BIBLIOGRAPHY DEBSO, HAIRETTIN ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012. Effect of fermented plant
extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on strawberry plant
(Fragaria chiloensis Duch). Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat
ABSTRACT
Universal plant garlicand ginger with five specialized herbs were use in the study.
Randomized Complete Block Design with factorial arrangement was used to compare the
effecacy of each treatment. All qualitative data was analyzed using the Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) for RCBD factorial with four replications. The significant differences
among the treatments means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
The study was conducted at BSU Malachi Farm, Balili, and La Trinidad Benguet from
December 2010 to May 2011. The study aims to record the population of alive elm leaf
beetle after the application of specialized herb extracts; to observe the degree of injury
caused by elm leaf beetle on leaves and flowers of strawberry plant; to determine yield
produce from each treatment; and to identify the phytotoxicity caused by specialized herb
extracts on plant.
Strawberry plants applied with fermented garlic had less population of elm leaf
beetle, less injured leaves and, flowers and had the highest weight of marketable fruit.
The concoctions of becket and madre de cacao were the most effective in reducing
the population of elm leaf beetle in strawberr less injury of leaves and flowers of strawberry
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
and had the highest yield of marketable fruit. While cassava and hot pepper were the less
effective and sepal was the least effective.
The combinations of the following concoctions, garlic with becket and ginger with
becket were the most effective concoction in reducing the population of elm leaf beetle
resulting to less injured leaves and flowers thereby obtaining highest yield of marketable
fruit. Garlic with madre de cacao, ginger with madre de cacao and garlic with cassava, and
ginger with cassava were more effective. Garlic with sepal, ginger with sepal, garlic with
hotpepper, and ginger with hotpepper were the least effective.
The fermented universal plants, specialized herbs and its combinations had no
phytotoxic effect on strawberry plants.
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the result of each treatment in controlling elm leaf beetle. All
qualitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for RCBD in 6
treatments with four replications. The significance of differences among the treatments
means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Test (DMRT). It also presents the
population of insect; degree of injury, yield, and phytotoxicity of the fermented OHI on
strawberry plants.
Population of alive elm leaf beetle after treatment
There is a significant difference between the universal plant extract in decreasing
the population of living elm leaf beetle after treating with universal plant extracts as
presented in Table1. Based on the result, garlic extracts is more effective in decreasing
population of elm beetle with a mean of 10.083 and ginger with a mean of 11.625. This is
to confirm with the work Cavallito et al, .1994 that garlic has a deterrent effect to insects.
As to ginger, extracts of this plant has a good repelling action.
Table1. Effect of universal plants to the population of elm leaf beetle
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Garlic
10.083 a
Ginger
11.625b
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Study shows that specialized herbs are highly significant in controlling elm leaf
beetle population; however each treatment’s potency varies individually. Specialized herb
with the most efficient action was Becket followed by madre de cacao and cassava having
mean of 1.875, 5.500 and 6.625. The efficiency of bekket must be due to its active chemical
component coriamyrtin and tutin. Coriamyrtin and tutin are both compound that exhibit an
inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and it usually causes death by
hyper excitability (Chinese Medical Journal, 2000). In affirmation with the work of Flores
et al 1993, that the toxic substance coumarin in madre de cacao kills almost all kind of
insects pests. The volatile linimarine in cassava also protects the plant from being destroyed
by the pests.Base on thedat gathered the poulation of elm leaf beetle decreasing its number
after treated with OHI.
