BIBLIOGRAPHY LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013. Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily
(Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and
Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting Crucifers. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat Sr., M. Sc.
ABSTRACT
This research was conducted to determine the efficacy of Resurrection lily
(Kaempferia galanga Linn.) and Yellow ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) against flea beetle
(Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and cabbage butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) with one part of
water is to botanical extracts in the dilution ratio of: 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:7 under laboratory
and field conditions.
The crude extracts of both test plants were not effective in causing mortality to flea
beetle adults. They showed slight repellent effect at 48 hours with the 1:5 dilution under
field condition.
The crude extracts of both test plants caused mortality in cabbage butterfly larvae
at 48 hours under laboratory condition and repellent effect to adult stage at 72 hours under
field condition. The 1:7 dilution ratio of both botanical extracts showed 10% phytotoxicity
in pechay plants in the field.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mortality Effect of Botanical Extracts
on Flea Beetle under Laboratory Condition
Table 2 shows that there is no significant difference between Resurrection lily and
Yellow ginger in causing mortality to flea beetle, although, the number of dead flea beetle
increases in each hour.
The result implies that Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger are not effective against
adult flea beetles.
Table 2. Mean number of dead flea beetle treated with the botanical extracts at 24, 48 to
72 hour under laboratory condition
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
MEAN
24H
48H
72H
Resurrection lily
0.05a
0.15a
0.10a
Yellow ginger
0.00a
0.45a
0.40a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Table 3 presents the mean number of dead flea beetle after treating them with the
different treatments of botanical insecticides. The 1:1 dilution ratio showed a greater effect
on flea beetle compared to the higher dilution ratio from 24 hours to 72 hours. The highest
mean which is 0.62 was recorded at 48 hours cause by 1:1 dilution ratio.
However, the statistical data show that the differences among treatments are
insignificant indicating that the botanical extracts are not effective against adult flea beetle.
One reason which might be the cause of their death is the handling of the flea beetle due to
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
their small size and jumping behavior. Although, all the treated leaves that were provide as
their food were damaged showing that they fed.
Table 3. Mean number of dead flea beetle treated with different dilution ratio of botanical
extracts at 24, 48 to 72 hours under laboratory condition
RATIO
MEAN
H20: Botanicals
24H 48H 72H
72 H
1:1
0.12a
0.50a
0.62 a
1:3
0.00a
0.12a
0.00 a
1:5
0.00a
0.37 a
0.37 a
1:7
0.00a
0.37 a
0.25 a
Untreated
0.00a
0.12 a
0.00 a
_________________________________________________________________________
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Table 4 presents the mean number of dead flea beetle after treating them with
Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger treatments, both the Resurrection lily and Yellow
ginger treatments did not show any significance in controlling flea beetle, however, dead
flea beetle were recorded in 1:1 and 1:7 dilution ratio of Resurrection lily treatments
whereas in Yellow ginger all the treatment has shown an effects to flea beetle from 24
hours to 72 hours. The higher mean indicates a greater number of dead flea beetle.
At 72 hours, all the leaves in each replication were severely damaged by the flea
beetle both in Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger. It also shows that the effect of 1:1
dilution ratio is similarly with 1:7 dilution ratio.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Mean number of the dead flea beetle after treating with Resurrection lily and
Yellow ginger treatments at 24, 48 to 72 hours under laboratory condition
RATIO
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
H20: Botanicals
RESURRECTION LILY YELLOW GINGER
24H
48H
72H
24H
48H
72H
1:1
0.05 a
0.05 a
0.50 a
0.00 a
0.50 a
0.50 a
1:3
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.25 a
0.25 a
1:5
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.75 a
0.75 a
1:7
0.00 a
0.25 a
0.25 a
0.00 a
0.50 a
0.50 a
Untreated
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.25 a
0.25 a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Mortality Effect of Botanical Extracts on
Cabbage Butterfly Larvae under Laboratory Condition
The results in Table 5 shows that Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger crude extract
were not significant in causing mortality on cabbage butterfly larvae. Although the number
of dead cabbage butterfly increased at 72 hours both in Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger
treatments.
The result implies that the botanical extracts are not effective in causing mortality
to the larvae of cabbage butterfly.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Mean number of dead cabbage butterfly larvae treated with botanical extracts at
24, 48 to 72 hours under laboratory condition
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
MEAN
24H
48H
72H
Resurrection lily
0.20a
1.00a
1.75a
Yellow ginger
0.00a
0.85a
1.05a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Table 6 shows that all the treatments were significant in causing mortality to
cabbage butterfly at 48 hours. The 1:7 dilution ratios obtained the highest mean which is
1.75, this was followed by 1:5 dilution ratio with a mean of 1.25. The higher mean indicates
greater number of dead cabbage butterfly larvae.
The data at 24 hours and at 72 hours however showed insignificant difference which
imply that the botanical extracts are not effective against cabbage butterfly larvae. The
significant difference at 48 hours maybe attributed to the different size of larvae that were
used and maybe cause by the treated leaves that they had consumed at 24 hours.
Table 6. Mean number of dead cabbage butterfly larvae treated with different dilution ratio
of botanical extracts at 24, 48 to 72 hours under laboratory condition
RATIO
MEAN
H20: Botanicals
24H 48H 72H
1:1
0.00a
0.75c
1.00a
1:3
0.12a
0.62d
1.37a
1:5
0.37a
1.25b
1.75a
1:7
0.00a
1.75a
2.12a
Untreated
0.00a
0.25e
0.75a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 7 presents the mean number of dead cabbage butterfly larvae after treating
them with Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger treatments. The highest number of dead
cabbage butterfly larvae was recorded in 1:5 dilution ratio of Resurrection lily as shown by
its mean which is 2.75 at 72 hours. The higher the mean indicated higher number of dead
cabbage butterfly. In Resurrection lily, 1:3 and 1:5 dilution ratio showed an effect from 24
hours while in Yellow ginger, treatments showed an effect at 48 hours, the 1:1 dilution
ratio obtained the highest mean which is 1.00 at 72 hours.
