, and Lampyridae), and Order, Odonata ( Corduliidae).
While the insects belonging to the Order Diptera (Families Nycteribiidae, and Streblidae)
are parasites of bats living in the cave while (Families Culicidae and Ceratopogonidae) are
parasitic to animals and man.
The Arachnids associated with Bengaongao cave belongs to the order Araneae (Families
Pholcidae, Pisauridae, Salticidae), Order Amblyphigi (Family Charontidae) and Order
Opilliones (Family Stylocellidae). All arachnids identified were predators to other
arthropods and none were known to be harmful to man.
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Conclusion
Fifteen of the insects and Arachnids associated with Bengaongao cave were beneficial
arthropods that help maintain the ecology of the cave, except for the visitor insects of the
Order Dipteral Family Culicidae (mosquitoes) and Ceratopogonidae(biting midges). These
Dipteran insects are known parasites of animals and man (Soulsby, 1982).
The arachnids associated with the cave are predators of other arthropods and may help
maintain the balance of the population of arthropods inside the cave. None of which were
poisonous or known to be harmful to man.
Recommendation
These insects and arachnids that were collected are beneficial arthropods and
should be conserved so that they will not become endangered and shall continue to
contribute in the prestine quality of the cave. It is also recommended to study the effect of
the frequency of the visitors and disturbance to the cave on the population of the arthropods.
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
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Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012. Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay,
Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Dr. Lita M. Colting Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Bengaongao Cave, Barangay Ambongdolan, Tublay,
Benguet from November 2010 to September 2011 to determine and identify the cave fauna
particularly insects and other arthropods, to determine their ecological importance, and to
prepare a poster for tourists.
There were 24 arthropods, 19 insects from the orders Coleoptera, Dermaptera,
Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera and
Plecoptera and five arachnids from the orders Araneae, Amblyphigi, Opilliones. The
insects living in the caves belong to Order Coleoptera (Family Carabidae, Dytiscidae,
Gyrinidae, Scarabeidae, and Lampyridae), Order Dermaptera (Family Forficulidae), Order
Diptera (Family Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Nycteribiidae, and Streblidae), Order
Hemiptera(Family Corixidae), Order Hymenoptera (Family Formicidae), Order Isoptera
with two families (Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae), Neuroptera (Family
Myrmeleontidae), Order Odonata (Family Corduliidae), Order Orthoptera (Family
Raphidophoridae) and Order Plecoptera (Family Perlidae). Apart from insects there were
presence of other arachnids and bats. There were five arachnids represented by the
OrderAraneae (Family Pholsidae, Pisauridae and Salticidae), Order Amblyphigi (Family
Charontidae) and Order Opilliones (Family Stylocellidae).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
The most numerous were Order Coleoptera with five families, followed by Order
Diptera with four families and Order Isoptera with two families. The others were
represented with only one family. In the arachnids, the most numerous is Order Araneae
with three families; the others were only represented by one family.
Fifteen of the arthropods were decomposers or predators may contribute to the
cleanliness and in managing of the population of insects and arthropods within the cave.
Families under Order Diptera are known as ecto-parasites, two are associated with bats and
the remaining two are associated known to cause annoyance or injuries to human
beings.This information may contribute to the growing eco-tourism industry, for people to
understand the significance and importance of the fauna that are found within the cave.
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Collected Specimens
Entrance Zone
The Insect Fauna that were found at the Entrance Zone belongs to the Orders the Coleoptera
(Families, Carabidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Scarabeidae, and Lampyridae), Dermaptera
(Family Forficulidae), Diptera (Families Culicidae and Ceratopogonidae), Hemiptera
(Family Corixidae), Hymenoptera (Family Formicidae), Isoptera (FamiliesTermitidae, and
Rhinotermitidae),Odonata (Family Corduliidae), and Order Plecoptera (Family Perlidae).
Arachnids were also found in the Entrance Zone belonging to the Order Araneae(Families
Pholcidae and Salticidae).
