BIBLIOGRAPHY SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013. Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit
Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit Fly (Bactrocera sp.). Benguet State
University La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Gemma S. Das-ilen, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Balili Experimental Station, La Trinidad Benguet from
December 2012 to March 2013 to determine the best formulation that attract adult fruit fly;
identify the species of fruit fly trapped in the attractant; determine the duration of the
efficacy of the attractant; to determine the population and families of the other arthropods
trapped in the attractant; and know the cost of production in preparing fruit extract and
vinegar juice.
Muscovado extract (2 kg muscovado + 2 liters tap water +100ml vinegar juice)
trapped the most number of fruit flies. Majority of the trapped fruit flies were females.
There were nine fruit fly species trapped from the different treatments, namely:
Neoceratitis cyanescens (Bezzi), Bactrocera invadens (Tsuruta and White), Bactrocera
trayoni (Froggatt), Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi), Bactrocera Philippinensis (Drew and
Hancock), Bactrocera cucurbitidae (Coquillet), Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel and two
unidentified species.
The duration of efficacy of formulated natural attractant lasted for 26 days with
increasing attractancy up to third week and gradually decreased.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
The arthropods trapped in the attractant belonged to 8 orders under class Insecta
and two Suborders of class Arachnida. Further, the orders trapped were Diptera with 15
families; Lepidoptera with 9 families; Coleoptera with 11 families; Hymenoptera with 5
families; Hemiptera with 5 families; Blattodea with 1 family; Neuroptera with 2 families
and Dermaptera with 1 family. The two Suborders under class Arachnida that was trapped
belong to Aranae and Acari.
The total cost of production for the whole experiment was Php. 3,978.75.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Population of Fruit fly Trapped in the Different Extracts
The mean population of fruit fly trapped in the different treatment is presented in Table 1.
The result implies that treatment 1-9 is effective in trapping adult fruit fly, on the other
hand treatment T9 (muscovadoextract) attracted the most number of fruit fly. This result
signify that muscovado with water has equal sugar and water amount content of ripen fruits,
as Mau and Matin in 2005 mentioned, ripe fruits are preferred by fruit fly for oviposition.
The statistical analysis shows that treatments 1-9 has no significant difference with each
other and treatments2, 3, 4, 10, 11 and 12 respectively are not significantly different in
trapping adult fruit fly.
There were total of 224 population of fruit fly trapped on the different treatments. It
indicates that the treatments has the ability to attract adult fruit fly except for treatment 10
(vinegar juice) that does not able to trap fruit fly differedfrom the study of McNew (2009)
in which mixture of muscovado sugar and vinegar can catch flies insects, and treatment 11
(crudevinegar) which disagree with what Dekker and Messing (n.d) mentioned that mixes
of vinegar and water and yeast have attracted both male and females of Dipteran species.
Numerically the highest population of fruit fly was observed in T9 (muscovadoextract) with
a total of 37 and a mean of 9.25, and T5(guavaextract) as corroborated by Manuel(2011)
that natural guava trap was proven to be effective since it was able to trap adult fruit fly.
This was followed by treatment 8 (bananaextract), treatment 7 (mangoextract), treatment
1 (banana and strawberry extract), treatment 6 (bananaextract), treatment 3 (banana and
mango extract), treatment 2 (banana and guavaextract), and treatment 4 (strawberry
extract).
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
Table 1. Mean total of trapped fruit fly in the different extracts
TREATMENTS
TOTAL
MEAN
T1 (banana and strawberry extract)
25
6.25a
T2 (banana and guava extract)
19
4.75ab
T3 (banana and mango extract)
19
4.75ab
T4 (strawberry extract)
18
4.50ab
T5 (guava extract)
30
7.50a
T6 (banana extract)
25
6.25a
T7 (mango extract)
25
6.25a
T8 (fruit muscovado extract)
26
6.50a
T9 (muscovado extract)
37
9.25a
T10 (vinegar juice)
0
0.00b
T11 (crude vinegar)
0
0.00b
T12 (water)
0
0.00b
TOTAL
224
56
Means with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
The result also shows that the presence of methyl eugenol that attracts fruit flies is still
present even after fermentation of fruits.
The mean number of female fruit fly trapped in the different treatments is presented in
Table 2. The result shows that there was a highly significant difference on the different
treatment. The data shows that from T1 (banana and strawberry extract) to T9
(muscovadoextract) can attract female fruit fly.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
The femalerequire more food after being mated to support its egg development and female
usually search for oviposition site on ripen fruits. Female fruit flies preferred ripen fruits
as corroboratedby Matin and Mau (2005) that ripen fruit are preferred for oviposition.
Number of female fruit fly trapped in the attractant per day was presented in Figure 11.
The Figure shows that the rate of the attractant in trapping female fruit fly per day is one
to 33. The figure also shows that during the 3rd day, 33 female fruit flies was trapped.
Table 2. The mean total of adult female fruit fly trapped on the different treatments
TREATMENTS
TOTAL
MEAN
T1 (banana and strawberry extract)
21
6.25a
T2 (banana and guava extract)
16
4.00ab
T3 (banana and mango extract)
16
3.50ab
T4 (strawberry extract)
14
3.50ab
T5 (guava extract)
25
6.25a
T6 (banana extract)
14
3.50ab
T7 (mango extract)
24
6.00a
T8 (fruit muscovado extract)
19
4.75ab
T9 (muscovado extract)
30
7.00a
T10 (vinegar juice)
0
0.00b
T11 (crude vinegar)
0
0.00b
T12 (water)
0
0.00b
TOTAL
179
44.75
Means with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
35
in
30
d
ppe
25
tra
fly
20
uit
fr
tant
c 15
ra
tt
male
fe
10
the a
of
5
0
opulation
P
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Duration of attractant in trapping female fruit fly (Days)
Figure 11. Number of female fruit fly trapped in the attractant per day
The Table 3 shows the mean of adult male fruit fly trapped on the different treatments. The
statistical analysis shows that there was a high significant difference on the different
treatments.
Treatment T1 (banana and muscovadoextract) to T9 (muscovadoextract) was effective in
trapping adult male fruit fly however statistical analysis shows that the treatments effective
in attracting male fruit fly was T6(bananaextract) and T9 (muscovadoextract). Male are
attracted to the methyl eugenol but not for egg laying but for mating.
