BIBLIOGRAPHY FRANCISCA D. KAWI, April 2011. Post...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FRANCISCA D. KAWI, April 2011. Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jamesly T. Andres, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study aimed at assessing the post harvest practices of rice farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino. Specifically, it identified the post harvest practices employed by the rice
farmers; identify the problems encountered by the rice farmers in relation to post harvest
practices as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting, and marketing; and to determine
the measures undertaken by the farmers to counter the problems in post harvest practices. The
data were gathered from sixty-eight (68) respondents who were engaged in rice production for at
least five years. Survey questionnaire, supplemented with personal interview and actual
observation was used to gather information.
As to the findings, majority of the respondents were males, were married and belonged to
middle ages. They cultivated an area of 1.0 – 1.99 hectares. Traditional practices were used in
producing rice. Mechanical threshing was usually practiced than manual threshing. Harvested
palay were dried along the road for two – three days. The dried palay were stored and piled in
their residential house. Mechanized milling was being practiced and transports their product
through the use of four wheel vehicle. Dried palay were sold on a whole sale basis to local
buying station.
Moreover, post harvest problems in rice were lack of threshing machine, occurrence of
typhoon during harvest, stored palay was attacked by rodents, milling machine had no stoner,
poor road condition, and buyers buy their product at a low price.
Measures undertaken to counter the problems encountered by the rice farmers were
through the use of improvised wooden rock, dry their palay inside the granary especially during
wet season, used of rat poison and use of improvised carts pulled by draft animals.
Based on the result of the study, the following recommendations were made: The
respondents should be organized to cater to the needs on post harvest facility problems and they
should attend trainings to update their knowledge on post harvest technologies.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . iii
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Statement of the Problem.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Importance of the Study…………………………………………………… 2
Scope and Limitation……………………………………………………… 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………...………………………………...... 3
Harvesting…………………………………………………………………. 3
Post Harvest Handling and
Practices …….…………………………………………………..……....... 3
Threshing…………………………………………………………………. 4
Drying……………………………………………………………………. 4
Milling…………………………………………………………………… 5
Packaging…………………………………………………………………. 6
Storage……………………………………………………………………. 6
METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………. 7
Locale and time of the Study…………………………………………….. 7
Respondents of the Study………………………………………………… 7
Collection of Data………………………………………………………... 7
Research Instruments…………………………………………………….. 7
Data Analysis…………………………………………………………….. 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………. 9
General Information of the
Respondents……………………………………………………………… 9
Area for Rice Production………………………………………………… 11
Number of Years Engage in
Rice Production………………………………………………………….. 12
Rice Varieties Cultivated………………………………………………… 13
Reasons in Choosing the Variety………………………………………… 14
Posts Harvest practices as to
Harvesting………………………………………………………………... 15
Post Harvest Practices as to
Maturity Indexes…………………………………………………………. 15
Post Harvest Practices as to
Threshing ………………………………………………………………... 15
Number of Days in
Drying…………………………………………………………………….. 16
Post Harvest Practices as to
Drying Area………………………………………………………………. 17
Post Harvest Practices as to
Drying…………………………………………………………………… 17
Post Harvest Practices as to
Storage…………………………………………………………………… 18
Post Harvest Practices as to
Milling………………………………….………………………………… 19
Post Harvest Practices as to
Transporting ……………………………………………………………... 19
Post Harvest Practices as to
Marketing…………………………………………………………….…… 20
Post Harvest Practices as to
Threshing Problem……………………………….………………………... 21
Post Harvest Practices as to
Drying Problem…………………………………….……………………… 21
Post Harvest Practices as to
Storage Problem…………………………………………………………… 22
Post Harvest Practices as to
Milling Problem…………………………………………………………… 23
Post Harvest Practices as to
Transporting Problem……………………………………………………… 23
Post Harvest Practices as to
Marketing Problem………………………………………………………… 24
Measures Undertaken as to
Threshing Problems……………………………………………………….. 24
Measures Undertaken as to
Drying Problems…………………………………………………………… 24
Measures Undertaken as to
Storage Problem……………………......................................................... 26
Measures Undertaken as to
Milling Problem………………………………………………………….. 26
Measures Undertaken as to
Transporting Problem……………………………………………………. 27
Measures Undertaken as to
Marketing Problem………………………………………………………. 28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………….. 29
Summary…………………………………………………………………. 29
Conclusions………………………...…………………………………….. 30
Recommendations………………………………………………………... 31
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………... 32
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………. 33
A. Communication Letter………………………………………………… 33
B. Survey Questionnaire………………………………………………….. 34
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Rice
(Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of the Filipinos. It is a politically
sensitive commodity with which supply disruption causes people distress. The
Philippines consumes about 33,000 tons of rice daily. Approximately, 80% of the total
population spends almost 1/4 of their income on rice alone (Mears, 1974).
In barangay Pedlisan, Maddela, Quirino where rice is the major crop, post harvest
practices are usually observed just after the harvesting time from the month of October to
November and for the second crop harvesting from March to April. And since all people
in the community are engaged in agriculture, there is need to study and analyze their
ways of farming especially in the post harvest practices of their products which had been
handed down from generation to generation from their ancestors.
Statement of the Problem
Since all farmers in Pedlisan produce rice as their main crop, it is appropriate to
evaluate their post harvest practices and its effect on rice production. This study therefore
attempts to answer the following questions:
1. What are the post harvest practices employed by the rice farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting and marketing?;
2. What are the problems encountered by the rice farmers in relation to post
harvest practices as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting and marketing; and
3. What are the measures undertaken by the rice farmers to counter the problem
encountered in post harvest practices?
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
2
Objectives of the Study
Generally, the study aimed to assess the post harvest practices of rice farmers in
Pedlisan, Maddela, Quirino. In line with this general objective specific objectives were
the following to:
1. Identify the post harvest practices employed by the rice farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting and marketing;
2. Identify the problems encountered by the farmers in relation to post harvest;
and
3. Determine the measures undertaken by the rice farmers to counter the problem
encountered in post harvest practices.
Importance of the Study
The result of the study will help farmers not only in barangay Pedlisan but also in
the municipality of Maddela to become familiar with the different post harvest practices
of rice farmers. This study will also serve as the baseline information to the agriculturists,
farmers and students to adopt relevant strategies for better post harvest handling of rice.
Scope and Limitation
The study was limited only to the post harvest practice of rice farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Harvesting
Harvesting generally refers to all operations carried out in the field which include
cutting the rice stalk or reaping the panicles, either laying out the paddy -on –stalk or
stacking it to dry, and bundling for transport. Harvesting and its related handling
operations and processes should be understood to prevent considerable amount of post-
production losses. There is a positive relationship between the method of handling and
the degree of loss as shown by various study. Too much paddy handling creates a
problem both in quality and quantity.
Several methods of harvesting have evolved during the progress of rice
production. The most common among the developing countries are still the use of sickle
which is the traditional manual method (Naphire, 1997).
Post Harvest Handling Practices
Post harvest is a specific term used for the movement of commodities from
harvest to the time immediately prior to meal preparation which also include the
technological aspect of marketing and distribution, as cited by Equetan (2001). The
import consideration in post harvest handling and sorting the crops is to prolong the time
with in which the commodity would be used.
Salbino (1993) cited that in order to produce maximum yields or high milling
quality, rice should be harvested when moisture content of the grain standing rice has to
drop to 23% from 28%. In addition, proper harvesting and threshing should be done to
minimize field losses. Clean and dry grains to 14% moisture content or lower before
storage. For sun drying, spread palay on concrete pavement at 2-4 cm. thick and mix
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
4
every 30 minutes for uniform drying and to prevent over heating. This result to better
milling recovery. Use dryers if available for uniform and faster dying. For seed purposes,
palay should be dried lower than 14% moisture content (Gintong Ani, 1996).
Threshing
Harvested crops should be threshed soon; otherwise, the grain quality will
deteriorate with longer waiting between harvesting and threshing. Machine threshing is
normally done immediately after harvesting when the grain MC is 20 to 25 percent. If the
grain MC is < 20 percent or > 25 percent, grain damage will occur at machine threshing.
Hand threshing is normally done one to two days of field drying after harvest, when the
grains reach 20 percent MC. If the grain MC is > 25 percent, it will be difficult to thresh
and separate the grains from panicles by manual threshing (Fischer and Cordova, 1998).
Drying
Rice grains are dried to 14 percent MC before storage. Sun drying is the most
common method used by farmers in Asia. If properly done, the moisture will be reduced
from 20 to 14 percent in one day. Grain damage by rains, wind, or by birds is common in
open drying floors. Different types of dryers are available for drying wet rice: low cost
in-store dryer (SRR) (1-2 tonnes/60-70 h), flat bed dryer (4-6 tonnes/8 h), columnar batch
recilculating dryer (1-2 tonnes/6-8 h), etc. The grain quality is good and the germination
percent is high with machine-dried rice (Andales et al., 1996).
Ardullo (1976) stated that majority of the farmers rely on sun drying of threshed
paddy. The process is normally cheaper than artificial drying and requires no special
skills. Essentially, it is a natural method of drying since it relies mainly on solar energy
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
5
and natural air movement. It is different from natural field drying since conventional sun
drying involves drying of threshed grains and requires a dying floor and occasional
mixing or turning of the grain to avoid un even drying or subjecting the grain to excessive
temperature which include cracking or fissuring.
Milling
The “kiskisan” is popularly and widely used in rural areas because of its
availability, low capital outlay and its low volume requirement for milling and production
of rice bran (Ilayat, 2004).
Packaging
Andales (1996) as cited by Martin (2006) stated that in small-scale production and
processing, field-threshed and partially cleaned paddy is bagged in jute or propylene
sacks for handling purposes in transporting paddy from the field to the roadside or to the
house. The weight of each bag ranges from 30 to 100 kg depending upon the trading
practice in the locality or country.
In large-scale and mechanized rice production operations where the combine is
used, the paddy is not packaged but instead delivered in bulk to the rice mill or drying
compound. From the combine hopper, paddy is transferred by means of an auger
conveyor to a waiting lorry or wagon at the roadside or alongside the combine depending
upon the traffic ability of the field.