Based on the statistical data, the differences among treatments were insignificant
indicating further that the botanical extracts are not effective against cabbage butterfly
larvae.
Table 7. Mean number of dead cabbage butterfly larvae after treating with the different
treatments of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger at 24, 48, and 72 hours under
laboratory condition
RATIO
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
H20: Botanicals
RESURRECTION LILY YELLOW GINGER
24H
48H
72H
24H
48H
72H
1:1
0.00a
0.75a
1.00a
0.00a
0.75a
1.00a
1:3
0.25a
0.50a
2.00a
0.00a
0.75a
0.75a
1:5
0.75a
1.75a
2.75a
0.00a
0.75a
0. 75a
1:7
0.00a
1.75a
2.00a
0.00a
0.75a
0. 25a
Untreated
0.00a
0.25a
1.00a
0.00a
0.25a
0. 50a
______________________________________________________________________
__
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Repellent Efficacy of the Botanical Extracts against
Adult Cabbage Butterfly under Field Condition
The results in Table 8 shows that Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger extracts are
highly significant in repelling adult cabbage butterfly to lay eggs on the leaves expand at
24 hours to 72 hours. The Resurrection lily shows greater repellent efficacy as shown by
its lower mean from 24 to 72 hours compared to Yellow ginger. The lower mean indicates
that Resurrection lily was able to prevent the adult cabbage butterfly to lay eggs on the
pechay leaves.
Table 8. Mean number of cabbage butterfly eggs laid on pechay leaves sprayed with the
botanical extracts at 24, 48 and 72 hours under field condition
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
MEAN
24H 48H 72H
Resurrection lily
1.35b
2.10b
5.80b
Yellow ginger
4.70a
8. 50a
17.50a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
The Table 9 shows that all the treatments used were highly significant in repelling
the adult cabbage butterfly. The 1:7 dilution ratio showed the greatest effect as shown by
its obtained mean which is the lowest from 24 hours to 72 hours. The lowest mean indicates
the lowest number of cabbage butterfly eggs. Figures 18 and 19 show cabbage butterfly
eggs monitored in the plants sprayed with Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger extracts.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 9. Mean number of cabbage butterfly eggs laid on pechay leaves after treating with
different dilution ratio of botanical extracts at 24, 48 and 72 hours
RATIO
MEAN
H20: Botanicals
24H 48H 72H
1:1
3.87b
5. 65b
11.00b
1:3
1.62bc
3.25bc
7.12b
1:5
2.12bc
4.00bc
10.00b
1:7
0.87c
1.62c
6.75b
Untreated
6.62a
12.00a
23. 37a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Figure 18. Plants with cabbage butterfly eggs Figure 19. Plants with cabbage butterfly
treated with Yellow ginger
treated with Resurrection lily
The Table 10 shows that at 24 hours, both the treatments of Resurrection lily and
Yellow ginger were significant in repelling adult cabbage butterfly. However, small
difference of mean was observed from the untreated, but at 48 hours to 72 hours, the mean
in each treatment shows higher difference. The mean from 24 hours to 72 hours were
increasing, it indicates that, repellent efficacy of the treatments is highly effective from 24
to 72 hours.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 10. Mean number of cabbage butterfly eggs laid on pechay leaves after treating with
different treatment of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger at 24, 48, 72
hours under field condition
RATIO
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
H20: Botanicals
RESURRECTION LILY YELLOW GINGER
24H 48H 72H 24H 48H 72H
1:1
1.25
1.50a
3.75 a
6.50b
9.75 a
18.25 a
c
1:3
1.00
1.00 a
2.25 a
2.25c
5.50 a
12.00 a
c
1:5
1.75
1.75 a
6.00 a
2.50c
6.250 a
14.00 a
c
1:7
0.00
0.00 a
2.25 a
1.75c
3.25 a
11.25 a
c
Untreated
2.75
6.25 a
14.75 a
10.50a
17.75 a
32.00 a
c
______________________________________________________________________
__
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Degree of Flea Beetle Damage on Pechay Plants
after Treating with Botanical Extracts
under Field Condition
Table 11 shows that the degree of damage caused by the flea beetle on pechay plants
sprayed with Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger were not significantly different from each
other. It shows that there is no significant difference between the botanical extracts. The
heavy damaged pechay plants are shown in Figure 20 characterized by most leaves with 7-
10 holes.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 11. Mean damage of flea beetle on pechay plants sprayed with botanical extracts at
24, 48 and 72 hours under field condition
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
MEAN
24H 48H 72H
Resurrection lily
1. 95a
2.55a
3.00a
Yellow ginger
1.60a
2.45a
3.35a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1- slight (1 to 3 holes per leaves), 2- moderate (4 to 6 holes per leaves);
3- heavy, most of the leaves with 7- 10 holes , 4- severe, all the leaves with holes
Figure 20. Showing the heavy damaged pechay plants caused by flea beetle
Table 12 shows that all the treatments were highly significant in repelling the flea
beetle under field condition from 24 to 48 hours however, the treatments were not
significantly different. The 1:7 dilution ratio showed the highest effect since it has the
lowest mean from 24 hours to 72 hours followed by 1:5 dilution ratio having a mean of
2.25. The lower the mean indicates lesser injury on the pechay plants.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 12. Mean damage of flea beetle on pechay plants after treating with different dilution
ratio of the botanical extracts at 24, 48, and 72 hours under field condition
RATIO
MEAN
H20: Botanicals
24H 48H 72H
1:1
1.62b
2.50b
3.00a
1:3
1.50b
2.62b
3.00a
1:5
1.75b
2.25bc
3.12a
1:7
1.00b
1.62c
2.87a
Untreated
3.00a
3.50a
3.87a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1- slight (1 to 3 holes per leaves), 2- moderate (4 to 6 holes per leaves);
3- heavy, most of the leaves with 7- 10 holes , 4- severe, all the leaves with holes
Table 13 presents the mean damage of flea beetle on pechay plants, at 24 hours
there was slight damaged on the pechay plants both in treatments of Resurrection lily and
Yellow ginger as shown by their mean compared to the untreated. However, at 48 to 72
hours except for 1:7 dilution ratio, the plants treated with lower dilution ratios were
considered heavy damaged similar to the untreated.
