BIBLIOGRAPHY RANDY B. AGSALOG, ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012. Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid
Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Hilario C. Perez, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to assess the cultural management practices of hybrid ricr
in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela. Specifically to determine the socio-economic profile of the
respondents, the cultural management practices on hybrid rice production, and the
problems encountered in hybrid rice production. A survey questionnaire, supplemented
with personal interview and actual observation was used to gather information. Thirty rice
farmers served as respondents of the study.
The profile of the respondents showed that most of them were middle aged. Most
of them were males and only a few were single. Most of them had no formal schooling,
had an average of five with of children and farming 1 to 5 years. Majority of them owned
the land they are farming and cultivated less than one hectare.
All of the respondents cultivated the hybrid rice varieties and follow the cultural
management practices. All the farm activities from land preparation to harvesting are done
by purely through manual labor, except for land preparation where few farmers use a
tractor.
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
The production problems encountered by indentified on Golden kuhol, Rats and
Birds, Typhoon, Pest and Disease and weed control. The farmers were used chemicals for
the indentified problems in hybrid rice production.
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-economic Profile
Table 1 presents the socio-economic profile of the respondents. This includes their
age, civil status, sex, educational attainment, occupation, monthly income, farm size and
the number of years in farming.
Age As shown in table 1, forty percent (40%) of the respondents belong to the age
group of 39 to 48 years old. This was followed by 6 respondents or 20% within the age
bracket of 19-28 years old; 5 or 29% between 29-38 years old, 4 or 13% with age between
49-58 years old. The findings indicate that majority of the respondents were middle aged.
Civil Status Of the thirty respondents, 26 or 87% were married while 4 or 13 %
were single.
Sex Majority of the respondents were males with 25 0r 83% while only 5 or 17%
were females. The data indicates that more males were involved in hybrid rice production.
However, the woman also played a major role in agriculture activities.
Religion With regards to the religion, most of the respondents are Roman Catholics
(70%), the Pentecostal (20%) and the rest were Pagans. This indicate that the most of the
respondents are Christians
Educational Attainment Literacy among the respondents was high with 15 or 50%
finished elementary while 6 or 20% high school and 2 0r 7% with college degrees. Results
also relieved that only 7% were elementary dropouts.
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Table 1. Socio-economic profile of the respondents
________________________________________________________________________
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Age
19-28
6
20
29-38
5
17
39-48
12
40
49-58
4
13
59-68
1
3
69 and above
2
7
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Number of Respondents, The data shows that 15 or 50% of the respondents have
more than 5 dependents. This was followed by 6 or 20% with 1 to 2 dependents and 2 or
10% with 2 to 3 dependents. This indicates that the respondents were medium households.
Other Source of income, Aside from farming the respondents were also engaged in
other activities where they derive additional income. Sixty percent were engaged in daily
wage and 40% Backyard livestock production such as raising swine and other animals,
Farm Size, Among the respondents, 18 or 60% cultivated less than a hectare while
11 or 37% cultivated between 1-2 hectares and only 1of the respondent cultivated an area
of 3-4 hectares (Table 1).
Number of years in farming, The table shows the farming experience of the
respondents. The results show that 11 or 37% had 1-5 years experience in farming. This
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
was followed by 9% with more than 20 years in farming and 7 or 23% with 16-20 years in
farming. The results indicate that the respondents were experienced farmers.
Table 1. Continued…………
Sex
Female
25
83
Male
5
17
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Civil Status
Married
26
87
Single
5
13
______________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Religion
Roman Catholics
20
70
Pentecostal
8
25
Pagan
2
5
TOTAL
50
100
Educational Attainment
Elementary
15
50
High school
6
20
College
2
7
Elementary dropouts
7
23
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Table 1 Continued………..
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Number of dependents
1-2
6
20
3-4
4
13
5 and above
20
67
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Other Source of Income
Daily Wage
20
60
Backyard Production
10
40
TOTAL
30
100
Farm size
Less than 1 hectare
18
60
1-2 hectare
11
37
3-3 hectare
1
3
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Number of Years in Farming
1-5 years
11
37
5-10 years
1
3
11-15 years
2
7
16-20 years
7
23
Over 21 years
9
30
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Cultural Management Practices
Land preparation
Table 2 shows the method of land preparation used by the respondents. Sixty
percent (60%) of the respondent cultivated their land with the use of carabao. Land
preparation is usually done by the men with the use of carabao while 18% used the tractor
method. The data indicates that manual labor was widely used due to more expenses than
by using the tractor method. As cited by Moody (1977) and IRRI (1991) used biomass and
grain yields were not significantly reduced used of biomass and increased grain yield.