Table 2. Effect of specialized herbs to the population of alive elm leaf beetle
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Untreated
33.00d
Cassava
6.625b
Bekket
1.875a
Sepal
8.125bc
Hot Pepper
10.000c
Madre de cacao
5.500b
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Table 3 shows the mean number of living elm leaf beetle after treating with the
different OHI extracts. Result of the analysis of each treatment employed regardless of its
effectivity, treatment combinations were not significant. Treatments mixed with the two
universal plant were same effect to control the population of elmleaf beetle. Based from
the result of the study becket were found the most effective to lessen the population. As
shown in the Table 3 becket mixed with universal plant were the most effective with a
mean of 1.250 and 2.500 followed by madre de cacao 5.000 and 6.000 and cassava with a
mean of 6.000 and 7.250.Becket was the most effective as it acts as a contact pesticide once
sprayed unlike madre de cacao that it may repel or it can kill once it induce.
The mean of cassava plus garlic as universal plant is almost the same with the mean
of madre de cacao plus ginger as universal plant; however the rank order is different. The
result implies that garlic extract plus cassava with a mean of 6.000c has lesser potency than
ginger extracts plus madre de cacao with a mean of 6.000b. This analysis could prove that
ginger has a good synergistic effect which means that when mix with other compounds, it
makes the reaction stronger and effective.
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Table 3 Mean number of elm leaf beetle alive after treating with combination of
specialize herbs and universal plants
SPECIALIZED HERBS
UNIVERSAL PLANTS
GARLIC
GINGER
Mean
Mean
Untreated
32.000f
34.000f
Cassava
6.000c
7.250c
Bekket
1.250a
2.500a
Sepal
6.750d
9.500d
Hot Pepper
9.500e
10.500e
Madre de cacao
5.000b
6.000b
Degree of Injury of Damaged Strawberry Leaves
The effect of universal plant to the degree of damaged strawberry leaves has
significant differences as presented Table 4. In relation with population, the universal plant
extracts that has the lowest mean recorded has caused lesser injury to strawberry leaves see
Appendix B, plate 3 which means that the different formulation has varying dgrees of
effecacy.
Table 4. Effect of universal plants to the degree of injury of damaged strawberry plant
leaves
UNIVERSAL PLANTS
MEAN
Garlic
14.542 a
Ginger
15.500b
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Specialized herbs have a high significance of differences as shown in Table 5.
There are two treatment found to be the same in rank order which are the most effective,
this are the Bekket with a mean of 1.875a and Madre de cacao with a mean of 5.500a .
Results show that this treatmeants differs on the effecacy and to the extent of control to
prevent elm beetle on foraging the strawberry leaves. However, both treatments are
generally effective
Table 5. Effect of specialized herbs to the degree of injury of damaged strawberry leaves
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Untreated
21.625d
Cassava
6.625b
Bekket
1.875a
Sepal
8.125c
Hot Pepper
10.000c
Madre de cacao
5.500a
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
As shown in Table 6 treatments have highly significance differences on the means
of damage strawberry leaves caused by elm leaf beetle. Severities of injury were
determined by ranking the treatments. A treatment with the highest mean indicates that the
damaged strawberry leaves were also high in number (see Appendix B, Plate 5 &6).
Generally, treatments with garlic as the universal plant has lower mean than that of those
treatment with ginger as the universal plant. This figure shows that specialized herbs plus
garlic is more efficient.
Table 6. Mean of strawberry leaves damaged by elm leaf beetle
SPECIALIZED HERBS
UNIVERSAL PLANTS
GARLIC
GINGER
Mean
Mean
Untreated
20.000g
23.250h
Cassava
13.250bc
14.750edc
Bekket
8.500a
12.500b
Sepal
15.000cda
16.250fe
Hot Pepper
17.250f
15.750fed
Madre de cacao
10.000a
13.750bcd
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Degree of Injury of Damaged Strawberry Flowers
Table 7 elucidates the universal plants’ effect to the degree of injury of damaged
strawberry flowers. Fomulations has a significant differences, between the two treatments,
garlic extracts has a lower mean which means that damaged strawberry flowers was lesser
than that of strawberry plant applied with ginger extracts.