Number of male fruit flies trapped in the attractant per day is presented in Figure
12. The figure shows that the rate of the attractant in trapping male fruit fly per day was
one to six. The figure shows that on the 3rd day the attractant was able to trap six male fruit
flies.
Table 3.The mean total ofadult male fruit fly trapped on the different treatments
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
TREATMENTS
TOTAL
MEAN
T1 (banana and strawberry extract)
4
1.00bc
T2 (banana and guava extract)
3
1.00bc
T3 (banana and mango extract)
3
0.75bc
T4 (strawberry extract)
4
1.00bc
T5 (guava extract)
5
1.25abc
T6 (banana extract)
11
2.75a
T7 (mango extract)
1
0.25c
T8 (fruit muscovado extract)
7
1.75abc
T9 (muscovado extract)
7
2.25ab
T10 (vinegar juice)
0
0.00c
T11 (crude vinegar)
0
0.00c
T12 (water)
0
0.00c
TOTAL
45
11.25
Means with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
7
in
d
6
ppe
tra
5
fly
ant
uit
t 4
fr
rac
t
3
male
he at
t
of
2
1
opulation
P
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Duration of attractant in trapping male fruit fly (Days)
Figure 12.Number of male fruit fly trapped in the attractant per day
Species of Fruit Fly Trapped
The total number of female and male fruit fly species in the different treatment is presented
in Table 4. There were nine species of fruit fly trapped in the different attractant. These
were Neoceratitiscyanescens (Bezzi), Bactrocerainvadens (Tsuruta and White),
Bactroceratrayoni (Froggatt), Bactroceraoccipitalis (Bezzi), BactroceraPhilippinensis
(Drew and Hancock), Bactroceracucurbitidae (Coquillet), Bactroceradorsalis Hendel and
two unidentified species. The fruit fly species were found on figure 13-20.
The result shows that trapped female is higher in number compared to male. The Table 4
also shows that tomato fruit fly (Neoceratitiscyanescens) was thehighest numberof fruit fly
trapped. This indicates that the formulated attractant is effective in trapping N.cyanescens.
During the data gathering it was observed that tomatoes were planted near the trapping site.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
The result implies that the treatments are effective for pest control since most adult female
fruit flies lay up to 500 eggs in their life span as mentioned byRussel (n.d).Thus by using
muscovado extract can be used to decrease fruit fly population.
Table 4.The total number of trapped fruit flies species on the different treatments
SEX OF FRUIT FLY
TOTAL
MEAN
SPECIES OF FRUIT FLY
F
M
NeoceratitiscyanescensBezzi
143
41
184
92.00a
Bactrocera invadens(Tsuruta
10
0
10
5.00b
and White)
Bactrocera trayoni
1
0
1
0.50b
(Froggatt)
Bactrocera occipitalis(Bezzi)
2
0
2
1.00b
Bactrocera philippinises
5
0
5
2.50b
(Drew and Hancock)
Bactrocera
3
0
3
1.50b
cucurbitae(Coquillet)
Bactrocera dorsalisHendel
4
3
7
3.50b
Bactrocera sp. 1.
7
2
9
4.50b
Bactrocera sp. 2.
2
1
3
1.50b
Means with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
9mm
a.
b.
9mm
Figure
13.
a)
Adult
male
NeoceratitiscyanescensBezzi;
b)
Adult
femaleNeoceratitiscyanescensBezzi (10x)
20mm 20mm
a.
b.
Figure 14. a) Adult female Bactrocerainvadens(Tsuruta and White);b)aAdult female
Bactrocerainvadens (Tsuruta and White) (10x)
a.
25 mm
Figure 15. Adult female Bactroceratrayoni (Froggatt)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
18 mm
a.
18mm
b.
Figure 16. Adult maleBactroceraoccipitalis(Bezzi);b) Adult femaleBactrocera
occipitalis (Bezzi) (10x)
27mm 27mm
a.
b.
Figure 17. a)Adult femaleBactrocera Figure18. Adult female Bactrocera
Philippinensis(Drew and cucurbitae(Coquillet) (10x)
Hancock)(10x)
a.
b.
25mm 25mm
Figure 19.a) Adult male BactroceradorsalisHendel; b) adult female Bactrocera
dorsalisHendel (10x)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
17mm 19mm
a
b
c.
19mm
Figure 20. Bactrocera sp. a) Adult female Bactrocera sp.1;b) Adult male Bactrocera sp2;
c) Adult femaleBactrocera sp.2 (10x)
Duration of the Efficacy of the Attractant
The duration of the efficacy of the formulated natural attractant is shown in Figure
21.Regardless of the different treatments, there was an increasing number of insect trapped
in day 2 to 4, and gradually decreasing from day 5 to day 14 but increasing from day 15 to
16. During the 17th day to 26th day there was an erratic increase and decreasein the
population of attracted arthropods. The highest number of other arthropods trapped was
recorded at day 3 with the total of 623 as corroborated by
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
200
he
150
other
d in t
of
ppe
tant
c 100
tra
ra
tt
a 50
opulation
opods
P
rthr
a
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526
Duration of the efficacy of the attractant ( Days)
Figure 21. Duration of the efficacy of the different extract in catching insects
Basingan (2011) that the third day of collection yields the highest number of trapped
insects. It was observed that during the data gathering the high rainfall cause the abrupt
increase of other arthropods population trapped in the attractant from day 20 to 22 as
corroborated by Ligat (2012) that adding water to the trap attract more insect even if fruit
juice was already consumed.
In spite of the changing population of the insects trapped, the fruit extract was consumed
within 10 days. The moscovadosugar solidifies at the bottom of the trapping material
butcan still trapped insects up to 26th day.