Varieties of hybrid rice
Table 3 shows the varieties of hybrid rice. Eighteen or 54% cultivated the SLH8
hybrid rice, while eight or 29%. MS8 and only four or 17% are planting Bigante hybrid
rice. The result indicates that the most popular hybrid rice variety is SLH8, because SLH8
demands higher price in the market and it produces better yield varieties. As cited by
Vergara (1992) modern varieties have better yield potential than traditional varieties even
under the least conditions. The use of fertilizer and improve farming practices will increase
grain yield more in modern varieties than the traditional ones.
Method of Growing Seedlings
The method used in growing hybrid rice seedling is shown in Table 4. 20 or 52%
used the transplanting method, while 18 or 48% use direct seeding. The results indicate
that the most popular method used by the respondents is direct seedling method because it
is the easiest method to plant rice and it involves lesser expenses. As cited by Philrice
(2000) the highest productivity is reported under the transplanting method, although it is
labor-intensive with pre-harvest labor ranging man-days
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Fertilization
Table 5 shows the different fertilizers applied by the respondents. Thirty or 30%
used urea, 35% triple 14 and 35% use a combination of triple 14 & urea. The data indicates
that the respondents applied both organic and inorganic fertilizers. As cited by Sung-ag
(1997) found that plants that are fertilized with chicken manure produced large number of
productive tillers, had highest length of panicles, and gave the highest net in return. As
collaborated by IRRI (1991) timing of fertilizer application is also determined by the
economic status and the educational level of the farmers.
Irrigation
All of the respondents irrigated their rice farm through communal irrigation which
is supplied from the main irrigation dam of the province. In corroboration of IRRI (1993)
as cited by Lumiwes (1997) found that irrigations should be done three days after
transplanting at a depth of two to three centimeters for wet and one for adopt.
Harvesting
All of the respondents used a sickle in harvesting their palay. This indicates that the
respondents did not use transverse-bladed knife in harvesting their palay because it was
time consuming and they did not use mechanized harvester because they cannot afford with
the cost of the technology.
Harvest as to Maturity
All of the respondents harvested their palay when fully matured as determined by
looking at its color. The Leaves and rice grains are golden yellow in color or by counting
the number of days done from planting until harvesting time and usually with an average
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
of 90 days for the “biit” rice 120 days for the “bayag” rice. This implies that majority of
the respondents determined maturity by observing the appearance of rice plants.
Threshing Practices
Table 6 Shows that 90% of the respondents used a mechanical thresher and 10%
manual threshing such as improvised wooden rock threshing materials. This implies that
used of a mechanical thresher can make their work easier, reduced grain losses and reduced
labor requirements as compared to manual threshing.
Table 2. Method of land preparation
________________________________________________________________________
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Use of Carabao
18
60
Tractor
12
40
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Table 3. Varieties of hybrid rice grown by the respondents
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Bigante
4
17
SLH8
18
54
MS8
8
29
*multiple responses
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Table 4. Method used of growing seedling
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESWPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Transplanting
20
52
Direct seeding
18
48
*multiple responses
Table 5. Fertilization used by the respondents
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
14-14-14
20
30
Urea
25
35
Combinations of
triple 14 & urea
25
35
*multiple responses
Table 6. Threshing Practices
PARTICULAR
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Mechanical Threshing
41
89
Manual Threshing
8
19
*multiple responses
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Packaging Materials for Rice
All of the respondents used plastic sacks for harvested rice. This is attributed to its
availability and is widely practice and acceptable in the market. In corroboration of
Andales (1996) as cited by Martin (2006) stated that in small-scale production and
processing, field-threshed and partially cleaned paddy is bagged in jute or propylene sacks
for handling purposes in transporting paddy from the field to the roadside or to the house.
Methods of Drying “Palay”
All of the respondents dried their palay on concrete pavements, in the basketball
court or along the national highway. The palay was uniformly distributed in the pavements
until such time that it would be ready for storage. This indicates that the farmers don’t have
a permanent drying area. Rice grains are dried until 14 percent MC before storage. Sun
drying is a common method used by farmers in asia.
