BIBLIOGRAPHY KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012. Pollination on Strawberry by using Stingless
Bees Trigona biroi Friese. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
Adviser: Lita M. Colting, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the number of flowers that set fruit after they
are foraged upon by the stingless bees, to determine the number and weight of fruits with
normal and deformed fruits, to record the time of the day that the stingless bees will forage
and to identify the other flower visitors of strawberries.
All of the strawberry fruits that were excluded from Trigona and other insect
visitors were deformed and the number of fruit set after the flowering of the strawberries
was 49 out of 50 giving a 98% percentage of pollination while those exposed to pollinators
were all normal fruits and the number of fruit set was 50 out of 50 giving 100% percentage
of pollination with an average weight of 5.096 g per fruit and 11.451 g per fruit
respectively.
The stingless bees foraged as early as 7:00 am until late in the afternoon at 5:00 pm
with two peaks foraging time between 7:00 and 10:00 am and 1:00 and 2:00 pm. Other
insects seen that visited the strawberry flowers aside from the stingless bees belong to the
orders Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.
Stingless bee (Trigona biroi) can be integrated in strawberry production to enhance
the production of true to type fruits.
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Fruits Set
The number of fruit sets after the flowers were exposed to or excluded from Trigona
is shown in Table 1. The number of fruit set in the plants that were exposed to Trigona was
49 out of the 50 sample flowers. In addition the fruits continued to reach maturity. In T2,
the fruit that set was 50. The computed percentage of fruits set for T1 is 98% while in T2
the fruit set is 100%. Based on data, there is not much difference on the percentage of fruit
set between T1 and T2. This conforms to the study of Free in 1993 where he cited that
strawberry plants are hermaphrodite or self-pollinating and may not need pollinators at all.
Shape of Fruits
The flowers that were exposed to Trigona (T2) produced fruits that were true to
type for the sweet Charlie variety the fruit has wedge and/or conical shape (Figures 7a and
7b). The fruits were also big and fully reddish. All the ovules were fully fertilized resulting
in the normal development of the fruits.
Table 1. Number of fruit sets
TREATMENT
NUMBER
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
FRUIT
OF
FRUITS THAT
SAMPLES
SET (%)
FRUIT SET DID NOT SET
T1 (flowers excluded
49
1
50
98
from Trigona pollinators)
T2 (flowers exposed to
50
0
50
100
Trigona pollinators)
It was now however evident in T1 because all or 100% of the strawberry fruits that set after
flowering in the treatment where the Trigona were excluded were deformed. Majority
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
were small and irregularly shaped (Figure 7c) as compared to the fruits that set in T2. The
result shows that even though strawberry is self-pollinated it needs pollinators so that all
the ovules will be fertilized. It can be noted that there are fewer seeds that were produced
in the fruits that had normal shaped indicating a failure of pollination. The fruit maturity
also differed with in a fruit Figure 7c.
a
b
c
Figure 7. Sample of true to type Sweet Charlie Strawberry fruits a) cone shaped b)
wedge shaped c) deformed fruits
Weight of Fruits
It was observed that the flowers that were excluded from pollinators had fruits that
were lighter than those that were exposed to Trigona. The minimum weight of fruit in T1
is 0.74 g and the maximum is 15.94 g per fruit those in T2 had a minimum weight of 5.08
g and a maximum is 18.29 g per fruit. On the average, the fruits in T1 had an average weight
of 5.10 g. while in T2 the average weight is 11.45 g. Result of the t-test on the average
weight of strawberry fruits between the two treatments, T1 and T2, yielded significant
differences at the 0.05 level of significance (p-value=0.000<0.05). This suggests that
flowers that were pollinated by stingless bees bear fruits that have superior weight than
those that were not pollinated by stingless bees. The reason for this is that most of the fruits
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
in T1, those that were not pollinated by stingless bees, had deformed fruits as compared to
T2, where fruits were normal in shape.
The study shows that the average weight of the Sweet Charlie strawberry is lower
than that was gathered in the study that was reported by Free (1993) which is 17g per fruit.
Probably the difference maybe attributed to difference in crop management and climatic
condition in both study areas.
