BIBLIOGRAPHY GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013. Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus
calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly
(Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
Adviser: Eulogio V. Cardona Jr., Ph.D
ABSTRACT
This research was conducted purposely to determine the insecticidal efficacy of
White flag for the control of diamondback moth and white fly and to determine should
white flag is phytotoxic in cabbage.
The extract of white flag and varying water dilution ratio are the treatments and
they are as follows: 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8. Untreated was included to serve as the basis
for comparison while Selecron with the recommended rate of 30 ml/ 16 li water was the
standard insecticide.
The results of the research indicated the weak control of all the treatments of White
flag at the rates 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8 dilution ratio against DBM and white fly of
cabbage. As a result, all the treatments were moderately damaged comparable with the
untreated while the damage on the standard treatment of Selecron was small to negligible.
White flag are phytotoxic at the rates of 1:0, 1:1 and 1:0 dilution ratio while the lower
rates at 1:4 and 1:8 dilution ratio were non phytotoxic. Highest yield of good quality were
gathered on the standard treatment of Selecron insignificantly better with the treatments
of Whiteflag at the rates of 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8 dilution ratio.
Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Count of DBM Larva
The count of DBM larva as affected by the treatment is presented in data Table 1.
The data table presents the relatively higher count of DBM larvae in all the treatments of
White flag with the dilution rates of 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 insignificantly different with the
untreated during the scheduled first until the third assessments. The same level of insect
count was recorded on the standard treatment of Selecron. But as the fourth assessment
was done, the count of DBM larvae on the standard treatment of Selecron and the
treatments of White flag with the dilution rates of 1:2 and 1:4 were recorded to be
significantly lower in comparison with the untreated. On the other hand, highest count of
larvae was recorded on the most diluted treatment of White flag at 1:8 ratio insignificantly
different with the untreated. It was likewise observed that the larval count on the two
highest rates of White flag with the dilution rates of 1:0 and 1:1 were relatively lower
insignificantly different with the standard treatment of Selecron and significantly lower
than the untreated. Except for the rates of White flag with the dilution ratio of 1:2, the
scheduled fifth assessment indicated the generally small count of DBM larvae in all the
treatments of White flag with the dilution ratio of 1:0, 1:1, 1:4 and 1:8 comparatively
similar with the standard treatment of Selecron and significantly lower in comparison with
the untreated.
Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013
Table1. Count of DBM larva /10 plants as affected by the treatments
RATES OF
WHITEFLAG : H2O
TREATMENT
RATIO
SEQUENCE OF ASSESSMENTS
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
T1-Whiteflag
1:0
1.67a
3.00a 2.33a 1.00b 0.66b
T2-Whiteflag
1:1
2.33a
2.67a 2.00a 1.67b 1.00b
T3-Whiteflag
1:2
4.33a
3.33a 3.00a 0.33b 1.33ab
T4-Whiteflag
1:4
1.67a
3.33a 2.67a 0.67b 1.00b
T5- Whiteflag
1:8
2.33a
4.00a 3.67a 4.00a 2.00ab
T6-Selecron
3tbsp/16 L H2O
1.00a
3.33a 2.67a 0.67b 0.33b
T7-Untreated
3.33a
4.33a 4.00a 2.33ab 3.33a
Means within each vertical column followed by the same letter are not significantly
different at 0.05 DMRT
Count of Whitefly
The population of whitefly based on the rating scale of 1-9 is presented in data
Table 2. The data table presents the presence of whitefly in all the treatments of White
flag with the dilution rates of 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, the standard treatment of Selecron
which were insignificantly different with the untreated during the scheduled first until the
second assessments. But as the sixth assessment was done, the count of whitefly showed
treatment differences where there was a least count on the standard treatment of Selecron
significantly lower than the untreated. The count of whitefly in all the treatments of White
Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013
flag was insignificantly different with the untreated. However, as the assessment was
continued until the scheduled seventh assessment, very obvious that the count of Table 2.
Population of whitefly in rating scale of 1-9 as affected by the treatments
TREATMENT RATES OF
SEQUENCE OF
WHITE
ASSESSMENTS
6th
FLAG : H2O
RATIO 1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
7th
T1-White flag
1:0
2.20a 2.20a 4.0a 2.10c
2.07b 1.67a 1.13c
T2-White flag
1:1
2.40a 2.70a 3.8ab 2.73a
2.60a 2.06a 1.33c
T3-White flag
1:2
2.20a 270a 3.7ab 3.06a
1.93b 2.33a 1.73b
T4-White flag
1:4
2.33a 2.30a 3.4bc 2.80a
2.53a 2.40a 1.87ab
T5- White flag
1:8
2.40a 2.30a 3.7ab 3.0a
2.60a 2.33a 2.13a
T6-Selecron
3tbsp/16 L 2.33a 270a 3.06c 2.33b
2.67a 2.20a 1.80a
H2O
T7-Untreated
2.13a 2.40a 3.9ab 2.86a 2.80a 2.53a 2.20a
Means within each vertical column followed by the same letter are not significantly
different at 0.05 DMRT
whitefly was small to negligible comparable with the standard treatment of Selecron and
significantly smaller than the untreated.
