BIBLIOGRAPHY KITONGAN, DAPHNE L....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012. Management practices of backyard swine
raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Erlinda B. Alupias, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to determine the socio-demographic profile of the backyard swine
raisers; to determine the management practices of the backyard swine raisers; determine
the problems encountered by the respondents in backyard swine raising.
The data were gathered from 50 swine raisers through a survey using guide
questionnaire, ocular survey and photo documentation, the data were tabulated, analyzed
using mean and percentage.
Findings show that most of the swine raisers are above middle age and females.
They were mostly married. They learned swine raising from their parents/relatives, most
of them were engaged in both breeding and fattening production.
The most common breeds were largewhite, berkshire and landrace, the raisers get
their stocks from their neighbours/friends and relatives. The types of swine housing used
are conventional/all purpose housing, located under their residential houses. The pens were
made of concrete walling and slotted flooring. The type of feeds used was mostly kitchen
left-over and vegetable waste/rejects (“ubak”). Some used camote leaves, galiang/taro, and
banana trunk.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
The most common health and sanitation practices that they always do are: cleaning
of pens and drainage canals, immunization or vaccination of swine against diseases, and
maintenance of the environment. Disinfecting the pens, walkways, tools and equipment,
quarantine or isolation of animals that were just bought and feeding their swine with
balance diet were occasionally practiced. There were no restrictions of visitors to their
pens. They always consult a veterinarian when their swine is sick. Though sometimes they
consult other animal raisers, they cure the swine themselves or slaughter the animal for
good. The most common diseases they encountered are swine dysentery, Mastiti-Agalactia
and hog cholera or swine fever.
They sell their swine individually either by live weight, dressed weight, or per head
since they have very limited volume of production and they don’t have common production
cycle.
The serious common problems encountered by the backyard swine raisers are: high
cost of feeds. Lack of capital, air pollution in the community, clogging and pollution of
drainage canals, and unpleasant environment.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-demographic Profile
Age. Table 1 shows the age level of swine raisers. The oldest swine raiser is 63
years old and the youngest is 26 years old. In the 50 swine raisers 38% fall within the age
bracket of 41- 50 years old and 32% of them belonged to ages 51-60 years old.
The finding shows that most of the swine raisers belonged to the ages of 41-60 years
old and they belong to middle ages.
Gender. Majority of the respondents who are engaged in swine raisers are females
(78%), while 22% were males.
This is similar with the findings of Maddul (1991) that females took a foremost role
in swine raising while male did other jobs than taking care of animals.
Civil status. As presented in the table 70% of the respondents were married, which
implies that those who engaged in swine production were mostly married (70%) because
they needed additional income to support their family. Those who were widowed and
singles were only 18% and 12% respectively.
This corroborates the findings of Wagang (1984) and Maddul (1991) that in the
Cordillera, more married couples are engaged in swine raising than single individuals.
Educational attainment. Majority of the swine raisers reached high school level
(38%), about 22% were at the college level, only few had elementary and vocational
education, 12% and 6% respectively.
The data implies that majority of the respondents had secondary and college
education.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Table 1. Socio-demographic profile of the backyard swine raisers
CHARACTERISTICS NO. OF RESPONDENT
PERCENTAGE (%)
Age
Below 30 years old
5
10
31 – 40 years old
8
16
41 – 50 years old
19
38
51 – 60 years old
16
32
Above 60 years old
2
4
TOTAL
50
100
Gender
Female
39
78
Male
11
22
TOTAL
50
100
Civil Status
Single
6
12
Married
35
70
Widow
9
18
TOTAL
50
100
Educational Attainment
Elementary
6
12
High School
22
44
College
19
38
Vocational
3
6
TOTAL
50
100
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Years in swine raising. Table 2 shows that majority of the respondents had been
engaged in swine raising for about more than 9 years (36%), and 6-9 years (32%). This
means that swine raising is not a new livelihood for them.
Number of swine heads raised. Majority of the swine raiser kept 5 – 10 heads of
swine at a time (40%). About 38% raised 1-5 heads of swine and only 22% raised more
than 10 heads of swine (Table 3).
Table 2. Years in swine raising
YEARS IN SWINE RAISING NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
Less than a year
1
2
1 – 3 years
5
10
3 – 6 years
10
20
6 – 9 years
16
32
More than 9 years
18
36
TOTAL
50
100
Table 3. Number of swine heads raised
NO. OF SWINE RAISED
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
1 – 5 heads
19
38
5 – 10 heads
20
40
More than 10 heads
11
22
TOTAL
50
100
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Source of knowledge on swine raising. Ninety (90%) percent of the respondents
claimed that they had learned swine raising from their parents and relatives, only 10% said
that they acquired the knowledge from seminars and training and no one of them said that
they learned from school (Table 4). The finding implies that parents and relatives have
influenced the respondents to engage in swine raising. It also shows that swine raising may
be part of their culture and the practices is passed on to the children.
Type of operation. Majority of the respondents preferred the combination of
breeding and fattening (42%) as a swine raising system. Only 12% were involved in purely
fattening and in breeding and piglet production (17%) (Table 4) as shown in Figures 2 and
3.
Table 4. Source of knowledge on swine raising
CHARACTERISTICS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
Parents and relatives
45
90
Seminar and training
5
10
TOTAL
50
100
Table 5. Type of operation practiced by the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Breeding and fattening
21
42
Breeding or piglet production
17
34
Fattening
12
24
TOTAL
50
100
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Figure 2.Swine raised under breeding
Figure 3. Swine raised for breeding or piglet
and fattening. The swine raisers
production. Raising feeder swine
is involved in raising purebreds,
or weanling.
cross breed or high breed to
as parent stock for the swine
industry.
Management Practices
Breed Selection. In selecting breeds, the swine raisers should consider the following
based on physical appearance of the swine: body size, mammary development, body
length, width and depth of the body, feet and legs and the presence of abnormalities,
based on the performance: growth rate, feed efficiency, carcass quality and sow production
(Swine Raising Booklet, 1999).
Kind of breed raised. Results show that the respondents raised difficult kinds of
breeds (Table 6). It descending order the breeds raised were: Large white (34%), Pietrain
(24%), Landrace (20%), native (6%) are black in color, small ears and long snout, and
Duroc (4%). The other breeds were mixed that were not identified (20%) as shown in
the Figure 4 to Figure 7.