Milling Practices
All the respondents used the mechanized rice mill “kiskisan” in milling their palay.
This shows that manual milling is not being practiced by rice farmers. As corroborated by
Ilayat (2004), “kiskisan” is popularly and widely used in rural areas because of its
availability, low capital outlay, and its low paddy volume requirements for milling and
production of rice bran.
Storage Practices
The respondents stored their rice within the premises of their houses. This shows
that the rice was properly stored in order to maintain its good quality. Farmers stored their
palay in traditional and non-traditional structures primarily for food security until the next
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
harvest. Also, as a source of cash during emergencies, for seeds, for future increase in price
of palay during the lean months, and for anticipated future festivities.
Pest and Disease Control
The methods utilized in controlling pest and diseases are shown in Table 7. Fifteen
(16) of the respondents or 50% used commercial chemical to control pest and diseases
while 30% cultivated pest and diseases resistant varieties. About 5 or 7% practiced
sanitation in their fields to prevent the occurrence of pest and diseases. In relation to Phil
rice (2000), the golden apple snail (GAS) is the one major problem in the transplanted rice.
Table 7. Pest and Disease Control
PARTICULAR
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Chemical Control
16
50
Used of Resistant Varieties
10
33
Sanitation
5
17
*multiple responses
Problems Encountered in Rice Production
Table 8 shows the problems encountered by the respondents in hybrid rice
production. Twenty (20) or 67 of the respondents said Golden Kuhol was a major
problem. This was followed by Rats and Birds, typhoons, Insects pest and diseases,
capital, Difficulty in weed control and the lack of technical knowledge in hybrid rice
production.
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Pest and Disease Control
The methods utilized in controlling pest and diseases are shown in Table 7. Fifteen
(16) of the respondents or 50% used commercial chemical to control pest and diseases
while 30% cultivated pest and diseases resistant varieties. About 5 or 7% practiced
sanitation in their fields to prevent the occurrence of pest and diseases. In relation to Phil
rice (2000), the golden apple snail (GAS) is the one major problem in the transplanted rice.
Problems Encountered in Rice Production
Table 8 shows the problems encountered by the respondents in hybrid rice
production. Twenty (20) or 67 of the respondents said Golden Kuhol was a major
problem. This was followed by Rats and Birds, typhoons, Insects pest and diseases,
capital, Difficulty in weed control and the lack of technical knowledge in hybrid rice
production.
Drying Problems
Table 10 shows that 66 percent of the respondents had drying of occurrence of
typhoon during harvest; 25 % for non-availability of drying pavements. 10% for non-
availability of drying machine; and 5% of the respondents problem on labor. This indicates
that occurrence of typhoon harvest was the major problem of the respondents.
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Storage Problem
The table 12 shows that 34% of the respondents had problem on storage due to
rodents; 21 or 31% are due to weevil; and 14 or 21% of the respondents had problem on
chicken and birds
Transporting Problems
Table 13 shows that 16 or 24% of the respondents had transporting problem due to
poor road condition; 14 or 21% for non-availability of vehicles; and 5 or 7% of the
respondents transporting problems on expensive hauling fees. This indicates that their main
problems in transporting their produced was due to poor road condition
Marketing Problems
All of the respondents claimed that was a problem that the buyers bought the palay/
rice at a low price during harvesting.
Table 8. Problems encountered in rice production.
PROBLEMS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Golden kuhol
20
67
Rats and birds
17
57
Typhoons
15
50
Insects pest and Diseases
12
40
Capital
10
33
Difficult to control Weeds
5
17
Lack of knowledge in rice production
4
13
*multiple responses
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Table 9. Threshing Problems
________________________________________________________________________
THRESHING PROBLEM
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Lack of workers
3
28
Lack of threshing machine
29
3
* multiple responses
Table 10. Drying problems
DRYING PROBLEM
NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Occurrence of typhoon
During harvest
45
66
Lack of drying machine
17
25
Lack of workers
7
10
Lack of pavement/road
5
5
*multiple response
Table 11. Milling problems
________________________________________________________________________
MILLING PROBLEM
NO. OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE
Lack of milling station
7
10
The milling machine has no stoner
11
16
*multiple responses
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Table 12. Storage problems
________________________________________________________________________
STORAGE PROBLEM
NO. OF RESPONDENT
PERCENTAGE
Attack by rodents
34
50
Attack by chicken and birds
14
21
Attack by weevil
21
31
*multiple response
Table 13. Transporting problems
________________________________________________________________________
TRANSPORTING PROBLEM
NO. OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE
Lack of vehicles
14
20
Poor road condition
16
24
Expensive hauling fees
5
7
*multiple response
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
SUMMARY, RESULT AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela to determine the profile of the
hybrid rice farmers, identify their cultural management practices and identify the common
problems encountered by the rice farmers related to their farm production. Thirty farmers
were taken as respondents of the study.