The results showed that the botanical extracts were not effective in repelling the
flea beetle under field condition.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 13. Mean damage of flea beetle on pechay plants after treating with different
treatment of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger at 24, 48, and 72 hours under field
condition
RATIO
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
H20: botanicals
RESURRECTION LILY YELLOW GINGER
24H 48H 72H 24H 48H 72H
1:1
1.75a
2.75a
3.00a
1.50a
2.25a
3.00a
1:3
2.25a
2.50a
2.50a
0.75a
2.75a
3.50a
1:5
1.75a
2.25a
3.00a
1.75a
2.25a
3.25a
1:7
1.00a
1.75a
2.75a
0.75a
1.50a
3.00a
Untreated
3.00a
3.50a
3.75a
3.25a
3.50a
4.00a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1- slight (1 to 3 leaves with holes), 2- moderate (4 to 6 leaves with holes);
3- heavy, most of the leaves with holes , 4- severe, all the leaves with holes
Degree of Cabbage Butterfly Larvae Damageon Pechay Plants Sprayed with Botanical
Extracts under Field Condition
The results in Table 14 showed that, both the plants treated with Resurrection lily
and Yellow ginger were heavily damaged as shown by their mean, at 48 hours, Yellow
ginger showed lesser damage but at 72 hours, both plants were severely damaged as shown
in Figure 21 where in all leaves were damaged.
Table 14. Mean damage of cabbage butterfly larvae on pechay plants after treating with
botanical extracts at 24, 48, and 72 hours under field condition
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
MEAN
24H
48H
72H
Resurrection lily
3.35a
4.00a
4.00a
Yellow ginger
3.35a
3.75b
4.00a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1- slight (1 to 3 holes per leaves), 2- moderate (4 to 6 holes per leaves);
3- heavy, most of the leaves with 7- 10 holes , 4- severe, all the leaves with holes
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Figure 21. The severely damaged pechay plants caused by cabbage butterfly larvae
The results in Table 15 shows that at 24 hours, the treatments shows significant
differences from the untreated. The 1:7 dilution ratio has the lowest mean which is 3.00
indicating that it has lesser damage. The injury of cabbage butterfly larvae was rated as
severe damage because all the leaves were damaged. The severe damage indicates that the
botanical extracts were not effective in repelling the cabbage butterfly larvae.
Table 15. Mean damage of cabbage butterfly larvae on pechay plants after treating with
different dilution ratio of the botanical extracts at 24, 48, and 72 hours under
field condition
RATIO
MEAN
H20: Botanicals
24H 48H 72H
1:1
3.35c
3.87a
4.00a
1:3
3.75ab
4.00a
4.00a
1:5
3.37bc
3.75a
3.75a
1:7
3.00c
3.75a
3.75a
Untreated
3.87a
4.00a
4.00a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1- slight (1 to 3 holes per leaves), 2- moderate (4 to 6 holes per leaves);
3- heavy, most of the leaves with 7- 10 holes , 4- severe, all the leaves with holes
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 16 shows that at 24 hours, both the plants treated with Resurrection lily and
Yellow ginger treatments were heavily damaged by the cabbage butterfly larvae as shown
by their means ranging between 3.00 to 3.75, however, it became severely damaged at 48
to 72 hours. The result shows that the botanical extracts were not effective in repelling the
cabbage butterfly larvae under field condition. However, dead cabbage butterfly larvae
were observed on the treated plants. One dead cabbage butterfly larvae in 1:5 ratio and two
dead in 1:7 dilution ratio of Resurrection lily while in Yellow ginger one dead in 1:5 ratio
and one dead in 1:7 dilution ratio shown in Figure 22 and Figure 23.
Table 16. Mean damage of cabbage butterfly larvae on pechay plants after treating with
different treatments of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger at 24, 48, and 72
hours under field condition
RATIO
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
H20: botanicals
RESURRECTION LILY YELLOW GINGER
24H 48H 72H
24H 48H 72H
1:1
3.00a
4.00a
4.00a
3.50a
3.75a
3.75a
1:3
3.50a
4.00a
4.00a
4.00a
4.00a
4.00a
1:5
3.50a
4.00a
4.00a
3.25a
3.50a
4.05a
1:7
3.00a
4.00a
4.00a
3.00a
3.50a
3.50a
Untreated
3.75a
4.00a
4.00a
4.00a
4.00a
4.00a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1- slight (1 to 3 holes per leaves), 2- moderate (4 to 6 holes per leaves);
3- heavy, most of the leaves with 7- 10 holes , 4- severe, all the leaves with holes
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Figure 22. Dead cabbage butterfly larvae Figure 23. Dead cabbage butterfly larvae in
in plants treated with resurrection plants treated with yellow ginger
lily
Phytotoxicity of Resurrection Lily and Yellow Ginger
The degree of phytotoxicity on pechay plants as affected by the application of the
botanical extracts is presented in Table 17. Based on the statistical data, both the
resurrection lily and yellow ginger treatments has a slight injury effect on pechay plants as
shown by their mean.
Table 17. Degree of phytotoxicity on pechay plants as affected by the application of the
botanical extracts
BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
MEAN
Resurrection lily
0.95a
Yellow ginger
0.70a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5%
level by DMRT
Rating scale: 1-no crop injury, 3- 4-10% crop injury, 5- 11-20% crop injury, 7- 21-30%
crop injury, 9-above 30% crop injury
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
The result shows that the 1:7 dilution ratio has the highest phytotoxicity effect as
shown by its mean which is 3.00 or 10% phytotoxicity on pechay plants while the 1:3 and
1:5 dilution ratio has lower phytotoxicity effect. The 1:1 dilution did not show any
phytotoxicity effect. The higher the mean indicates higher phytotoxicity effect on the
pechay plants.