Milled rice, the final product for marketing, is packaged in polyethylene,
propylene or jute sacks in weights ranging from 1 kg to 1000 kg depending upon whether
the market is for retail or wholesale or for export. Higher quality rice normally retailed in
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
6
specialty groceries and in supermarkets is packed in attractively labeled packages made
of polyethylene, propylene, jute and paper bags or cardboard boxes. Brown rice, which
has a special market, is packed in sealed polyethylene bag inside the cardboard box or the
outer bag. This is to increase the shelf life of the grain, which is prone to rapid rancidity
due to the free fatty acid in the bran.
Rice is retailed in small village stores and displayed in their original large sized
sacks or in wooden bins and labeled as to variety and price per unit weight or volume as
may be required by law in some developing countries. In this case, purchased rice is
weighed or measured and packed in plastic bags or other container brought in by the
customer.
Storage
Farmers store their paddy in traditional and non-traditional structures primarily
for food security until the next harvest. Also, as a source of cash during emergencies, for
seeds, for future increase in price of paddy during the lean months, and for anticipated
future festivities. Paddy retained for storage is sun-dried several times and cleaned before
loading to the storage containers. Although farmers do not have moisture meters, they
know by experience the dryness of the grain appropriate for storage. Grain dryness is
determined by pressing hard a bunch of grains on the hand and/or biting several grains to
determine hardness. Usually, a fully dried grain is hard. Paddy is usually stored with 14
percent moisture content or lower. Storage containers are checked, cleaned and repaired
if necessary, before loading the grain. Paddy is stored until the next harvest season or for
6-12 months (Lantin, 1994).
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
7
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Pedlisan is a major producer of rice and is one of the 32 barangays of Maddela, a
first class municipality in the province of Quirino. It is a land locked agricultural-based
community located 6 kilometers away from the municipal market.
On the other hand, the study was conducted from December to January 2011.
Respondents of the Study
Sixty eight (68) farmers who are engaged in rice production for the last five years
were the respondents of the study. Random sampling was used to identify the respondents
from the five (5) sitios of barangay Pedlisan.
Collection of Data
The researcher administered the survey to the respondents. For respondents with
higher educational attainment, the questionnaire was given for them to accomplish. On
the other hand, the questionnaire served as interview guide for “no read, no write”
respondents.
Research Instruments
The researcher used survey questionnaire in collecting the needed data. Personal
interview and observation were used to supplement the information.
Data Analysis
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
8
The data collected was tabulated and consolidated. Percentage, frequency
distribution were utilized in the descriptive presentation of the general information
derived.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
9
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This portion of the study answers the following specific problems:
1.What are the post harvest practices employed by the rice farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting, and marketing?
2. What are the problems encountered by the rice framers in relation to post
harvest practices as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting, and marketing
3. What are the measures undertaken by the rice farmers to counter the problems
encountered in post harvest practices?
General Information of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the general information of the respondents which includes gender;
civil status; ethnic affiliation and educational attainment.
Gender. Among the 68 respondents, 67.76% of them were males and 38.24%
were females who are engaged in rice production for the last five years.
Age. As shown in Table 1, 19.12% of the respondents belonged to age bracket of
41 to 45 and from 46 to 50 years old; 13.24% belonged to 56-60 years old; 11.76% from
age bracket of 36-40 years old; 10.29% from age bracket 26-30; 8.82% from 31-35 and
61 and above years old; 7.35% from 51-55 years old; and 1.47% from 21-25 years old.
This implies that rice farmers of Pedlisan, Maddela, Quirino belongs to middle age.
Civil Status. Majority of the respondents (80.88%) were married; 10.29% were
single; and 8.82% were widow. This finding indicates that majority of the respondents
were married and with family to support.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
10
Table 1. General information of the respondents
PROFILE FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Gender
Male
42
61.76
Female
26
38.24
TOTAL 68
100.00
Age Bracket
21 – 25
1
1.47
26 - 30
7
10.29
31 - 35
6
8.82
36 - 40
8
11.76
41 - 45
13
19.12
46 - 50
13
19.12
51 - 55
5
7.35
56 - 60
9
13.24
61 & above
6
8.82
TOTAL 68
100.00
Civil Status
Single
7
10.29
Married
55
80.88
Widow
6
8.82
TOTAL 68
100.00
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
11
Table 1 Continued. . . .
PROFILE FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Ethnic Affiliation
Applai
64
94.12
Ilocano
2
2.94
Ifugao
2
2.94
TOTAL 68
100.00
Educational Attainment
Elementary
20
29.41
undergraduate
Elementary graduate
9
13.24
High School
18 26.47
Undergraduate
High School
9 13.24
Graduate
College
8 11.76
Undergraduate
College Graduate
4
5.88
TOTAL 68
100.00
Ethnic affiliation. Most (94.12%) of the respondents were Applai from Mountain
Province, 2.94% were Ilocano and another 2.94% were Ifugao. This implies that most of
the farmers from the area were Applai from Mountain Province due to migration.
The Applai are indigenous people of the western Mountain Province which is
composed of the municipalities of Besao, Sagada and parts of Sabangan, Bauko and
Tadian. The word Applai is a term popularly used by the Mountain Provinces Easterners
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
12
to refer to the Mt. Province Westerners, in the same manner that the Easterners are called
"I-lagod."The word Applais are sometimes referred to as "kankanaeys" of Mountain
Provinces because of some similarities. Noting however, the difference in culture from
Benguet Kankanaeys, especially in ritual observance, then Congressman Alfredo Lam-
En, himself an Applai, had the "Applai" accredited as a separate tribe. (http://library.think
quest.org/C003235/applai:html)
Educational Attainment. Twenty (20) or 29.41% of the respondents were
Elementary undergraduate; nine (9) or 13.24% were Elementary graduate; eighteen (18)
or 26.47 % were High School Undergraduate; nine (9) or 13.24% were High School
graduate; eight (8) or College Undergraduate; and four or 5.88% were College graduate.
Area for Rice Production
Table 2 shows that 54.41 % of the respondents cultivated 1.0 – 1.99 hectares;
22.06 % cultivated 2.0 – 2.99 hectares; 19.12 % of the respondents cultivated less than a
hectare; and 4.41 % cultivated 3.0 and above hectares of land.
Number of Years Engaged in
Rice Production
Table 3 shows that more than 33.82 % of the respondents were engaged in rice
production for 11-15 years; 27.94% for 21 and above; 16.18 % from the respondents
were engaged in rice production for 16-20 years; 14.71 % from 1-5 years; and 7.35 % of
the respondents were engaged in rice production for 6-10 years.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
13
Table 2. Area for rice production
AREA FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
less than one
13
19.12
1.0 -1.99
37
54.41
2.0 - 2.99
15
22.06
3.0 and above
3
4.41
TOTAL 68
100.00
Table 3. Number of years engaged in rice production
NUMBER OF YEARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
1-5 years
10
14.71
6-10 years
5
7.35
11-15 years
23
33.82
16-20 years
11
16.18
above 21
19
27.94
TOTAL 68
100.00
Rice Varieties Cultivated
Table 4 shows the rice varieties cultivated by the respondents which includes the
following: C-1, C-18, PG7, Jasmine, 82, 92, INSIC-160, and INSIC-156. Majority
(57.35) percent of the respondents cultivated C-18 variety; 45.59 percent cultivated 82
variety; 19.12 for INSIC-160; 11.76 for C-1 variety; 8.82 percent cultivated Jasmine
variety; 5.88 percent for PG-7 variety; and 4.41 percent cultivated INSIC-156 variety.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
14
Reasons in Choosing the Variety
Table 5 shows the reasons of the respondents in choosing the variety of rice they
cultivated.83.82% choose the variety because it is good quality (aroma and taste);
30.88% because it is available and because it is high yielding variety; 5.88% for cheaper
in price; and 1.47% choose the variety because it was a good milling recovery.
Table 4. Rice variety cultivated
VARIETY FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
C-1 8
11.76
C-18 39
57.35
PG-7
4
5.88
Jasmine
6
8.82
82 31
45.59
92 7
10.29
INSIC-160 13
19.12
INSIC-156
3
4.41
*multiple response
Table 5. Reasons in choosing the variety
REASON
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
It is available
21
30.88
High yielding variety
21
30.88
Good quality (aroma and
taste)
57
83.82
cheaper in price
4
5.88
good milling recovery
1
1.47
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
15
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Harvesting
All of the respondents used sickle in harvesting their palay. This implies that the
respondents did not use transverse- bladed knife in harvesting their palay because it was
time consuming and they did not use mechanized harvester (tractor) because they cannot
afford with the high cost of the technology.
As corroborated by De Datta (1981) several methods of harvesting have evolved
during the progress of rice production. The most common among the developing
countries are still the use of sickle which is the traditional manual method in long stalk
cutting of rice.
Post Harvest Practices as to
Maturity Indexes
Table 6 shows that 66.18% of the respondents determined maturity by looking at
its appearance; 57.35 % determine maturity by looking at its color. Leaves and rice grain
are golden yellow in color. 23.53 % determined maturity by counting the number of days.
Counting the number of days was usually done from planting until harvesting time and
usually an average of 125 days for the “biit rice” to 185 days for the “bayag rice”.
Another determined maturity index by computation as claimed by 2.94% of the
respondents and 1.47% determined maturity by doing the sampling method. This implies
that majority of the respondents determined maturity index by looking at its appearance.
Post harvest Practices as to Threshing
Table 7 shows that 98.53 % of the respondents practiced the used of mechanical
threshing and 17% used manual threshing such as improvised wooden rock/ mortar and
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
16
pestle. This implies that used of mechanical threshing can make their work easier,
reduced grain losses and reduced labor requirement rather than the used of manual
threshing.
Number of Days in Drying
All of the respondents claimed that they dried their palay for a period of one to
three days.