Other Floral Visitors of the Strawberry Flowers
There were several insects that were seen visiting the strawberry flowers aside from
the stingless bees. They were insects belonging to the orders Hymenoptera, Diptera,
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera (Table 3). Of the order Hymenoptera, other honey bees such
as (Apis mellifera) and Apis cerana were observed. It was also seen that the housefly
(Musca domestica), hoverfly (Simosyrphus grandicornis), blowfly (Chrysomya
megacephala) and dung fly (Sepsis fulgens) from the order Diptera were found foraging
on the strawberry flowers. The cabbage butterfly (Pieris raphae) and a moth (Thorybes
diversus) from the order Lepidoptera and the beetle (Heliotaurus ruficollis) from the order
Coleoptera were also seen foraging among the strawberry flowers. The different insect
pollinators were captured in picture while they were foraging as seen in Figure 8. These
results suggest that there are many locally available insect pollinators of strawberry flower.
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Number and Average Weight of Normal and Deformed Fruits
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
AVERAGE
FRUITS SET WEIGHT (g)
WEIGHT (g)
WEIGHT(g)*
T1 (covered)
49
0.74
15.94
5.10a
T2 (uncovered)
50
5.08
18.29
11.45b
*t=-9.980, p-value=0.000, Reject Ho:μ1=μ2
Table 3.Other floral visitors of strawberry (December, 2011; La Trinidad, Benguet)
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
FAMILY
ORDER
European bee
Apis mellifera
Apidae
Hymenoptera
Wild honey bee
Apis cerana
Apidae
Hymenoptera
Housefly
Musca domestica
Muscidae
Diptera
Hoverfly
Simosyrphus grandicornis Syrphidae
Diptera
Blowfly
Chrysomya megacephala
Calliphoridae
Diptera
Dung fly
Sepsis fulgens
Sepsidae
Diptera
Cabbage butterfly
Pieris raphae
Pieridae
Lepidoptera
Moth
Thorybes diversus
Hespiidae
Lepidoptera
Beetle
Heliotaurus ruficollis
Tenebrionoidae Coleoptera
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
a
b
c
i
d
e
f
g
h
Figure 8. Other floral visitors of Strawberry: a) Lepidoptera (Thorybes diversus), b)
Coleoptera (Heliotaurus ruficollis), c) Diptera (Simosyrphus grandicornis), d)
Diptera (Sepsis fulgens), e) Diptera (Musca domestica), f) Hymenoptera (Apis
mellifera), g) Diptera (Chrysomya megacephala), h) Lepidoptera (Pieris
raphae), i) Hymenoptera (Apis cerana)
These insect visitors were seen to forage among the strawberry flowers between
10:00 am to 5:00 pm. Most of these insect visitors forage during the hottest part of the day
between 12:00nn to 1:00 pm though some were seen as late as 5 pm.
Foraging Time of Stingless Bees
The strawberry flowers and the hive was observed for one week from Dec. 4 to 10,
6:00 am to 6:00pm, to note the foraging behavior of the stingless bees (Table 4). The
foraging time of the stingless bees was observed to start as early as 7:00 am and lasted until
5:00 pm. On the average, the foraging of stingless bees starts from 7:30.57 am and lasts till
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
4:50.57 pm. The peak of their foraging in the morning was observed to be between 7:00
am to 10:00 am and in the afternoon it is 1:00 pm to 2:00 pm. However, it was noted that
when the weather went cold, the stingless bees were somewhat “lazy” to forage as was also
noted in the study of Kimbungan (2011).
Table 4. Foraging time of Trigona biroi (La Trinidad, Benguet)
DAY
DATE
EARLIEST
LATEST
FORAGING
FORAGING
TIME
TIME
1
December 4, 2011
7:48 am
4:56 pm
2
December 5, 2011
7:30 am
5:00 pm
3
December 6, 2011
7:05 am
4:55 pm
4
December 7, 2011
7:21 am
4:33 pm
5
December 8, 2011
7:59 am
4:48 pm
6
December 9, 2011
7:51 am
4:42 pm
7
December 10, 2011 7:00 am
5:00 pm
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet on the lot operated by
Mr. Victor Atonen Jr. from December 2011 to January 2012 to observe and document the
stingless bee in pollination of strawberries.
The number of fruit set after the flowering of the strawberries is 49 out of 50 for
treatment 1 and 50 out of 50 for treatment 2 giving a 98% percentage of pollination for
treatment 1 and 100% for treatment 2.