Twilight Zone
The Insect Fauna that were found in the Twilight Zone belonged to the Orders Diptera
(Family
Nycteribiidae),
Isoptera
(Family
Termitidae),Neuroptera
(Family
Myrmeleontidae) and Orthoptera (Family Raphidophoridae). Arachnids were also found
in the Twilight Zone belonging to the Order Araneae (FamilyPholcidae and Pisauridae).
Dark Zone
The Insect Fauna that were found in the Dark Zone belonged to the Orders Diptera
(Families Nycteribiidae, and Streblidae),Orthoptera (Family Raphidophoridae), and
Plecoptera (Family Perlidae). Arachnids were also found in the Dark Zone belonging to
the Orders Araneae (FamilyPisauridae), Order Amblyphigi (Family Charontidae), and
Order Opilliones (Family Stylocellidae).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
The Insect Orders Coleoptera (Families Dytiscidaeand Gyrinidae) Hemiptera (Family
Corixidae), Plecoptera (Family Perlidae) were also found in the Bengaongao Cave in
comparison to the insects found by (Horsskottet, et. al., 2010) and (Fisher, 1988) in the
Caves of Indonesia.While Orders Coleoptera (Families Carabidae and Scarabeidae) found
in the Caves of Bicol by (Jackson et. al. 1998) were also found within the Bengaongao
Cave. Parasitic Diptera (Families Streblidae and Nycteriibidae) feeding on fruit bats were
also present in Bengaongao Cave in comparison to the insects found by (Thu-cao and Bae,
2007) in the Caves of Vietnam and Thailand. Insect Orders Hymenoptera (Family
Formicidae), Isoptera (Families Termitidae and Rhinotermitidae) and Orthoptera (Family
Raphidophoridae) were also present in comparison to the studies of (Rust and Andersen
1999) in the Moreneo Caves of Brazil.
The insect Orders Archeognatha, Collembolla, Blattodea, Ephemeroptera, Lepidoptera,
Mantodea and Trichoptera. And the Other Arthropods which belongs to the Orders,
Psuedoscorpionida, Scorpionida, Chilopoda and Diplopoda, which were found by (Urban,
2009) in the Kabayan Cave Mummies were not present in the Bengaongao Cave probably
due to the difference of environment with in the two caves.
The insect Orders Coleoptera (Family Lampyridae), Dermaptera (Family Forficulidae),
Diptera (FamilesCeratopogonidae and Culicidae), Neuroptera (Family Myrmeleontidae),
and Odonata (Family Corduliidae) were collected at the Entrance Zone of the Cave and are
classified only as visitors of the caves.
Other Arthropods belonging to the Orders Araneae (Families PholcidaePisauridae and
Salticidae), Order Amblyphigi (Family Charontidae) and Order Opilliones (Family
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Stylocellidae) were also present within the Bengaongao Cave, the same with the findings
of (Adis and Harvey, 2000) in the caves of “Gruta Cana Brava”, Brazil.
Identification and Ecological Importance
Order Coleoptera
The Order Coleoptera was represented by five families,the Family Carabidae (Figure 4) is
one of the major beetle families and commonly known as ground beetles. The specimen
was found under a rock, 18 millimeters in body length, recognizable by the flattened body
shape and ridged elytra. It has long legs and prominent mandibles.Their appearance is
similar to the sun beetles with a thinner pro-thorax and a metallic black coloring. Carabids
are classified as scavengers and predator, depending on the scarcity of food (Beutel 1991).
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Carabidae
Subfamily: Harpalinae
Tribe: Harpalini
Subtribe: Ditoma
Genus: Bottchrus
Common Name: Ground Beetle
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figures
a
4a: Posterior view magnified 3x
4b: Specimen found on a twig
Magnified 1x
b
Figure 4. Carabidae
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
The Family Dytiscidae also known as predaceous water beetles are one of the largest and
most commonly encountered aquatic beetles (Figure 5.). The specimen was found at a
water puddle at the entrance. The specimen is eight millimeters long, hard, smooth, oval
body, without a ventral spine,flattened hind legs and with a fringe of hairs. The adults and
larvae attack animals much larger than themselves, and have been known to feed on other
insects, crustaceans, worms, leeches, mollusks, tadpoles and small fish(Bailey et.al. 2002).