Table 7. Effect of universal plants to the degree of injury of damaged strawberry flowers
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Garlic
8.917 a
Ginger
9.875b
Table 8 discusses the effect of specialized herbs to the degree of injury of damaged
strawberry flowers. Treatments has highly significant differences, higher mean indicates
more number of flowers damaged, Bekket extracts is the most efficient treatment with a
mean of 7.250 which means that comparing to the other formulations, it has the potency to
control elm leaf beetle by increasing its mortality rate and protecting or controlling the
strawberry plant from being infested.
Table 8. Effect of specialized herbs to the degree of injury of damaged strawberry
flowers
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Untreated
14.875c
Cassava
9.000b
Bekket
7.250a
Sepal
8.625ab
Hot Pepper
8.750ab
Madre de cacao
8.250ab
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Result shows that there is no significant difference to the mean of strawberry
flowers damaged by elm leaf beetle as shown in Table 10, it implies that the damaged
caused by elm leaf beetle is almost the same between garlic extrats plus specialized herbs
and ginger extracts plus specialized herbs.
Table 9. Mean of strawberry flowers damaged by elm leaf beetle
UNIVERSAL PLANTS
SPECIALIZED HERBS
GARLIC
GINGER
Mean
Mean
Untreated
13.500f
16.250d
Cassava
9.000e
9.000c
Bekket
6.750a
7.750a
Sepal
8.250c
9.000c
Hot Pepper
8.500d
9.000c
Madre de cacao
7.500b
8.250b
Yield (Marketable)
Table 10 shows the effect of universal plants to the yield of marketable strawberry
fruit in grams.Treatments has highly significant differences, data collated presents that
strawberry plant applied with garlic extracts has yield more marketable fruit with a mean
of 199.98 than that of strawberry plant treated with ginger extracts .
Table 10 Effect of universal plants to the yield of marketable strawberry fruit in grams
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Garlic
199.958a
Ginger
168.917b
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Results of mean weight of marketable yield produce per treatment were presented
in table 11. Treatments differences were highly significant. From the table, becket has the
highest weight of marketable yield with a mean of 28.125. Madre de cacao is the second
marketable fruit harvested with a mean of 244.500. Followed by these treatments, cassava
and hot pepper with a mean of 183.125 and 180.750 and Sepal with a mean of
153.000.Untreated had the lowest weight of marketable fruit harvested with a mean of
64.125.
Table 11. Effect of specialized herbs to the yield of marketable strawberry fruit in grams
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Untreated
64.125e
Cassava
183.125c
Bekket
281.125a
Sepal
153.000d
Hot Pepper
180.750c
Madre de cacao
244.500b
Mean of treatments that were used in controlling elm leaf beetle to strawberry plant
were presented in table 12, differences of treatments were highly significant. Treatments
with higher means signifies that marketable strawberry fruit harvested from the
corresponding strawberry plants treated with specialized herbs in terms of yield is high.
Marketable strawberries are weighed in grams and ranked it according to the
treatment at which has the highest yield produced. In the table, strawberry plant applied
with bekket extracts plus garlic extract has the highest yield of strawberry fruit, followed
by madre de cacao plus garlic, cassava plus garlic, bekket plus ginger and madre de cacao
plus ginger respectively.
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Table 12. Mean of marketable strawberry fruit in grams
UNIVERSAL PLANTS
SPECIALIZED HERBS
GARLIC
GINGER
Mean
Mean
Untreated
74.250f
54.000f
Cassava
235.000b
131.250e
Bekket
308.750a
253.250b
Sepal
161.750cde
136.750de
Hot Pepper
188.000c
173.500cd
Madre de cacao
232.000b
257.000b
Yield (Non-marketable)
Result of the treatments has higly significant differences, as shown in the table.
Strawberry plant applied with garlic extract has the least weight of non marketable berries
harvested with a mean of 79.333 followed by ginger which mean is 86.750.