All of the strawberry fruits that were excluded from Trigona and other insect
visitors were deformed while those exposed to pollinators were all normally-shaped fruits
with an average weight of 5.096 g per fruit and 11.451 g per fruit respectively
Other insects seen visiting the strawberry flower aside from the stingless bees
belong to the orders Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. The stingless bees
forage were as early as 7:00 am until late in the afternoon at 5:00 pm with two peak
foraging time between 7:00 and 10:00 am and 1:00 and 2:00 pm.
Conclusion
Stingless bee (Trigona biroi) can be integrated in strawberry production to enhance
the production of fruits with true to type fruits in true of shape and weight.
Recommendation
A study should be conducted in a commercial area using stingless bee to evaluate
the yield and production of strawberries.
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
CERVANCIA, C.R. 2000. Mass rearing technique for stingless bees, Trigona spp. Proc.
7th
IBRA Conference on Tropical Bees and 5th Asian Apicultural
Association Conference. Chiang-Mai, Thailand.
CRANE, E. 1990. Bees and Beekeeping: Science, practice and World resources.
Comstock
Publishing Associates. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.
FAJARDO, A. JR, JR MEDINA, O.S. OPINA and C.R. CERVANCIA. 2008. Insect
pollinators and floral visitors of mango (Mangefera indica L. cv. Carabao).
Phil. Agri. Scientist 91 (4).
FREE, J.B. 1993.Insect Pollination of Crops.Academic Press, London, UK.
HEARD, T.A. 1999. The role of stingless bees in crop pollination, Annu.Rev. Entomol.
KATAYAMA, E. 1987.Utilization of honeybees as pollinators for strawberries in plastic
greenhouses. Honeybee Sci.
KWAPONG, P., K. AIDOO, R. COMBEY and A. KARIKARI 2010. Stingless bees.
Importance, management and utilization. A Training Manual for Stingless
Beekeeping.
MICHENER, C.D. 2000. The Bees of the World.Johns Hopkins University Press.
ROUBIK, D.W. 1989. Ecology and Natural History of Tropical Bees.Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge, UK.
VILLANUEVA, G.R., D.W. ROUBIK and W. COLLI-UCÁN 2005.Extinction
of Melipona beecheii and traditional beekeeping in the Yucatán peninsula. Bee
World 86.
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012. Pollination on Strawberry by using Stingless
Bees Trigona biroi Friese. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
Adviser: Lita M. Colting, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the number of flowers that set fruit after they
are foraged upon by the stingless bees, to determine the number and weight of fruits with
normal and deformed fruits, to record the time of the day that the stingless bees will forage
and to identify the other flower visitors of strawberries.
All of the strawberry fruits that were excluded from Trigona and other insect
visitors were deformed and the number of fruit set after the flowering of the strawberries
was 49 out of 50 giving a 98% percentage of pollination while those exposed to pollinators
were all normal fruits and the number of fruit set was 50 out of 50 giving 100% percentage
of pollination with an average weight of 5.096 g per fruit and 11.451 g per fruit
respectively.
The stingless bees foraged as early as 7:00 am until late in the afternoon at 5:00 pm
with two peaks foraging time between 7:00 and 10:00 am and 1:00 and 2:00 pm. Other
insects seen that visited the strawberry flowers aside from the stingless bees belong to the
orders Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.
Stingless bee (Trigona biroi) can be integrated in strawberry production to enhance
the production of true to type fruits.
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Fruits Set
The number of fruit sets after the flowers were exposed to or excluded from Trigona
is shown in Table 1. The number of fruit set in the plants that were exposed to Trigona was
49 out of the 50 sample flowers. In addition the fruits continued to reach maturity. In T2,
the fruit that set was 50. The computed percentage of fruits set for T1 is 98% while in T2
the fruit set is 100%. Based on data, there is not much difference on the percentage of fruit
set between T1 and T2. This conforms to the study of Free in 1993 where he cited that
strawberry plants are hermaphrodite or self-pollinating and may not need pollinators at all.
Shape of Fruits
The flowers that were exposed to Trigona (T2) produced fruits that were true to
type for the sweet Charlie variety the fruit has wedge and/or conical shape (Figures 7a and
7b). The fruits were also big and fully reddish. All the ovules were fully fertilized resulting
in the normal development of the fruits.