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Dytiscidae
Subfamily: Agabinae
Tribe: Agabini
Genus: Ilybiosoma
Common name: Dytiscid Beetle
Location found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figures
a
5a: Specimen posterior view 1x
5b: Lateral view magnified 2x
b
Figure 5. Dytiscidae
The Family Gyrinidae is called whirligig beetles they are aquatic and mainly thrive on the
water surface (Figure 6). One specimen was located on the surface of a water puddle, it
has very short and compact antennae, mid and hind legs are also short, flattened and paddle-
like, with fringes of swimming hairs; fore legs long and slender, with expanded tarsi.
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Gyrinidae
Subfamily: Gyrininae
Tribe: Gyrinini
Genus: Gyrinus
Common Name: Whirlygig Beetle
Location found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
6a: Specimen posterior view
a
magnified 5x
6b: Specimen anterior view
b
Figure 6: Gyrinidae
The Family Lampyridae is soft bodied winged beetles that are commonly known as
fireflies or lightning bugs for adults and glow worms for larvae (Figure 7).One specimen
was found on a leaf at the Entrance Zone, having a yellow blunt head, measuring 10
millimeters and emits a green colored light below the abdomen. Adults and larvae are
carnivorous; they feed on a wide variety of insects and other small invertebrates, and other
species of fireflies (Naumann, 1993).
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Lampyridae
Subfamily: Luciolinae
Genus: Luciola
Common name: Firefly
Location found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figure
7a: Specimen posterior view magnified2x
7b: Specimen anterior view magnified 3x
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
a
b
Figure 7. Lampyridae
The Family Scarabaeidaeare stout-bodied beetles, with dark metallic colors, clubbed
antennae andbroad front legs and adapted for digging (Figure 8). One specimen was found
under rocks and leaf debris. Many species of this family are scavengers that recycle dung,
carrion, or decaying plant material (Coca-abia, 2007) and (Bezděk, and Hájek, 2010).
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Scarabaeidae
Subfamily: Melolonthinae
Genus: Phyllophaga
Common Name: May or June beetle
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
8a: Specimen magnified 3x
a
8b: Specimen found on soil
Magnified 2x
b
Figure 8. Scarabaeidae
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order Diptera
The Order Diptera is represented by the four Families: Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae,
Nycteribiidae, and Streblidae(Figure 9). The Family Culicidae is known to be one of the
most abundant groups of mosquitoes. One specimen was located at the Entrance Zone. It
has black slender long-legs with long proboscis and the presence of scales on most parts of
the body.
Order: Diptera
Family: Culicidae
Subfamily: Culicinae
Genus: Culex
Common Name: Culex mosquito
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance:
Ecto -Parasite
Figure
11a: Specimen top view magnified 2x
a
11b: Area where specimen was found
b
Figure 9. Culicidae
The family Ceratopogonidae this is commonly known as biting midges. They mostly feed
on animal blood and rarely feed on human blood. One specimen was found at the Entrance
Zone of the cave. Biting midges have smaller bodies than Mosquitoes; the legs are smaller
than their antennae, with wings folded on top of each wing along the abdomen. They are
found in almost any aquatic or semiaquatic habitat throughout the world, the blood-sucking
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
species are known to be vectors of disease-causing viruses, protozoa, and filarial worms
(Bertone et al. 2008).
Order: Diptera
Family: Ceratopogonidae
Subfamily: Ceratopogonidae
Tribe: Culicoidini
Genus: Culicoides
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance:
Ecto- Parasite
Figure
a
10a: Specimen on skin magnified 2x
10b: Specimen manified 4x
b
Figure 10. Ceratopogonidae
The Family Streblidae, they are known collectively as bat flies (Figure 11).