The possible reason for the erratic number of insects and other arthropods collected
in the traps can be attributed to the following factors: decrease in the volume of the
attractant as it was consumed by the trapped insect and other arthropods,due to the exposure
of the trap to the sun, in result the vinegar juice evaporates leaving the muscovado settled
at the bottom of the trap and the extracts become viscous that cause the insect to drink
hardly.Other factors that affect the population were the time of collection which is not
constant with in the day of collection and the location of the trap.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
Population of other Arthropods Trapped in the Attractant
The populations of the arthropods trapped in the different extracts areshown in
Table 5. The statistical analysis shows that the number of arthropods trapped on the
different attractant is highly significant. The table reveal that T9 (muscovadoextract) has
the highest number of trapped arthropods, followed by T7 (mango extract), T5
(guavaextract), T1 (banana and strawberryextract), T2 (banana and guavaextract), T6
(bananaextract), T8 (fruit muscovado extract), T3 (banana and mango extract),T4
(strawberry extract), T10 (vinegar juice), T11 (crude vinegar) and T12 (water), respectively.
The different extracts were effective in trapping insects and other arthropods.
Tables 5.The meantotal population of trapped insects on the different treatments for 26
days
TREATMENTS
TOTAL
MEAN
T1 (banana and strawberry extract)
752
188.00ab
T2(banana and guava extract)
726
181.50ab
T3(banana and mango extract)
641
160.25b
T4(strawberry extract)
607
151.75bc
T5(guava extract)
750
187.50ab
T6(banana extract)
666
166.50ab
T7(mango extract)
798
199.50ab
T8(fruit muscovado extract)
659
164.75ab
T9(muscovado extract)
894
223.50a
T10(vinegar juice)
414
103.50c
T11(crude vinegar)
40
010.50d
T12(water)
3
000.75d
SUB TOTAL
6,950
1,738
Means with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
Families of other Arthropods Trapped in the Attractant
There were 49 families of insects trapped in the attractant. Among the 49 families, 15 were
trapped less than three times throughout the 26 days. There were also two other arthropods
that was trapped.From the trapped arthropods there were 24 families of non-beneficial
arthropods and 12 families were classified asbeneficial.
These insect families are the following from the order Diptera: Scotopsidae,
Anthomyiidae,Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Chironomidae, Agromyzidae, Tabanidae,
Psychodidae, Drosophilidae, Tipulidae, Sipsidae, Culicidae and Calliphoridae.The pictures
of the different families of order Diptera are shown in Figure 9. Order Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae,Pyralidae,Sessidae
and
Plutillidae
(Figure10.).
Order
Coleoptera:
Chrysomilidae,Dermistidae,Coccinilidae,Nitidulidae,
Staphilinidae,Scarabaeidae
andCarabaeidae (Figure 11); Order Hymenoptera: Vispidae,Braconidae,Formicidae,
IchneumonidaeandApidae (Figure 12); and Order Hemiptera: Lygaeidae,Micropezidae
andAphididae (Figure 13) and Blattodea: Blatellidae (Figure 14.a); Neuroptera:
Chrysopidae (Figure 15.a). The two arthropods (Spider (Figure 16a), mites (Figure 16b-
c)are shown in Figure 16.
Visiting insectsare: Meloidae (Figure 17.a), Glechiidae, (Figure 17.b), Doliichopolidae
(Figure 17.c), Elatiridae (Figure 17.d-e), Sphingidae (Figure 17.f), Curculionidae (Figure
17.h), Papilionidae (Figure 1.7i), Miridae (Figure 17.j), Arctiidae (Figure 17.k),
Cicadellidae
(Figure17.l),
Acroceridae(Figure
17.m),
Bruchidae(Figure
17.n),Pterophoridae (Figure 17.o), Hemerobiidae (Figure 17.p), Labiduridae (Figure 17.q).
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
g
h
i
g
h
i
Both beneficial and pest were trapped in the different attractant which disagree with
Basingan, 2011 stated that crude vinegar is used to enhance the aroma of the attractant and
was believed to drive away and lessen beneficial insects that will be trapped
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
Figure22.Families of Order Diptera; a) Scotopsidae; b-c) Anthomyiidae, d) Muscidae;
e)Sarcophagidae; f-g) Chironomidae; h-i) Agromyzidae; j.) Tabanidae;
k)Psychodidae; l-m) Drosophilidae; n-o) Tipulidae; p) Sipsidae; q)Culicidae;
r) Calliphoridae(10x)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
Figure 23.Families of Order Lipedoptera; a-e) Noctuidae; f-k)Pyralidae; l) Sessidae:
m)Plutillidae
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
Figure 24.Familiesof Order Coleoptera;a-f) Chrysomilidae; g) Dermistidae;
h-k)Coccinilidae; l-o) Nitidulidae; p-q) Staphilinidae; r) Scarabaeidae;
s)Carabaeidae (10x)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
a
b
c
d
e
f
Figure 25.Families of Order Hymenoptera; a) Vispidae; b) Braconidae; c-d) Formicidae;
e)Ichneumonidae ; f) Apidae (10x)
a
b
c
Figure 26.Families of OrderHemiptera; a)Lygaeidae; b) Micropezidae; c) Aphididae
(10x)
Figure 27 .Family of Order Blattodea. a)Blatellidae(10x)
Figure 28.Family of Order Neuroptera: a) Chrysopidae (10x)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
a
b
c
)
)
)
Figure 29.Other arthropods; a) spider; b-c) mites (10x)
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
Figure 30.Visiting insect; a) Meloidae; b) Glechiidae;
c)Doliichopolidae;
d-e)
Elatiridae; f) Sphingidae; g-h) Curculionidae; i)Papilionidae; j)Miridae; k)
Arctiidae;l) Cicadellidae; m) Acroceridae;
n)Bruchidae;o)
Pterophoridae;p) Hemerobiidae; q) Labiduridae (Dermaptera) (10x)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
Cost of Production
An expenses used in making the different fruit extracts and vinegar juiceis
presented in Table 6.