It was conducted from April 2011 to May 2011 with the used of survey
questionnaires and supplemented by personal interviews. The data gathered were tabulated
and analyzed through percentage, frequency and weighted mean.
Thirty respondents were interviewed majority of them were males, and married
were middle aged and most of them were undergraduates. Majority of them cultivated an
area of less than one hectare. Most of the respondents cultivated the hybrid rice variety is
SLH- 8 because of its good quality and it is the higher price and yield variety. Majority
used of carabao for land preparation while others used a tractor. For growing seedling, most
of them used the transplanting method while others used direct seeding method.
Transplanting seedling was done in December while direct seeding method was done in
January.
To control the pest and disease, all the farmers used the chemical method; while
some used pest and disease and resistant varieties. A application of fertilizer, Majority of
the farmers applied both triple 14 and urea in their rice fields. During harvesting plastic
sacks were used for their harvested rice. Dying “palay”, all the farmers dried their palay in
concretes pavements, in the basketball court or along the national hiway, and for storage
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
practices; all the farmers stored their rice within the premises of their houses to maintain
its good quality.
The farmers encountered problems particularly on golden kuhol, rats and birds,
typhoon and pest and disease. The solutions to solve their problems are the use of chemicals
to control pest and disease and weeds, they build traps to catch the rats and birds that are
eaten the palay. Others stay in their farm to drive the birds when the palay are ripened.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions were derived.
1. Majority of the respondents were married, middle aged and literate. Furthermore,
farming is there main source of livelihood. They also had adequate experience in farming.
2. The respondents use a variety of cultural management practices in rice
production. Their fields were prepared manually; pest and diseases were controlled by
using commercial chemicals. Both organic and inorganic fertilizers were applied to their
crops.
3. Harvesting was done manually and the palay was dried on the cement pavements
packed in plastic sacks and stored in their houses.
4. The respondents encountered several problems in rice production particularly
insect pests and diseases, transportation and capital.
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Recommendations
1. Government institutions should provide technical assistance to the farmers
regarding rice production.
2. Demonstration farms especially on rice should be established so the farmers
could see and adapt the latest technologies in rice production.
3. Establishment of farm to market roads to make more accessible to farmers.
4. Conduct of farm and home visits by extension technicians to get first hand
information regarding farming situations and provide assistance to the farmers
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
LITERATURE CITED
ANDALES, S.C. 1996. Post harvest components of Grain Production Enhancement.
Program
ANGPEO, D.W. 2004, Development needs of rice farmers two Barangays of Alitem,
Ilocos Sur. BS Thesis Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
BAUTISTA, E.G. et al. 1983. Post harvest technologies for rice. Philippines Rice Research
Institute, Maligaya, Munoz, Nueva Ecija P. 158.
BUNUGAN, A. 1998. Swidden farming practices in Mayaoyao, Ifugao. BS Thesis
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
CASTANEDA, M.M. 1990. Impact of the Philippine-German seed potato in Benguet and
Mountain Province. M.S. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
IRRI. 1991. Direct seeded flooded rice in the tropics. Rural Development Administration,
Korean. Rockefeller foundation. Pp. 37, 87-89.
IRRI. 1993. Tropical climate and its influence in rice. Los Banos, Laguna. P. 16.
KINMAKIM, A.S. 1995. Strawberry production in Tuba, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet P. 5.
LUMIWES, F. L. 1997. Varietal evaluation of high yielding varieties of rice under
Tagudud, Bagulin, La Union Conditions. BS Thesis (Unpub). Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
MANAOAS, L.T. 2001. Gayuman oranges production and marketing practices in
Balbalan, Kalinga. BS Thesis.Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Martin, Y. L. 2006. Assessment of post harvest practices in rice production in Pampang,
Kayapa, Nueve Ecija. BS. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
MOODY, K. C. 1977. Web control in rice in fifth BOITROP weed science training course.