Together with the family Nycteribiidae, they are pupiparous and parasitic exclusively on
bats (Thu-cao and Bae, 2007). One specimen was collected parasitizing on a bat in the
Dark Zone, it has a flea-like body structure, wings present and not longer than the body,
legs and head arise from the sides. The wings are almost always fully developed, rarely
reduced and non-functional (Graciolli, 2006).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Diptera
Family: Streblidae
Subfamily: Streblinae
Tribe: Trichobiini
Genus: Trichobius
Location Found: Dark Zone
Ecological Importance:
Endo Parasite
Figure
a
11a: Specimen top view magnified 4x
11b: Host Harpy Fruit bat (Harpyionycteris)
b
Figure 11. Streblidae
The Family Nycteribiidae, they are also known as bat flies, together with their close
relatives the Streblidae. One specimen was found on a fruit bat in the Dark Zone, the
specimen has a flattened body, spider-like appearance, the head is closely attached to the
head, eyes, antennae and wings are absent,, and mouthparts are modified specialized for
sucking. Nycteribids are seldom encountered on the soil or the bat roosts, as they almost
never leave the bodies of their hosts. Both males and females are hematophagic (Dittmara,
2009).
Family: Nycteribiidae
Subfamily: Nycteribinae
Genus: Phthiridium
Location Found: Dark zone
Ecological Importance:
Ecto-Parasite
Figure
12a: Specimen posterior view
Magnified x5
a
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
12b: Woolly Bat (kerivoula) where
Specimen is located on it’s
Stomach
b
Figure 12. Nycteribiidae
Order Dermaptera
The Family Forficulidae under the suborder Forficulina is the most common earwigs found
in the world, the specimen was found at the Entrance Zone (Figure 13). The specimen is
black in color, has a pair of leathery forewings covering a few segments of the abdomen
and the membranous hind wings, which have the tips protruding. Most of the species are
commonly feed on plants, insects, invertebrates and decaying plant or animal matter
(Guillet and Vancassel. 2001).
Order: Dermaptera
Family: Forficulidae
Subfamily: Forficulinae
Genus: Forficula
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Scavenger/
Predator
Figure
a
13a: Specimen posterior view
Magnified 3x
13b: Specimen lateral view
Magnified 3x
b
Figure 13. Forficulidae
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order Hemiptera
The Order Hemiptera was represented by one Family, the Family Corixidae,
commonly known as “water boatmen”. One specimen was located on a puddle along the
entrance zone. The specimen had a tear drop shaped body with hairy paddle-shaped legs,
black in color and with yellow striations along the body. Water boatmen are scavengers
which feed on decaying matter and were also known to eat algae and planktons (Donovan,
et. al, 2000).
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Corixidae
Subfamily: Corixinae
Tribe: Hesperocorixini
Genus: Hesperocorixa
Common Name: Water Boatman
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
14a: Specimen top view magnified x4
a
14b: Specimen found on rock
Magnified 2x
b
Figure 14. Corixidae
Order Hymenoptera
The Order Hymenoptera was represented by one Family Formicidae, the Family
Formicidaecommonly known as ants; ants are found on most parts of the world.Ants have
distinct morphology, having elbowed antennae, metapleural glands, and a strong
constriction of their second abdominal segment into a node-like petiole.
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
The subfamily Myrmicinae known as fire ants, named for the burning sensation
felt when stung or bitten by the insects (Figure 15). One specimen was found at the
Entrance Zone, the specimen was slender bodied with bright red color and large mandibles.
Fire ants are known to be omnivorous although they are also known for their voracious
appetites (Rust and Andersen, 1999).