Table 18. Degree of phytotoxicity on pechay plants as affected by the application of the
different dilution ratio of botanical extracts
RATIO
MEAN
H20: Botanicals
1:1
0.00c
1:3
0.37c
1:5
1.25b
1:7
3.00a
Untreated
0.00c
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1-no crop injury, 3- 4-10% crop injury, 5- 11-20% crop injury, 7- 21-30% crop
injury, 9-above 30% crop injury
As shown in Table 18, the Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger treatments were not
significantly difference from each other. A rating of three was recorded in both 1:7 dilution
ratio of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger indicating they have 10% phytotoxicity on
pechay plants. However a rating of 28% and 30% was recorded in the plants treated with
1:7 dilution of both Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger. It was described by having a
scattered burn on the surface of the leaves as shown in Figure 24 and Figure 25.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 18. Degree of phytotoxicity on pechay plants as affected by the application of the
different treatments of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger
RATIO
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
H20: Botanicals
RESURRECTION LILY YELLOW GINGER
1:1
0.00a
0.00a
1:3
0.75a
0.00a
1:5
1.50a
1.00a
1:7
3.00a
3.00a
Untreated
0.00a
0.00a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1-no crop injury, 3- 4-10% crop injury, 5- 11-20% crop injury, 7- 21-30% crop injury,
9-above 30% crop injury
Figure 24. The phytotoxicity effect of Yellow ginger on pechay plants rated as 28% injury
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Figure 25. The phytotoxicity effect of Resurrection lily on pechay plants rated as 30%
injury
Evaluation on Mortality of Test Insect
The dead flea beetle due to Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger were normally the
same in size and color, however, it was observed that there three pairs of legs were stretch
upward.
Dead cabbage butterfly caused by resurrection lily is characterized with a black
color on the insect body. The color became dark and it has a soft body. It was also observed
that their dead body positioned like a letter U shaped (Figure 26).
The dead cabbage butterfly due to Yellow ginger was similarly characterized with
a black color and soft body however dead body of insect were straight (Figure 27).
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Figure 26. Appearance of dead cabbage butterfly larvae caused by Resurrection lily
Figure 27. Appearance of dead cabbage butterfly larvae caused by Yellow ginger
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Figure 28. Healthy cabbage butterfly larvae
Mode of Action of Resurrection Lily and Yellow Ginger
The mode of action of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger is either dual mode or
a single type of action and these are the stomach or repellent.
The mode of action of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger crude extracts against
flea beetle and cabbage butterfly could not be determined due to small number of recorded
mortality. However, in adult cabbage butterfly, the mode of action was evaluated as
repellent.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The flea beetles and cabbage butterfly are one of the most insect pest problems of
farmers due to their heavy infestation on crucifers. The study was conducted to find out if
Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger extracts can cause mortality or repel the flea beetle
and cabbage butterfly. It also aimed to identify the degree of damage of this insect pest to
pechay plants; the mode of action and phytotoxicity effect of Resurrection lily and Yellow
ginger extracts to pechay plants. Mortality effect was conducted under laboratory
condition while repellent efficacy test was under field condition.
The efficacy of the Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger were determined using the
extract at different dilution ratio as follows: 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:7.
Based on the results, the botanical extracts were not significant in causing mortality
inflea beetle. The Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger treatments has slight repellent
efficacy against flea beetle in field condition expand from 24 to 48 hours. In terms of
cabbage butterfly, both Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger has slight killing effect against
cabbage butterfly larvae with 1:5 and 1:7 dilution ratio under laboratory condition. In terms
of repellent efficacy, both Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger treatments are highly
significant in repelling the adult cabbage butterfly from 24 to 72 hours with 1:1 dilution
ratio.
The mode of action of the botanical extracts was evaluated as repellent in adult
cabbage butterfly. The degree of flea beetle on pechay plants was heavy damage while
severely damage on cabbage butterfly larvae. The 1:7 dilution ratio of the botanical
insecticides shows 10% phytotoxicity on pechay plants.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Conclusions
The Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger extracts are not effective in causing
mortality and repelling adult flea beetle. The botanical insecticides were slightly effective
in killing cabbage butterfly larvae using 1:5 dilution ratio under laboratory condition. The
Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger treatments are highly significant in repelling adult
cabbage butterfly using the dilution ratio of 1:1 dilution ratio from 24 to 72 hours under
field condition.
Recommendations
The Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger extracts are recommended to repel the
adult cabbage butterfly at 1:1 dilution ratio. Further study maybe conducted by using other
dilution rate or on other insect pest. The efficacy of the stored plants extracts at different
duration may also be conducted.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
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America. 100 (2005) 131–134.
CHOOCHOTE, W., D. KANJANAPOTHI, A. PANTHONG, and T. TAESOTIKUL.
1999. Larvicidal, Adulticidal and repellent effects of Kaempferia galanga. The
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Molecular Life Sciences.36 (8): 953.
DAYAP, A. F. 2011. Control of the major insect pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea
Linn.) with the use of selected botanical insecticides. Undergraduate Thesis.
BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 26.
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A comparative study on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Ginger
(Zingiber officinale) and Cumin (Cuminum cyminum). Phytochemistry 67 (22):
2469-2473.
GONZALO, S. A. 2004. Botanical Insecticides. Retrieved on May 11, 2012 from
http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/SilviaAguayo.html.
KANJANAPOTHI, D., A. PANTONG, N. LERTRASERTSUKEN, T. TAESOTIKUL,
and C. RUJJANAWATE. 2004. Toxicity of crude rhizome extract of Kaempferia
galanga L. 90 (2-3): 359-65.
LAOYAN, J.P. 2012. Uses of Resurrection Lily. (personal interview).
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
METCALF, C.L., 1951. Destructive and Useful insects and their Habitat and Control (3rd
ed.) New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Company Inc. P.44.
MULA, R.P. (Ed.) 2003. Insect Pest, Diseases and Weeds of Vegetables: A Compendium.
Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Agricultural Research. Pp. 5-6.
NJ, K., Y. AHN, B. SANG-GI, J. CHO, and K. CHUNG. 2008. Larvicidal activity of
Kaempferia galanga rhizome phenylpropanoids towards three mosquito species.
Pest Mgmt. Sci. 64(8):857-62.