Table 1. Number of fruit sets
TREATMENT
NUMBER
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
FRUIT
OF
FRUITS THAT
SAMPLES
SET (%)
FRUIT SET DID NOT SET
T1 (flowers excluded
49
1
50
98
from Trigona pollinators)
T2 (flowers exposed to
50
0
50
100
Trigona pollinators)
It was now however evident in T1 because all or 100% of the strawberry fruits that set after
flowering in the treatment where the Trigona were excluded were deformed. Majority
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
were small and irregularly shaped (Figure 7c) as compared to the fruits that set in T2. The
result shows that even though strawberry is self-pollinated it needs pollinators so that all
the ovules will be fertilized. It can be noted that there are fewer seeds that were produced
in the fruits that had normal shaped indicating a failure of pollination. The fruit maturity
also differed with in a fruit Figure 7c.
a
b
c
Figure 7. Sample of true to type Sweet Charlie Strawberry fruits a) cone shaped b)
wedge shaped c) deformed fruits
Weight of Fruits
It was observed that the flowers that were excluded from pollinators had fruits that
were lighter than those that were exposed to Trigona. The minimum weight of fruit in T1
is 0.74 g and the maximum is 15.94 g per fruit those in T2 had a minimum weight of 5.08
g and a maximum is 18.29 g per fruit. On the average, the fruits in T1 had an average weight
of 5.10 g. while in T2 the average weight is 11.45 g. Result of the t-test on the average
weight of strawberry fruits between the two treatments, T1 and T2, yielded significant
differences at the 0.05 level of significance (p-value=0.000<0.05). This suggests that
flowers that were pollinated by stingless bees bear fruits that have superior weight than
those that were not pollinated by stingless bees. The reason for this is that most of the fruits
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
in T1, those that were not pollinated by stingless bees, had deformed fruits as compared to
T2, where fruits were normal in shape.
The study shows that the average weight of the Sweet Charlie strawberry is lower
than that was gathered in the study that was reported by Free (1993) which is 17g per fruit.
Probably the difference maybe attributed to difference in crop management and climatic
condition in both study areas.
Other Floral Visitors of the Strawberry Flowers
There were several insects that were seen visiting the strawberry flowers aside from
the stingless bees. They were insects belonging to the orders Hymenoptera, Diptera,
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera (Table 3). Of the order Hymenoptera, other honey bees such
as (Apis mellifera) and Apis cerana were observed. It was also seen that the housefly
(Musca domestica), hoverfly (Simosyrphus grandicornis), blowfly (Chrysomya
megacephala) and dung fly (Sepsis fulgens) from the order Diptera were found foraging
on the strawberry flowers. The cabbage butterfly (Pieris raphae) and a moth (Thorybes
diversus) from the order Lepidoptera and the beetle (Heliotaurus ruficollis) from the order
Coleoptera were also seen foraging among the strawberry flowers. The different insect
pollinators were captured in picture while they were foraging as seen in Figure 8. These
results suggest that there are many locally available insect pollinators of strawberry flower.
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Number and Average Weight of Normal and Deformed Fruits
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
AVERAGE
FRUITS SET WEIGHT (g)
WEIGHT (g)
WEIGHT(g)*
T1 (covered)
49
0.74
15.94
5.10a
T2 (uncovered)
50
5.08
18.29
11.45b
*t=-9.980, p-value=0.000, Reject Ho:μ1=μ2
Table 3.Other floral visitors of strawberry (December, 2011; La Trinidad, Benguet)
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
FAMILY
ORDER
European bee
Apis mellifera
Apidae
Hymenoptera
Wild honey bee
Apis cerana
Apidae
Hymenoptera
Housefly
Musca domestica
Muscidae
Diptera
Hoverfly
Simosyrphus grandicornis Syrphidae
Diptera
Blowfly
Chrysomya megacephala
Calliphoridae
Diptera
Dung fly
Sepsis fulgens
Sepsidae
Diptera
Cabbage butterfly
Pieris raphae
Pieridae
Lepidoptera
Moth
Thorybes diversus
Hespiidae
Lepidoptera
Beetle
Heliotaurus ruficollis
Tenebrionoidae Coleoptera
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
a
b
c
i
d
e
f
g
h
Figure 8. Other floral visitors of Strawberry: a) Lepidoptera (Thorybes diversus), b)
Coleoptera (Heliotaurus ruficollis), c) Diptera (Simosyrphus grandicornis), d)
Diptera (Sepsis fulgens), e) Diptera (Musca domestica), f) Hymenoptera (Apis
mellifera), g) Diptera (Chrysomya megacephala), h) Lepidoptera (Pieris
raphae), i) Hymenoptera (Apis cerana)
These insect visitors were seen to forage among the strawberry flowers between
10:00 am to 5:00 pm. Most of these insect visitors forage during the hottest part of the day
between 12:00nn to 1:00 pm though some were seen as late as 5 pm.