Table 13. Effect of universal plants to the yield of non-marketable strawberry fruit in
grams
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Garlic
79.333a
Ginger
86.750b
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Effect of specialized herbs to the non marketable strawberry fruit is shown in Table
14. Differences of treatments were highly significant; becket has the least non-marketable
strawberry fruit harvested with a mean of 62.125 followed by madre de cacao with a mean
of 70.250. These were followed by cassava with a mean of 75.250, hot pepper with a mean
of 88.125 and sepal with a mean of 90.00. Untreated were the last with a high weight of
non-marketable with a mean of 112.500.
Table 14. Effect of specialized herbs to the yield of non-marketable strawberry fruit in
grams
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Untreated
112.500d
Cassava
75.250b
Bekket
62.125a
Sepal
90.000c
Hot Pepper
88.125c
Madre de cacao
70.250b
Table 15 shows that there is no significant difference with the mean of non-
marketable strawberry fruit in grams. Treatment which has the lowest mean elucidates that
it has the least weighed damage fruit. Bekket plus garlic has the least weight of non
marketable stawberry fruit gathered, followed by madre de cacao plus garlic, bekket plus
ginger, cassava plus garlic, cassava plus ginger and madre de cacao plus ginger
respectively.
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Table 15. Mean of non-marketable strawberry fruit in grams
UNIVERSAL PLANTS
SPECIALIZED HERBS
GARLIC
GINGER
Mean
Mean
Untreated
110.250f
114.750f
Cassava
73.750c
76.750b
Bekket
54.000a
70.250a
Sepal
82.250d
92.750e
Hot Pepper
88.000e
88.250d
Madre de cacao
62.750b
77.750c
Phytotoxicity of Treatments
The study shows that the formulated treatments has no burning effect, discoloration
of plant, stunted growth and even death of strawberry plant observed as long as proper
dosage of plant extract were followed (See Appendix A, Appendix Table 12)
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Elm leaf beetle was another kind of insect that is destructive to strawberry plants
among other identified. The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different
fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle on strawberry plant. The study aims
to identify number of alive elm leaf beetle after the treatment; to identify the degree of
injury on leaves and flowers of strawberry plant caused by elm leaf beetle; to identify yield
produce from each treatment; and to identify phytotoxicity on the plant.
Based on the results, treatment that has the highest probability in controlling the
population of this insect was Becket + Garlic (B3+A1) with a mean of 1.250 and Becket +
Ginger (B3+A2) with a mean of 2.500. For the degree of injury, treatments that has the
lowest damage leaves are Becket + Garlic (B3+A1) and Becket + Ginger (B3+A2) with a
mean of 8.500 and 12.500; for the flower, Becket + Garlic (B3+A1) with a mean of 6.750
and Becket + Ginger (B3+A2) with a mean of 7.750 are found to be still the most effective.
For the marketable fruit, treatments that has the highest yield harvested was from Becket
+ Garlic (B3+A1) with a mean of 308.750 and Madre de cacao (B6+A2) with a mean of
257.000; treatments that has the lowest yield of non-marketable strawberries are Becket +
Garlic (B3+A1) and Becket + Ginger (B3+A2) with a mean of 54.000 and 70.250. Of the
stated figures, all have a rank order of A in which they are the treatments that are generally
most efficient.
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Conclusion
Based on the results and analyzation of treatments, it is therefore concluded that
each treatment is highly significant in controlling elm leaf beetle. Nevertheless, the extent
of effectiveness and efficiency varies.
Recommendation
A study to determine the market acceptability through market testing, trials on the
different potential of each treatment, research and evaluation is needed, furthermore, it is
recommended to study more on elm leaf beetle especially its life cycle on strawberry plant
so that it will be known when or how to apply natural insecticide or botanopestecides, and
to look for more natural ways of controlling elm leaf beetle especially during summer
because this insect pest are most likely to be abundant and active foraging during this
season.
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
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Leaf Beetle. University of California; IPM Education and Publications.