Degree of Insect Damage
The insect damage as affected by the treatments is presented in data Table 3. The
data table presents the damaged treatments of White flag. All the dosage treatments of
White flag with the dilution rates of 1:0, 1:1, 1;2, 1;4 and 1;8 were damaged. At first, the
damage was recorded to be slight to moderate but worsen as the assessment was continued
during the scheduled second assessment at 50DAT. Within this time span of
Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013
assessment, the damage in all the treatments of White flag was insignificantly different
with the untreated while the damage on the standard treatment of Selecron were generally
Table 3. Degree of insect damage (rating scale of 1-9) as affected by the treatments
TREATMENT
RATES OF WHITE FLAG SEQUENCE OF ASSESSMENT
: H2O RATIO
1st
2nd
T1-White flag
1:0
3.67ab
5.67ab
T2-White flag
1:1
4.33ab
6.33ab
T3-White flag
1:2
3.67ab
5.67ab
T4-White flag
1:4
4.33ab
6.33ab
T5- White flag
1:8
3.67ab
5.67ab
T6-Selecron
3tbsp/16 L H2O
1.67b
3.67b
T7-Untreated
5.00a
7.00a
Means within each vertical column followed by the same letter are not significantly
different at 0.05 DMRT
small to slight significantly smaller than the untreated and in all the treatments of White
flag.
Phytotoxicity
The phytotoxicity as affected by the treatments is presented in data Table 4. It is
clearly presented in the data table the phytotoxicity effect of White flag on the crop
cabbage. Among the five treatments of White flag, the extreme and severe phytotoxicity
was observed from the treatments with the dilution rates of 1:0 and 1:1. Slight
phytotoxicity was recorded on the treatment of White flag with the dilution ratio of 1:2.
Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Phytotoxicity (rating scale of 1-9) as affected by the treatments
TREATMENT
RATESWHITE FLAG :
1ST AND LAST
H2O RATIO
ASSESSMENT
T1-White flag
1:0
9.00a
T2-White flag
1:1
7.00a
T3-White flag
1:2
3.00b
T4-White flag
1:4
1.00b
T5- White flag
1:8
1.00b
T6-Selecron
3tbsp/16 L H2O
1.00b
T7-Untreated
1.00b
Means within each vertical column followed by the same letter are not significantly
different at 0.05 DMRT
the treatments of White flag where there was no phytotoxicity observed were the treatments
with the dilution ratio of 1:4 and 1:8 comparably similar with the standard treatment of
Selecron and the untreated.
Classification of Harvest
The quality of harvest as affected by the treatment is presented in data Table 5. It is
presented in the data table the 100% class A harvest (sound or no damage harvest) on the
treatments of White flag with the dilution rates of 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8 similar with the standard
treatment of Selecron and significantly higher than the only 70.0% and 83.3% Table 5.
Classification of harvest (%) as affected by the treatments
Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013
TREATMENT
RATES OF WHITE
QUALITY
OF
FLAG AND H2O
HARVEST CLASS CLASS B
RATIO
A
T1-White flag
1:0
70%
30.0%
T2-White flag
1:1
83.3
16.7
T3-White flag
1:2
100.0
0.0
T4-White flag
1:4
100.0
0.0
T5- White flag
1:8
100.0
0.0
T6-Selecron
3tbsp/16 L H2O
100.0
0.0
T7-Untreated
6.0
40.0
Means within each vertical column followed by the same letter are not significantly
different at 0.05 DMRT
class A harvests of the treatment of White flag with the dilution rates of 1:0 and 1:1 and
the untreated with the class A harvest of only 60%. Since price is dependent upon the
quality of harvest and income is one of the basis in determining the effect of the treatments,
the possible income on the last three treatments of White flag is anticipated to be
significantly higher since the harvest were all class A.
Total yield (tons/ha)
The yield as affected by the treatments is presented in data Table 6. It is clearly
presented in the data table the highest yield of good quality equivalent to 74.0, 77.08 and
80.07 tons/ha on the three treatments of White flag with the dilution rates of 1:2, 1:4 and
1:8 comparable with the standard treatment of Selecron and significantly higher than the
treatment of White flag with the dilution rates of 1:0 , 1:1 with the yields of 50.32 and
56.80 tons/ha respectively and on the untreated with the only yield of 48.10 tons/ha.
Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013
It has been presented in data Table 4 the phytotoxicity of the three highest rates of White
flag and this may serve as the explanation for the obtained low yield in comparison with
the three lower rates. It was likewise reported by Saxena and Koul (1977) that White flag
are anti-feedant and arrest insect growth. These findings may serve as the explanation for
the presence of DBM larvae and whitefly in all the treatments of White flag.