Table 6. Expenses in the different fruit extracts and vinegar juice preparation
TOTAL INVESTMENT
UNIT
AMOUNT
A. Fruits and muscovado
a. Muscovado sugar
12 kg
780.00
b. Banana fruit
6 kg
105.00
c. Strawberry fruit
2 kg
200.00
d. Mango fruit
2 kg
50.00
e. Guava fruit
2 kg
20.00
SUB TOTAL
1,155.00
B. Fermentation materials
a. Chopping board
1piece
50.00
b. Knife
1 piece
75.00
c. Mesh cloth
1piece
5.00
d. Manila paper
4 pieces
25.00
e. Robber band
30 pieces
15.00
f. Vinegar
2 gallons
280.00
g. Earthen jar
5 pieces
250.00 (hire)
SUB TOTAL
700.00
C. Trapping materials
a. Styrofoam
48 pieces
79.75
b. Bottle
48 pieces
96.00 (hire)
c. Straw
1 roll
50.00
d. Stick
24 pieces
48.00
SUB TOTAL
273.75
No. of
Per day
Days
worker
D. Man power 1
150
10
1500.00
a. Food
1
35
10
350.00
SUB TOTAL
1,850.00
TOTAL
3,978.75
There were 13 gallons of 1.5 soft drink container of the formulation. The price of 150ml
formulation would be 31.00. The price was based on the current price of methyl eugenol
sold in the market.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
It impliesthat production of different fruit extracts and vinegar juicefor fruit fly control is
profitable.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Balili Experimental Station, La Trinidad Benguet from
December 2012 to March 2013 to determine the best formulation that attract adult fruit fly;
identify the species of fruit fly trapped in the attractant; determine the duration of the
efficacy of the attractant; to determine the population and families of the other arthropods
trapped in the attractant; and know the cost of production in preparing fruit extract and
vinegar juice.
The different fermented fruit and vinegar juice extractshas highly significant
different from each other. Numerically treatment 9 (muscovadoextract) attracted the most
number of fruit fly with the total of 37.
There were nine species of fruit fly that was trapped in the different treatments.
These were Neoceratitiscyanescens(Bezzi), Bactrocerainvadens(Tsuruta and White),
Bactroceratrayoni(Froggatt),
Bactroceraoccipitalis(Bezzi),
Bactroceraphilippinensis(Drew and Hancock), Bactroceracucurbitidae(Coquillet),
BactroceradorsalisHendel and two unidentified species. Among the species of fruit fly
trapped in the attractant female has higher number as compared to male.
The duration of efficacy of formulated natural attractant lasted for 26 days.
Regardless of the changing number of insect trapped the third day of collection yields the
highest number of trapped arthropods with the total of 623. Rainfall affect the number of
arthropods trapped per day.
The arthropods trapped in the attractant belong to 8 orders under class Insecta and
two Suborders of class Arachnida. Further, the orders trapped were Diptera with 15
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
families; Lepidoptera with 9 families; Coleoptera with 11 families; Hymenoptera with 5
families; Hemiptera with 5 families; Blattodea with 1 family; Neuropterawith 2 families
and Dermaptera with 1 family. The two Subordersunder class Arachnida that was trapped
belong to Aranae and Acari.
Formulated attractant is worth working because total cost of production for the
whole experiment was just Php. 3,978.7 compared to the price of synthetic chemicals sold
in the market.
Conclusion
All the treatments except treatment 10 (vinegar juice)and treatment 11 (crude
vinegar) are effective in trapping adult fruit flies. All the treatments also are effective in
trapping both non-beneficial and beneficial arthropods. The efficacy of the formulated
attractants lasted for 26days. The third day of collection yields the highest number of
trapped arthropods.
Recommendation
Tap water and muscovado alone is therefore recommended for fruit fly trap
formulation. It is also recommendedto refill the extracts in the traps with water after ten
days from set up. The different fruit extracts and vinegar juice can be used to control other
insect pests. Collection of trapped insects must be done every day at the same time and
windows of traps must be wider.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS.
2001.Green.
Harvest.Retrieved
August
10,
201
from
http://www.greenharvest.com.au/pestcontrol/fruit_fly_info.html.
ANONYMOUS. 2012. A Guide to Different Types of Vinegar. Retrieved August 28,
2012 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/27/vinegar
guide_n_1380713.html.
ANONYMOUS n.d.Crop protection: Integrated Mnagement of Fruit Flies in India and
Pakistan. Retrieved August 30, 2012 from http://teca.fao.org/read/4562.
ANONYMOUS n.d. Methyl Eugenol (ME) (203900) Fact Sheet. Retrieved October
7,2012fromhttp://www.epa.gov/opp00001/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/
PC203900_ 1-Sep-06.pdf.
AGUSTIN, N. A.J. n.d.Fruit Bagging to Control Fruit Flies.Retrieved August 30, 2012
from http://blog.agriculture.ph/category/tips-and-techniques/page/18.
BASINGAN, E. A. 2011. Effectiveness of different fermented fruits and vegetables as
fruit fly attractant. BS Thesis. Benguet, State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
P. 10.
BIG-ASAN, J.U. 2011. Evaluation of natural attractants in trapping insects associated
with Strawberry. BS Thesis. Benguet, State University, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp.
21-22.
BROUGHTON, S. and F.DE LIMA.n.d. Control of Mediterranean Fruit Fly
(Medfly)
in Backyards. Retrieved August 30, 2012 from http://agspsrv3
.agric.wa.gov.au/ento/medfly.htm.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 2011. Guava. Retrieve October 9, 2012 from
http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/guide_guava.php.
CAPINERA, J, L. 2001. Hand Book of Vegetable Pest. USA: Academic Press. P. 237.
CORONEL, R.E. 1983. Promising Fruits of the Philippines.University of the Philippines
at Los Banos College of Agriculture, College, Laguna, Philippines. Pp. 437-445.
DREW, D. 2002. Fruit Fly Man. Retrieved September 1, 2012 from
http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s727059.htm.
DEKKER, L. and R.F.MESSING.n.d. Managing Fruit Flies on Farms in Hawaii.
Retrieved March 1, 2013 from http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/IP
4.pdf.
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Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
GABRICK, A. 2005.Nutritional Benefits of the Strawberry.Retrieved October 22, 2012
fromhttp://www.webmd.com/diet/features/nutritional-benefits-of the strawberry.
GALLAND, L. 2008.Strawberry Benefits: Strawberry Nutrition Facts. Retrieved
October 22, 2012 from http://pilladvised.com/2011/06/strawberry-benefits
strawberry-nutrition-fact.