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esculentum L.) with the use of selected botanical insecticides. Undergraduate
Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 24-25.
PARVEZ, M. 2005. Antimicrobial activities of the petroleum ether, methanol and
acetone extracts of Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome.Journal Life Earth Science.
1(1): 25-29.
PAYAKIT, D. J. 2005. Life cycle of cabbage butterfly: (Pieris rapae Linnaeus)
(Lipedoptera: Pieridae) on selected host crops. Undergraduate Thesis. BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 19.
PRAJAPATI, V., A. TRIPATHI, K. AGGARWAL, and S. KHANUJA (n.d).Insecticidal,
repellent and oviposition-deterrent activity of selected essential oils against
Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Retrieved on
August 29, 2012 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.007.
RONALD, F., 1992. Pierisrapae (Linn.). Retrieved on October 12, 2012 from www.
extento.hawai.edu/kbase/crop/type/pieris.html#REFERENCES.
SOLANG, G. A. 2005. Life cycle of striped flea beetle (Phylotreta striolata, Fab.)
Coleoptera: Crysomalidae) associated with Pechay and their response to toxicity of
insecticides. Undergraduate Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.17.
ZHAO, Y., G. YANG, G. WANG-PRUSKI and M. YOU. 2008. Phyllotreta striolata
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: arginine kinase cloning and RNA –based pest control.
Retrieved on October 12, 2012 from www.eje.cz/pdfarticles/1402/eje-105 zhao.pdf
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013. Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily
(Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and
Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting Crucifers. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat Sr., M. Sc.
ABSTRACT
This research was conducted to determine the efficacy of Resurrection lily
(Kaempferia galanga Linn.) and Yellow ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) against flea beetle
(Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and cabbage butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) with one part of
water is to botanical extracts in the dilution ratio of: 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:7 under laboratory
and field conditions.
The crude extracts of both test plants were not effective in causing mortality to flea
beetle adults. They showed slight repellent effect at 48 hours with the 1:5 dilution under
field condition.
The crude extracts of both test plants caused mortality in cabbage butterfly larvae
at 48 hours under laboratory condition and repellent effect to adult stage at 72 hours under
field condition. The 1:7 dilution ratio of both botanical extracts showed 10% phytotoxicity
in pechay plants in the field.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mortality Effect of Botanical Extracts
on Flea Beetle under Laboratory Condition
Table 2 shows that there is no significant difference between Resurrection lily and
Yellow ginger in causing mortality to flea beetle, although, the number of dead flea beetle
increases in each hour.
The result implies that Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger are not effective against
adult flea beetles.
Table 2. Mean number of dead flea beetle treated with the botanical extracts at 24, 48 to
72 hour under laboratory condition
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
MEAN
24H
48H
72H
Resurrection lily
0.05a
0.15a
0.10a
Yellow ginger
0.00a
0.45a
0.40a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Table 3 presents the mean number of dead flea beetle after treating them with the
different treatments of botanical insecticides. The 1:1 dilution ratio showed a greater effect
on flea beetle compared to the higher dilution ratio from 24 hours to 72 hours. The highest
mean which is 0.62 was recorded at 48 hours cause by 1:1 dilution ratio.
However, the statistical data show that the differences among treatments are
insignificant indicating that the botanical extracts are not effective against adult flea beetle.
One reason which might be the cause of their death is the handling of the flea beetle due to
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
their small size and jumping behavior. Although, all the treated leaves that were provide as
their food were damaged showing that they fed.
Table 3. Mean number of dead flea beetle treated with different dilution ratio of botanical
extracts at 24, 48 to 72 hours under laboratory condition
RATIO
MEAN
H20: Botanicals
24H 48H 72H
72 H
1:1
0.12a
0.50a
0.62 a
1:3
0.00a
0.12a
0.00 a
1:5
0.00a
0.37 a
0.37 a
1:7
0.00a
0.37 a
0.25 a
Untreated
0.00a
0.12 a
0.00 a
_________________________________________________________________________
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Table 4 presents the mean number of dead flea beetle after treating them with
Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger treatments, both the Resurrection lily and Yellow
ginger treatments did not show any significance in controlling flea beetle, however, dead
flea beetle were recorded in 1:1 and 1:7 dilution ratio of Resurrection lily treatments
whereas in Yellow ginger all the treatment has shown an effects to flea beetle from 24
hours to 72 hours. The higher mean indicates a greater number of dead flea beetle.
At 72 hours, all the leaves in each replication were severely damaged by the flea
beetle both in Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger. It also shows that the effect of 1:1
dilution ratio is similarly with 1:7 dilution ratio.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Mean number of the dead flea beetle after treating with Resurrection lily and
Yellow ginger treatments at 24, 48 to 72 hours under laboratory condition
RATIO
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
H20: Botanicals
RESURRECTION LILY YELLOW GINGER
24H
48H
72H
24H
48H
72H
1:1
0.05 a
0.05 a
0.50 a
0.00 a
0.50 a
0.50 a
1:3
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.25 a
0.25 a
1:5
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.75 a
0.75 a
1:7
0.00 a
0.25 a
0.25 a
0.00 a
0.50 a
0.50 a
Untreated
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.00 a
0.25 a
0.25 a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Mortality Effect of Botanical Extracts on
Cabbage Butterfly Larvae under Laboratory Condition
The results in Table 5 shows that Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger crude extract
were not significant in causing mortality on cabbage butterfly larvae. Although the number
of dead cabbage butterfly increased at 72 hours both in Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger
treatments.
The result implies that the botanical extracts are not effective in causing mortality
to the larvae of cabbage butterfly.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Mean number of dead cabbage butterfly larvae treated with botanical extracts at
24, 48 to 72 hours under laboratory condition
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
MEAN
24H
48H
72H
Resurrection lily
0.20a
1.00a
1.75a
Yellow ginger
0.00a
0.85a
1.05a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Table 6 shows that all the treatments were significant in causing mortality to
cabbage butterfly at 48 hours. The 1:7 dilution ratios obtained the highest mean which is
1.75, this was followed by 1:5 dilution ratio with a mean of 1.25. The higher mean indicates
greater number of dead cabbage butterfly larvae.