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strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
FLORES, H. and A. RABENA. 1993. Insectecidal, Nematicidal and Antibacterial of
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Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012. Effect of fermented plant
extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on strawberry plant
(Fragaria chiloensis Duch). Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat
ABSTRACT
Universal plant garlicand ginger with five specialized herbs were use in the study.
Randomized Complete Block Design with factorial arrangement was used to compare the
effecacy of each treatment. All qualitative data was analyzed using the Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) for RCBD factorial with four replications. The significant differences
among the treatments means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
The study was conducted at BSU Malachi Farm, Balili, and La Trinidad Benguet from
December 2010 to May 2011. The study aims to record the population of alive elm leaf
beetle after the application of specialized herb extracts; to observe the degree of injury
caused by elm leaf beetle on leaves and flowers of strawberry plant; to determine yield
produce from each treatment; and to identify the phytotoxicity caused by specialized herb
extracts on plant.
Strawberry plants applied with fermented garlic had less population of elm leaf
beetle, less injured leaves and, flowers and had the highest weight of marketable fruit.
The concoctions of becket and madre de cacao were the most effective in reducing
the population of elm leaf beetle in strawberr less injury of leaves and flowers of strawberry
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
and had the highest yield of marketable fruit. While cassava and hot pepper were the less
effective and sepal was the least effective.
The combinations of the following concoctions, garlic with becket and ginger with
becket were the most effective concoction in reducing the population of elm leaf beetle
resulting to less injured leaves and flowers thereby obtaining highest yield of marketable
fruit. Garlic with madre de cacao, ginger with madre de cacao and garlic with cassava, and
ginger with cassava were more effective. Garlic with sepal, ginger with sepal, garlic with
hotpepper, and ginger with hotpepper were the least effective.
The fermented universal plants, specialized herbs and its combinations had no
phytotoxic effect on strawberry plants.
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the result of each treatment in controlling elm leaf beetle. All
qualitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for RCBD in 6
treatments with four replications. The significance of differences among the treatments
means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Test (DMRT). It also presents the
population of insect; degree of injury, yield, and phytotoxicity of the fermented OHI on
strawberry plants.
Population of alive elm leaf beetle after treatment
There is a significant difference between the universal plant extract in decreasing
the population of living elm leaf beetle after treating with universal plant extracts as
presented in Table1. Based on the result, garlic extracts is more effective in decreasing
population of elm beetle with a mean of 10.083 and ginger with a mean of 11.625. This is
to confirm with the work Cavallito et al, .1994 that garlic has a deterrent effect to insects.
As to ginger, extracts of this plant has a good repelling action.
Table1. Effect of universal plants to the population of elm leaf beetle
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Garlic
10.083 a
Ginger
11.625b
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Study shows that specialized herbs are highly significant in controlling elm leaf
beetle population; however each treatment’s potency varies individually. Specialized herb
with the most efficient action was Becket followed by madre de cacao and cassava having
mean of 1.875, 5.500 and 6.625. The efficiency of bekket must be due to its active chemical
component coriamyrtin and tutin. Coriamyrtin and tutin are both compound that exhibit an
inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and it usually causes death by
hyper excitability (Chinese Medical Journal, 2000). In affirmation with the work of Flores
et al 1993, that the toxic substance coumarin in madre de cacao kills almost all kind of
insects pests. The volatile linimarine in cassava also protects the plant from being destroyed
by the pests.Base on thedat gathered the poulation of elm leaf beetle decreasing its number
after treated with OHI.
Table 2. Effect of specialized herbs to the population of alive elm leaf beetle
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Untreated
33.00d
Cassava
6.625b
Bekket
1.875a
Sepal
8.125bc
Hot Pepper
10.000c
Madre de cacao
5.500b
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Table 3 shows the mean number of living elm leaf beetle after treating with the
different OHI extracts. Result of the analysis of each treatment employed regardless of its
effectivity, treatment combinations were not significant. Treatments mixed with the two
universal plant were same effect to control the population of elmleaf beetle. Based from
the result of the study becket were found the most effective to lessen the population. As
shown in the Table 3 becket mixed with universal plant were the most effective with a
mean of 1.250 and 2.500 followed by madre de cacao 5.000 and 6.000 and cassava with a
mean of 6.000 and 7.250.Becket was the most effective as it acts as a contact pesticide once
sprayed unlike madre de cacao that it may repel or it can kill once it induce.