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Genus: Myrmica
Common Name: Fire ant
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance:
Predator/Scavenger
a
Figure
15a: Specimen frontal view
Magnified 4x
15b: Specimen preying on other ants
Magnified 3x
b
Figure 15 Formicidae
The subfamily Formicinae commonly known as black ants, one specimen was
found at the Entrance Zone (Figure 16). The specimen is pure metallic black color, with
small sized body and reduced mandibles. Black ants are scavenger ants, they feed on
decaying plant matter, and some species are known to have a mutual relationship with
aphids and scales (Naumann, 1993).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Lasini
Genus: Lasius
Common Name: Black ant
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance:
Predator and Scavenger
Figure
a
16a: Specimen magnified 3 xs
16b Specimen found on leaf
Magnified 2x
b
Figure 16. Formicidae
Order Isoptera
The Order Isoptera was represented by two Families: Rhinotermitidae and
Termitidae. Family Rhinotermitidae, is a family of subterranean termites, one specimen
was found at the Entrance Zone and Twilight Zone of the cave (Figure 17). The specimen
hadstout white colored abdomen, with yellow colored head, and reduced mandibles. The
family Rhinotermitidae termites prefer feeding on decaying wood than trees (Donovan, et.
al, 2000).
Order:Isoptera
Family: Rhinotermitidae
Subfamily: Captotermitinae
Genus: Captotermes
Common Name: Milk Termite
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
a
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
17a: Tunnels found on the walls of
the cave magnified 3x
17b: Tunnels found at the cave wall
b
`
Figure 17. Rhinotermitidae
The Family Termitidae, is a family of mound- building termites, the specimen was
found at the entrance of the cave (Figure 18). The specimen has slender bodies with a
distinguishable pointed black head and with a brown abdomen. The family is known for
their invasive pattern of colonization and feeding, and considered as detrivores. They prefer
leaf litter and decaying wood. (Donovan, et. al. 2000).
Order:Isoptera
Family: Termitidae
Subfamily: Nasutitermitinae
Genus: Nasutitermes
Common Name: Pin Termites
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
18a: Specimen on wood magnified
a
4x
18b: Tunnels found on the ceiling
of the cave
b
Figure 18. Termitidae
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order Neuroptera
The Order Neuroptera was represented by one family, the Family Myrmeleontidae,
this family is referred to as ant lions. One specimen was found at the Entrance Zone (Figure
19). The specimen had long jaws, reduced legs, enlarged abdomen which is hump-like in
appearance and thorax is retracted to the abdomen. Ant lion larvae are carnivorous unlike
the adults it feeds on small insects that fall into their trap (Haring and Aspöck. 2004).
Order: Neuroptera
Subfamily: Myrmeleontidae
Tribe: Myrmeleontini
Genus: Myrmeleon
Common Name: Ant Lion
Location Found:
Ecological Importance:
Figure
19a: Specimen magnified 3x
19b: Ant lion found under sand pit
a
Magnified 3x
b
Figure 19. Myrmeleontidae
Order Odonata
The Order Odonata was represented by one family the Family Corduliidae commonly
known as basket tailed Dragonflies. The family Corduliidae adults are black with areas of
metallic green, and have large, emerald-green eyes. The larvae are black, hairy, and
aquatic. Larvae (Figure 20) feed on a wide variety of aquatic insects, such as mosquito
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
larvae, other aquatic fly larvae, may fly larvae, and freshwater shrimp (Hamid and Rawi
2010).
Order: Odonata
Family: Corduliidae
Genus: Epitheca
Common Name: Dragonfly Niad
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figure
20a: Specimen posterior view
Magnified 3x
a
20b: Specimen labium magnified
5x
b
Figure 20. Corduliidae
Order Orthoptera
The Order Orthoptera is represented by one Family: Raphidophoridae, the Family
Raphidophoridae under the suborder Ensifera referred to as moon hoppers or cave crickets
(Figure 21). Two specimens were found in the Twilight Zone and Dark Zone of the cave.