Table 6. Maturity indexes
MATURITY INDEXES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
By counting the no. of days
16
23.53
By looking at its color
39
57.35
By sampling
1
1.47
By looking at its appearance
45
66.18
By computation
2
2.94
*multiple response
Table 7. Post harvest practices as to threshing
THRESHING PRACTICES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Mechanical threshing
67
98.53
Manual threshing using
improvised wooden/metal
17 25.00
rock
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Drying Area
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
17
Table 8 shows that majority (79.41%) of the respondents spread their palay along
the road as their drying area; 41.18% utilize the public area (school playground,
basketball court); 23.53% of the respondents dried their grains on privately owned drying
pavement; and 5.88% used the black net / tarpaulin for drying. This shows that majority
of the respondents were drying their rice grains along the road. This is because the palay
can be easily dried and convenient to use.
Post Harvest Practices as to Drying
As shown in Table 9, most (98.53%) of the farmers rely on traditional/ sun
drying as method of drying their rice grains. Field drying method was practiced by 8.82%
of the respondents. Another 1.47 % from the respondents practiced shade drying
particularly for grains intended for seeds. This implies that most of the respondents
practiced traditional sun drying method in drying their rice grain.
As stated by Ardullo et al (1976), sun drying is normally cheaper than artificial
drying and requires no special skills. Essentially, it is a natural method of drying since it
relies mainly on solar energy and natural air movement. It is different from natural field
drying since conventional sun drying involves drying of threshed grains and requires a
drying floor and occasional mixing of the grain to avoid uneven drying or subjecting the
grain to excessive temperatures which induce cracking or fissuring.
Table 8. Post harvest practices as to drying area
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
18
DRYING AREA
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Spread along the road
54
79.41
Dry on privately owned
drying area
16 23.53
Dry on public area (school
playground, basketball
court)
28 41.18
Net
4
5.88
*multiple response
Table 9. Post harvest practices as to drying
DRYING PRACTICES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Traditional/sun drying
67
98.53
Shade drying
1
1.47
Field drying
6
8.82
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Storage
The data revealed (Table 10) that 42 or 61.76 % of the respondents piled the palay
in sacks one side of their room as their storage practices; 14 or 20.59% piled the sacks
inside the rice granary; 10 or 14.71% piled the palay sacks in open sheds near drying
pavement; 8 or 11.76 % piled their palay beside the road; and 1 or 1.47 % stored their
palay in the milling station.
Table 10. Post harvest practices as to storage
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
19
STORAGE PRACTICES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Place in sacks and pile one
side/room of the residential
42 61.76
Place in sacks and pile
inside barn (kamarin)
14 20.59
Pile in sheds near drying
pavement
10 14.71
Pile beside the road
8
11.76
Store in the milling station
1
1.47
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Milling
All of the respondents used mechanized rice mill “kiskisan” in milling their palay.
This implies that manual milling using hammer beam pounder or mortar and pestle is not
being practiced by rice farmers. As corroborated by Ilayat (2004, the “kiskisan” is
popularly and widely used in rural areas because of its availability, low capital outlay,
and its low paddy volume requirement for milling and production of rice bran.
Post Harvest Practices as to
Transporting
Table 11 shows that 61.76 %of the respondents used improvised cart pulled by
draft animals as their means of transporting palay; 55.88%used four wheeled vehicle
(jeepney, elf truck, etc.) as the means of transportation; 20.59% used tricycle as their
transportation; and 5.88% of the respondents used of human power. This implies that
majority of the respondents used improvised carts pulled by draft animals as means of
transportation.
Table 11. Post harvest practices as to transporting
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
20
TRANSPORTING
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
PRACTICES
Use of improvised cart
pulled by draft animals
42 61.76
Use of tricycle
14
20.59
Use of four wheel vehicle
(jeepneys, elf truck, etc.)
38 55.88
Use of human power
4
5.88
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Marketing
Table 12 shows the marketing practices of rice farmers which include marketing
practices as to bulk, location, and moisture content.
Mode of Selling. Majority of the respondents (79.41%) practiced whole sale in
marketing their palay; (17.65 %) for wholesale- retail; and (8.82%) practiced retail in
marketing their palay.
As to Location. Majority (69.12%) of the respondents sold their palay to local
buying station; 27.94% brought their palay to municipal buying station; and 10.29%
marketed their palay on-farm.
As to Moisture Content. Most (91.18%) of the respondents market their palay on
dry weight and 35.29% sold it fresh.
Table 12. Post harvest practices as to marketing
MARKETING
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
PRACTICES
MODE OF SELLING
Wholesale
54
79.41
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
21
Retail
6
8.82
Wholesale-retail
12
17.65
AS TO LOCATION
Farm gate/on-farm
7
10.29
Bring to local buying
station
47
69.12
Bring to municipal
buying station
19
27.94
MOISTURE CONTENT
Dry
62
91.18
Fresh
24
35.29
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Threshing Problems
Table 13 shows that 27.94% of the respondents had no thresher; and 2.94% of the
respondents had lack of laborers.
Post Harvest Practices as to
Drying Problems
Table 14 shows that 66.18 percent of the respondents had a drying problem of
occurrence of typhoon during harvest; 25 percent for non- availability of drying
pavement; 10.29 percent for non- availability of drying machines; and 4 .41 percent of
the respondents problem on labor. This indicates that occurrence of typhoon during
harvest was the major problem of the respondents.
Post Harvest Practices as to
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
22
Storage Problems
Table 15 indicates that 34 or 50 % of the respondents had problem on storage due
to rodents; 21 or 30.88 % are due to weevil; and 14 or 20.59 % of the respondents had
problem on chicken and birds.
Table 13. Post harvest practices as to threshing problem
THRESHING PROBLEM
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Lack of threshing machine
19 27.94
Lack of workers
2
2.94
*multiple response
Table 14. Post harvest practices as to drying problems
DRYING PROBLEM
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Lack of pavement/road
17
25.00
Occurrence of typhoon
during harvest
45 66.18
Lack of drying machines
7 10.29
Lack of workers
3
4.41
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Milling Problems
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
23
Milling problem was due to the rice milling station that had no stoner as claimed
by 16.18 % of the respondents and 10.29 % for non- availability of rice milling station as
shown in Table 16.
Post Harvest Practices as to
Transporting Problems
Table 17 shows that 16 or 23.53 percent of the respondents had transportation
problem due to poor road condition; 14 or 20.59 percent for non- availability of vehicles;
and 5 or 7.35 of the respondents transporting problem on expensive hauling fees. This
indicates that their main problem in transporting their produced was due to poor road
condition.
Table 15. Post harvest practices as to storage problems
STORAGE PROBLEM
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Attack by rodents
34
50.00
Attack by chicken and birds
14
20.59
Attack by weevil
21
30.88
*multiple response
Table 16. Post harvest practices as to milling problem
MILLING PROBLEM
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Lack of milling station
7 10.29
The milling machine has no
11 16.18
stoner
*multiple response
Table 17. Post harvest practices as to transporting problems
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
24
TRANSPORTING
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
PROBLEM
Lack of vehicles
14 20.59
Poor road condition
16
23.53
Expensive hauling fees
5
7.35
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Marketing Problems
All of the respondents claimed that marketing was a problem that the buyers
bought the palay/rice at a low price during harvesting.
Measures Undertaken as to Threshing
Table 18 shows that 65.18 % or majority had no possible solution undertaken to
solve their problem on non-availability of threshing machine and 41.18 % claimed that
they used improvised wooden rock as their measures to solve their problem.
Measures Undertaken as to Drying
As shown in Table 19 were the measures undertaken by the respondents on their
drying problem. This includes non-availability of solar drying pavement, occurrence of
typhoon during harvest and non-availability of drying machines.
Lack of Pavement. Majority (61.76%) dried their palay inside the rice granary and
38.24% of the respondents used black net and tarpaulin to dry their palay. This implies
that majority of the respondents, dried their palay inside the rice granary as possible
measures undertaken to solve their problem on non-availability of drying pavement
especially during wet season.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
25
Occurrence
of
Typhoon during Harvest. All of the respondents claimed that they
had no measures to undertake when typhoon occur during harvest time.
Lack of Drying Machines. All of the respondents had no drying machines and
they had no mechanical innovations to solve the problem.
Table 18. Measures undertaken as to threshing
MEASURES FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Non-Availability of
Threshing Machine
Use of improvised
wooden rock
28
41.18
None
45
66.18
*multiple response
Table 19. Measures undertaken as to drying
MEASURES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
LACK
PAVEMENT/ROAD
Use of black net and
tarpaulin to dry palay
26
38.24
Dry inside the barn
42
61.76
TOTAL
68
100
Measures Undertaken as to Storage
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
26
Table 20 shows the different measures undertaken by the rice farmers as to
storage problem. This includes the following: attacked by rodents, attacked by chicken
and birds, and attacked by weevil.
Attacked by Rodents. Majority (61.76%) of the respondents claimed that they
were using rat poison; (32.35%) of the respondents had no measures undertaken as to
storage problem on attacked by rodents; and (5.88%) were using bio - control by cat
rearing as their measures undertaken to solve their storage problem on rodents.
Attacked by Chicken and Birds. As to the problem, attacked by chicken and birds,
82.35 percents of the respondents used black net/ tarpaulin to cover their palay; and 17.65
percent had none measure undertaken in solving their problem.
Attacked by Weevil. Majority of the respondents (66.18%) dried their palay again
or used solar radiations to control the attacked of rice weevil and (32.82%) do not use any
measures to counter their problem.
Measures Undertaken as to Milling
There were no measures that the respondents undertake in their problem as
milling is concerned. This shows that all of the respondents had no innovative measures
in solving the non-availability of milling station in their barangay. Another problem that
they could not solve was the non-availability of stoner in the rice milling machine.
Table 20. Measures undertaken as to storage
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
27
MEASURES FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
ATTACKED BY
RODENTS
Use rat poison
42
61.76
Cats rearing
4
5.88
None
22
32.35
TOTAL 68
100
ATTACKED BY
CHICKEN AND BIRDS
Use of net to cover
their palay
56
82.35
None
12
17.65
TOTAL 68
100
ATTACKED BY WEEVIL
None
23
33.82
Dry again the palay at
45
66.18
least once
TOTAL 68
100
Measures Undertaken as to
Transporting Problem
Table 21 shows the different transporting measures that the respondents
undertaken to solve their transporting problem. This includes the following: non-
availability of vehicles, and poor road condition.