The mean of cassava plus garlic as universal plant is almost the same with the mean
of madre de cacao plus ginger as universal plant; however the rank order is different. The
result implies that garlic extract plus cassava with a mean of 6.000c has lesser potency than
ginger extracts plus madre de cacao with a mean of 6.000b. This analysis could prove that
ginger has a good synergistic effect which means that when mix with other compounds, it
makes the reaction stronger and effective.
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Table 3 Mean number of elm leaf beetle alive after treating with combination of
specialize herbs and universal plants
SPECIALIZED HERBS
UNIVERSAL PLANTS
GARLIC
GINGER
Mean
Mean
Untreated
32.000f
34.000f
Cassava
6.000c
7.250c
Bekket
1.250a
2.500a
Sepal
6.750d
9.500d
Hot Pepper
9.500e
10.500e
Madre de cacao
5.000b
6.000b
Degree of Injury of Damaged Strawberry Leaves
The effect of universal plant to the degree of damaged strawberry leaves has
significant differences as presented Table 4. In relation with population, the universal plant
extracts that has the lowest mean recorded has caused lesser injury to strawberry leaves see
Appendix B, plate 3 which means that the different formulation has varying dgrees of
effecacy.
Table 4. Effect of universal plants to the degree of injury of damaged strawberry plant
leaves
UNIVERSAL PLANTS
MEAN
Garlic
14.542 a
Ginger
15.500b
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Specialized herbs have a high significance of differences as shown in Table 5.
There are two treatment found to be the same in rank order which are the most effective,
this are the Bekket with a mean of 1.875a and Madre de cacao with a mean of 5.500a .
Results show that this treatmeants differs on the effecacy and to the extent of control to
prevent elm beetle on foraging the strawberry leaves. However, both treatments are
generally effective
Table 5. Effect of specialized herbs to the degree of injury of damaged strawberry leaves
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Untreated
21.625d
Cassava
6.625b
Bekket
1.875a
Sepal
8.125c
Hot Pepper
10.000c
Madre de cacao
5.500a
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
As shown in Table 6 treatments have highly significance differences on the means
of damage strawberry leaves caused by elm leaf beetle. Severities of injury were
determined by ranking the treatments. A treatment with the highest mean indicates that the
damaged strawberry leaves were also high in number (see Appendix B, Plate 5 &6).
Generally, treatments with garlic as the universal plant has lower mean than that of those
treatment with ginger as the universal plant. This figure shows that specialized herbs plus
garlic is more efficient.
Table 6. Mean of strawberry leaves damaged by elm leaf beetle
SPECIALIZED HERBS
UNIVERSAL PLANTS
GARLIC
GINGER
Mean
Mean
Untreated
20.000g
23.250h
Cassava
13.250bc
14.750edc
Bekket
8.500a
12.500b
Sepal
15.000cda
16.250fe
Hot Pepper
17.250f
15.750fed
Madre de cacao
10.000a
13.750bcd
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Degree of Injury of Damaged Strawberry Flowers
Table 7 elucidates the universal plants’ effect to the degree of injury of damaged
strawberry flowers. Fomulations has a significant differences, between the two treatments,
garlic extracts has a lower mean which means that damaged strawberry flowers was lesser
than that of strawberry plant applied with ginger extracts.