Table 6. Total yield (tons/ha) as affected by the treatments
TREATMENT
RATES
QUALITY OF
TOTAL
WHITE
HARVEST
CLASS B
TONS/HA
FLAG H2O CLASS A
RATIO
T1-White flag
1:0
35.02
15.30
50.32
T2-White flag
1:1
56.80
0.00
56.80
T3-White flag
1:2
70.66
0.00
74.66
T4-White flag
1:4
77.08
0.00
77.08
T5- White flag
1:8
80.07
0.00
80.07
T6-Selecron
3tbsp/16 L H2O 84.54
0.00
84.54
T7-Untreated
28.93
19.20
48.1
Means within each vertical column followed by the same letter are not significantly
different at 0.05 DMRT
Climatological Data
There was no climatological data gathered that may show the status of weather
throughout the duration of the trial because the said information were not yet formally
released from the weather station at BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet at the time they were
needed. But by observation, strong intensity of rainfall usually affects the trial by washing
off insects on the plants like DBM and aphids. However, strong intensity rainfall was not
encountered throughout the duration of the trial. Likewise there was no abrupt change of
temperature to a freezing point throughout the duration of the trial, a temperature that might
Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013
frozen insects. The recorded sunshine was generally bright throughout favorable for the
experimental plants for their physiological processes like photosynthesis.
Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The research titled “Evaluation of White flag for efficacy against diamondback
moth and whitefly on cabbage” was conducted at the Balili, Experimental Station purposely
to determine the rates effective for the control of the above two insects and to determine if
the plant is phytotoxic. The efficacy of White flag was determined using the extract diluted
with varying volume of water which is as follows: 1:0, 1; 1, 1; 2, 1:4 and 1:8. Untreated
was included as the basis of comparison while Selecron with the recommended rate of 30
ml/16 li water was the standard insecticide.
By using the electric powered blender, the sap of the chopped rhizomes of White
flag was extracted. Filtering the debris followed by pouring the extract on cleaned 1.0 li
capacity beaker with sanitized fine clothing at the top. The cabbages in the open field where
the treatments were applied were planted on a five meters long plot with a total number of
13 plants per pot. The plots were assigned with a corresponding treatment by following the
randomized complete block design with three replications (RCBD). The application of the
treatments started 15 days after transplanting at weekly interval until two weeks before the
scheduled harvest. The 2.0 li capacity sprayer equipped with fine nozzle was used in
applying the treatments. The effect of the treatments was determined by adopting the
evaluation parameters which are as follows: count of DBM larvae and whitefly, degree of
insect damage, percent DBM shoot damaged plants, the quality of harvest and total yield.
The results of the trial indicated the less effective performance of White flag with
the dilution rates of 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8 against DBM larva. This was evidenced by
the relatively high count of larva in all the treatments of White flag almost
Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013
insignificantly different with the untreated. So far only the standard treatment of Selecron
offered the good control of DBM. On the other hand, the count of larva in all the treatment
of White flag were recorded to be generally small comparable with the untreated and
significantly lower to the untreated during the scheduled 5th assessment. The same trend of
effect of the treatments was observed against whitefly. Likewise all the dosage treatments
of White flag with the dilution rates of 1:0, 1:1, 1;2, 1;4 and 1:8 were damaged. The damage
was slight to moderate during the scheduled first assessment and worsen progressively
during the scheduled second assessment at 50 DAT. It has also been observed the
phytotoxicity of White flag in crop cabbage. As observed, the two most phytotoxic were
the dilution rates of 1:0 and 1:1. The treatment with the dilution ratio of 1:2 was slightly
phytotoxic while the dilution ratio of 1:4 and 1:8 were completely non phytotoxic like the
standard Selecron.
Based on quality, the harvest were 100% class A on the treatments of White flag
with the dilution rates of 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8 similar with the standard treatment of Selecron
and significantly better than the only 70.0% and 83.3% class A harvests of the treatment
of White flag with the dilution rates of 1:0 and 1:1 and the only 60.0 % class A harvest
from the untreated. As to the total yield, highest yield of good quality equivalent to 74.0,
77.08 and 80.07 tons/ha were gathered on the treatments of White flag with the dilution
rates of 1:2, 1:4 and 1;8 comparable with the standard treatment of Selecron and
significantly higher than the 50.32 and 56.80 tons/ha yields of the two highest dosage
treatment of White flag (1;0, 1:1) and the untreated with the only yield of 48.10 tons/ha.
Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013
Conclusions
1.
White flag is relatively less effective in suppressing the population of DBM and
whitefly in crop cabbage.
2.
White flag with the dilution rates of 1:4 and 1:8 are not phytotoxic. The rates with
the dilution rates of 1:2, 1: 1 and 1:0 are phytotoxic.
Recommendations
White flag, even if relatively less effective against DBM and white fly, is
recommended for the control of the insect pests in cabbage. The dilution rates of 1:4 and
1:8 are recommended since they are the treatments with the highest yield of good quality.
White flag is recommended since it has many advantages over the synthetic insecticides
like being environment friendly, cheap and readily available when needed since they are
growing abundantly in the locality.
Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013
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Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013
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Evaluation of Whiteflag (Acorus calamus) for Efficacy against Diamondback Moth (Plutella
xyllostella Linn) and Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on Cabbage |
GALAO, ALLAN ADRIAN B. APRIL 2013