HWANG, J.S, Y.P YEN, M.C CHANG, and C.Y LIU. 2002. Extraction and
identification of volatile components of guava fruits and their attraction to
Oriental fruit fly, Bactroceradorsalis (Hendel). Retrieved 0ctober 6, 2012 from
http;//www.pps,org.tw/44/ppb44-4-3e.htm.
KUDAN, S. B. 2007. Monitoring of fruit fly (BactroceradorsalisHendel) population in
La Trinidad Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
LIGAT, B. 2012.Status of Chayote in La Trinidad Benguet.Personal interview.
MACNEW, A. 2009. Natural Insect Attractant:A Homemade Approach. Retrieved
February 27, 2013 from http://gomestic.com/gardening/natura-insect-attractant-a
homemade-approach/.
MANUEL, T. A. 2011. Fermented guava fruit extract as natural fruit fly (Diptera:
Tephritidae) attractant.BS Thesis Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 14-26.
MARIAU, D. 1999. Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Perennial Crops. USA:
Science Publisher, Inc. Pp. 21-22.
MATHIAS, K. 2000. Uses of Vinegar.Retrieved August 28, 2012 from
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/uses for-vinegar.html.
MAU, R F. L.and J. L. MATIN. 2005. Bactoceradorsalis (Hendel)/ Oriental fruit fly.
Retrieved August 15, 2012 from http://www.extento.hawaii.Edu.
PEDIGO, L. P. 1989. Entomology and Pest Management. New York: Macmillan
Publishing Company. P. 129.
FAUCON, P. 2005. Banana. Retrieved October 9, 2012 from http://www.desert
tropicals.com/Plants/Musaceae/Musa_acuminata.htm.
PRASAD, D. 2007. Sustainable Pest Management. New Delhi: Daya Publishing House.
P. 144.
RUSSEL. n.d.Bactocera (Dacus) dorsalis. Retrieved August 15, 2012 from
http://www.russellipm-agriculture.com.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
STEINER, L.F. 1957. Field evaluation of oriental Fruit fly insecticides in Hawaii.Ent.
50:16-24.
STOLL, G. 2000. Natural Crop Protection.MargrafVerlag: tz-typodruck, RoBdorf.
Pp.184-186.
WEI. S., L. HUI, and Y.HUI2006.Taxis Responses of Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera
dorsalis) to the Odors of Two Types of Mango.Retrieved 0ctober 9, 2012 from
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-XNYX200902022.htm.
WHERLEY, K. 2008. Getting Fruit Fly out of the Kitchen.Retrieved August 16, 2012
fromhttp://blog.ecosmart.com/index.php/2008/08/30/getting-fruit-flies-out of-the-
kitchen.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013. Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit
Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit Fly (Bactrocera sp.). Benguet State
University La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Gemma S. Das-ilen, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Balili Experimental Station, La Trinidad Benguet from
December 2012 to March 2013 to determine the best formulation that attract adult fruit fly;
identify the species of fruit fly trapped in the attractant; determine the duration of the
efficacy of the attractant; to determine the population and families of the other arthropods
trapped in the attractant; and know the cost of production in preparing fruit extract and
vinegar juice.
Muscovado extract (2 kg muscovado + 2 liters tap water +100ml vinegar juice)
trapped the most number of fruit flies. Majority of the trapped fruit flies were females.
There were nine fruit fly species trapped from the different treatments, namely:
Neoceratitis cyanescens (Bezzi), Bactrocera invadens (Tsuruta and White), Bactrocera
trayoni (Froggatt), Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi), Bactrocera Philippinensis (Drew and
Hancock), Bactrocera cucurbitidae (Coquillet), Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel and two
unidentified species.
The duration of efficacy of formulated natural attractant lasted for 26 days with
increasing attractancy up to third week and gradually decreased.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
The arthropods trapped in the attractant belonged to 8 orders under class Insecta
and two Suborders of class Arachnida. Further, the orders trapped were Diptera with 15
families; Lepidoptera with 9 families; Coleoptera with 11 families; Hymenoptera with 5
families; Hemiptera with 5 families; Blattodea with 1 family; Neuroptera with 2 families
and Dermaptera with 1 family. The two Suborders under class Arachnida that was trapped
belong to Aranae and Acari.
The total cost of production for the whole experiment was Php. 3,978.75.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Population of Fruit fly Trapped in the Different Extracts
The mean population of fruit fly trapped in the different treatment is presented in Table 1.
The result implies that treatment 1-9 is effective in trapping adult fruit fly, on the other
hand treatment T9 (muscovadoextract) attracted the most number of fruit fly. This result
signify that muscovado with water has equal sugar and water amount content of ripen fruits,
as Mau and Matin in 2005 mentioned, ripe fruits are preferred by fruit fly for oviposition.
The statistical analysis shows that treatments 1-9 has no significant difference with each
other and treatments2, 3, 4, 10, 11 and 12 respectively are not significantly different in
trapping adult fruit fly.
There were total of 224 population of fruit fly trapped on the different treatments. It
indicates that the treatments has the ability to attract adult fruit fly except for treatment 10
(vinegar juice) that does not able to trap fruit fly differedfrom the study of McNew (2009)
in which mixture of muscovado sugar and vinegar can catch flies insects, and treatment 11
(crudevinegar) which disagree with what Dekker and Messing (n.d) mentioned that mixes
of vinegar and water and yeast have attracted both male and females of Dipteran species.
Numerically the highest population of fruit fly was observed in T9 (muscovadoextract) with
a total of 37 and a mean of 9.25, and T5(guavaextract) as corroborated by Manuel(2011)
that natural guava trap was proven to be effective since it was able to trap adult fruit fly.
This was followed by treatment 8 (bananaextract), treatment 7 (mangoextract), treatment
1 (banana and strawberry extract), treatment 6 (bananaextract), treatment 3 (banana and
mango extract), treatment 2 (banana and guavaextract), and treatment 4 (strawberry
extract).