Lack of Vehicles
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
28
All of the respondents used improvised carts pulled by draft animals as their
measure when vehicles were not available and used human power as a means
transportation when vehicles are not available. They had no measures undertaken as poor
road condition problem was concerned.
Measures Undertaken as to
Marketing Problems
As to the measures undertaken in marketing problem was concerned. All of the
respondents claimed that they just sold their palay to middlemen even if they bought it at
the lowest price.
Table 21. Measures undertaken as to transporting
MEASURES FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
LACK OF VEHICLES
Use of improvise
carts pulled by draft
animals
68
100
Use of human power
32
47.06
POOR ROAD
CONDITION
None
68 100
TOTAL
68 100
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
29
SUMMARY, RESULTS AND RECCOMENDATIONS
Summary
The study on assessment of post harvest practices of rice framers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino was conducted to identify the post harvest practices employed by the
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
30
rice farmers, to identify the problems encountered by the rice farmers in relation to post
harvest practices as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting, and marketing and
to determine the measures undertaken by the rice farmers to counter the problems
encountered in post harvest practices.
It was conducted from December 2010 to January 2011 with the used of survey
questionnaires and supplemented with personal interview. The data gathered were
tabulated and analyzed through percentage, frequency and weighted mean.
Sixty-eight
respondents
were interviewed. Majority of them were males, married
and have families to support, they belonged to middle age and most of them were
undergraduate. Majority of them cultivated an area of 1.0-1.99 hectares of land for 21
years and above. Specific rice variety cultivated is C-18 because of its good quality based
on aroma and taste.
As to the findings on post harvest practices, majority of the respondents used
sickle in harvesting their palay and they determine maturity index by looking at its
appearance and its color. Mechanical threshing was the usual practice than manual
threshing. Harvested palay were spread and dried along the road through sun drying
method for about 2-3 days. The dried palay were placed in sacks and stored on the
residential houses. Mechanized milling was practice and they transported their product
through the used of four wheeled vehicles. They sold the palay through whole sale
marketing directed to local buying station. The palay should be fully dried.
Moreover, post harvest problems in rice were non-availability of threshing
machine, occurrence of typhoon during harvest, rodents problem during storage, milling
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
31
machine had no stoner, poor road condition, and buyers bought their product at a low
price.
Measures undertaken by the rice farmers were through the used of improvised
wooden rock, dried their palay inside the granary especially during wet season, used of
rat poison and used of improvised carts pulled by draft animals.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were made:
1. Post harvest practices of the respondents are; the use of sickle in harvesting,
maturity index is used by looking at its appearance and color, used mechanical threshing,
harvested palay are dried along the road for about 2-3 days, dried palay are stored in
sacks and piled one side of their houses, mechanized milling is practiced and they
transport their product through the use of four wheeled vehicles.
2. Dried palay are sold on whole sale marketing and marketed to local buying
station.
3. Post harvest problems in rice are lack of threshing machine, occurrence of
typhoon during harvest, stored palay are attacked by rodents, milling machine had no
stoner, poor road condition, and buyers buy their product at a low price.
4. Measures undertaken to solve the problems encountered are; use of improvised
wooden rock, dry palay inside the granary, use of rat poison and use of improvised carts
pulled by draft animals.
Recommendations
Based on the result of the study, the following recommendations were made:
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
32
1. The rice farmers should be organized to cater the needs on post harvest facility
problems like threshing/drying machine, storage house (granary) and transport facilities.
2. Farmers should attend trainings to update their knowledge on technologies in
post harvest and rice production practices.
LITERATURE CITED
ANDALES, S.C., J.S. FALLA and D.A. CAPARINO. 1996. Post Harvest Components
of Grain Production Enhancement Program.
ANONYMOUS. Undated. Indigenous People. Retrieved March 5, 2011 from
http://library.think quest.org/C003235/applai:html
De DATTA, S.K. 1981. Principles and Practices of Rice Production.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
33
EQUETAN, J.T. 1997. Varietal Evaluation of Rice Under Cabitin, Mankayan Benguet.
B.S. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
FISCHER, K. S. and CORDOVA, V.G. 1998. Impact of IRRI on Rice Science and
Production. Pp. 27-50.
ILAYAT. 2004. Rice Post Harvest Practices
LANTIN, R. 1994. Post Harvest Operation. International Rice Research Institute,
Philippines. From http://www.fao.org/inpho/content/compend/text/ch10-01.htm.
MARTIN, Y.L. 2006. Assessment of Post Harvest Practices in Rice Production in
Pampang, Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
MEARS, L.A., 1974. Rice Consumption Characteristics In Economy of the Philippines
UP Press. Page 46.
SALBINO, A.T. Jr. 1997. Varietal Evaluation of High Yielding varieties of Rice in
Antadao, Sagada, Mt. Province. B. S. Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad Benguet.
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Communication
Republic of the Philippines
Benguet State University
College Of Agriculture
La Trinidad, Benguet
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
34
Dear Respondents,
Allow me to introduce myself. I am FRANCISCA D. KAWI, a fourth year
student of Benguet State University (BSU). I am conducting a study entitled “AN
ASSESMENT OF POST HARVEST PRACTICES OF RICE FARMERS IN
PEDLISAN, MADDELA, QUIRINO.” This major course is a requirement of Bachelor of
Science in Agriculture.
The success of this study relies on how honestly you will answer the
questionnaire. Your valued cooperation is highly appreciated rest assured that your
answers will be kept confidential.
Thank you very much for your cooperation more power, and may the Lord bless
you.
Truly
yours,
FRANCISCA D. KAWI
Researcher
Appendix B
Survey Questionnaire
I. General Information
1. Respondents name: ________________________________________
2. Gender:
___male ___female
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
35
3. Age: ___________
4. Civil Status:
___single
___married
___widow/er
5. Home Address (place of Origin):_______________________________
6. Ethnic Affiliation: ___________________________________________
7. Educational Attainment:
___elementary
undergraduate
___elementary
graduate
___high
school
undergraduate
___high
school
graduate
___college
undergraduate
___college
graduate
___others,
pls.
specify______________________
II. FARMING STATUS
1. Farming status (area intended for rice cultivation)
___0.1-
0.99
hectare
___1.0 – 1.99 hectares
___2.0 – 2.99 hectare
___3.0 – 3.99 hectare
___others,
pls.
specify_______________________
2. Number of years engaged in rice production
___1-5
years
___6-10
years
___11-15
years
___16-20
years
___above
21
years
3. What specific variety of rice do you plant?
___C1
___C18
___Sinandomeng
___Bordagol
___Jasmine
___others,
specify_________________________
4. What is your reason in choosing the variety?
___it
is
available
___high
yielding
variety
___good quality based on aroma and taste
___cheaper
in
price
___others,
specify________________________
III. POSTHARVEST PRACTICES
A. HARVESTING
1. What method of harvesting do you use?
___sickle
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
36
___transverse-bladed
knife
___mechanized
harvester
(tractor)
___others,
specify________________________
B. THRESHING
1. What procedure in maturity indexes do you used before harvesting?
___by counting the no. of days
___by looking at its color
___by
sampling
___by looking at its appearance
___by
computation
2. Do you thresh your palay?
___yes
___no
3. What method do you practice in threshing your palay?
___mechanical
threshing
___manual threshing using improvised wooden/metal rock
C. DRYING
1. Do you dry your palay?
___yes
___no
2. If yes, where do you dry your palay?
___spread along the road
___dry on privately owned drying area
___dry on public area (school playground, basketball court)
___net/
tarpaulin
___spread on top of concrete building
3. What method do you adopt in drying?
___traditional/
sun
drying
method
___shade
drying
___field
drying
___others,
specify
4. How many days do you dry your palay?
___1-3
days
___4-6
days
___7-9
days
D. STORAGE/ STORING
1. Do you store your palay?
___yes ___no
2. If yes, how do you store your palay?
___place in sacks and pile inside the rice granary (kamarin)
___place in sacks and pile one side/room of the residential
___pile in sheds near drying pavement
___pile beside the road
E. MILLING
1. Do you mill your palay?
___yes
___no
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
37
2. If yes, how do you mill your palay?
___mechanized
milling
___manually using mortar and pestle
F. TRANSPORTING
1. Do you use transportation from farm to drying area?
___yes ___no
2. If yes, what type of transportation do you use?
___use of improvised cart pulled by draft animals
___use
of
tricycle
___use of four wheel vehicle (jeepney, elf truck, etc.)
3. If no, what do you usually practice?
___use of human power
___dry in the farm
___others, specify_________________________________
G. MARKETING
1. What are the marketing practices as to bulk?
___wholesale
___retail
___wholesale-retail
2. What are the marketing practices as to location?
___farm
gate/on-farm
___bring to local buying station
___bring
to
municipal buying station
___bring to national buying station
IV. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
A. Threshing problem
___lack of threshing machine
___others,
specify______________________________________
B. Drying problem
___lack
of
pavement/road
___occurrence of typhoon during harvest
___lack
of
pavement/road
___lack of drying machines
___others,
specify______________________________________
C. Storage problem
___attack
by
rodents
___attack by chicken and birds
___attack
by
weevil
___theft and pilferage in the barn
___others,
specify______________________________________
D. Milling Problem
___lack of milling station
___the milling machine has no stoner
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
38
___others,
specify______________________________________
E. Transporting Problems
___lack
of
vehicles
___poor
road
condition
___others,
specify______________________________________
F. Marketing Problems
___buyers buy the palay/ rice in cheaper price
___others,
specify______________________________________
V. What are the measures undertaken by the rice farmers to solve the problem
encountered in post harvest practices?
PROBLEMS MEASURES
A. THRESHING
1. lack of threshing machine
B. DRYING
1.lack of pavement/road
2.occurrence of typhoon during
harvest
3.lack of pavement/road
C. STORAGE/STORING
1. attack by rodents
2. attack by chicken and birds
3. attack by weevil
4. theft and pilferage in the granary
D. MILLING
1. lack of milling station
2. the milling machine has no stoner
E. TRANSPORTING
1. lack of vehicles
2. poor road condition
F. MARKETING
1. buyers buy the palay/ rice in
cheaper price
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
FRANCISCA D. KAWI, April 2011. Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jamesly T. Andres, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study aimed at assessing the post harvest practices of rice farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino. Specifically, it identified the post harvest practices employed by the rice
farmers; identify the problems encountered by the rice farmers in relation to post harvest
practices as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting, and marketing; and to determine
the measures undertaken by the farmers to counter the problems in post harvest practices. The
data were gathered from sixty-eight (68) respondents who were engaged in rice production for at
least five years. Survey questionnaire, supplemented with personal interview and actual
observation was used to gather information.