Table 7. Effect of universal plants to the degree of injury of damaged strawberry flowers
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Garlic
8.917 a
Ginger
9.875b
Table 8 discusses the effect of specialized herbs to the degree of injury of damaged
strawberry flowers. Treatments has highly significant differences, higher mean indicates
more number of flowers damaged, Bekket extracts is the most efficient treatment with a
mean of 7.250 which means that comparing to the other formulations, it has the potency to
control elm leaf beetle by increasing its mortality rate and protecting or controlling the
strawberry plant from being infested.
Table 8. Effect of specialized herbs to the degree of injury of damaged strawberry
flowers
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Untreated
14.875c
Cassava
9.000b
Bekket
7.250a
Sepal
8.625ab
Hot Pepper
8.750ab
Madre de cacao
8.250ab
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Result shows that there is no significant difference to the mean of strawberry
flowers damaged by elm leaf beetle as shown in Table 10, it implies that the damaged
caused by elm leaf beetle is almost the same between garlic extrats plus specialized herbs
and ginger extracts plus specialized herbs.
Table 9. Mean of strawberry flowers damaged by elm leaf beetle
UNIVERSAL PLANTS
SPECIALIZED HERBS
GARLIC
GINGER
Mean
Mean
Untreated
13.500f
16.250d
Cassava
9.000e
9.000c
Bekket
6.750a
7.750a
Sepal
8.250c
9.000c
Hot Pepper
8.500d
9.000c
Madre de cacao
7.500b
8.250b
Yield (Marketable)
Table 10 shows the effect of universal plants to the yield of marketable strawberry
fruit in grams.Treatments has highly significant differences, data collated presents that
strawberry plant applied with garlic extracts has yield more marketable fruit with a mean
of 199.98 than that of strawberry plant treated with ginger extracts .
Table 10 Effect of universal plants to the yield of marketable strawberry fruit in grams
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Garlic
199.958a
Ginger
168.917b
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Results of mean weight of marketable yield produce per treatment were presented
in table 11. Treatments differences were highly significant. From the table, becket has the
highest weight of marketable yield with a mean of 28.125. Madre de cacao is the second
marketable fruit harvested with a mean of 244.500. Followed by these treatments, cassava
and hot pepper with a mean of 183.125 and 180.750 and Sepal with a mean of
153.000.Untreated had the lowest weight of marketable fruit harvested with a mean of
64.125.
Table 11. Effect of specialized herbs to the yield of marketable strawberry fruit in grams
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Untreated
64.125e
Cassava
183.125c
Bekket
281.125a
Sepal
153.000d
Hot Pepper
180.750c
Madre de cacao
244.500b
Mean of treatments that were used in controlling elm leaf beetle to strawberry plant
were presented in table 12, differences of treatments were highly significant. Treatments
with higher means signifies that marketable strawberry fruit harvested from the
corresponding strawberry plants treated with specialized herbs in terms of yield is high.
Marketable strawberries are weighed in grams and ranked it according to the
treatment at which has the highest yield produced. In the table, strawberry plant applied
with bekket extracts plus garlic extract has the highest yield of strawberry fruit, followed
by madre de cacao plus garlic, cassava plus garlic, bekket plus ginger and madre de cacao
plus ginger respectively.
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Table 12. Mean of marketable strawberry fruit in grams
UNIVERSAL PLANTS
SPECIALIZED HERBS
GARLIC
GINGER
Mean
Mean
Untreated
74.250f
54.000f
Cassava
235.000b
131.250e
Bekket
308.750a
253.250b
Sepal
161.750cde
136.750de
Hot Pepper
188.000c
173.500cd
Madre de cacao
232.000b
257.000b
Yield (Non-marketable)
Result of the treatments has higly significant differences, as shown in the table.
Strawberry plant applied with garlic extract has the least weight of non marketable berries
harvested with a mean of 79.333 followed by ginger which mean is 86.750.