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
Table 1. Mean total of trapped fruit fly in the different extracts
TREATMENTS
TOTAL
MEAN
T1 (banana and strawberry extract)
25
6.25a
T2 (banana and guava extract)
19
4.75ab
T3 (banana and mango extract)
19
4.75ab
T4 (strawberry extract)
18
4.50ab
T5 (guava extract)
30
7.50a
T6 (banana extract)
25
6.25a
T7 (mango extract)
25
6.25a
T8 (fruit muscovado extract)
26
6.50a
T9 (muscovado extract)
37
9.25a
T10 (vinegar juice)
0
0.00b
T11 (crude vinegar)
0
0.00b
T12 (water)
0
0.00b
TOTAL
224
56
Means with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
The result also shows that the presence of methyl eugenol that attracts fruit flies is still
present even after fermentation of fruits.
The mean number of female fruit fly trapped in the different treatments is presented in
Table 2. The result shows that there was a highly significant difference on the different
treatment. The data shows that from T1 (banana and strawberry extract) to T9
(muscovadoextract) can attract female fruit fly.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
The femalerequire more food after being mated to support its egg development and female
usually search for oviposition site on ripen fruits. Female fruit flies preferred ripen fruits
as corroboratedby Matin and Mau (2005) that ripen fruit are preferred for oviposition.
Number of female fruit fly trapped in the attractant per day was presented in Figure 11.
The Figure shows that the rate of the attractant in trapping female fruit fly per day is one
to 33. The figure also shows that during the 3rd day, 33 female fruit flies was trapped.
Table 2. The mean total of adult female fruit fly trapped on the different treatments
TREATMENTS
TOTAL
MEAN
T1 (banana and strawberry extract)
21
6.25a
T2 (banana and guava extract)
16
4.00ab
T3 (banana and mango extract)
16
3.50ab
T4 (strawberry extract)
14
3.50ab
T5 (guava extract)
25
6.25a
T6 (banana extract)
14
3.50ab
T7 (mango extract)
24
6.00a
T8 (fruit muscovado extract)
19
4.75ab
T9 (muscovado extract)
30
7.00a
T10 (vinegar juice)
0
0.00b
T11 (crude vinegar)
0
0.00b
T12 (water)
0
0.00b
TOTAL
179
44.75
Means with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
35
in
30
d
ppe
25
tra
fly
20
uit
fr
tant
c 15
ra
tt
male
fe
10
the a
of
5
0
opulation
P
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Duration of attractant in trapping female fruit fly (Days)
Figure 11. Number of female fruit fly trapped in the attractant per day
The Table 3 shows the mean of adult male fruit fly trapped on the different treatments. The
statistical analysis shows that there was a high significant difference on the different
treatments.
Treatment T1 (banana and muscovadoextract) to T9 (muscovadoextract) was effective in
trapping adult male fruit fly however statistical analysis shows that the treatments effective
in attracting male fruit fly was T6(bananaextract) and T9 (muscovadoextract). Male are
attracted to the methyl eugenol but not for egg laying but for mating.
Number of male fruit flies trapped in the attractant per day is presented in Figure
12. The figure shows that the rate of the attractant in trapping male fruit fly per day was
one to six. The figure shows that on the 3rd day the attractant was able to trap six male fruit
flies.
Table 3.The mean total ofadult male fruit fly trapped on the different treatments
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
TREATMENTS
TOTAL
MEAN
T1 (banana and strawberry extract)
4
1.00bc
T2 (banana and guava extract)
3
1.00bc
T3 (banana and mango extract)
3
0.75bc
T4 (strawberry extract)
4
1.00bc
T5 (guava extract)
5
1.25abc
T6 (banana extract)
11
2.75a
T7 (mango extract)
1
0.25c
T8 (fruit muscovado extract)
7
1.75abc
T9 (muscovado extract)
7
2.25ab
T10 (vinegar juice)
0
0.00c
T11 (crude vinegar)
0
0.00c
T12 (water)
0
0.00c
TOTAL
45
11.25
Means with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
7
in
d
6
ppe
tra
5
fly
ant
uit
t 4
fr
rac
t
3
male
he at
t
of
2
1
opulation
P
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Duration of attractant in trapping male fruit fly (Days)
Figure 12.Number of male fruit fly trapped in the attractant per day
Species of Fruit Fly Trapped
The total number of female and male fruit fly species in the different treatment is presented
in Table 4. There were nine species of fruit fly trapped in the different attractant. These
were Neoceratitiscyanescens (Bezzi), Bactrocerainvadens (Tsuruta and White),
Bactroceratrayoni (Froggatt), Bactroceraoccipitalis (Bezzi), BactroceraPhilippinensis
(Drew and Hancock), Bactroceracucurbitidae (Coquillet), Bactroceradorsalis Hendel and
two unidentified species. The fruit fly species were found on figure 13-20.
The result shows that trapped female is higher in number compared to male. The Table 4
also shows that tomato fruit fly (Neoceratitiscyanescens) was thehighest numberof fruit fly
trapped. This indicates that the formulated attractant is effective in trapping N.cyanescens.
During the data gathering it was observed that tomatoes were planted near the trapping site.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
The result implies that the treatments are effective for pest control since most adult female
fruit flies lay up to 500 eggs in their life span as mentioned byRussel (n.d).Thus by using
muscovado extract can be used to decrease fruit fly population.
Table 4.The total number of trapped fruit flies species on the different treatments
SEX OF FRUIT FLY
TOTAL
MEAN
SPECIES OF FRUIT FLY
F
M
NeoceratitiscyanescensBezzi
143
41
184
92.00a
Bactrocera invadens(Tsuruta
10
0
10
5.00b
and White)
Bactrocera trayoni
1
0
1
0.50b
(Froggatt)
Bactrocera occipitalis(Bezzi)
2
0
2
1.00b
Bactrocera philippinises
5
0
5
2.50b
(Drew and Hancock)
Bactrocera
3
0
3
1.50b
cucurbitae(Coquillet)
Bactrocera dorsalisHendel
4
3
7
3.50b
Bactrocera sp. 1.
7
2
9
4.50b
Bactrocera sp. 2.
2
1
3
1.50b
Means with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
9mm
a.
b.
9mm
Figure
13.
a)
Adult
male
NeoceratitiscyanescensBezzi;
b)
Adult
femaleNeoceratitiscyanescensBezzi (10x)
20mm 20mm
a.
b.
Figure 14. a) Adult female Bactrocerainvadens(Tsuruta and White);b)aAdult female
Bactrocerainvadens (Tsuruta and White) (10x)
a.