This implies that the swine raisers preferred high breed swine for their stocks
for meat type purposes.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Table 6. Kind of breed raised
BREEDS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%) RANK
RESPONDENTS
Largewhite
17
34
1
Pietrain
12
24
2
Landrace
10
20
3
Mixed-cannot identified
10
20
3
Native
3
6
4
Duroc
2
4
5
*Multiple Responses
Breeds of Swine Raised by the Respondents
Figure 4. Landrace. This breed are white, Figure 5. Large white. This breeds has
have short legs and medium to
entirely white with medium erect
large drooping ears. The sows are
ears. Sows have superior
excellence in mothering ability and
mothering ability, wean large
litter size. The country or origin is
litters and are excellent milkers.
Denmark.
The country of origin is England.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Figure 6. Pietrain. This breeds is a very
Figure 7. Native. This breed is prolific.
meaty type of swine with spotted
Black in color has small ears and
black and white color. It has well-
long snout. The country of origin
shaped hams, loin and shoulders.
is Philippines.
Ears are erect. The country of
origin is Pietrain, Belgium.
Figure 8. Mixed breeds
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Source of animal stock. Table 7 shows that majority of the respondents got
stock supply from their neighbours, friends or relatives (42%), from company suppliers
(7%) and none from big farms. The finding implies that s wine raisers are unaware
of the possibility of inbreeding since their stocks are purchased from within the
neighbourhood.
Swine Housing Management. Table 8 shows the swine housing management.
Housing is considered an important factor in swine raising. Swine need to be confined to
protect against any adverse weather conditions and also against thieves (Swine Raising
Booklet, 1999).
Type of housing. Majority of the respondents placed there swine in a
conventional/all purpose housing (62%) described as fairly sized unit consisting usually
several pens arranged in a single or double rows, and about 38 % in a centralized/life cycle
housing composed of pre-gestation and boar unit, farrowing and gestation unit, and
growing finishing unit.
The finding shows that conventional housing is more preferred by the swine raisers
because this system combines several operations in one building than centralized housing.
Table 7. Source of animal stock
CHARACTERISTICS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Neighbours/friends/relatives
42
84
Company supplies
7
14
TOTAL
50
100
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Table 8. Description of swine used by the respondents
DESCRIPTION
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Type of housing
Conventional/all-purpose housing
31
62
Centralized housing
19
38
TOTAL
50
100
Location of housing units
Under residential houses
29
58
Separate from the residential houses
21
42
TOTAL
50
100
Description of housing
Concrete flooring
45
90
Elevated slat flooring
3
6
Cogon and wood
2
4
TOTAL
50
100
Location of housing units. Most of the swine raisers built their swine pens under
residential houses (58%) and 42% located separate from the residential houses.
Description of housing. Most of the swine raisers have pens made of concrete
walling and slotted flooring (90%). Some have elevated slat flooring (6%) and cogon and
wood (4%), while no one used stone walling and no flooring. This conform the
recommendation of the Swine Raising Booklet (1999) that permanent hog houses should
have concrete floors for easy cleaning and to minimize the occurrence of parasites and
diseases. As mentioned by Eusebio (1978) concrete walling and slotted floorings are not
only practical but economical.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Structures that are present in the swine pens. Table 9 shows that all of the swine
pens had feeding trough (100%), watering trough (100%), food cart (100%), most pens had
lightning system (70%) particularly for those who used for breeding, septic tank (52%) and
drainage canal (20%).
Finding shows that their practices is similar with the recommendations of Swine
Raising Booklet (1999) that equipment such as feeders and water troughs are best made of
concrete although other materials may be used. Feeding trough should have a U-shaped
bottom because the swine can pick all the feeds in it. It can be also used as watering trough
especially with wet feeding system if self feeders are used, or if solid and water are offered
separately, a drinking trough should be provided. Some swine raisers use discarded
automobile or truck tires cut in halves.
Table 9. Structures available at the swine pen
EQUIPMENT
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
Feeding trough
50
100
Watering trough
50
100
Food cart
50
100
Lightning system
35
70
Septic tank
26
52
Drainage canal
20
40
*Multiple Responses
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Assessment of swine pen. As shown in Table 10, the swine raisers were asked to
rate their own swine pens. Honestly, most of them rated that their swine pens have very
good ventilation and concrete flooring having a mean of 2.36 and 2.50, respectively. They
claimed that they have at least good elevation, drainage, lightning and size of their pens,
with mean of 2.14, 1.86, 1.82 and 2.30, respectively. They admitted that they have a fair
provision of sewerage/septic tank. This shows that the swine raisers perceived that they
have at least generally good structures of swine pens. Except for the provision of
sewerage/septic tank for the swine.
Finding conforms with the recommendations of Dagon and Diaz (1990) as cited
by Soliweg (1995) that swine houses must be well ventilated during summer.
Table 10. Assessment of swine pen
CHARACTERISTICS
F
G VG WEIGHTED DESCRIPTIVE
(1)
(2)
(3)
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Ventilation
2
28
20
2.36
Very Good
Elevation
7
29
14
2.14
Good
Drainage
12
33
5
1.86
Good
Provision of sewerage
22
25
3
1.62
Fair
Lightning
17
25
8
1.82
Good
Size of pen
5
25
20
2.30
Good
Concrete floor
3
19
28
2.50
Very Good
*Multiple Responses
Legend:
Fair = F
1.00 – 1.66 = Fair
Good = G
1.67 – 2.33 = Good
Very Good = VG
2.34 – 3.00 = Very Good
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Feeding Practices. Table 11 shows the kinds of feeds used by the interviewed swine
raisers. Majority of the swine raisers commonly used kitchen left-over (82%), vegetable
waste/rejects (“ubak”) (78%), camote leaves (40%), galiang or taro (26%), commercial
feeds (12%), and banana trunk (14%).
The findings imply that most of the swine raisers used kitchen left-over and
vegetable waste/rejects (“ubak”) this are locally available as feeds supplement because it
is cheaper than using pure commercial feeds. Feeding of swine is given two times a day,
morning and afternoon, chopping is necessary and cooking of these feeds is necessary
combined with rice bran.
This result is similar with the findings of Col-iteng (2003) that indigenous feeds are
locally available in Banao, Bauko Mt. Province and fed to the animals, where cooking is
necessary before feeding combined with the swine raisers own kitchen left-over.
Table 11. Type of feeds used by the respondents
TYPE OF FEEDS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
(%)
Kitchen left-over
41
82
Vegetable waste/rejects (“Ubak”)
39
78
Camote leaves
20
40
Galiang/Taro
13
26
Commercial feeds
12
24
Banana Trunk
7
14
*Multiple Responses
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Health and sanitation practices of the respondents. The data in Table 12 show
the cleaning practices of the backyard swine raisers. The cleaning practices that are
always done by the swine raisers are: cleaning the canals going to the drainage canals
(2.40); immunization of their swine against prevalent diseases (2.38); vaccination of
animals with available vaccines (2.56); and maintaining the environment (2.52). The
cleaning practices that they only practice sometimes are: disinfecting the building,
runways, pens and equipment/tools (2.19); quarantine or isolation of animals recently
bought from other sources were indicated as always (2.46); and provided the animals
with adequate and well balanced diet (2.2).
The finding implies that the respondents maintain cleanliness and sanitation
practices to protect their swine from diseases and parasites infestation, they were also
aware of the health maintenance of their stocks as shown in their practices.
Findings shows that the health and sanitation practices is similar to the
recommendations of Swine Raising Booklet (1999) keep buildings, run-ways, pen and
equipment clean always. Sanitize and disinfect regularly, and for buying breeder stock for
replacement, make certain that the swine have been immunized against diseases. Always
seek the advice/services of the nearest veterinarian and/or government technician.
This affirms the statement of Gadd (1990) that vaccination reduces morbidity
and completely protects animals from death, Miguel (2002) that strict implementation
of sanitation program would reduce disease incidence and to maintain the health of swine
to make them resistant to microbial and parasitic attacks and Ambona (2002) that
implementation of sanitation program should be maintained to reduces disease incidence
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
and transfer, when sanitation is neglected, there is high disease incidence resulting to high
mortality rate.
As mentioned by Gadd (1990) that the kinds of sanitation program implemented is
based on the location of residence of the area to keep diseases away from the swine
units, animals should immunized against prevalent diseases in the area.
Table 12. Health and sanitation practices of the respondents
PRACTICES
N
S
A WEIGHTED DECRIPTIVE
(1)
(2) (3)
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Disinfection of building, runways,
4
30
13
2.19
Sometimes
pens and equipments stocks
Cleaning of canals going to the
0
30
20
2.40
Always
drainage canals
Maintenance of environment
0
24
26
2.52
Always
Quarantine or isolate
12
27
11
1.98
Sometimes
animals recently brought
from other resources
Vaccination of animals with
0
22
28
2.56
Always
available vaccines
Restricting entry of visitors
27
22
1
1.48
Never
Provided the animals
0
24
6
2.2
Sometimes
with adequate and well
balanced diet
*Multiple Responses
Legend:
Never = N
1.00 – 1.66 = Never
Sometimes = S
1.67 – 2.33 = Sometimes
Always = A
2.34 – 3.00 = Always
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Medical care for sick animals. The respondents were asked if what do they do when
their animals are sick as shown in Table 13. Most of them claimed that they always consult
a veterinarian (2.36), sometimes they consult another experienced animal raisers (2.22),
treat the animal by themselves (1.88) or slaughter it for good (1.82).
This shows that the service of a veterinarian is available in the area. Findings also
show that they sometimes slaughtered sick animals, which may not be safe for human
consumption.
As mentioned by Bundy (1982) that swine houses should be clean, dry, relatively
warm and well ventilated.
Table 13. Medical care for sick animals
CHARACTERISTICS
N
S
A WEIGHTED DESCRIPTIVE
(1)
(2)
(3)
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Consult a veterinarian
5
22
23
2.36
Always
Consult another experienced
3
33
14
2.22
Sometimes
animal raisers
Treat the animal by myself
14
28
8
1.88
Sometimes
Slaughter it for good
16
27
7
1.82
Never
*Multiple Responses
Legend:
Never = N
1.00 – 1.66 = Never
Sometimes = S
1.67 – 2.33 = Sometimes
Always = A
2.34 – 3.00 = Always
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Common diseases and parasites. As shown in Table 14, the most common diseases
encountered by the s wine raisers is: Swine dysentery (20%) as manifested by the loss
of appetite, fever and watery feces flecked with mucus or blood. Followed by Mastitis-
Agalactia Syndrome (18%); Hog cholera or swine fever (16%), swine get contaminated
through direct contact or by eating uncooked slops or kitchen scraps containing the virus.
At least Scouring (Diarhhea) or gastroenteritis complex (8%) and Brucellosis of pigs or
contagious abortion (4%) were minimal cases and Roundworm Infection were not
encountered.
As mentioned by Col-iteng (1990) it is necessary to dispose animal waste,
otherwise, these serve as breeding places of bacteria, fungi, molds and other diseases.
Table 14. Common diseases and parasites
DISEASE AND PARASITES
NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
Swine Dysentery
10
20
9
18
MMA
(Mastitis-Agalactia
Syndrome)
8
16
Hog Cholera or Swine fever
Scouring
(Diarhhea)
or
4
8
gastroenteritis complex
Brucellosis of pigs or contagious
2
4
abortion
*Multiple Responses
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Marketing Practices of the Swine Raisers. As shown in Table 15, the respondents
had no definite or specific marketing practices. Data shows that most of them
sometimes sell their swine through live weight (2.20), dressed weight (2.14) per
head (bulto) (1.94) and retail them per kilo (1.92). This may be attributed to
volume of production, which is very limited and they have no definite market outlet,
moreover, they don’t market their swine at the same time.
Marketing is the best last job done on growing finishing swine. Swine are marketed
when they reach at least 80 kg. Marketable swine may be sold to middlemen who usually
act as buying or selling agents, direct meat processor without the intervention of a
middleman (Swine Raising Booklet, 1999)
Table 15. Marketing systems of the swine raisers
MARKETING SYSTEM
N
S
A WEIGHTED DESCRIPTIVE
(1)
(2)
(3)
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Live weight
2
30
18
2.20
Sometimes
Dressed weight (whole sale)
6
31
13
2.14
Sometimes
Per head (bulto)
12
29
9
1.94
Sometimes
Sell as per kilo
13
28
9
1.92
Sometimes
*Multiple Responses
Legend:
Never = N
1.00 – 1.66 = Never
Sometimes = S
1.67 – 2.33 = Sometimes
Always = A
2.34 – 3.00 = Always
Problems Encountered by the Swine Raisers
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
In Table 16, the serious problems that were encountered by the swine raisers
were; high cost of feeds were a mean of (2.02); lack of capital, 1.98; polluted air
due to foul odor from swine pens, 1.98; clogging of canals, 1.88; polluted canals, 1.94;
and unpleasant environment, 2.14. The problems that were determined as not serious
are: inadequate technical knowledge, 1.28; lack of veterinary services, 1.28; and
increasing disease incidence, 2.14.
This result is similar to the finding of Wagang (1984) that the most common
problems encountered by the swine raisers in Benguet were the high cost of feeds
and lack of capital. Though lack of technical knowledge is not serious problems in
the case of the swine raisers in Poliwes, Baguio City
Finding shows that their problems encountered by the swine raisers is similar
with the recommendation of the PCARRD (1981) these were: inadequate supply and
high cost of feeds, high losses due to occurrence of major diseases and parasites,
poor feeding, and management practices.
As mentioned by the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (1993) that the low
productivity of swine industry is due to the disease out-breaks and improper management
practices.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Table 16. Problems encountered by the swine raisers
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
NS
S VS WEIGHTED DESCRIPTIVE
(1)
(2) (3)
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Inadequate technical knowledge
37
12
1
1.28
Not Serious
High cost of feeds
3
41
6
2.18
Serious
Lack of capital
9
34
7
1.96
Serious
Lack of veterinary services
37
12
1
1.28
Not Serious
Polluted air
8
35
7
1.98
Serious
Clogging of canals
12
32
6
1.88
Serious
Increasing disease incidence
27
21
2
1.14
Not Serious
Polluted canals
9
35
6
2.14
Serious
Creating
unpleasant
19
35
6
1.78
Serious
environment
*Multiple Responses
Legend:
Not Serious =NS
1.00 – 1.66 = Not Serious
Serious = S
1.67 – 2.33 = Serious
Very Serious = VS
2.34 – 3.00 = Very Serious
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study looked into the management practices of backyard swine raisers in
Poliwes, Baguio City. It aimed to document the socio-demographic profile of the
respondents; determine their management practices and problems encountered in swine
raising.
The data were gathered with the used of a guide questionnaire, ocular survey and
photo documentation. Fifty (50) swine raisers were interviewed in this study (90% of the
whole Barangay Poliwes raised backyard swine raising). The study was conducted in
December, 2011
The salient findings of the study were the following:
The demographic profile of the respondents shows that: most of the swine raisers
belonged to the ages of 41 to 60 years old; mostly married; mostly high school and college
education; majority of them had been raising swine for six years or more; most of them
were raising 5 to 10 heads; they learned how to raise swine from their parents/relatives;
they were more into a combination of breeding and fattening, where they produce their
own piglets and fatten them before they are marketed.
The management practices of the swine raisers in terms of breed selection shows
that most of the breeds they raised were large white, Peitrain, landrace, and mixed breeds.
Very few were raising native breeds. The sources of their stocks were from their
neighbours, friend and relatives, while many have incidence of inbreeding.
In terms of housing management, they used conventional/all purpose housing type
as their swine pens, mostly located under their residential houses, a few have centralized
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
housing pens though. The swine pens were mostly made of concrete walling and slotted
flooring. All of the swine pens have feeding and watering trough and food cart as well.
Majority of the swine pens have lighting systems and septic tank. Only few of them had
drainage canals.
The swine raisers perceived that their swine pens had very good ventilation and
flooring, which were concrete. They have at least good ventilation, flooring, drainage
canals, lighting, and size of pen. Honestly, they admitted that their pens don’t have good
sewage or septic tank.
On their feeding practices, the majority of the respondents used kitchen left-over
and vegetable waste/rejects (ubak). Some fed their swine with camote (sweet potato)
leaves, galiang/taro and banana trunk.
The health and sanitation, the swine raisers always are: cleaning of pens and
drainage canals, immunization or vaccination of swine against diseases, and maintenance
of the environment. They sometimes disinfect the building, walkways, pens, tools and
equipment, quarantine or isolated animals recently bought from outside sources, feed their
animals with adequate balanced diet. But they never practice the restriction of visitors to
their area. In case their animals get sick, they always consult a veterinarian and sometimes
they consult other animal raisers, treat the animal by themselves or slaughter the animal
for good. The most common diseases that they encountered are swine dysentery, Mastiti-
Agalactia and hog cholera or swine fever.
The marketing practices of the backyard swine raisers are carried depending on the
kind of swine they sell and the type of buyer. Sometimes they sell their swine by live
weight, dressed weight on a whole sale, per head or they retail the meat per kilo. This may
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
be attributed to the very limited volume of their swine that they sell and they don’t sell at
the same time.
The most common problem encountered by the respondents were: high cost of
feeds, lack of capital, air pollution due to the foul odor of the swine pens and canals,
clogging and pollution of drainage canals due to swine manure, and unpleasant
environment. Inadequate technical knowledge on swine production, lack of veterinarian,
and incidence of diseases are not serious problems to them.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The swine raisers of Poliwes, Baguio City belong to the ages of 41 to 60 years
old, married, high school and college education, they were raising swine for six years and
more, they were raising 5 to 10 heads of swine, they learned swine raising from their
parents, relatives or friends and they were into a combination of breeding and fattening.
2. The management practices in terms of breed selection were: large white,
Berkshire and mixed breeds. The sources of stocks were from their neighbours, friends or
relatives. They used conventional housing, the swine pens were made use of concrete
walling and slotted flooring. They fed their animals with kitchen left-over and vegetable
waste. The disinfect the buildings, pens equipments/tools, quarantine or isolate sick animal.
They never practiced the restriction of visitors to their area. They marketed their swine
depending on the kind swine they sell and the type of buyer.
3. The problems encountered by the swine raisers were: high cost of feeds, lack of
capital, air pollution, clogging and pollution drainage of canals, and unpleasant
environment.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions the following were recommended:
1. The swine raisers should be aware of inbreeding since they get their stocks from
the neighbourhood.
2. The practices of butchering sick animals should be discouraged to prevent spread
of diseases.
3. The swine raisers may form an organization or cooperative in order to help one
another to improve and monitor their production and marketing practices.
4. The swine raisers should be encouraged to continue improving their health and
sanitation practices.
5. The most common problems should be addressed by the swine raisers themselves
in cooperation with their barangay officials and other government and non-government
agencies.
6. More in depth study should be done to look into the other aspects in management
practices of the backyard swine raisers such as feeding practices, marketing and record
keeping.
7. The swine raisers attend seminars on swine management practices to strengthen
their technical knowledge.
8. The barangay officials should implement policies or ordinance in maintaining
cleanliness of surroundings in the swine pens and proper disposal of animal wastes.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
AMBONA, W.R. 2002. Swine raising practices in Ilocos Sur. BS Thesis Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-2.
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS (BAS). 1993. Swine Inventory
Department of Agriculture, Quezon City.
COL-ITENG, R.C. 2003. Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Banao,
Bauko Mountain Province BS Thesis Benguet State University, La
Trinidad
Benguet. P. 4.
EUSEBIO, J. 1978. The science and practice of swine production. University of the
Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna. P.122.
GADD, J. A. 1990. Major farm practices on swine management. BS Thesis Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 8.
MADDUL, S. B. 1991. Production, management and characteristics of native pigs in the
Cordillera. University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna. P. 120.
MIGUEL, W. E. 2002. Major farm practices on swine management . BS Thesis
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 4-5.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 1981. Philippine
recommends for Pork Production. PCARRD Los Banos, Laguna. Pp. 29-59.
SANITATION CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES. 1978. Implementing rules and
Regulations of Charter XIX –“Nuisances and Offensive trades and Occupations”
of the Code of Sanitation of the Philippines Presidential Decree No. 856.
Retrieved 2011 from http://www.fmh.ph/clp/irr_pd_856.htm.
SOLIWEG, G. A.1995. Major farm practices on swine management. BS Thesis Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 11-15.
SWINE RAISING. 1999. Livestock Developent Council Department of Agriculture.
Elliptical Road, Diliman Quezon City.
WAGANG, D.B. 1984. The management practices of swine raisers of Benguet. MS
Thesis Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012. Management practices of backyard swine
raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Erlinda B. Alupias, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to determine the socio-demographic profile of the backyard swine
raisers; to determine the management practices of the backyard swine raisers; determine
the problems encountered by the respondents in backyard swine raising.
The data were gathered from 50 swine raisers through a survey using guide
questionnaire, ocular survey and photo documentation, the data were tabulated, analyzed
using mean and percentage.
Findings show that most of the swine raisers are above middle age and females.
They were mostly married. They learned swine raising from their parents/relatives, most
of them were engaged in both breeding and fattening production.
The most common breeds were largewhite, berkshire and landrace, the raisers get
their stocks from their neighbours/friends and relatives. The types of swine housing used
are conventional/all purpose housing, located under their residential houses. The pens were
made of concrete walling and slotted flooring. The type of feeds used was mostly kitchen
left-over and vegetable waste/rejects (“ubak”). Some used camote leaves, galiang/taro, and
banana trunk.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
The most common health and sanitation practices that they always do are: cleaning
of pens and drainage canals, immunization or vaccination of swine against diseases, and
maintenance of the environment. Disinfecting the pens, walkways, tools and equipment,
quarantine or isolation of animals that were just bought and feeding their swine with
balance diet were occasionally practiced. There were no restrictions of visitors to their
pens. They always consult a veterinarian when their swine is sick. Though sometimes they
consult other animal raisers, they cure the swine themselves or slaughter the animal for
good. The most common diseases they encountered are swine dysentery, Mastiti-Agalactia
and hog cholera or swine fever.
They sell their swine individually either by live weight, dressed weight, or per head
since they have very limited volume of production and they don’t have common production
cycle.
The serious common problems encountered by the backyard swine raisers are: high
cost of feeds. Lack of capital, air pollution in the community, clogging and pollution of
drainage canals, and unpleasant environment.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-demographic Profile
Age. Table 1 shows the age level of swine raisers. The oldest swine raiser is 63
years old and the youngest is 26 years old. In the 50 swine raisers 38% fall within the age
bracket of 41- 50 years old and 32% of them belonged to ages 51-60 years old.
The finding shows that most of the swine raisers belonged to the ages of 41-60 years
old and they belong to middle ages.
Gender. Majority of the respondents who are engaged in swine raisers are females
(78%), while 22% were males.
This is similar with the findings of Maddul (1991) that females took a foremost role
in swine raising while male did other jobs than taking care of animals.
Civil status. As presented in the table 70% of the respondents were married, which
implies that those who engaged in swine production were mostly married (70%) because
they needed additional income to support their family. Those who were widowed and
singles were only 18% and 12% respectively.
This corroborates the findings of Wagang (1984) and Maddul (1991) that in the
Cordillera, more married couples are engaged in swine raising than single individuals.
Educational attainment. Majority of the swine raisers reached high school level
(38%), about 22% were at the college level, only few had elementary and vocational
education, 12% and 6% respectively.
The data implies that majority of the respondents had secondary and college
education.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Table 1. Socio-demographic profile of the backyard swine raisers
CHARACTERISTICS NO. OF RESPONDENT
PERCENTAGE (%)
Age
Below 30 years old
5
10
31 – 40 years old
8
16
41 – 50 years old
19
38
51 – 60 years old
16
32
Above 60 years old
2
4
TOTAL
50
100
Gender
Female
39
78
Male
11
22
TOTAL
50
100
Civil Status
Single
6
12
Married
35
70
Widow
9
18
TOTAL
50
100
Educational Attainment
Elementary
6
12
High School
22
44
College
19
38
Vocational
3
6
TOTAL
50
100
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Years in swine raising. Table 2 shows that majority of the respondents had been
engaged in swine raising for about more than 9 years (36%), and 6-9 years (32%). This
means that swine raising is not a new livelihood for them.
Number of swine heads raised. Majority of the swine raiser kept 5 – 10 heads of
swine at a time (40%). About 38% raised 1-5 heads of swine and only 22% raised more
than 10 heads of swine (Table 3).
Table 2. Years in swine raising
YEARS IN SWINE RAISING NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
Less than a year
1
2
1 – 3 years
5
10
3 – 6 years
10
20
6 – 9 years
16
32
More than 9 years
18
36
TOTAL
50
100
Table 3. Number of swine heads raised
NO. OF SWINE RAISED
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
1 – 5 heads
19
38
5 – 10 heads
20
40
More than 10 heads
11
22
TOTAL
50
100
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Source of knowledge on swine raising. Ninety (90%) percent of the respondents
claimed that they had learned swine raising from their parents and relatives, only 10% said
that they acquired the knowledge from seminars and training and no one of them said that
they learned from school (Table 4). The finding implies that parents and relatives have
influenced the respondents to engage in swine raising. It also shows that swine raising may
be part of their culture and the practices is passed on to the children.
Type of operation. Majority of the respondents preferred the combination of
breeding and fattening (42%) as a swine raising system. Only 12% were involved in purely
fattening and in breeding and piglet production (17%) (Table 4) as shown in Figures 2 and
3.
Table 4. Source of knowledge on swine raising
CHARACTERISTICS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
Parents and relatives
45
90
Seminar and training
5
10
TOTAL
50
100
Table 5. Type of operation practiced by the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Breeding and fattening
21
42
Breeding or piglet production
17
34
Fattening
12
24
TOTAL
50
100
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Figure 2.Swine raised under breeding
Figure 3. Swine raised for breeding or piglet
and fattening. The swine raisers
production. Raising feeder swine
is involved in raising purebreds,
or weanling.
cross breed or high breed to
as parent stock for the swine
industry.
Management Practices
Breed Selection. In selecting breeds, the swine raisers should consider the following
based on physical appearance of the swine: body size, mammary development, body
length, width and depth of the body, feet and legs and the presence of abnormalities,
based on the performance: growth rate, feed efficiency, carcass quality and sow production
(Swine Raising Booklet, 1999).
Kind of breed raised. Results show that the respondents raised difficult kinds of
breeds (Table 6). It descending order the breeds raised were: Large white (34%), Pietrain
(24%), Landrace (20%), native (6%) are black in color, small ears and long snout, and
Duroc (4%). The other breeds were mixed that were not identified (20%) as shown in
the Figure 4 to Figure 7.
This implies that the swine raisers preferred high breed swine for their stocks
for meat type purposes.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Table 6. Kind of breed raised
BREEDS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%) RANK
RESPONDENTS
Largewhite
17
34
1
Pietrain
12
24
2
Landrace
10
20
3
Mixed-cannot identified
10
20
3
Native
3
6
4
Duroc
2
4
5
*Multiple Responses
Breeds of Swine Raised by the Respondents
Figure 4. Landrace. This breed are white, Figure 5. Large white. This breeds has
have short legs and medium to
entirely white with medium erect
large drooping ears. The sows are
ears. Sows have superior
excellence in mothering ability and
mothering ability, wean large
litter size. The country or origin is
litters and are excellent milkers.
Denmark.
The country of origin is England.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Figure 6. Pietrain. This breeds is a very
Figure 7. Native. This breed is prolific.
meaty type of swine with spotted
Black in color has small ears and
black and white color. It has well-
long snout. The country of origin
shaped hams, loin and shoulders.
is Philippines.
Ears are erect. The country of
origin is Pietrain, Belgium.
Figure 8. Mixed breeds
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Source of animal stock. Table 7 shows that majority of the respondents got
stock supply from their neighbours, friends or relatives (42%), from company suppliers
(7%) and none from big farms. The finding implies that s wine raisers are unaware
of the possibility of inbreeding since their stocks are purchased from within the
neighbourhood.
Swine Housing Management. Table 8 shows the swine housing management.
Housing is considered an important factor in swine raising. Swine need to be confined to
protect against any adverse weather conditions and also against thieves (Swine Raising
Booklet, 1999).
Type of housing. Majority of the respondents placed there swine in a
conventional/all purpose housing (62%) described as fairly sized unit consisting usually
several pens arranged in a single or double rows, and about 38 % in a centralized/life cycle
housing composed of pre-gestation and boar unit, farrowing and gestation unit, and
growing finishing unit.
The finding shows that conventional housing is more preferred by the swine raisers
because this system combines several operations in one building than centralized housing.
Table 7. Source of animal stock
CHARACTERISTICS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Neighbours/friends/relatives
42
84
Company supplies
7
14
TOTAL
50
100
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Table 8. Description of swine used by the respondents
DESCRIPTION
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Type of housing
Conventional/all-purpose housing
31
62
Centralized housing
19
38
TOTAL
50
100
Location of housing units
Under residential houses
29
58
Separate from the residential houses
21
42
TOTAL
50
100
Description of housing
Concrete flooring
45
90
Elevated slat flooring
3
6
Cogon and wood
2
4
TOTAL
50
100
Location of housing units. Most of the swine raisers built their swine pens under
residential houses (58%) and 42% located separate from the residential houses.
Description of housing. Most of the swine raisers have pens made of concrete
walling and slotted flooring (90%). Some have elevated slat flooring (6%) and cogon and
wood (4%), while no one used stone walling and no flooring. This conform the
recommendation of the Swine Raising Booklet (1999) that permanent hog houses should
have concrete floors for easy cleaning and to minimize the occurrence of parasites and
diseases. As mentioned by Eusebio (1978) concrete walling and slotted floorings are not
only practical but economical.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Structures that are present in the swine pens. Table 9 shows that all of the swine
pens had feeding trough (100%), watering trough (100%), food cart (100%), most pens had
lightning system (70%) particularly for those who used for breeding, septic tank (52%) and
drainage canal (20%).
Finding shows that their practices is similar with the recommendations of Swine
Raising Booklet (1999) that equipment such as feeders and water troughs are best made of
concrete although other materials may be used. Feeding trough should have a U-shaped
bottom because the swine can pick all the feeds in it. It can be also used as watering trough
especially with wet feeding system if self feeders are used, or if solid and water are offered
separately, a drinking trough should be provided. Some swine raisers use discarded
automobile or truck tires cut in halves.
Table 9. Structures available at the swine pen
EQUIPMENT
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
Feeding trough
50
100
Watering trough
50
100
Food cart
50
100
Lightning system
35
70
Septic tank
26
52
Drainage canal
20
40
*Multiple Responses
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Assessment of swine pen. As shown in Table 10, the swine raisers were asked to
rate their own swine pens. Honestly, most of them rated that their swine pens have very
good ventilation and concrete flooring having a mean of 2.36 and 2.50, respectively. They
claimed that they have at least good elevation, drainage, lightning and size of their pens,
with mean of 2.14, 1.86, 1.82 and 2.30, respectively. They admitted that they have a fair
provision of sewerage/septic tank. This shows that the swine raisers perceived that they
have at least generally good structures of swine pens. Except for the provision of
sewerage/septic tank for the swine.
Finding conforms with the recommendations of Dagon and Diaz (1990) as cited
by Soliweg (1995) that swine houses must be well ventilated during summer.
Table 10. Assessment of swine pen
CHARACTERISTICS
F
G VG WEIGHTED DESCRIPTIVE
(1)
(2)
(3)
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Ventilation
2
28
20
2.36
Very Good
Elevation
7
29
14
2.14
Good
Drainage
12
33
5
1.86
Good
Provision of sewerage
22
25
3
1.62
Fair
Lightning
17
25
8
1.82
Good
Size of pen
5
25
20
2.30
Good
Concrete floor
3
19
28
2.50
Very Good
*Multiple Responses
Legend:
Fair = F
1.00 – 1.66 = Fair
Good = G
1.67 – 2.33 = Good
Very Good = VG
2.34 – 3.00 = Very Good
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Feeding Practices. Table 11 shows the kinds of feeds used by the interviewed swine
raisers. Majority of the swine raisers commonly used kitchen left-over (82%), vegetable
waste/rejects (“ubak”) (78%), camote leaves (40%), galiang or taro (26%), commercial
feeds (12%), and banana trunk (14%).
The findings imply that most of the swine raisers used kitchen left-over and
vegetable waste/rejects (“ubak”) this are locally available as feeds supplement because it
is cheaper than using pure commercial feeds. Feeding of swine is given two times a day,
morning and afternoon, chopping is necessary and cooking of these feeds is necessary
combined with rice bran.
This result is similar with the findings of Col-iteng (2003) that indigenous feeds are
locally available in Banao, Bauko Mt. Province and fed to the animals, where cooking is
necessary before feeding combined with the swine raisers own kitchen left-over.
Table 11. Type of feeds used by the respondents
TYPE OF FEEDS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
(%)
Kitchen left-over
41
82
Vegetable waste/rejects (“Ubak”)
39
78
Camote leaves
20
40
Galiang/Taro
13
26
Commercial feeds
12
24
Banana Trunk
7
14
*Multiple Responses
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Health and sanitation practices of the respondents. The data in Table 12 show
the cleaning practices of the backyard swine raisers. The cleaning practices that are
always done by the swine raisers are: cleaning the canals going to the drainage canals
(2.40); immunization of their swine against prevalent diseases (2.38); vaccination of
animals with available vaccines (2.56); and maintaining the environment (2.52). The
cleaning practices that they only practice sometimes are: disinfecting the building,
runways, pens and equipment/tools (2.19); quarantine or isolation of animals recently
bought from other sources were indicated as always (2.46); and provided the animals
with adequate and well balanced diet (2.2).
The finding implies that the respondents maintain cleanliness and sanitation
practices to protect their swine from diseases and parasites infestation, they were also
aware of the health maintenance of their stocks as shown in their practices.
Findings shows that the health and sanitation practices is similar to the
recommendations of Swine Raising Booklet (1999) keep buildings, run-ways, pen and
equipment clean always. Sanitize and disinfect regularly, and for buying breeder stock for
replacement, make certain that the swine have been immunized against diseases. Always
seek the advice/services of the nearest veterinarian and/or government technician.
This affirms the statement of Gadd (1990) that vaccination reduces morbidity
and completely protects animals from death, Miguel (2002) that strict implementation
of sanitation program would reduce disease incidence and to maintain the health of swine
to make them resistant to microbial and parasitic attacks and Ambona (2002) that
implementation of sanitation program should be maintained to reduces disease incidence
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
and transfer, when sanitation is neglected, there is high disease incidence resulting to high
mortality rate.
As mentioned by Gadd (1990) that the kinds of sanitation program implemented is
based on the location of residence of the area to keep diseases away from the swine
units, animals should immunized against prevalent diseases in the area.
Table 12. Health and sanitation practices of the respondents
PRACTICES
N
S
A WEIGHTED DECRIPTIVE
(1)
(2) (3)
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Disinfection of building, runways,
4
30
13
2.19
Sometimes
pens and equipments stocks
Cleaning of canals going to the
0
30
20
2.40
Always
drainage canals
Maintenance of environment
0
24
26
2.52
Always
Quarantine or isolate
12
27
11
1.98
Sometimes
animals recently brought
from other resources
Vaccination of animals with
0
22
28
2.56
Always
available vaccines
Restricting entry of visitors
27
22
1
1.48
Never
Provided the animals
0
24
6
2.2
Sometimes
with adequate and well
balanced diet
*Multiple Responses
Legend:
Never = N
1.00 – 1.66 = Never
Sometimes = S
1.67 – 2.33 = Sometimes
Always = A
2.34 – 3.00 = Always
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Medical care for sick animals. The respondents were asked if what do they do when
their animals are sick as shown in Table 13. Most of them claimed that they always consult
a veterinarian (2.36), sometimes they consult another experienced animal raisers (2.22),
treat the animal by themselves (1.88) or slaughter it for good (1.82).
This shows that the service of a veterinarian is available in the area. Findings also
show that they sometimes slaughtered sick animals, which may not be safe for human
consumption.
As mentioned by Bundy (1982) that swine houses should be clean, dry, relatively
warm and well ventilated.
Table 13. Medical care for sick animals
CHARACTERISTICS
N
S
A WEIGHTED DESCRIPTIVE
(1)
(2)
(3)
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Consult a veterinarian
5
22
23
2.36
Always
Consult another experienced
3
33
14
2.22
Sometimes
animal raisers
Treat the animal by myself
14
28
8
1.88
Sometimes
Slaughter it for good
16
27
7
1.82
Never
*Multiple Responses
Legend:
Never = N
1.00 – 1.66 = Never
Sometimes = S
1.67 – 2.33 = Sometimes
Always = A
2.34 – 3.00 = Always
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Common diseases and parasites. As shown in Table 14, the most common diseases
encountered by the s wine raisers is: Swine dysentery (20%) as manifested by the loss
of appetite, fever and watery feces flecked with mucus or blood. Followed by Mastitis-
Agalactia Syndrome (18%); Hog cholera or swine fever (16%), swine get contaminated
through direct contact or by eating uncooked slops or kitchen scraps containing the virus.
At least Scouring (Diarhhea) or gastroenteritis complex (8%) and Brucellosis of pigs or
contagious abortion (4%) were minimal cases and Roundworm Infection were not
encountered.
As mentioned by Col-iteng (1990) it is necessary to dispose animal waste,
otherwise, these serve as breeding places of bacteria, fungi, molds and other diseases.
Table 14. Common diseases and parasites
DISEASE AND PARASITES
NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
Swine Dysentery
10
20
9
18
MMA
(Mastitis-Agalactia
Syndrome)
8
16
Hog Cholera or Swine fever
Scouring
(Diarhhea)
or
4
8
gastroenteritis complex
Brucellosis of pigs or contagious
2
4
abortion
*Multiple Responses
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Marketing Practices of the Swine Raisers. As shown in Table 15, the respondents
had no definite or specific marketing practices. Data shows that most of them
sometimes sell their swine through live weight (2.20), dressed weight (2.14) per
head (bulto) (1.94) and retail them per kilo (1.92). This may be attributed to
volume of production, which is very limited and they have no definite market outlet,
moreover, they don’t market their swine at the same time.
Marketing is the best last job done on growing finishing swine. Swine are marketed
when they reach at least 80 kg. Marketable swine may be sold to middlemen who usually
act as buying or selling agents, direct meat processor without the intervention of a
middleman (Swine Raising Booklet, 1999)
Table 15. Marketing systems of the swine raisers
MARKETING SYSTEM
N
S
A WEIGHTED DESCRIPTIVE
(1)
(2)
(3)
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Live weight
2
30
18
2.20
Sometimes
Dressed weight (whole sale)
6
31
13
2.14
Sometimes
Per head (bulto)
12
29
9
1.94
Sometimes
Sell as per kilo
13
28
9
1.92
Sometimes
*Multiple Responses
Legend:
Never = N
1.00 – 1.66 = Never
Sometimes = S
1.67 – 2.33 = Sometimes
Always = A
2.34 – 3.00 = Always
Problems Encountered by the Swine Raisers
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
In Table 16, the serious problems that were encountered by the swine raisers
were; high cost of feeds were a mean of (2.02); lack of capital, 1.98; polluted air
due to foul odor from swine pens, 1.98; clogging of canals, 1.88; polluted canals, 1.94;
and unpleasant environment, 2.14. The problems that were determined as not serious
are: inadequate technical knowledge, 1.28; lack of veterinary services, 1.28; and
increasing disease incidence, 2.14.