Table 13. Effect of universal plants to the yield of non-marketable strawberry fruit in
grams
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Garlic
79.333a
Ginger
86.750b
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Effect of specialized herbs to the non marketable strawberry fruit is shown in Table
14. Differences of treatments were highly significant; becket has the least non-marketable
strawberry fruit harvested with a mean of 62.125 followed by madre de cacao with a mean
of 70.250. These were followed by cassava with a mean of 75.250, hot pepper with a mean
of 88.125 and sepal with a mean of 90.00. Untreated were the last with a high weight of
non-marketable with a mean of 112.500.
Table 14. Effect of specialized herbs to the yield of non-marketable strawberry fruit in
grams
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Untreated
112.500d
Cassava
75.250b
Bekket
62.125a
Sepal
90.000c
Hot Pepper
88.125c
Madre de cacao
70.250b
Table 15 shows that there is no significant difference with the mean of non-
marketable strawberry fruit in grams. Treatment which has the lowest mean elucidates that
it has the least weighed damage fruit. Bekket plus garlic has the least weight of non
marketable stawberry fruit gathered, followed by madre de cacao plus garlic, bekket plus
ginger, cassava plus garlic, cassava plus ginger and madre de cacao plus ginger
respectively.
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Table 15. Mean of non-marketable strawberry fruit in grams
UNIVERSAL PLANTS
SPECIALIZED HERBS
GARLIC
GINGER
Mean
Mean
Untreated
110.250f
114.750f
Cassava
73.750c
76.750b
Bekket
54.000a
70.250a
Sepal
82.250d
92.750e
Hot Pepper
88.000e
88.250d
Madre de cacao
62.750b
77.750c
Phytotoxicity of Treatments
The study shows that the formulated treatments has no burning effect, discoloration
of plant, stunted growth and even death of strawberry plant observed as long as proper
dosage of plant extract were followed (See Appendix A, Appendix Table 12)
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Elm leaf beetle was another kind of insect that is destructive to strawberry plants
among other identified. The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different
fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle on strawberry plant. The study aims
to identify number of alive elm leaf beetle after the treatment; to identify the degree of
injury on leaves and flowers of strawberry plant caused by elm leaf beetle; to identify yield
produce from each treatment; and to identify phytotoxicity on the plant.
Based on the results, treatment that has the highest probability in controlling the
population of this insect was Becket + Garlic (B3+A1) with a mean of 1.250 and Becket +
Ginger (B3+A2) with a mean of 2.500. For the degree of injury, treatments that has the
lowest damage leaves are Becket + Garlic (B3+A1) and Becket + Ginger (B3+A2) with a
mean of 8.500 and 12.500; for the flower, Becket + Garlic (B3+A1) with a mean of 6.750
and Becket + Ginger (B3+A2) with a mean of 7.750 are found to be still the most effective.
For the marketable fruit, treatments that has the highest yield harvested was from Becket
+ Garlic (B3+A1) with a mean of 308.750 and Madre de cacao (B6+A2) with a mean of
257.000; treatments that has the lowest yield of non-marketable strawberries are Becket +
Garlic (B3+A1) and Becket + Ginger (B3+A2) with a mean of 54.000 and 70.250. Of the
stated figures, all have a rank order of A in which they are the treatments that are generally
most efficient.
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
Conclusion
Based on the results and analyzation of treatments, it is therefore concluded that
each treatment is highly significant in controlling elm leaf beetle. Nevertheless, the extent
of effectiveness and efficiency varies.
Recommendation
A study to determine the market acceptability through market testing, trials on the
different potential of each treatment, research and evaluation is needed, furthermore, it is
recommended to study more on elm leaf beetle especially its life cycle on strawberry plant
so that it will be known when or how to apply natural insecticide or botanopestecides, and
to look for more natural ways of controlling elm leaf beetle especially during summer
because this insect pest are most likely to be abundant and active foraging during this
season.
Effect of fermented plant extracts in controlling elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller) on
strawberry plant (Fragaria chiloensis Duch)| DEBSO, HAIRETTIN DANGLIWAN. March 2012
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