Foraging Time of Stingless Bees
The strawberry flowers and the hive was observed for one week from Dec. 4 to 10,
6:00 am to 6:00pm, to note the foraging behavior of the stingless bees (Table 4). The
foraging time of the stingless bees was observed to start as early as 7:00 am and lasted until
5:00 pm. On the average, the foraging of stingless bees starts from 7:30.57 am and lasts till
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
4:50.57 pm. The peak of their foraging in the morning was observed to be between 7:00
am to 10:00 am and in the afternoon it is 1:00 pm to 2:00 pm. However, it was noted that
when the weather went cold, the stingless bees were somewhat “lazy” to forage as was also
noted in the study of Kimbungan (2011).
Table 4. Foraging time of Trigona biroi (La Trinidad, Benguet)
DAY
DATE
EARLIEST
LATEST
FORAGING
FORAGING
TIME
TIME
1
December 4, 2011
7:48 am
4:56 pm
2
December 5, 2011
7:30 am
5:00 pm
3
December 6, 2011
7:05 am
4:55 pm
4
December 7, 2011
7:21 am
4:33 pm
5
December 8, 2011
7:59 am
4:48 pm
6
December 9, 2011
7:51 am
4:42 pm
7
December 10, 2011 7:00 am
5:00 pm
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet on the lot operated by
Mr. Victor Atonen Jr. from December 2011 to January 2012 to observe and document the
stingless bee in pollination of strawberries.
The number of fruit set after the flowering of the strawberries is 49 out of 50 for
treatment 1 and 50 out of 50 for treatment 2 giving a 98% percentage of pollination for
treatment 1 and 100% for treatment 2.
All of the strawberry fruits that were excluded from Trigona and other insect
visitors were deformed while those exposed to pollinators were all normally-shaped fruits
with an average weight of 5.096 g per fruit and 11.451 g per fruit respectively
Other insects seen visiting the strawberry flower aside from the stingless bees
belong to the orders Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. The stingless bees
forage were as early as 7:00 am until late in the afternoon at 5:00 pm with two peak
foraging time between 7:00 and 10:00 am and 1:00 and 2:00 pm.
Conclusion
Stingless bee (Trigona biroi) can be integrated in strawberry production to enhance
the production of fruits with true to type fruits in true of shape and weight.
Recommendation
A study should be conducted in a commercial area using stingless bee to evaluate
the yield and production of strawberries.
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
CERVANCIA, C.R. 2000. Mass rearing technique for stingless bees, Trigona spp. Proc.
7th
IBRA Conference on Tropical Bees and 5th Asian Apicultural
Association Conference. Chiang-Mai, Thailand.
CRANE, E. 1990. Bees and Beekeeping: Science, practice and World resources.
Comstock
Publishing Associates. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.
FAJARDO, A. JR, JR MEDINA, O.S. OPINA and C.R. CERVANCIA. 2008. Insect
pollinators and floral visitors of mango (Mangefera indica L. cv. Carabao).
Phil. Agri. Scientist 91 (4).
FREE, J.B. 1993.Insect Pollination of Crops.Academic Press, London, UK.
HEARD, T.A. 1999. The role of stingless bees in crop pollination, Annu.Rev. Entomol.
KATAYAMA, E. 1987.Utilization of honeybees as pollinators for strawberries in plastic
greenhouses. Honeybee Sci.
KWAPONG, P., K. AIDOO, R. COMBEY and A. KARIKARI 2010. Stingless bees.
Importance, management and utilization. A Training Manual for Stingless
Beekeeping.
MICHENER, C.D. 2000. The Bees of the World.Johns Hopkins University Press.
ROUBIK, D.W. 1989. Ecology and Natural History of Tropical Bees.Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge, UK.
VILLANUEVA, G.R., D.W. ROUBIK and W. COLLI-UCÁN 2005.Extinction
of Melipona beecheii and traditional beekeeping in the Yucatán peninsula. Bee
World 86.
Pollination on strawberry by using stingless bees trigona biroi friese |
KIMBUNGAN, LEO E. APRIL 2012