This result is similar to the finding of Wagang (1984) that the most common
problems encountered by the swine raisers in Benguet were the high cost of feeds
and lack of capital. Though lack of technical knowledge is not serious problems in
the case of the swine raisers in Poliwes, Baguio City
Finding shows that their problems encountered by the swine raisers is similar
with the recommendation of the PCARRD (1981) these were: inadequate supply and
high cost of feeds, high losses due to occurrence of major diseases and parasites,
poor feeding, and management practices.
As mentioned by the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (1993) that the low
productivity of swine industry is due to the disease out-breaks and improper management
practices.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Table 16. Problems encountered by the swine raisers
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
NS
S VS WEIGHTED DESCRIPTIVE
(1)
(2) (3)
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Inadequate technical knowledge
37
12
1
1.28
Not Serious
High cost of feeds
3
41
6
2.18
Serious
Lack of capital
9
34
7
1.96
Serious
Lack of veterinary services
37
12
1
1.28
Not Serious
Polluted air
8
35
7
1.98
Serious
Clogging of canals
12
32
6
1.88
Serious
Increasing disease incidence
27
21
2
1.14
Not Serious
Polluted canals
9
35
6
2.14
Serious
Creating
unpleasant
19
35
6
1.78
Serious
environment
*Multiple Responses
Legend:
Not Serious =NS
1.00 – 1.66 = Not Serious
Serious = S
1.67 – 2.33 = Serious
Very Serious = VS
2.34 – 3.00 = Very Serious
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study looked into the management practices of backyard swine raisers in
Poliwes, Baguio City. It aimed to document the socio-demographic profile of the
respondents; determine their management practices and problems encountered in swine
raising.
The data were gathered with the used of a guide questionnaire, ocular survey and
photo documentation. Fifty (50) swine raisers were interviewed in this study (90% of the
whole Barangay Poliwes raised backyard swine raising). The study was conducted in
December, 2011
The salient findings of the study were the following:
The demographic profile of the respondents shows that: most of the swine raisers
belonged to the ages of 41 to 60 years old; mostly married; mostly high school and college
education; majority of them had been raising swine for six years or more; most of them
were raising 5 to 10 heads; they learned how to raise swine from their parents/relatives;
they were more into a combination of breeding and fattening, where they produce their
own piglets and fatten them before they are marketed.
The management practices of the swine raisers in terms of breed selection shows
that most of the breeds they raised were large white, Peitrain, landrace, and mixed breeds.
Very few were raising native breeds. The sources of their stocks were from their
neighbours, friend and relatives, while many have incidence of inbreeding.
In terms of housing management, they used conventional/all purpose housing type
as their swine pens, mostly located under their residential houses, a few have centralized
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KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
housing pens though. The swine pens were mostly made of concrete walling and slotted
flooring. All of the swine pens have feeding and watering trough and food cart as well.
Majority of the swine pens have lighting systems and septic tank. Only few of them had
drainage canals.
The swine raisers perceived that their swine pens had very good ventilation and
flooring, which were concrete. They have at least good ventilation, flooring, drainage
canals, lighting, and size of pen. Honestly, they admitted that their pens don’t have good
sewage or septic tank.
On their feeding practices, the majority of the respondents used kitchen left-over
and vegetable waste/rejects (ubak). Some fed their swine with camote (sweet potato)
leaves, galiang/taro and banana trunk.
The health and sanitation, the swine raisers always are: cleaning of pens and
drainage canals, immunization or vaccination of swine against diseases, and maintenance
of the environment. They sometimes disinfect the building, walkways, pens, tools and
equipment, quarantine or isolated animals recently bought from outside sources, feed their
animals with adequate balanced diet. But they never practice the restriction of visitors to
their area. In case their animals get sick, they always consult a veterinarian and sometimes
they consult other animal raisers, treat the animal by themselves or slaughter the animal
for good. The most common diseases that they encountered are swine dysentery, Mastiti-
Agalactia and hog cholera or swine fever.
The marketing practices of the backyard swine raisers are carried depending on the
kind of swine they sell and the type of buyer. Sometimes they sell their swine by live
weight, dressed weight on a whole sale, per head or they retail the meat per kilo. This may
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
be attributed to the very limited volume of their swine that they sell and they don’t sell at
the same time.
The most common problem encountered by the respondents were: high cost of
feeds, lack of capital, air pollution due to the foul odor of the swine pens and canals,
clogging and pollution of drainage canals due to swine manure, and unpleasant
environment. Inadequate technical knowledge on swine production, lack of veterinarian,
and incidence of diseases are not serious problems to them.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The swine raisers of Poliwes, Baguio City belong to the ages of 41 to 60 years
old, married, high school and college education, they were raising swine for six years and
more, they were raising 5 to 10 heads of swine, they learned swine raising from their
parents, relatives or friends and they were into a combination of breeding and fattening.
2. The management practices in terms of breed selection were: large white,
Berkshire and mixed breeds. The sources of stocks were from their neighbours, friends or
relatives. They used conventional housing, the swine pens were made use of concrete
walling and slotted flooring. They fed their animals with kitchen left-over and vegetable
waste. The disinfect the buildings, pens equipments/tools, quarantine or isolate sick animal.
They never practiced the restriction of visitors to their area. They marketed their swine
depending on the kind swine they sell and the type of buyer.
3. The problems encountered by the swine raisers were: high cost of feeds, lack of
capital, air pollution, clogging and pollution drainage of canals, and unpleasant
environment.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions the following were recommended:
1. The swine raisers should be aware of inbreeding since they get their stocks from
the neighbourhood.
2. The practices of butchering sick animals should be discouraged to prevent spread
of diseases.
3. The swine raisers may form an organization or cooperative in order to help one
another to improve and monitor their production and marketing practices.
4. The swine raisers should be encouraged to continue improving their health and
sanitation practices.
5. The most common problems should be addressed by the swine raisers themselves
in cooperation with their barangay officials and other government and non-government
agencies.
6. More in depth study should be done to look into the other aspects in management
practices of the backyard swine raisers such as feeding practices, marketing and record
keeping.
7. The swine raisers attend seminars on swine management practices to strengthen
their technical knowledge.
8. The barangay officials should implement policies or ordinance in maintaining
cleanliness of surroundings in the swine pens and proper disposal of animal wastes.
Management practices of backyard swine raisers in Barangay Poliwes, Baguio City |
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KITONGAN, DAPHNE L. APRIL 2012