As to the findings, majority of the respondents were males, were married and belonged to
middle ages. They cultivated an area of 1.0 – 1.99 hectares. Traditional practices were used in
producing rice. Mechanical threshing was usually practiced than manual threshing. Harvested
palay were dried along the road for two – three days. The dried palay were stored and piled in
their residential house. Mechanized milling was being practiced and transports their product
through the use of four wheel vehicle. Dried palay were sold on a whole sale basis to local
buying station.
Moreover, post harvest problems in rice were lack of threshing machine, occurrence of
typhoon during harvest, stored palay was attacked by rodents, milling machine had no stoner,
poor road condition, and buyers buy their product at a low price.
Measures undertaken to counter the problems encountered by the rice farmers were
through the use of improvised wooden rock, dry their palay inside the granary especially during
wet season, used of rat poison and use of improvised carts pulled by draft animals.
Based on the result of the study, the following recommendations were made: The
respondents should be organized to cater to the needs on post harvest facility problems and they
should attend trainings to update their knowledge on post harvest technologies.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . iii
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Statement of the Problem.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Importance of the Study…………………………………………………… 2
Scope and Limitation……………………………………………………… 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………...………………………………...... 3
Harvesting…………………………………………………………………. 3
Post Harvest Handling and
Practices …….…………………………………………………..……....... 3
Threshing…………………………………………………………………. 4
Drying……………………………………………………………………. 4
Milling…………………………………………………………………… 5
Packaging…………………………………………………………………. 6
Storage……………………………………………………………………. 6
METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………. 7
Locale and time of the Study…………………………………………….. 7
Respondents of the Study………………………………………………… 7
Collection of Data………………………………………………………... 7
Research Instruments…………………………………………………….. 7
Data Analysis…………………………………………………………….. 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………. 9
General Information of the
Respondents……………………………………………………………… 9
Area for Rice Production………………………………………………… 11
Number of Years Engage in
Rice Production………………………………………………………….. 12
Rice Varieties Cultivated………………………………………………… 13
Reasons in Choosing the Variety………………………………………… 14
Posts Harvest practices as to
Harvesting………………………………………………………………... 15
Post Harvest Practices as to
Maturity Indexes…………………………………………………………. 15
Post Harvest Practices as to
Threshing ………………………………………………………………... 15
Number of Days in
Drying…………………………………………………………………….. 16
Post Harvest Practices as to
Drying Area………………………………………………………………. 17
Post Harvest Practices as to
Drying…………………………………………………………………… 17
Post Harvest Practices as to
Storage…………………………………………………………………… 18
Post Harvest Practices as to
Milling………………………………….………………………………… 19
Post Harvest Practices as to
Transporting ……………………………………………………………... 19
Post Harvest Practices as to
Marketing…………………………………………………………….…… 20
Post Harvest Practices as to
Threshing Problem……………………………….………………………... 21
Post Harvest Practices as to
Drying Problem…………………………………….……………………… 21
Post Harvest Practices as to
Storage Problem…………………………………………………………… 22
Post Harvest Practices as to
Milling Problem…………………………………………………………… 23
Post Harvest Practices as to
Transporting Problem……………………………………………………… 23
Post Harvest Practices as to
Marketing Problem………………………………………………………… 24
Measures Undertaken as to
Threshing Problems……………………………………………………….. 24
Measures Undertaken as to
Drying Problems…………………………………………………………… 24
Measures Undertaken as to
Storage Problem……………………......................................................... 26
Measures Undertaken as to
Milling Problem………………………………………………………….. 26
Measures Undertaken as to
Transporting Problem……………………………………………………. 27
Measures Undertaken as to
Marketing Problem………………………………………………………. 28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………….. 29
Summary…………………………………………………………………. 29
Conclusions………………………...…………………………………….. 30
Recommendations………………………………………………………... 31
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………... 32
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………. 33
A. Communication Letter………………………………………………… 33
B. Survey Questionnaire………………………………………………….. 34
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Rice
(Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of the Filipinos. It is a politically
sensitive commodity with which supply disruption causes people distress. The
Philippines consumes about 33,000 tons of rice daily. Approximately, 80% of the total
population spends almost 1/4 of their income on rice alone (Mears, 1974).
In barangay Pedlisan, Maddela, Quirino where rice is the major crop, post harvest
practices are usually observed just after the harvesting time from the month of October to
November and for the second crop harvesting from March to April. And since all people
in the community are engaged in agriculture, there is need to study and analyze their
ways of farming especially in the post harvest practices of their products which had been
handed down from generation to generation from their ancestors.
Statement of the Problem
Since all farmers in Pedlisan produce rice as their main crop, it is appropriate to
evaluate their post harvest practices and its effect on rice production. This study therefore
attempts to answer the following questions:
1. What are the post harvest practices employed by the rice farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting and marketing?;
2. What are the problems encountered by the rice farmers in relation to post
harvest practices as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting and marketing; and
3. What are the measures undertaken by the rice farmers to counter the problem
encountered in post harvest practices?
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
2
Objectives of the Study
Generally, the study aimed to assess the post harvest practices of rice farmers in
Pedlisan, Maddela, Quirino. In line with this general objective specific objectives were
the following to:
1. Identify the post harvest practices employed by the rice farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting and marketing;
2. Identify the problems encountered by the farmers in relation to post harvest;
and
3. Determine the measures undertaken by the rice farmers to counter the problem
encountered in post harvest practices.
Importance of the Study
The result of the study will help farmers not only in barangay Pedlisan but also in
the municipality of Maddela to become familiar with the different post harvest practices
of rice farmers. This study will also serve as the baseline information to the agriculturists,
farmers and students to adopt relevant strategies for better post harvest handling of rice.
Scope and Limitation
The study was limited only to the post harvest practice of rice farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Harvesting
Harvesting generally refers to all operations carried out in the field which include
cutting the rice stalk or reaping the panicles, either laying out the paddy -on –stalk or
stacking it to dry, and bundling for transport. Harvesting and its related handling
operations and processes should be understood to prevent considerable amount of post-
production losses. There is a positive relationship between the method of handling and
the degree of loss as shown by various study. Too much paddy handling creates a
problem both in quality and quantity.
Several methods of harvesting have evolved during the progress of rice
production. The most common among the developing countries are still the use of sickle
which is the traditional manual method (Naphire, 1997).
Post Harvest Handling Practices
Post harvest is a specific term used for the movement of commodities from
harvest to the time immediately prior to meal preparation which also include the
technological aspect of marketing and distribution, as cited by Equetan (2001). The
import consideration in post harvest handling and sorting the crops is to prolong the time
with in which the commodity would be used.
Salbino (1993) cited that in order to produce maximum yields or high milling
quality, rice should be harvested when moisture content of the grain standing rice has to
drop to 23% from 28%. In addition, proper harvesting and threshing should be done to
minimize field losses. Clean and dry grains to 14% moisture content or lower before
storage. For sun drying, spread palay on concrete pavement at 2-4 cm. thick and mix
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
4
every 30 minutes for uniform drying and to prevent over heating. This result to better
milling recovery. Use dryers if available for uniform and faster dying. For seed purposes,
palay should be dried lower than 14% moisture content (Gintong Ani, 1996).
Threshing
Harvested crops should be threshed soon; otherwise, the grain quality will
deteriorate with longer waiting between harvesting and threshing. Machine threshing is
normally done immediately after harvesting when the grain MC is 20 to 25 percent. If the
grain MC is < 20 percent or > 25 percent, grain damage will occur at machine threshing.
Hand threshing is normally done one to two days of field drying after harvest, when the
grains reach 20 percent MC. If the grain MC is > 25 percent, it will be difficult to thresh
and separate the grains from panicles by manual threshing (Fischer and Cordova, 1998).
Drying
Rice grains are dried to 14 percent MC before storage. Sun drying is the most
common method used by farmers in Asia. If properly done, the moisture will be reduced
from 20 to 14 percent in one day. Grain damage by rains, wind, or by birds is common in
open drying floors. Different types of dryers are available for drying wet rice: low cost
in-store dryer (SRR) (1-2 tonnes/60-70 h), flat bed dryer (4-6 tonnes/8 h), columnar batch
recilculating dryer (1-2 tonnes/6-8 h), etc. The grain quality is good and the germination
percent is high with machine-dried rice (Andales et al., 1996).
Ardullo (1976) stated that majority of the farmers rely on sun drying of threshed
paddy. The process is normally cheaper than artificial drying and requires no special
skills. Essentially, it is a natural method of drying since it relies mainly on solar energy
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
5
and natural air movement. It is different from natural field drying since conventional sun
drying involves drying of threshed grains and requires a dying floor and occasional
mixing or turning of the grain to avoid un even drying or subjecting the grain to excessive
temperature which include cracking or fissuring.
Milling
The “kiskisan” is popularly and widely used in rural areas because of its
availability, low capital outlay and its low volume requirement for milling and production
of rice bran (Ilayat, 2004).
Packaging
Andales (1996) as cited by Martin (2006) stated that in small-scale production and
processing, field-threshed and partially cleaned paddy is bagged in jute or propylene
sacks for handling purposes in transporting paddy from the field to the roadside or to the
house. The weight of each bag ranges from 30 to 100 kg depending upon the trading
practice in the locality or country.
In large-scale and mechanized rice production operations where the combine is
used, the paddy is not packaged but instead delivered in bulk to the rice mill or drying
compound. From the combine hopper, paddy is transferred by means of an auger
conveyor to a waiting lorry or wagon at the roadside or alongside the combine depending
upon the traffic ability of the field.