Rubber research Institute, Kuala Lumpar, Malaysia. P. 374.
MORRIS, W. 1984. Encyclopedia America International. U.S.A growler international,
inc.
PATCHEL, A.D. 2004. Production practices of rice growers in five barangays of La Paz,
Abra. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
PCARRD, 1993. The Philippines Recommends for grain legumes post production. Los
Banos, Laguna. Pp. 6-8
PHILRICE. 2000. Rice Research Institute. R and D Highlights. Science City of Munoz,
Nueva Ecija. Pp. 1-3
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
PODING, P. 2000. Rice technology adoption of farmers in the three barangays of Sagada,
Mountain Province. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, LaTrinidad, Benguet.
SUNG-AG, R. A. 1997. Effect of different animal manures on the growths and yield of
NYU rice under Poblation, San Gabriel, La Union Condition. BS. Thesis (Unpub).
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 32
WAITAN, V. J. 2003. Farming Practices of Farmers in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet P. 4.
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012. Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid
Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Hilario C. Perez, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to assess the cultural management practices of hybrid ricr
in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela. Specifically to determine the socio-economic profile of the
respondents, the cultural management practices on hybrid rice production, and the
problems encountered in hybrid rice production. A survey questionnaire, supplemented
with personal interview and actual observation was used to gather information. Thirty rice
farmers served as respondents of the study.
The profile of the respondents showed that most of them were middle aged. Most
of them were males and only a few were single. Most of them had no formal schooling,
had an average of five with of children and farming 1 to 5 years. Majority of them owned
the land they are farming and cultivated less than one hectare.
All of the respondents cultivated the hybrid rice varieties and follow the cultural
management practices. All the farm activities from land preparation to harvesting are done
by purely through manual labor, except for land preparation where few farmers use a
tractor.
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
The production problems encountered by indentified on Golden kuhol, Rats and
Birds, Typhoon, Pest and Disease and weed control. The farmers were used chemicals for
the indentified problems in hybrid rice production.
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-economic Profile
Table 1 presents the socio-economic profile of the respondents. This includes their
age, civil status, sex, educational attainment, occupation, monthly income, farm size and
the number of years in farming.
Age As shown in table 1, forty percent (40%) of the respondents belong to the age
group of 39 to 48 years old. This was followed by 6 respondents or 20% within the age
bracket of 19-28 years old; 5 or 29% between 29-38 years old, 4 or 13% with age between
49-58 years old. The findings indicate that majority of the respondents were middle aged.
Civil Status Of the thirty respondents, 26 or 87% were married while 4 or 13 %
were single.
Sex Majority of the respondents were males with 25 0r 83% while only 5 or 17%
were females. The data indicates that more males were involved in hybrid rice production.
However, the woman also played a major role in agriculture activities.
Religion With regards to the religion, most of the respondents are Roman Catholics
(70%), the Pentecostal (20%) and the rest were Pagans. This indicate that the most of the
respondents are Christians
Educational Attainment Literacy among the respondents was high with 15 or 50%
finished elementary while 6 or 20% high school and 2 0r 7% with college degrees. Results
also relieved that only 7% were elementary dropouts.
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Table 1. Socio-economic profile of the respondents
________________________________________________________________________
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Age
19-28
6
20
29-38
5
17
39-48
12
40
49-58
4
13
59-68
1
3
69 and above
2
7
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Number of Respondents, The data shows that 15 or 50% of the respondents have
more than 5 dependents. This was followed by 6 or 20% with 1 to 2 dependents and 2 or
10% with 2 to 3 dependents. This indicates that the respondents were medium households.
Other Source of income, Aside from farming the respondents were also engaged in
other activities where they derive additional income. Sixty percent were engaged in daily
wage and 40% Backyard livestock production such as raising swine and other animals,
Farm Size, Among the respondents, 18 or 60% cultivated less than a hectare while
11 or 37% cultivated between 1-2 hectares and only 1of the respondent cultivated an area
of 3-4 hectares (Table 1).
Number of years in farming, The table shows the farming experience of the
respondents. The results show that 11 or 37% had 1-5 years experience in farming. This
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
was followed by 9% with more than 20 years in farming and 7 or 23% with 16-20 years in
farming. The results indicate that the respondents were experienced farmers.
Table 1. Continued…………
Sex
Female
25
83
Male
5
17
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Civil Status
Married
26
87
Single
5
13
______________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Religion
Roman Catholics
20
70
Pentecostal
8
25
Pagan
2
5
TOTAL
50
100
Educational Attainment
Elementary
15
50
High school
6
20
College
2
7
Elementary dropouts
7
23
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Table 1 Continued………..
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Number of dependents
1-2
6
20
3-4
4
13
5 and above
20
67
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Other Source of Income
Daily Wage
20
60
Backyard Production
10
40
TOTAL
30
100
Farm size
Less than 1 hectare
18
60
1-2 hectare
11
37
3-3 hectare
1
3
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Number of Years in Farming
1-5 years
11
37
5-10 years
1
3
11-15 years
2
7
16-20 years
7
23
Over 21 years
9
30
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Cultural Management Practices
Land preparation
Table 2 shows the method of land preparation used by the respondents. Sixty
percent (60%) of the respondent cultivated their land with the use of carabao. Land
preparation is usually done by the men with the use of carabao while 18% used the tractor
method. The data indicates that manual labor was widely used due to more expenses than
by using the tractor method. As cited by Moody (1977) and IRRI (1991) used biomass and
grain yields were not significantly reduced used of biomass and increased grain yield.
Varieties of hybrid rice
Table 3 shows the varieties of hybrid rice. Eighteen or 54% cultivated the SLH8
hybrid rice, while eight or 29%. MS8 and only four or 17% are planting Bigante hybrid
rice. The result indicates that the most popular hybrid rice variety is SLH8, because SLH8
demands higher price in the market and it produces better yield varieties. As cited by
Vergara (1992) modern varieties have better yield potential than traditional varieties even
under the least conditions. The use of fertilizer and improve farming practices will increase
grain yield more in modern varieties than the traditional ones.
Method of Growing Seedlings
The method used in growing hybrid rice seedling is shown in Table 4. 20 or 52%
used the transplanting method, while 18 or 48% use direct seeding. The results indicate
that the most popular method used by the respondents is direct seedling method because it
is the easiest method to plant rice and it involves lesser expenses. As cited by Philrice
(2000) the highest productivity is reported under the transplanting method, although it is
labor-intensive with pre-harvest labor ranging man-days
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Fertilization
Table 5 shows the different fertilizers applied by the respondents. Thirty or 30%
used urea, 35% triple 14 and 35% use a combination of triple 14 & urea. The data indicates
that the respondents applied both organic and inorganic fertilizers. As cited by Sung-ag
(1997) found that plants that are fertilized with chicken manure produced large number of
productive tillers, had highest length of panicles, and gave the highest net in return. As
collaborated by IRRI (1991) timing of fertilizer application is also determined by the
economic status and the educational level of the farmers.
Irrigation
All of the respondents irrigated their rice farm through communal irrigation which
is supplied from the main irrigation dam of the province. In corroboration of IRRI (1993)
as cited by Lumiwes (1997) found that irrigations should be done three days after
transplanting at a depth of two to three centimeters for wet and one for adopt.
Harvesting
All of the respondents used a sickle in harvesting their palay. This indicates that the
respondents did not use transverse-bladed knife in harvesting their palay because it was
time consuming and they did not use mechanized harvester because they cannot afford with
the cost of the technology.
Harvest as to Maturity
All of the respondents harvested their palay when fully matured as determined by
looking at its color. The Leaves and rice grains are golden yellow in color or by counting
the number of days done from planting until harvesting time and usually with an average
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
of 90 days for the “biit” rice 120 days for the “bayag” rice. This implies that majority of
the respondents determined maturity by observing the appearance of rice plants.
Threshing Practices
Table 6 Shows that 90% of the respondents used a mechanical thresher and 10%
manual threshing such as improvised wooden rock threshing materials. This implies that
used of a mechanical thresher can make their work easier, reduced grain losses and reduced
labor requirements as compared to manual threshing.
Table 2. Method of land preparation
________________________________________________________________________
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Use of Carabao
18
60
Tractor
12
40
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
30
100
Table 3. Varieties of hybrid rice grown by the respondents
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Bigante
4
17
SLH8
18
54
MS8
8
29
*multiple responses
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Table 4. Method used of growing seedling
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESWPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Transplanting
20
52
Direct seeding
18
48
*multiple responses
Table 5. Fertilization used by the respondents
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
14-14-14
20
30
Urea
25
35
Combinations of
triple 14 & urea
25
35
*multiple responses
Table 6. Threshing Practices
PARTICULAR
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Mechanical Threshing
41
89
Manual Threshing
8
19
*multiple responses
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Packaging Materials for Rice
All of the respondents used plastic sacks for harvested rice. This is attributed to its
availability and is widely practice and acceptable in the market. In corroboration of
Andales (1996) as cited by Martin (2006) stated that in small-scale production and
processing, field-threshed and partially cleaned paddy is bagged in jute or propylene sacks
for handling purposes in transporting paddy from the field to the roadside or to the house.
Methods of Drying “Palay”
All of the respondents dried their palay on concrete pavements, in the basketball
court or along the national highway. The palay was uniformly distributed in the pavements
until such time that it would be ready for storage. This indicates that the farmers don’t have
a permanent drying area. Rice grains are dried until 14 percent MC before storage. Sun
drying is a common method used by farmers in asia.
Milling Practices
All the respondents used the mechanized rice mill “kiskisan” in milling their palay.
This shows that manual milling is not being practiced by rice farmers. As corroborated by
Ilayat (2004), “kiskisan” is popularly and widely used in rural areas because of its
availability, low capital outlay, and its low paddy volume requirements for milling and
production of rice bran.
Storage Practices
The respondents stored their rice within the premises of their houses. This shows
that the rice was properly stored in order to maintain its good quality. Farmers stored their
palay in traditional and non-traditional structures primarily for food security until the next
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
harvest. Also, as a source of cash during emergencies, for seeds, for future increase in price
of palay during the lean months, and for anticipated future festivities.
Pest and Disease Control
The methods utilized in controlling pest and diseases are shown in Table 7. Fifteen
(16) of the respondents or 50% used commercial chemical to control pest and diseases
while 30% cultivated pest and diseases resistant varieties. About 5 or 7% practiced
sanitation in their fields to prevent the occurrence of pest and diseases. In relation to Phil
rice (2000), the golden apple snail (GAS) is the one major problem in the transplanted rice.
Table 7. Pest and Disease Control
PARTICULAR
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Chemical Control
16
50
Used of Resistant Varieties
10
33
Sanitation
5
17
*multiple responses
Problems Encountered in Rice Production
Table 8 shows the problems encountered by the respondents in hybrid rice
production. Twenty (20) or 67 of the respondents said Golden Kuhol was a major
problem. This was followed by Rats and Birds, typhoons, Insects pest and diseases,
capital, Difficulty in weed control and the lack of technical knowledge in hybrid rice
production.
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Pest and Disease Control
The methods utilized in controlling pest and diseases are shown in Table 7. Fifteen
(16) of the respondents or 50% used commercial chemical to control pest and diseases
while 30% cultivated pest and diseases resistant varieties. About 5 or 7% practiced
sanitation in their fields to prevent the occurrence of pest and diseases. In relation to Phil
rice (2000), the golden apple snail (GAS) is the one major problem in the transplanted rice.
Problems Encountered in Rice Production
Table 8 shows the problems encountered by the respondents in hybrid rice
production. Twenty (20) or 67 of the respondents said Golden Kuhol was a major
problem. This was followed by Rats and Birds, typhoons, Insects pest and diseases,
capital, Difficulty in weed control and the lack of technical knowledge in hybrid rice
production.
Drying Problems
Table 10 shows that 66 percent of the respondents had drying of occurrence of
typhoon during harvest; 25 % for non-availability of drying pavements. 10% for non-
availability of drying machine; and 5% of the respondents problem on labor. This indicates
that occurrence of typhoon harvest was the major problem of the respondents.
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Storage Problem
The table 12 shows that 34% of the respondents had problem on storage due to
rodents; 21 or 31% are due to weevil; and 14 or 21% of the respondents had problem on
chicken and birds
Transporting Problems
Table 13 shows that 16 or 24% of the respondents had transporting problem due to
poor road condition; 14 or 21% for non-availability of vehicles; and 5 or 7% of the
respondents transporting problems on expensive hauling fees. This indicates that their main
problems in transporting their produced was due to poor road condition
Marketing Problems
All of the respondents claimed that was a problem that the buyers bought the palay/
rice at a low price during harvesting.
Table 8. Problems encountered in rice production.
PROBLEMS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Golden kuhol
20
67
Rats and birds
17
57
Typhoons
15
50
Insects pest and Diseases
12
40
Capital
10
33
Difficult to control Weeds
5
17
Lack of knowledge in rice production
4
13
*multiple responses
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Table 9. Threshing Problems
________________________________________________________________________
THRESHING PROBLEM
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Lack of workers
3
28
Lack of threshing machine
29
3
* multiple responses
Table 10. Drying problems
DRYING PROBLEM
NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Occurrence of typhoon
During harvest
45
66
Lack of drying machine
17
25
Lack of workers
7
10
Lack of pavement/road
5
5
*multiple response
Table 11. Milling problems
________________________________________________________________________
MILLING PROBLEM
NO. OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE
Lack of milling station
7
10
The milling machine has no stoner
11
16
*multiple responses
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Table 12. Storage problems
________________________________________________________________________
STORAGE PROBLEM
NO. OF RESPONDENT
PERCENTAGE
Attack by rodents
34
50
Attack by chicken and birds
14
21
Attack by weevil
21
31
*multiple response
Table 13. Transporting problems
________________________________________________________________________
TRANSPORTING PROBLEM
NO. OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE
Lack of vehicles
14
20
Poor road condition
16
24
Expensive hauling fees
5
7
*multiple response
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
SUMMARY, RESULT AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela to determine the profile of the
hybrid rice farmers, identify their cultural management practices and identify the common
problems encountered by the rice farmers related to their farm production. Thirty farmers
were taken as respondents of the study.
It was conducted from April 2011 to May 2011 with the used of survey
questionnaires and supplemented by personal interviews. The data gathered were tabulated
and analyzed through percentage, frequency and weighted mean.
Thirty respondents were interviewed majority of them were males, and married
were middle aged and most of them were undergraduates. Majority of them cultivated an
area of less than one hectare. Most of the respondents cultivated the hybrid rice variety is
SLH- 8 because of its good quality and it is the higher price and yield variety. Majority
used of carabao for land preparation while others used a tractor. For growing seedling, most
of them used the transplanting method while others used direct seeding method.
Transplanting seedling was done in December while direct seeding method was done in
January.
To control the pest and disease, all the farmers used the chemical method; while
some used pest and disease and resistant varieties. A application of fertilizer, Majority of
the farmers applied both triple 14 and urea in their rice fields. During harvesting plastic
sacks were used for their harvested rice. Dying “palay”, all the farmers dried their palay in
concretes pavements, in the basketball court or along the national hiway, and for storage
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
practices; all the farmers stored their rice within the premises of their houses to maintain
its good quality.
The farmers encountered problems particularly on golden kuhol, rats and birds,
typhoon and pest and disease. The solutions to solve their problems are the use of chemicals
to control pest and disease and weeds, they build traps to catch the rats and birds that are
eaten the palay. Others stay in their farm to drive the birds when the palay are ripened.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions were derived.
1. Majority of the respondents were married, middle aged and literate. Furthermore,
farming is there main source of livelihood. They also had adequate experience in farming.
2. The respondents use a variety of cultural management practices in rice
production. Their fields were prepared manually; pest and diseases were controlled by
using commercial chemicals. Both organic and inorganic fertilizers were applied to their
crops.
3. Harvesting was done manually and the palay was dried on the cement pavements
packed in plastic sacks and stored in their houses.
4. The respondents encountered several problems in rice production particularly
insect pests and diseases, transportation and capital.
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
Recommendations
1. Government institutions should provide technical assistance to the farmers
regarding rice production.
2. Demonstration farms especially on rice should be established so the farmers
could see and adapt the latest technologies in rice production.
3. Establishment of farm to market roads to make more accessible to farmers.
4. Conduct of farm and home visits by extension technicians to get first hand
information regarding farming situations and provide assistance to the farmers
Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012
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Cultural Management Practices of Hybrid Rice in Mabini, Alicia, Isabela |
RANDY B. AGSALOG, April 2012