25 mm
Figure 15. Adult female Bactroceratrayoni (Froggatt)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
18 mm
a.
18mm
b.
Figure 16. Adult maleBactroceraoccipitalis(Bezzi);b) Adult femaleBactrocera
occipitalis (Bezzi) (10x)
27mm 27mm
a.
b.
Figure 17. a)Adult femaleBactrocera Figure18. Adult female Bactrocera
Philippinensis(Drew and cucurbitae(Coquillet) (10x)
Hancock)(10x)
a.
b.
25mm 25mm
Figure 19.a) Adult male BactroceradorsalisHendel; b) adult female Bactrocera
dorsalisHendel (10x)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
17mm 19mm
a
b
c.
19mm
Figure 20. Bactrocera sp. a) Adult female Bactrocera sp.1;b) Adult male Bactrocera sp2;
c) Adult femaleBactrocera sp.2 (10x)
Duration of the Efficacy of the Attractant
The duration of the efficacy of the formulated natural attractant is shown in Figure
21.Regardless of the different treatments, there was an increasing number of insect trapped
in day 2 to 4, and gradually decreasing from day 5 to day 14 but increasing from day 15 to
16. During the 17th day to 26th day there was an erratic increase and decreasein the
population of attracted arthropods. The highest number of other arthropods trapped was
recorded at day 3 with the total of 623 as corroborated by
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
200
he
150
other
d in t
of
ppe
tant
c 100
tra
ra
tt
a 50
opulation
opods
P
rthr
a
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526
Duration of the efficacy of the attractant ( Days)
Figure 21. Duration of the efficacy of the different extract in catching insects
Basingan (2011) that the third day of collection yields the highest number of trapped
insects. It was observed that during the data gathering the high rainfall cause the abrupt
increase of other arthropods population trapped in the attractant from day 20 to 22 as
corroborated by Ligat (2012) that adding water to the trap attract more insect even if fruit
juice was already consumed.
In spite of the changing population of the insects trapped, the fruit extract was consumed
within 10 days. The moscovadosugar solidifies at the bottom of the trapping material
butcan still trapped insects up to 26th day.
The possible reason for the erratic number of insects and other arthropods collected
in the traps can be attributed to the following factors: decrease in the volume of the
attractant as it was consumed by the trapped insect and other arthropods,due to the exposure
of the trap to the sun, in result the vinegar juice evaporates leaving the muscovado settled
at the bottom of the trap and the extracts become viscous that cause the insect to drink
hardly.Other factors that affect the population were the time of collection which is not
constant with in the day of collection and the location of the trap.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
Population of other Arthropods Trapped in the Attractant
The populations of the arthropods trapped in the different extracts areshown in
Table 5. The statistical analysis shows that the number of arthropods trapped on the
different attractant is highly significant. The table reveal that T9 (muscovadoextract) has
the highest number of trapped arthropods, followed by T7 (mango extract), T5
(guavaextract), T1 (banana and strawberryextract), T2 (banana and guavaextract), T6
(bananaextract), T8 (fruit muscovado extract), T3 (banana and mango extract),T4
(strawberry extract), T10 (vinegar juice), T11 (crude vinegar) and T12 (water), respectively.
The different extracts were effective in trapping insects and other arthropods.
Tables 5.The meantotal population of trapped insects on the different treatments for 26
days
TREATMENTS
TOTAL
MEAN
T1 (banana and strawberry extract)
752
188.00ab
T2(banana and guava extract)
726
181.50ab
T3(banana and mango extract)
641
160.25b
T4(strawberry extract)
607
151.75bc
T5(guava extract)
750
187.50ab
T6(banana extract)
666
166.50ab
T7(mango extract)
798
199.50ab
T8(fruit muscovado extract)
659
164.75ab
T9(muscovado extract)
894
223.50a
T10(vinegar juice)
414
103.50c
T11(crude vinegar)
40
010.50d
T12(water)
3
000.75d
SUB TOTAL
6,950
1,738
Means with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% level of significance
(DMRT)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
Families of other Arthropods Trapped in the Attractant
There were 49 families of insects trapped in the attractant. Among the 49 families, 15 were
trapped less than three times throughout the 26 days. There were also two other arthropods
that was trapped.From the trapped arthropods there were 24 families of non-beneficial
arthropods and 12 families were classified asbeneficial.
These insect families are the following from the order Diptera: Scotopsidae,
Anthomyiidae,Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Chironomidae, Agromyzidae, Tabanidae,
Psychodidae, Drosophilidae, Tipulidae, Sipsidae, Culicidae and Calliphoridae.The pictures
of the different families of order Diptera are shown in Figure 9. Order Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae,Pyralidae,Sessidae
and
Plutillidae
(Figure10.).
Order
Coleoptera:
Chrysomilidae,Dermistidae,Coccinilidae,Nitidulidae,
Staphilinidae,Scarabaeidae
andCarabaeidae (Figure 11); Order Hymenoptera: Vispidae,Braconidae,Formicidae,
IchneumonidaeandApidae (Figure 12); and Order Hemiptera: Lygaeidae,Micropezidae
andAphididae (Figure 13) and Blattodea: Blatellidae (Figure 14.a); Neuroptera:
Chrysopidae (Figure 15.a). The two arthropods (Spider (Figure 16a), mites (Figure 16b-
c)are shown in Figure 16.
Visiting insectsare: Meloidae (Figure 17.a), Glechiidae, (Figure 17.b), Doliichopolidae
(Figure 17.c), Elatiridae (Figure 17.d-e), Sphingidae (Figure 17.f), Curculionidae (Figure
17.h), Papilionidae (Figure 1.7i), Miridae (Figure 17.j), Arctiidae (Figure 17.k),
Cicadellidae
(Figure17.l),
Acroceridae(Figure
17.m),
Bruchidae(Figure
17.n),Pterophoridae (Figure 17.o), Hemerobiidae (Figure 17.p), Labiduridae (Figure 17.q).
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
g
h
i
g
h
i
Both beneficial and pest were trapped in the different attractant which disagree with
Basingan, 2011 stated that crude vinegar is used to enhance the aroma of the attractant and
was believed to drive away and lessen beneficial insects that will be trapped
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
Figure22.Families of Order Diptera; a) Scotopsidae; b-c) Anthomyiidae, d) Muscidae;
e)Sarcophagidae; f-g) Chironomidae; h-i) Agromyzidae; j.) Tabanidae;
k)Psychodidae; l-m) Drosophilidae; n-o) Tipulidae; p) Sipsidae; q)Culicidae;
r) Calliphoridae(10x)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
Figure 23.Families of Order Lipedoptera; a-e) Noctuidae; f-k)Pyralidae; l) Sessidae:
m)Plutillidae
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
Figure 24.Familiesof Order Coleoptera;a-f) Chrysomilidae; g) Dermistidae;
h-k)Coccinilidae; l-o) Nitidulidae; p-q) Staphilinidae; r) Scarabaeidae;
s)Carabaeidae (10x)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
a
b
c
d
e
f
Figure 25.Families of Order Hymenoptera; a) Vispidae; b) Braconidae; c-d) Formicidae;
e)Ichneumonidae ; f) Apidae (10x)
a
b
c
Figure 26.Families of OrderHemiptera; a)Lygaeidae; b) Micropezidae; c) Aphididae
(10x)
Figure 27 .Family of Order Blattodea. a)Blatellidae(10x)
Figure 28.Family of Order Neuroptera: a) Chrysopidae (10x)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
a
b
c
)
)
)
Figure 29.Other arthropods; a) spider; b-c) mites (10x)
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
Figure 30.Visiting insect; a) Meloidae; b) Glechiidae;
c)Doliichopolidae;
d-e)
Elatiridae; f) Sphingidae; g-h) Curculionidae; i)Papilionidae; j)Miridae; k)
Arctiidae;l) Cicadellidae; m) Acroceridae;
n)Bruchidae;o)
Pterophoridae;p) Hemerobiidae; q) Labiduridae (Dermaptera) (10x)
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
Cost of Production
An expenses used in making the different fruit extracts and vinegar juiceis
presented in Table 6.
Table 6. Expenses in the different fruit extracts and vinegar juice preparation
TOTAL INVESTMENT
UNIT
AMOUNT
A. Fruits and muscovado
a. Muscovado sugar
12 kg
780.00
b. Banana fruit
6 kg
105.00
c. Strawberry fruit
2 kg
200.00
d. Mango fruit
2 kg
50.00
e. Guava fruit
2 kg
20.00
SUB TOTAL
1,155.00
B. Fermentation materials
a. Chopping board
1piece
50.00
b. Knife
1 piece
75.00
c. Mesh cloth
1piece
5.00
d. Manila paper
4 pieces
25.00
e. Robber band
30 pieces
15.00
f. Vinegar
2 gallons
280.00
g. Earthen jar
5 pieces
250.00 (hire)
SUB TOTAL
700.00
C. Trapping materials
a. Styrofoam
48 pieces
79.75
b. Bottle
48 pieces
96.00 (hire)
c. Straw
1 roll
50.00
d. Stick
24 pieces
48.00
SUB TOTAL
273.75
No. of
Per day
Days
worker
D. Man power 1
150
10
1500.00
a. Food
1
35
10
350.00
SUB TOTAL
1,850.00
TOTAL
3,978.75
There were 13 gallons of 1.5 soft drink container of the formulation. The price of 150ml
formulation would be 31.00. The price was based on the current price of methyl eugenol
sold in the market.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
It impliesthat production of different fruit extracts and vinegar juicefor fruit fly control is
profitable.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Balili Experimental Station, La Trinidad Benguet from
December 2012 to March 2013 to determine the best formulation that attract adult fruit fly;
identify the species of fruit fly trapped in the attractant; determine the duration of the
efficacy of the attractant; to determine the population and families of the other arthropods
trapped in the attractant; and know the cost of production in preparing fruit extract and
vinegar juice.
The different fermented fruit and vinegar juice extractshas highly significant
different from each other. Numerically treatment 9 (muscovadoextract) attracted the most
number of fruit fly with the total of 37.
There were nine species of fruit fly that was trapped in the different treatments.
These were Neoceratitiscyanescens(Bezzi), Bactrocerainvadens(Tsuruta and White),
Bactroceratrayoni(Froggatt),
Bactroceraoccipitalis(Bezzi),
Bactroceraphilippinensis(Drew and Hancock), Bactroceracucurbitidae(Coquillet),
BactroceradorsalisHendel and two unidentified species. Among the species of fruit fly
trapped in the attractant female has higher number as compared to male.
The duration of efficacy of formulated natural attractant lasted for 26 days.
Regardless of the changing number of insect trapped the third day of collection yields the
highest number of trapped arthropods with the total of 623. Rainfall affect the number of
arthropods trapped per day.
The arthropods trapped in the attractant belong to 8 orders under class Insecta and
two Suborders of class Arachnida. Further, the orders trapped were Diptera with 15
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
families; Lepidoptera with 9 families; Coleoptera with 11 families; Hymenoptera with 5
families; Hemiptera with 5 families; Blattodea with 1 family; Neuropterawith 2 families
and Dermaptera with 1 family. The two Subordersunder class Arachnida that was trapped
belong to Aranae and Acari.
Formulated attractant is worth working because total cost of production for the
whole experiment was just Php. 3,978.7 compared to the price of synthetic chemicals sold
in the market.
Conclusion
All the treatments except treatment 10 (vinegar juice)and treatment 11 (crude
vinegar) are effective in trapping adult fruit flies. All the treatments also are effective in
trapping both non-beneficial and beneficial arthropods. The efficacy of the formulated
attractants lasted for 26days. The third day of collection yields the highest number of
trapped arthropods.
Recommendation
Tap water and muscovado alone is therefore recommended for fruit fly trap
formulation. It is also recommendedto refill the extracts in the traps with water after ten
days from set up. The different fruit extracts and vinegar juice can be used to control other
insect pests. Collection of trapped insects must be done every day at the same time and
windows of traps must be wider.
Effectiveness of Different Fermented Fruit Extracts and Vinegar Juice in Attracting Fruit
Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013
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Fly (Bactrocera sp.) | SAKIWAT, CHONA B. April 2013