Milled rice, the final product for marketing, is packaged in polyethylene,
propylene or jute sacks in weights ranging from 1 kg to 1000 kg depending upon whether
the market is for retail or wholesale or for export. Higher quality rice normally retailed in
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
6
specialty groceries and in supermarkets is packed in attractively labeled packages made
of polyethylene, propylene, jute and paper bags or cardboard boxes. Brown rice, which
has a special market, is packed in sealed polyethylene bag inside the cardboard box or the
outer bag. This is to increase the shelf life of the grain, which is prone to rapid rancidity
due to the free fatty acid in the bran.
Rice is retailed in small village stores and displayed in their original large sized
sacks or in wooden bins and labeled as to variety and price per unit weight or volume as
may be required by law in some developing countries. In this case, purchased rice is
weighed or measured and packed in plastic bags or other container brought in by the
customer.
Storage
Farmers store their paddy in traditional and non-traditional structures primarily
for food security until the next harvest. Also, as a source of cash during emergencies, for
seeds, for future increase in price of paddy during the lean months, and for anticipated
future festivities. Paddy retained for storage is sun-dried several times and cleaned before
loading to the storage containers. Although farmers do not have moisture meters, they
know by experience the dryness of the grain appropriate for storage. Grain dryness is
determined by pressing hard a bunch of grains on the hand and/or biting several grains to
determine hardness. Usually, a fully dried grain is hard. Paddy is usually stored with 14
percent moisture content or lower. Storage containers are checked, cleaned and repaired
if necessary, before loading the grain. Paddy is stored until the next harvest season or for
6-12 months (Lantin, 1994).
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
7
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Pedlisan is a major producer of rice and is one of the 32 barangays of Maddela, a
first class municipality in the province of Quirino. It is a land locked agricultural-based
community located 6 kilometers away from the municipal market.
On the other hand, the study was conducted from December to January 2011.
Respondents of the Study
Sixty eight (68) farmers who are engaged in rice production for the last five years
were the respondents of the study. Random sampling was used to identify the respondents
from the five (5) sitios of barangay Pedlisan.
Collection of Data
The researcher administered the survey to the respondents. For respondents with
higher educational attainment, the questionnaire was given for them to accomplish. On
the other hand, the questionnaire served as interview guide for “no read, no write”
respondents.
Research Instruments
The researcher used survey questionnaire in collecting the needed data. Personal
interview and observation were used to supplement the information.
Data Analysis
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
8
The data collected was tabulated and consolidated. Percentage, frequency
distribution were utilized in the descriptive presentation of the general information
derived.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
9
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This portion of the study answers the following specific problems:
1.What are the post harvest practices employed by the rice farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting, and marketing?
2. What are the problems encountered by the rice framers in relation to post
harvest practices as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting, and marketing
3. What are the measures undertaken by the rice farmers to counter the problems
encountered in post harvest practices?
General Information of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the general information of the respondents which includes gender;
civil status; ethnic affiliation and educational attainment.
Gender. Among the 68 respondents, 67.76% of them were males and 38.24%
were females who are engaged in rice production for the last five years.
Age. As shown in Table 1, 19.12% of the respondents belonged to age bracket of
41 to 45 and from 46 to 50 years old; 13.24% belonged to 56-60 years old; 11.76% from
age bracket of 36-40 years old; 10.29% from age bracket 26-30; 8.82% from 31-35 and
61 and above years old; 7.35% from 51-55 years old; and 1.47% from 21-25 years old.
This implies that rice farmers of Pedlisan, Maddela, Quirino belongs to middle age.
Civil Status. Majority of the respondents (80.88%) were married; 10.29% were
single; and 8.82% were widow. This finding indicates that majority of the respondents
were married and with family to support.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
10
Table 1. General information of the respondents
PROFILE FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Gender
Male
42
61.76
Female
26
38.24
TOTAL 68
100.00
Age Bracket
21 – 25
1
1.47
26 - 30
7
10.29
31 - 35
6
8.82
36 - 40
8
11.76
41 - 45
13
19.12
46 - 50
13
19.12
51 - 55
5
7.35
56 - 60
9
13.24
61 & above
6
8.82
TOTAL 68
100.00
Civil Status
Single
7
10.29
Married
55
80.88
Widow
6
8.82
TOTAL 68
100.00
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
11
Table 1 Continued. . . .
PROFILE FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Ethnic Affiliation
Applai
64
94.12
Ilocano
2
2.94
Ifugao
2
2.94
TOTAL 68
100.00
Educational Attainment
Elementary
20
29.41
undergraduate
Elementary graduate
9
13.24
High School
18 26.47
Undergraduate
High School
9 13.24
Graduate
College
8 11.76
Undergraduate
College Graduate
4
5.88
TOTAL 68
100.00
Ethnic affiliation. Most (94.12%) of the respondents were Applai from Mountain
Province, 2.94% were Ilocano and another 2.94% were Ifugao. This implies that most of
the farmers from the area were Applai from Mountain Province due to migration.
The Applai are indigenous people of the western Mountain Province which is
composed of the municipalities of Besao, Sagada and parts of Sabangan, Bauko and
Tadian. The word Applai is a term popularly used by the Mountain Provinces Easterners
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
12
to refer to the Mt. Province Westerners, in the same manner that the Easterners are called
"I-lagod."The word Applais are sometimes referred to as "kankanaeys" of Mountain
Provinces because of some similarities. Noting however, the difference in culture from
Benguet Kankanaeys, especially in ritual observance, then Congressman Alfredo Lam-
En, himself an Applai, had the "Applai" accredited as a separate tribe. (http://library.think
quest.org/C003235/applai:html)
Educational Attainment. Twenty (20) or 29.41% of the respondents were
Elementary undergraduate; nine (9) or 13.24% were Elementary graduate; eighteen (18)
or 26.47 % were High School Undergraduate; nine (9) or 13.24% were High School
graduate; eight (8) or College Undergraduate; and four or 5.88% were College graduate.
Area for Rice Production
Table 2 shows that 54.41 % of the respondents cultivated 1.0 – 1.99 hectares;
22.06 % cultivated 2.0 – 2.99 hectares; 19.12 % of the respondents cultivated less than a
hectare; and 4.41 % cultivated 3.0 and above hectares of land.
Number of Years Engaged in
Rice Production
Table 3 shows that more than 33.82 % of the respondents were engaged in rice
production for 11-15 years; 27.94% for 21 and above; 16.18 % from the respondents
were engaged in rice production for 16-20 years; 14.71 % from 1-5 years; and 7.35 % of
the respondents were engaged in rice production for 6-10 years.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
13
Table 2. Area for rice production
AREA FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
less than one
13
19.12
1.0 -1.99
37
54.41
2.0 - 2.99
15
22.06
3.0 and above
3
4.41
TOTAL 68
100.00
Table 3. Number of years engaged in rice production
NUMBER OF YEARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
1-5 years
10
14.71
6-10 years
5
7.35
11-15 years
23
33.82
16-20 years
11
16.18
above 21
19
27.94
TOTAL 68
100.00
Rice Varieties Cultivated
Table 4 shows the rice varieties cultivated by the respondents which includes the
following: C-1, C-18, PG7, Jasmine, 82, 92, INSIC-160, and INSIC-156. Majority
(57.35) percent of the respondents cultivated C-18 variety; 45.59 percent cultivated 82
variety; 19.12 for INSIC-160; 11.76 for C-1 variety; 8.82 percent cultivated Jasmine
variety; 5.88 percent for PG-7 variety; and 4.41 percent cultivated INSIC-156 variety.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
14
Reasons in Choosing the Variety
Table 5 shows the reasons of the respondents in choosing the variety of rice they
cultivated.83.82% choose the variety because it is good quality (aroma and taste);
30.88% because it is available and because it is high yielding variety; 5.88% for cheaper
in price; and 1.47% choose the variety because it was a good milling recovery.
Table 4. Rice variety cultivated
VARIETY FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
C-1 8
11.76
C-18 39
57.35
PG-7
4
5.88
Jasmine
6
8.82
82 31
45.59
92 7
10.29
INSIC-160 13
19.12
INSIC-156
3
4.41
*multiple response
Table 5. Reasons in choosing the variety
REASON
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
It is available
21
30.88
High yielding variety
21
30.88
Good quality (aroma and
taste)
57
83.82
cheaper in price
4
5.88
good milling recovery
1
1.47
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
15
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Harvesting
All of the respondents used sickle in harvesting their palay. This implies that the
respondents did not use transverse- bladed knife in harvesting their palay because it was
time consuming and they did not use mechanized harvester (tractor) because they cannot
afford with the high cost of the technology.
As corroborated by De Datta (1981) several methods of harvesting have evolved
during the progress of rice production. The most common among the developing
countries are still the use of sickle which is the traditional manual method in long stalk
cutting of rice.
Post Harvest Practices as to
Maturity Indexes
Table 6 shows that 66.18% of the respondents determined maturity by looking at
its appearance; 57.35 % determine maturity by looking at its color. Leaves and rice grain
are golden yellow in color. 23.53 % determined maturity by counting the number of days.
Counting the number of days was usually done from planting until harvesting time and
usually an average of 125 days for the “biit rice” to 185 days for the “bayag rice”.
Another determined maturity index by computation as claimed by 2.94% of the
respondents and 1.47% determined maturity by doing the sampling method. This implies
that majority of the respondents determined maturity index by looking at its appearance.
Post harvest Practices as to Threshing
Table 7 shows that 98.53 % of the respondents practiced the used of mechanical
threshing and 17% used manual threshing such as improvised wooden rock/ mortar and
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
16
pestle. This implies that used of mechanical threshing can make their work easier,
reduced grain losses and reduced labor requirement rather than the used of manual
threshing.
Number of Days in Drying
All of the respondents claimed that they dried their palay for a period of one to
three days.
Table 6. Maturity indexes
MATURITY INDEXES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
By counting the no. of days
16
23.53
By looking at its color
39
57.35
By sampling
1
1.47
By looking at its appearance
45
66.18
By computation
2
2.94
*multiple response
Table 7. Post harvest practices as to threshing
THRESHING PRACTICES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Mechanical threshing
67
98.53
Manual threshing using
improvised wooden/metal
17 25.00
rock
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Drying Area
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
17
Table 8 shows that majority (79.41%) of the respondents spread their palay along
the road as their drying area; 41.18% utilize the public area (school playground,
basketball court); 23.53% of the respondents dried their grains on privately owned drying
pavement; and 5.88% used the black net / tarpaulin for drying. This shows that majority
of the respondents were drying their rice grains along the road. This is because the palay
can be easily dried and convenient to use.