The specimen hadlarge hind legs with "drumstick-shaped" femora and long, slender
antennae, greyish color with black pigments found along the body color, humpbacked in
appearance and wingless. Cave crickets feed on decaying matter; mainly they are described
as scavengers (Russo, et al. 2007).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Orthoptera
Family: Raphidophoridae
Subfamily:Raphidophorinae/
Troglophilinae
Genus: Troglophylus
Common Name: Cave Cricket
Location Found: Dark Zone
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
21a: Specimen anterior view
a
Magnified 2x
21b: Specimen found on rock
Magnified 1x
b
Figure 21. Raphidophoridae
Order Plecoptera
The Order Plecoptera was represented by one Family: Perlidae commonly known as Stone
flies (Figure 22). One specimen were found at the Entrance Zone and the Dark Zone, the
specimen had chewing mandibles, long, large compound eyes, and two ocelli, the legs are
robust, with each ending in two clawsand relatively soft abdomen. The Family Perlidaeis
known to be scavengers feeding on floating organic material like leaf litter (Hamid and
Rawi 2010).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Plecoptera
Family:Perlidae
Subfamily: Perlinae
Genus: Neoperla
Common Name: Stone fly
Location Found: Entrance and Dark Zone
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
Figure
22a: Specimen found on rock
a
Magnified 3x
22b: Area in the dark zone where
the specimen is found
b
Figure 22. Perlidae
Identification and Ecological
Importance of Other Arthropods
Order Araneae
The Order Araneae was represented by three Families: Pholcidae, Pisauridae, and
Salticidae. The Family Pholcidae, commonly known as “daddy-long-legs” (Figure 23).
One specimen was found at the Entrance Zone and Twilight Zone of the Cave. It has
extremely long thin legs, and a skull shaped throrax, with cylindrical and elongate
abdomen.Pholcids are araneomorphs, meaning they kill and digest their prey with venom,
in caves they feed primarily on cave crickets and other spiders (Mađarić, et. al. 2005).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Araneae
Suborder: Araneomorphae
Superfamily: Pholcoidea
Family: Pholcidae
Genus: PholcusWalckenaer
Common Name: Daddy Long Legs
Location found: Entrance and
Twilight zone
a
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figure
23a: Specimen lateral view
magnified 3x
23b: Area where the specimen
was found
b
Figure 23. Pholcidae
The Family Salticidae also known as the jumping spiders. One specimen was found at the
Entrance Zone of the Cave (Figure 24). It has eight eyes, three eyes on each side of the
head positioned horizontally and two eyes in the middle, with enlarged mandibles and
broad hind legs. The Family Salticidae are predatory spider like most arachnids they feed
on insects and other small prey (Framenau,et.al. 2010).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Araneae
Family: Salticidae
Genus: Unknown
Common Name: Jumping spider
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figure
24a: Specimen magnified 3x
24b: Specimen anterior view of
Ocelli magnified 5x
a
b
Figure 24. Salticidae
The Family Pisauridae or commonly known as Nursery Web spiders. One specimen was
found at the Dark Zone (Figure 25). It has a distinct vertical lining found throughout the
head and abdomen, with long slender legs and a medium sized body. In caves or most
subterranean species, they feed on insects, other arthropods and even small vertebrates like
cave fish, and pack rats. (Sierwald, 1997).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Araneae
Family: Pisauridae
Genus: Tinus
Common Name: Nursing Sprider
Location Found: Entrance
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figure
25a: Specimen top view
Magnified 2x
a
25b: Distinct stripe on thorax magnified
5x
b
Figure 25. Pisauridae
Order Amblyphigi
The Order Amblyphigi was represented by one Famliy. The FamilyCharontidae
commonly known as False Whip Scorpions (Figure 26). One specimen was found in the
Dark Zone, the specimen has a heart-shaped cephalothorax, pedipalps not exceeding the
length of the “whip”, and the carapace, pedipalps and legs are reddish-brown in color and
has a sideward manner of moving. The Family Charontidaeis primarily known as
scavengers although some species are carnivorous depending on the presence of food
(Harvey, 2002).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Amblypygi, Thorell
Family: Charontidae
Genus: Charon
Common Name: Tailess Whip Scorpion
Location Found: Dark Zone
Ecological Importance: Predator
Figure
26a: Specimen top view magnified 4x
26b: Specimen found on cave floor
a
b
Figure 26. Charontidae
Order Opilliones
The Order Opilliones was represented by one Family. The order Opilliones formerly
known as Phalangida is an order of arachnids commonly known as “harvestmen” or
“grand-daddy-long-legs” (Figure 27). The Family Stylocellidae also known as Armored
Harvestmen. One specimen was found at the Dark Zone, the specimen had anarmored
carapace, long legs,with two distinct body regions abdomen and cephalothorax, and
spinnerets absent. Harvestmen are omnivorous, and feed on a wide variety of small insects,
plant materials, and fungi: some are scavengers feeding upon dead organisms, bird dung,
and other fecal material (Madaric, et.al.2005).