The data at 24 hours and at 72 hours however showed insignificant difference which
imply that the botanical extracts are not effective against cabbage butterfly larvae. The
significant difference at 48 hours maybe attributed to the different size of larvae that were
used and maybe cause by the treated leaves that they had consumed at 24 hours.
Table 6. Mean number of dead cabbage butterfly larvae treated with different dilution ratio
of botanical extracts at 24, 48 to 72 hours under laboratory condition
RATIO
MEAN
H20: Botanicals
24H 48H 72H
1:1
0.00a
0.75c
1.00a
1:3
0.12a
0.62d
1.37a
1:5
0.37a
1.25b
1.75a
1:7
0.00a
1.75a
2.12a
Untreated
0.00a
0.25e
0.75a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 7 presents the mean number of dead cabbage butterfly larvae after treating
them with Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger treatments. The highest number of dead
cabbage butterfly larvae was recorded in 1:5 dilution ratio of Resurrection lily as shown by
its mean which is 2.75 at 72 hours. The higher the mean indicated higher number of dead
cabbage butterfly. In Resurrection lily, 1:3 and 1:5 dilution ratio showed an effect from 24
hours while in Yellow ginger, treatments showed an effect at 48 hours, the 1:1 dilution
ratio obtained the highest mean which is 1.00 at 72 hours.
Based on the statistical data, the differences among treatments were insignificant
indicating further that the botanical extracts are not effective against cabbage butterfly
larvae.
Table 7. Mean number of dead cabbage butterfly larvae after treating with the different
treatments of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger at 24, 48, and 72 hours under
laboratory condition
RATIO
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
H20: Botanicals
RESURRECTION LILY YELLOW GINGER
24H
48H
72H
24H
48H
72H
1:1
0.00a
0.75a
1.00a
0.00a
0.75a
1.00a
1:3
0.25a
0.50a
2.00a
0.00a
0.75a
0.75a
1:5
0.75a
1.75a
2.75a
0.00a
0.75a
0. 75a
1:7
0.00a
1.75a
2.00a
0.00a
0.75a
0. 25a
Untreated
0.00a
0.25a
1.00a
0.00a
0.25a
0. 50a
______________________________________________________________________
__
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Repellent Efficacy of the Botanical Extracts against
Adult Cabbage Butterfly under Field Condition
The results in Table 8 shows that Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger extracts are
highly significant in repelling adult cabbage butterfly to lay eggs on the leaves expand at
24 hours to 72 hours. The Resurrection lily shows greater repellent efficacy as shown by
its lower mean from 24 to 72 hours compared to Yellow ginger. The lower mean indicates
that Resurrection lily was able to prevent the adult cabbage butterfly to lay eggs on the
pechay leaves.
Table 8. Mean number of cabbage butterfly eggs laid on pechay leaves sprayed with the
botanical extracts at 24, 48 and 72 hours under field condition
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
MEAN
24H 48H 72H
Resurrection lily
1.35b
2.10b
5.80b
Yellow ginger
4.70a
8. 50a
17.50a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
The Table 9 shows that all the treatments used were highly significant in repelling
the adult cabbage butterfly. The 1:7 dilution ratio showed the greatest effect as shown by
its obtained mean which is the lowest from 24 hours to 72 hours. The lowest mean indicates
the lowest number of cabbage butterfly eggs. Figures 18 and 19 show cabbage butterfly
eggs monitored in the plants sprayed with Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger extracts.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 9. Mean number of cabbage butterfly eggs laid on pechay leaves after treating with
different dilution ratio of botanical extracts at 24, 48 and 72 hours
RATIO
MEAN
H20: Botanicals
24H 48H 72H
1:1
3.87b
5. 65b
11.00b
1:3
1.62bc
3.25bc
7.12b
1:5
2.12bc
4.00bc
10.00b
1:7
0.87c
1.62c
6.75b
Untreated
6.62a
12.00a
23. 37a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Figure 18. Plants with cabbage butterfly eggs Figure 19. Plants with cabbage butterfly
treated with Yellow ginger
treated with Resurrection lily
The Table 10 shows that at 24 hours, both the treatments of Resurrection lily and
Yellow ginger were significant in repelling adult cabbage butterfly. However, small
difference of mean was observed from the untreated, but at 48 hours to 72 hours, the mean
in each treatment shows higher difference. The mean from 24 hours to 72 hours were
increasing, it indicates that, repellent efficacy of the treatments is highly effective from 24
to 72 hours.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 10. Mean number of cabbage butterfly eggs laid on pechay leaves after treating with
different treatment of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger at 24, 48, 72
hours under field condition
RATIO
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
H20: Botanicals
RESURRECTION LILY YELLOW GINGER
24H 48H 72H 24H 48H 72H
1:1
1.25
1.50a
3.75 a
6.50b
9.75 a
18.25 a
c
1:3
1.00
1.00 a
2.25 a
2.25c
5.50 a
12.00 a
c
1:5
1.75
1.75 a
6.00 a
2.50c
6.250 a
14.00 a
c
1:7
0.00
0.00 a
2.25 a
1.75c
3.25 a
11.25 a
c
Untreated
2.75
6.25 a
14.75 a
10.50a
17.75 a
32.00 a
c
______________________________________________________________________
__
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Degree of Flea Beetle Damage on Pechay Plants
after Treating with Botanical Extracts
under Field Condition
Table 11 shows that the degree of damage caused by the flea beetle on pechay plants
sprayed with Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger were not significantly different from each
other. It shows that there is no significant difference between the botanical extracts. The
heavy damaged pechay plants are shown in Figure 20 characterized by most leaves with 7-
10 holes.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 11. Mean damage of flea beetle on pechay plants sprayed with botanical extracts at
24, 48 and 72 hours under field condition
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
MEAN
24H 48H 72H
Resurrection lily
1. 95a
2.55a
3.00a
Yellow ginger
1.60a
2.45a
3.35a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1- slight (1 to 3 holes per leaves), 2- moderate (4 to 6 holes per leaves);
3- heavy, most of the leaves with 7- 10 holes , 4- severe, all the leaves with holes
Figure 20. Showing the heavy damaged pechay plants caused by flea beetle
Table 12 shows that all the treatments were highly significant in repelling the flea
beetle under field condition from 24 to 48 hours however, the treatments were not
significantly different. The 1:7 dilution ratio showed the highest effect since it has the
lowest mean from 24 hours to 72 hours followed by 1:5 dilution ratio having a mean of
2.25. The lower the mean indicates lesser injury on the pechay plants.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 12. Mean damage of flea beetle on pechay plants after treating with different dilution
ratio of the botanical extracts at 24, 48, and 72 hours under field condition
RATIO
MEAN
H20: Botanicals
24H 48H 72H
1:1
1.62b
2.50b
3.00a
1:3
1.50b
2.62b
3.00a
1:5
1.75b
2.25bc
3.12a
1:7
1.00b
1.62c
2.87a
Untreated
3.00a
3.50a
3.87a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1- slight (1 to 3 holes per leaves), 2- moderate (4 to 6 holes per leaves);
3- heavy, most of the leaves with 7- 10 holes , 4- severe, all the leaves with holes
Table 13 presents the mean damage of flea beetle on pechay plants, at 24 hours
there was slight damaged on the pechay plants both in treatments of Resurrection lily and
Yellow ginger as shown by their mean compared to the untreated. However, at 48 to 72
hours except for 1:7 dilution ratio, the plants treated with lower dilution ratios were
considered heavy damaged similar to the untreated.
The results showed that the botanical extracts were not effective in repelling the
flea beetle under field condition.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 13. Mean damage of flea beetle on pechay plants after treating with different
treatment of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger at 24, 48, and 72 hours under field
condition
RATIO
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
H20: botanicals
RESURRECTION LILY YELLOW GINGER
24H 48H 72H 24H 48H 72H
1:1
1.75a
2.75a
3.00a
1.50a
2.25a
3.00a
1:3
2.25a
2.50a
2.50a
0.75a
2.75a
3.50a
1:5
1.75a
2.25a
3.00a
1.75a
2.25a
3.25a
1:7
1.00a
1.75a
2.75a
0.75a
1.50a
3.00a
Untreated
3.00a
3.50a
3.75a
3.25a
3.50a
4.00a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1- slight (1 to 3 leaves with holes), 2- moderate (4 to 6 leaves with holes);
3- heavy, most of the leaves with holes , 4- severe, all the leaves with holes
Degree of Cabbage Butterfly Larvae Damageon Pechay Plants Sprayed with Botanical
Extracts under Field Condition
The results in Table 14 showed that, both the plants treated with Resurrection lily
and Yellow ginger were heavily damaged as shown by their mean, at 48 hours, Yellow
ginger showed lesser damage but at 72 hours, both plants were severely damaged as shown
in Figure 21 where in all leaves were damaged.
Table 14. Mean damage of cabbage butterfly larvae on pechay plants after treating with
botanical extracts at 24, 48, and 72 hours under field condition
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
MEAN
24H
48H
72H
Resurrection lily
3.35a
4.00a
4.00a
Yellow ginger
3.35a
3.75b
4.00a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1- slight (1 to 3 holes per leaves), 2- moderate (4 to 6 holes per leaves);
3- heavy, most of the leaves with 7- 10 holes , 4- severe, all the leaves with holes
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Figure 21. The severely damaged pechay plants caused by cabbage butterfly larvae
The results in Table 15 shows that at 24 hours, the treatments shows significant
differences from the untreated. The 1:7 dilution ratio has the lowest mean which is 3.00
indicating that it has lesser damage. The injury of cabbage butterfly larvae was rated as
severe damage because all the leaves were damaged. The severe damage indicates that the
botanical extracts were not effective in repelling the cabbage butterfly larvae.
Table 15. Mean damage of cabbage butterfly larvae on pechay plants after treating with
different dilution ratio of the botanical extracts at 24, 48, and 72 hours under
field condition
RATIO
MEAN
H20: Botanicals
24H 48H 72H
1:1
3.35c
3.87a
4.00a
1:3
3.75ab
4.00a
4.00a
1:5
3.37bc
3.75a
3.75a
1:7
3.00c
3.75a
3.75a
Untreated
3.87a
4.00a
4.00a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1- slight (1 to 3 holes per leaves), 2- moderate (4 to 6 holes per leaves);
3- heavy, most of the leaves with 7- 10 holes , 4- severe, all the leaves with holes
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 16 shows that at 24 hours, both the plants treated with Resurrection lily and
Yellow ginger treatments were heavily damaged by the cabbage butterfly larvae as shown
by their means ranging between 3.00 to 3.75, however, it became severely damaged at 48
to 72 hours. The result shows that the botanical extracts were not effective in repelling the
cabbage butterfly larvae under field condition. However, dead cabbage butterfly larvae
were observed on the treated plants. One dead cabbage butterfly larvae in 1:5 ratio and two
dead in 1:7 dilution ratio of Resurrection lily while in Yellow ginger one dead in 1:5 ratio
and one dead in 1:7 dilution ratio shown in Figure 22 and Figure 23.
Table 16. Mean damage of cabbage butterfly larvae on pechay plants after treating with
different treatments of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger at 24, 48, and 72
hours under field condition
RATIO
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
H20: botanicals
RESURRECTION LILY YELLOW GINGER
24H 48H 72H
24H 48H 72H
1:1
3.00a
4.00a
4.00a
3.50a
3.75a
3.75a
1:3
3.50a
4.00a
4.00a
4.00a
4.00a
4.00a
1:5
3.50a
4.00a
4.00a
3.25a
3.50a
4.05a
1:7
3.00a
4.00a
4.00a
3.00a
3.50a
3.50a
Untreated
3.75a
4.00a
4.00a
4.00a
4.00a
4.00a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1- slight (1 to 3 holes per leaves), 2- moderate (4 to 6 holes per leaves);
3- heavy, most of the leaves with 7- 10 holes , 4- severe, all the leaves with holes
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Figure 22. Dead cabbage butterfly larvae Figure 23. Dead cabbage butterfly larvae in
in plants treated with resurrection plants treated with yellow ginger
lily
Phytotoxicity of Resurrection Lily and Yellow Ginger
The degree of phytotoxicity on pechay plants as affected by the application of the
botanical extracts is presented in Table 17. Based on the statistical data, both the
resurrection lily and yellow ginger treatments has a slight injury effect on pechay plants as
shown by their mean.