Post Harvest Practices as to Drying
As shown in Table 9, most (98.53%) of the farmers rely on traditional/ sun
drying as method of drying their rice grains. Field drying method was practiced by 8.82%
of the respondents. Another 1.47 % from the respondents practiced shade drying
particularly for grains intended for seeds. This implies that most of the respondents
practiced traditional sun drying method in drying their rice grain.
As stated by Ardullo et al (1976), sun drying is normally cheaper than artificial
drying and requires no special skills. Essentially, it is a natural method of drying since it
relies mainly on solar energy and natural air movement. It is different from natural field
drying since conventional sun drying involves drying of threshed grains and requires a
drying floor and occasional mixing of the grain to avoid uneven drying or subjecting the
grain to excessive temperatures which induce cracking or fissuring.
Table 8. Post harvest practices as to drying area
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
18
DRYING AREA
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Spread along the road
54
79.41
Dry on privately owned
drying area
16 23.53
Dry on public area (school
playground, basketball
court)
28 41.18
Net
4
5.88
*multiple response
Table 9. Post harvest practices as to drying
DRYING PRACTICES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Traditional/sun drying
67
98.53
Shade drying
1
1.47
Field drying
6
8.82
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Storage
The data revealed (Table 10) that 42 or 61.76 % of the respondents piled the palay
in sacks one side of their room as their storage practices; 14 or 20.59% piled the sacks
inside the rice granary; 10 or 14.71% piled the palay sacks in open sheds near drying
pavement; 8 or 11.76 % piled their palay beside the road; and 1 or 1.47 % stored their
palay in the milling station.
Table 10. Post harvest practices as to storage
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
19
STORAGE PRACTICES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Place in sacks and pile one
side/room of the residential
42 61.76
Place in sacks and pile
inside barn (kamarin)
14 20.59
Pile in sheds near drying
pavement
10 14.71
Pile beside the road
8
11.76
Store in the milling station
1
1.47
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Milling
All of the respondents used mechanized rice mill “kiskisan” in milling their palay.
This implies that manual milling using hammer beam pounder or mortar and pestle is not
being practiced by rice farmers. As corroborated by Ilayat (2004, the “kiskisan” is
popularly and widely used in rural areas because of its availability, low capital outlay,
and its low paddy volume requirement for milling and production of rice bran.
Post Harvest Practices as to
Transporting
Table 11 shows that 61.76 %of the respondents used improvised cart pulled by
draft animals as their means of transporting palay; 55.88%used four wheeled vehicle
(jeepney, elf truck, etc.) as the means of transportation; 20.59% used tricycle as their
transportation; and 5.88% of the respondents used of human power. This implies that
majority of the respondents used improvised carts pulled by draft animals as means of
transportation.
Table 11. Post harvest practices as to transporting
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
20
TRANSPORTING
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
PRACTICES
Use of improvised cart
pulled by draft animals
42 61.76
Use of tricycle
14
20.59
Use of four wheel vehicle
(jeepneys, elf truck, etc.)
38 55.88
Use of human power
4
5.88
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Marketing
Table 12 shows the marketing practices of rice farmers which include marketing
practices as to bulk, location, and moisture content.
Mode of Selling. Majority of the respondents (79.41%) practiced whole sale in
marketing their palay; (17.65 %) for wholesale- retail; and (8.82%) practiced retail in
marketing their palay.
As to Location. Majority (69.12%) of the respondents sold their palay to local
buying station; 27.94% brought their palay to municipal buying station; and 10.29%
marketed their palay on-farm.
As to Moisture Content. Most (91.18%) of the respondents market their palay on
dry weight and 35.29% sold it fresh.
Table 12. Post harvest practices as to marketing
MARKETING
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
PRACTICES
MODE OF SELLING
Wholesale
54
79.41
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
21
Retail
6
8.82
Wholesale-retail
12
17.65
AS TO LOCATION
Farm gate/on-farm
7
10.29
Bring to local buying
station
47
69.12
Bring to municipal
buying station
19
27.94
MOISTURE CONTENT
Dry
62
91.18
Fresh
24
35.29
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Threshing Problems
Table 13 shows that 27.94% of the respondents had no thresher; and 2.94% of the
respondents had lack of laborers.
Post Harvest Practices as to
Drying Problems
Table 14 shows that 66.18 percent of the respondents had a drying problem of
occurrence of typhoon during harvest; 25 percent for non- availability of drying
pavement; 10.29 percent for non- availability of drying machines; and 4 .41 percent of
the respondents problem on labor. This indicates that occurrence of typhoon during
harvest was the major problem of the respondents.
Post Harvest Practices as to
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
22
Storage Problems
Table 15 indicates that 34 or 50 % of the respondents had problem on storage due
to rodents; 21 or 30.88 % are due to weevil; and 14 or 20.59 % of the respondents had
problem on chicken and birds.
Table 13. Post harvest practices as to threshing problem
THRESHING PROBLEM
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Lack of threshing machine
19 27.94
Lack of workers
2
2.94
*multiple response
Table 14. Post harvest practices as to drying problems
DRYING PROBLEM
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Lack of pavement/road
17
25.00
Occurrence of typhoon
during harvest
45 66.18
Lack of drying machines
7 10.29
Lack of workers
3
4.41
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Milling Problems
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
23
Milling problem was due to the rice milling station that had no stoner as claimed
by 16.18 % of the respondents and 10.29 % for non- availability of rice milling station as
shown in Table 16.
Post Harvest Practices as to
Transporting Problems
Table 17 shows that 16 or 23.53 percent of the respondents had transportation
problem due to poor road condition; 14 or 20.59 percent for non- availability of vehicles;
and 5 or 7.35 of the respondents transporting problem on expensive hauling fees. This
indicates that their main problem in transporting their produced was due to poor road
condition.
Table 15. Post harvest practices as to storage problems
STORAGE PROBLEM
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Attack by rodents
34
50.00
Attack by chicken and birds
14
20.59
Attack by weevil
21
30.88
*multiple response
Table 16. Post harvest practices as to milling problem
MILLING PROBLEM
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Lack of milling station
7 10.29
The milling machine has no
11 16.18
stoner
*multiple response
Table 17. Post harvest practices as to transporting problems
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
24
TRANSPORTING
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
PROBLEM
Lack of vehicles
14 20.59
Poor road condition
16
23.53
Expensive hauling fees
5
7.35
*multiple response
Post Harvest Practices as to
Marketing Problems
All of the respondents claimed that marketing was a problem that the buyers
bought the palay/rice at a low price during harvesting.
Measures Undertaken as to Threshing
Table 18 shows that 65.18 % or majority had no possible solution undertaken to
solve their problem on non-availability of threshing machine and 41.18 % claimed that
they used improvised wooden rock as their measures to solve their problem.
Measures Undertaken as to Drying
As shown in Table 19 were the measures undertaken by the respondents on their
drying problem. This includes non-availability of solar drying pavement, occurrence of
typhoon during harvest and non-availability of drying machines.
Lack of Pavement. Majority (61.76%) dried their palay inside the rice granary and
38.24% of the respondents used black net and tarpaulin to dry their palay. This implies
that majority of the respondents, dried their palay inside the rice granary as possible
measures undertaken to solve their problem on non-availability of drying pavement
especially during wet season.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
25
Occurrence
of
Typhoon during Harvest. All of the respondents claimed that they
had no measures to undertake when typhoon occur during harvest time.
Lack of Drying Machines. All of the respondents had no drying machines and
they had no mechanical innovations to solve the problem.
Table 18. Measures undertaken as to threshing
MEASURES FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Non-Availability of
Threshing Machine
Use of improvised
wooden rock
28
41.18
None
45
66.18
*multiple response
Table 19. Measures undertaken as to drying
MEASURES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
LACK
PAVEMENT/ROAD
Use of black net and
tarpaulin to dry palay
26
38.24
Dry inside the barn
42
61.76
TOTAL
68
100
Measures Undertaken as to Storage
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
26
Table 20 shows the different measures undertaken by the rice farmers as to
storage problem. This includes the following: attacked by rodents, attacked by chicken
and birds, and attacked by weevil.
Attacked by Rodents. Majority (61.76%) of the respondents claimed that they
were using rat poison; (32.35%) of the respondents had no measures undertaken as to
storage problem on attacked by rodents; and (5.88%) were using bio - control by cat
rearing as their measures undertaken to solve their storage problem on rodents.
Attacked by Chicken and Birds. As to the problem, attacked by chicken and birds,
82.35 percents of the respondents used black net/ tarpaulin to cover their palay; and 17.65
percent had none measure undertaken in solving their problem.
Attacked by Weevil. Majority of the respondents (66.18%) dried their palay again
or used solar radiations to control the attacked of rice weevil and (32.82%) do not use any
measures to counter their problem.
Measures Undertaken as to Milling
There were no measures that the respondents undertake in their problem as
milling is concerned. This shows that all of the respondents had no innovative measures
in solving the non-availability of milling station in their barangay. Another problem that
they could not solve was the non-availability of stoner in the rice milling machine.
Table 20. Measures undertaken as to storage
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
27
MEASURES FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
ATTACKED BY
RODENTS
Use rat poison
42
61.76
Cats rearing
4
5.88
None
22
32.35
TOTAL 68
100
ATTACKED BY
CHICKEN AND BIRDS
Use of net to cover
their palay
56
82.35
None
12
17.65
TOTAL 68
100
ATTACKED BY WEEVIL
None
23
33.82
Dry again the palay at
45
66.18
least once
TOTAL 68
100
Measures Undertaken as to
Transporting Problem
Table 21 shows the different transporting measures that the respondents
undertaken to solve their transporting problem. This includes the following: non-
availability of vehicles, and poor road condition.
Lack of Vehicles
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
28
All of the respondents used improvised carts pulled by draft animals as their
measure when vehicles were not available and used human power as a means
transportation when vehicles are not available. They had no measures undertaken as poor
road condition problem was concerned.