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Order: Opilliones
Suborder: Cyphophthalmi
Superfamily: Stylocelloidea, Hansen and
Sorensen 1904
Family: Stylocellidae
Hansen & Sørensen, 1904
Genus: Stylocellus
Common Name: Armored Harvestman
a
Location Found: Dark Zone
Ecological Importance: Scavenger
27a: Top view magnified 4x
27b: Anterior view of ocelli magnified
5x
b
Figure 27.Stylocellidae
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the ecological importance of insects and
other arthropods associated with Bengaongao cave in Tublay, Benguet.
There were 24 arthropods associated in the cave comprised of 19 insects, and five
Arachnids. The insects belonged to Orders: Coleoptera (Families Carabidae, Dytiscidae,
Gyrinidae, Scarabeidae, and Lampyridae), Dermaptera (Family Forficulidae), Diptera
(Families Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Nycteribiidae, and Streblidae), Hemiptera (Family
Corixidae), Hymenoptera (Family Formicidae), Isoptera (Families Termitidae,
Rhinotermitidae) Neuroptera (Family Myrmeleontidae) , Odonata ( Family Corduliidae) ,
Orthoptera (Family Raphidophoridae) and Plecoptera (Family Perlidae).
Most of the insects are scavengers, these belonged to the Order Dermaptera (Family
Forficulidae), Hemiptera (Family Corixidae), Hymenoptera (Family Formicidae), Isoptera
(Families Termitidae, Rhinotermitidae), Coleoptera (Families Gyrinidae, Scarabeidae).
The predatory insects belonged to the Orders Coleoptera (Families Carabidae, Dytiscidae,
Scarabeidae, and Lampyridae), and Order, Odonata ( Corduliidae).
While the insects belonging to the Order Diptera (Families Nycteribiidae, and Streblidae)
are parasites of bats living in the cave while (Families Culicidae and Ceratopogonidae) are
parasitic to animals and man.
The Arachnids associated with Bengaongao cave belongs to the order Araneae (Families
Pholcidae, Pisauridae, Salticidae), Order Amblyphigi (Family Charontidae) and Order
Opilliones (Family Stylocellidae). All arachnids identified were predators to other
arthropods and none were known to be harmful to man.
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
Conclusion
Fifteen of the insects and Arachnids associated with Bengaongao cave were beneficial
arthropods that help maintain the ecology of the cave, except for the visitor insects of the
Order Dipteral Family Culicidae (mosquitoes) and Ceratopogonidae(biting midges). These
Dipteran insects are known parasites of animals and man (Soulsby, 1982).
The arachnids associated with the cave are predators of other arthropods and may help
maintain the balance of the population of arthropods inside the cave. None of which were
poisonous or known to be harmful to man.
Recommendation
These insects and arachnids that were collected are beneficial arthropods and
should be conserved so that they will not become endangered and shall continue to
contribute in the prestine quality of the cave. It is also recommended to study the effect of
the frequency of the visitors and disturbance to the cave on the population of the arthropods.
Insects Fauna of Bengaongao Cave, Tublay ,Benguet |
BATTAD, ANDRE S. APRIL 2012
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