Table 17. Degree of phytotoxicity on pechay plants as affected by the application of the
botanical extracts
BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
MEAN
Resurrection lily
0.95a
Yellow ginger
0.70a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5%
level by DMRT
Rating scale: 1-no crop injury, 3- 4-10% crop injury, 5- 11-20% crop injury, 7- 21-30%
crop injury, 9-above 30% crop injury
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
The result shows that the 1:7 dilution ratio has the highest phytotoxicity effect as
shown by its mean which is 3.00 or 10% phytotoxicity on pechay plants while the 1:3 and
1:5 dilution ratio has lower phytotoxicity effect. The 1:1 dilution did not show any
phytotoxicity effect. The higher the mean indicates higher phytotoxicity effect on the
pechay plants.
Table 18. Degree of phytotoxicity on pechay plants as affected by the application of the
different dilution ratio of botanical extracts
RATIO
MEAN
H20: Botanicals
1:1
0.00c
1:3
0.37c
1:5
1.25b
1:7
3.00a
Untreated
0.00c
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1-no crop injury, 3- 4-10% crop injury, 5- 11-20% crop injury, 7- 21-30% crop
injury, 9-above 30% crop injury
As shown in Table 18, the Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger treatments were not
significantly difference from each other. A rating of three was recorded in both 1:7 dilution
ratio of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger indicating they have 10% phytotoxicity on
pechay plants. However a rating of 28% and 30% was recorded in the plants treated with
1:7 dilution of both Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger. It was described by having a
scattered burn on the surface of the leaves as shown in Figure 24 and Figure 25.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Table 18. Degree of phytotoxicity on pechay plants as affected by the application of the
different treatments of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger
RATIO
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
H20: Botanicals
RESURRECTION LILY YELLOW GINGER
1:1
0.00a
0.00a
1:3
0.75a
0.00a
1:5
1.50a
1.00a
1:7
3.00a
3.00a
Untreated
0.00a
0.00a
*Means followed by a common letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rating scale: 1-no crop injury, 3- 4-10% crop injury, 5- 11-20% crop injury, 7- 21-30% crop injury,
9-above 30% crop injury
Figure 24. The phytotoxicity effect of Yellow ginger on pechay plants rated as 28% injury
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Figure 25. The phytotoxicity effect of Resurrection lily on pechay plants rated as 30%
injury
Evaluation on Mortality of Test Insect
The dead flea beetle due to Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger were normally the
same in size and color, however, it was observed that there three pairs of legs were stretch
upward.
Dead cabbage butterfly caused by resurrection lily is characterized with a black
color on the insect body. The color became dark and it has a soft body. It was also observed
that their dead body positioned like a letter U shaped (Figure 26).
The dead cabbage butterfly due to Yellow ginger was similarly characterized with
a black color and soft body however dead body of insect were straight (Figure 27).
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Figure 26. Appearance of dead cabbage butterfly larvae caused by Resurrection lily
Figure 27. Appearance of dead cabbage butterfly larvae caused by Yellow ginger
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Figure 28. Healthy cabbage butterfly larvae
Mode of Action of Resurrection Lily and Yellow Ginger
The mode of action of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger is either dual mode or
a single type of action and these are the stomach or repellent.
The mode of action of Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger crude extracts against
flea beetle and cabbage butterfly could not be determined due to small number of recorded
mortality. However, in adult cabbage butterfly, the mode of action was evaluated as
repellent.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The flea beetles and cabbage butterfly are one of the most insect pest problems of
farmers due to their heavy infestation on crucifers. The study was conducted to find out if
Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger extracts can cause mortality or repel the flea beetle
and cabbage butterfly. It also aimed to identify the degree of damage of this insect pest to
pechay plants; the mode of action and phytotoxicity effect of Resurrection lily and Yellow
ginger extracts to pechay plants. Mortality effect was conducted under laboratory
condition while repellent efficacy test was under field condition.
The efficacy of the Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger were determined using the
extract at different dilution ratio as follows: 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:7.
Based on the results, the botanical extracts were not significant in causing mortality
inflea beetle. The Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger treatments has slight repellent
efficacy against flea beetle in field condition expand from 24 to 48 hours. In terms of
cabbage butterfly, both Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger has slight killing effect against
cabbage butterfly larvae with 1:5 and 1:7 dilution ratio under laboratory condition. In terms
of repellent efficacy, both Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger treatments are highly
significant in repelling the adult cabbage butterfly from 24 to 72 hours with 1:1 dilution
ratio.
The mode of action of the botanical extracts was evaluated as repellent in adult
cabbage butterfly. The degree of flea beetle on pechay plants was heavy damage while
severely damage on cabbage butterfly larvae. The 1:7 dilution ratio of the botanical
insecticides shows 10% phytotoxicity on pechay plants.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
Conclusions
The Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger extracts are not effective in causing
mortality and repelling adult flea beetle. The botanical insecticides were slightly effective
in killing cabbage butterfly larvae using 1:5 dilution ratio under laboratory condition. The
Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger treatments are highly significant in repelling adult
cabbage butterfly using the dilution ratio of 1:1 dilution ratio from 24 to 72 hours under
field condition.
Recommendations
The Resurrection lily and Yellow ginger extracts are recommended to repel the
adult cabbage butterfly at 1:1 dilution ratio. Further study maybe conducted by using other
dilution rate or on other insect pest. The efficacy of the stored plants extracts at different
duration may also be conducted.
Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013
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Efficacy of Crude Extract of Resurrection Lily (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Against Striped
Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta striloata Fab.) and Cabbage Butterfly (Peiris rapae Linn.) Infesting
Crucifers | LAOYAN, EDEN K. APRIL 2013