Measures Undertaken as to
Marketing Problems
As to the measures undertaken in marketing problem was concerned. All of the
respondents claimed that they just sold their palay to middlemen even if they bought it at
the lowest price.
Table 21. Measures undertaken as to transporting
MEASURES FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
LACK OF VEHICLES
Use of improvise
carts pulled by draft
animals
68
100
Use of human power
32
47.06
POOR ROAD
CONDITION
None
68 100
TOTAL
68 100
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
29
SUMMARY, RESULTS AND RECCOMENDATIONS
Summary
The study on assessment of post harvest practices of rice framers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino was conducted to identify the post harvest practices employed by the
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
30
rice farmers, to identify the problems encountered by the rice farmers in relation to post
harvest practices as to threshing, drying, storing, milling, transporting, and marketing and
to determine the measures undertaken by the rice farmers to counter the problems
encountered in post harvest practices.
It was conducted from December 2010 to January 2011 with the used of survey
questionnaires and supplemented with personal interview. The data gathered were
tabulated and analyzed through percentage, frequency and weighted mean.
Sixty-eight
respondents
were interviewed. Majority of them were males, married
and have families to support, they belonged to middle age and most of them were
undergraduate. Majority of them cultivated an area of 1.0-1.99 hectares of land for 21
years and above. Specific rice variety cultivated is C-18 because of its good quality based
on aroma and taste.
As to the findings on post harvest practices, majority of the respondents used
sickle in harvesting their palay and they determine maturity index by looking at its
appearance and its color. Mechanical threshing was the usual practice than manual
threshing. Harvested palay were spread and dried along the road through sun drying
method for about 2-3 days. The dried palay were placed in sacks and stored on the
residential houses. Mechanized milling was practice and they transported their product
through the used of four wheeled vehicles. They sold the palay through whole sale
marketing directed to local buying station. The palay should be fully dried.
Moreover, post harvest problems in rice were non-availability of threshing
machine, occurrence of typhoon during harvest, rodents problem during storage, milling
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
31
machine had no stoner, poor road condition, and buyers bought their product at a low
price.
Measures undertaken by the rice farmers were through the used of improvised
wooden rock, dried their palay inside the granary especially during wet season, used of
rat poison and used of improvised carts pulled by draft animals.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were made:
1. Post harvest practices of the respondents are; the use of sickle in harvesting,
maturity index is used by looking at its appearance and color, used mechanical threshing,
harvested palay are dried along the road for about 2-3 days, dried palay are stored in
sacks and piled one side of their houses, mechanized milling is practiced and they
transport their product through the use of four wheeled vehicles.
2. Dried palay are sold on whole sale marketing and marketed to local buying
station.
3. Post harvest problems in rice are lack of threshing machine, occurrence of
typhoon during harvest, stored palay are attacked by rodents, milling machine had no
stoner, poor road condition, and buyers buy their product at a low price.
4. Measures undertaken to solve the problems encountered are; use of improvised
wooden rock, dry palay inside the granary, use of rat poison and use of improvised carts
pulled by draft animals.
Recommendations
Based on the result of the study, the following recommendations were made:
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
32
1. The rice farmers should be organized to cater the needs on post harvest facility
problems like threshing/drying machine, storage house (granary) and transport facilities.
2. Farmers should attend trainings to update their knowledge on technologies in
post harvest and rice production practices.
LITERATURE CITED
ANDALES, S.C., J.S. FALLA and D.A. CAPARINO. 1996. Post Harvest Components
of Grain Production Enhancement Program.
ANONYMOUS. Undated. Indigenous People. Retrieved March 5, 2011 from
http://library.think quest.org/C003235/applai:html
De DATTA, S.K. 1981. Principles and Practices of Rice Production.
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
33
EQUETAN, J.T. 1997. Varietal Evaluation of Rice Under Cabitin, Mankayan Benguet.
B.S. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
FISCHER, K. S. and CORDOVA, V.G. 1998. Impact of IRRI on Rice Science and
Production. Pp. 27-50.
ILAYAT. 2004. Rice Post Harvest Practices
LANTIN, R. 1994. Post Harvest Operation. International Rice Research Institute,
Philippines. From http://www.fao.org/inpho/content/compend/text/ch10-01.htm.
MARTIN, Y.L. 2006. Assessment of Post Harvest Practices in Rice Production in
Pampang, Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
MEARS, L.A., 1974. Rice Consumption Characteristics In Economy of the Philippines
UP Press. Page 46.
SALBINO, A.T. Jr. 1997. Varietal Evaluation of High Yielding varieties of Rice in
Antadao, Sagada, Mt. Province. B. S. Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad Benguet.
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Communication
Republic of the Philippines
Benguet State University
College Of Agriculture
La Trinidad, Benguet
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
34
Dear Respondents,
Allow me to introduce myself. I am FRANCISCA D. KAWI, a fourth year
student of Benguet State University (BSU). I am conducting a study entitled “AN
ASSESMENT OF POST HARVEST PRACTICES OF RICE FARMERS IN
PEDLISAN, MADDELA, QUIRINO.” This major course is a requirement of Bachelor of
Science in Agriculture.
The success of this study relies on how honestly you will answer the
questionnaire. Your valued cooperation is highly appreciated rest assured that your
answers will be kept confidential.
Thank you very much for your cooperation more power, and may the Lord bless
you.
Truly
yours,
FRANCISCA D. KAWI
Researcher
Appendix B
Survey Questionnaire
I. General Information
1. Respondents name: ________________________________________
2. Gender:
___male ___female
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
35
3. Age: ___________
4. Civil Status:
___single
___married
___widow/er
5. Home Address (place of Origin):_______________________________
6. Ethnic Affiliation: ___________________________________________
7. Educational Attainment:
___elementary
undergraduate
___elementary
graduate
___high
school
undergraduate
___high
school
graduate
___college
undergraduate
___college
graduate
___others,
pls.
specify______________________
II. FARMING STATUS
1. Farming status (area intended for rice cultivation)
___0.1-
0.99
hectare
___1.0 – 1.99 hectares
___2.0 – 2.99 hectare
___3.0 – 3.99 hectare
___others,
pls.
specify_______________________
2. Number of years engaged in rice production
___1-5
years
___6-10
years
___11-15
years
___16-20
years
___above
21
years
3. What specific variety of rice do you plant?
___C1
___C18
___Sinandomeng
___Bordagol
___Jasmine
___others,
specify_________________________
4. What is your reason in choosing the variety?
___it
is
available
___high
yielding
variety
___good quality based on aroma and taste
___cheaper
in
price
___others,
specify________________________
III. POSTHARVEST PRACTICES
A. HARVESTING
1. What method of harvesting do you use?
___sickle
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
36
___transverse-bladed
knife
___mechanized
harvester
(tractor)
___others,
specify________________________
B. THRESHING
1. What procedure in maturity indexes do you used before harvesting?
___by counting the no. of days
___by looking at its color
___by
sampling
___by looking at its appearance
___by
computation
2. Do you thresh your palay?
___yes
___no
3. What method do you practice in threshing your palay?
___mechanical
threshing
___manual threshing using improvised wooden/metal rock
C. DRYING
1. Do you dry your palay?
___yes
___no
2. If yes, where do you dry your palay?
___spread along the road
___dry on privately owned drying area
___dry on public area (school playground, basketball court)
___net/
tarpaulin
___spread on top of concrete building
3. What method do you adopt in drying?
___traditional/
sun
drying
method
___shade
drying
___field
drying
___others,
specify
4. How many days do you dry your palay?
___1-3
days
___4-6
days
___7-9
days
D. STORAGE/ STORING
1. Do you store your palay?
___yes ___no
2. If yes, how do you store your palay?
___place in sacks and pile inside the rice granary (kamarin)
___place in sacks and pile one side/room of the residential
___pile in sheds near drying pavement
___pile beside the road
E. MILLING
1. Do you mill your palay?
___yes
___no
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
37
2. If yes, how do you mill your palay?
___mechanized
milling
___manually using mortar and pestle
F. TRANSPORTING
1. Do you use transportation from farm to drying area?
___yes ___no
2. If yes, what type of transportation do you use?
___use of improvised cart pulled by draft animals
___use
of
tricycle
___use of four wheel vehicle (jeepney, elf truck, etc.)
3. If no, what do you usually practice?
___use of human power
___dry in the farm
___others, specify_________________________________
G. MARKETING
1. What are the marketing practices as to bulk?
___wholesale
___retail
___wholesale-retail
2. What are the marketing practices as to location?
___farm
gate/on-farm
___bring to local buying station
___bring
to
municipal buying station
___bring to national buying station
IV. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
A. Threshing problem
___lack of threshing machine
___others,
specify______________________________________
B. Drying problem
___lack
of
pavement/road
___occurrence of typhoon during harvest
___lack
of
pavement/road
___lack of drying machines
___others,
specify______________________________________
C. Storage problem
___attack
by
rodents
___attack by chicken and birds
___attack
by
weevil
___theft and pilferage in the barn
___others,
specify______________________________________
D. Milling Problem
___lack of milling station
___the milling machine has no stoner
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
38
___others,
specify______________________________________
E. Transporting Problems
___lack
of
vehicles
___poor
road
condition
___others,
specify______________________________________
F. Marketing Problems
___buyers buy the palay/ rice in cheaper price
___others,
specify______________________________________
V. What are the measures undertaken by the rice farmers to solve the problem
encountered in post harvest practices?
PROBLEMS MEASURES
A. THRESHING
1. lack of threshing machine
B. DRYING
1.lack of pavement/road
2.occurrence of typhoon during
harvest
3.lack of pavement/road
C. STORAGE/STORING
1. attack by rodents
2. attack by chicken and birds
3. attack by weevil
4. theft and pilferage in the granary
D. MILLING
1. lack of milling station
2. the milling machine has no stoner
E. TRANSPORTING
1. lack of vehicles
2. poor road condition
F. MARKETING
1. buyers buy the palay/ rice in
cheaper price
Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,
Maddela, Quirino / Francisca D. Kawi 2011
Document Outline
- Post Harvest Practices of Rice Farmers in Pedlisan,Maddela, Quirino
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, RESULTS AND RECCOMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES